Black Spots Identi cation on Pinjore to Baddi Roadcation of black spots on Pinjore to Baddi road, spanning 18km, and also ways of treating the problem spots. The Pinjore to Baddi road

Black Spots Identification on Pinjore toBaddi Road

1Chetna, 2Navdeep Mor,3Dr. Hemant Sood

1M. Tech Student, 2Ph.D. Scholar, CED,NITTTR, Chandigarh,

3Professor & Head, CED, NITTTR,Chandigarh

[email protected],[email protected],

[email protected] ,

June 19, 2018

Abstract

Road transportation is the elementary need for any coun-trys development and progress toward a better future, whetherit be social or economic. Transportation has become a sig-nificant part of a humans day to day life, but it also has dele-terious consequences. Factors such as population growth, incities as well as in the suburbs, faulted road parameters andmany others, has caused India to experienced tremendousrise in road accidents. Black spot or black zone is a gen-eral term used to describe a stretch of road noted to havehigh risk in accidents. The study deals with the identifi-cation of black spots on Pinjore to Baddi road, spanning18km, and also ways of treating the problem spots. ThePinjore to Baddi road is within the state of Haryana, India.The study was conducted in a period of six years, using theaccident data from the nearest police stations. There arevarious methods of identifying black spots, these are Acci-dent Severity index method, weighted severity index method

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International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 120 No. 6 2018, 6473-6488ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/

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WSI and Critical crash rate method. The paper concludeswith the various remedies for the black spots identified onthe basis of different methods.

Key Words:Black spots, Accidents severity, Weightedseverity.

1 Introduction

India ranks second in the list of countries with highest populationand is also classified as a developing country. As the populationcontinues to grow, the need for transportation also increases, lead-ing to an increase in motor vehicle production and usage. Due tothe increase of vehicles on the road, the probability of road acci-dents also increases. During the recent years, road safety has turninto a major concern all over the world and India is no exception.Road transportation plays a significant role in the movement ofboth passenger and freight in India as just like in any other de-veloping countries. Road transportation is an important part oftodays society in India and comprehensive efforts are being takento alleviate the rise of road accidents. One remedial improvement iscoming up with growing need of a new road transportation system.But equally important efforts are also being taken to understandthe level of the problem areas and their socio-economic impact.The government of India has taken several initiatives to set upprocedures and organizations, which includes the establishment ofNational Road Safety Council as a step forward to tackle the issueof road accidents.

The National Road Safety Council was established under sec-tion 215 of Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 with the objective of improvingroad safety feature aspects in road transportation sectors. Accord-ing to a report on Road Accidents in India in 2016 published byTransport Research wing under the Ministry of Road Transport&Highways, Government of India, it was reported that there areat least 17 deaths that occur every hour in India due to road acci-dents. Road traffic accident is a serious problem, leading to fatali-ties and severely impacting the society and its economy. Facts haveshown that the economic losses due to road accidents in India arepretty high. Determining the accident prone locations, investiga-tions and providing protective remedies are extensively observed to

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avoid these economical losses and to prevent road accidents. Traf-fic mishap is one of the significant issues of concern in todays roadtraffic conditions.

There has been numerous amount of ongoing research, on theascent of road accidents from the last few decades. From these re-searches, being done and carried out by specialists, it can be easilydetermined that traffic accidents can occur due to 3 main factors:one of them being personal or human behavioral factors, the secondis the road and environmental factors and the third is traffic and ve-hicle factors. Individual or human factors include the age of driveror victim as well as the gender. Also, if the driver was intoxicated orunder the influence of any drugs or alcohol. Environmental factorsincludes the general factors of climate such wet roads, snow or iceon roads, lighting conditions of the road, road safety signs, time ofaccident day or night. Road pavement conditions such as geometriccomponents incorporate the kind of junction or intersection, slope,and curve etc also fall under road and environmental factor. Traf-fic and vehicle conditions include speed, traffic density, traffic flowparameters and vehicle factors include condition of vehicle, failureof breaking system and other mechanical defects that can lead to atraffic accident.

This paper deals in identifying the black spots on Pinjore toBaddi road in Haryana. Geographically, the state of Haryana playsa vital role in connecting Delhi, the nations capital, to the followingstates Punjab, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh. The state ofHaryana ranked the thirteenth highest in number of road accidents,accounting for a share of 2.3 percent in the total number of roadaccidents in the country. Pinjore Baddi road is situated in thestate of Haryana which is in the northern part of India. The cityof Baddi is located on the northwest side of its neighbour city ofPinjore. People commuting on the daily basis on Pinjore-Baddiroad going towards Baddi experience the highest level of frustrationdue to heavy traffic jams starting off from the roads of city Pinjore.The lanes on the road nearing Pinjore are not designed to be ableto withstand, with the substantial amount of traffic that blocks theroad all the time. According to the National Highway

Authority of India (NHAI), more than 4000 professional andcommercial vehicles travel to Baddi on the daily basis through Pin-jore. The NHAI also disclosed that the Pinjore area is one of the

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major problem sections for the overall traffic conditions. As Indiasstatus of an emerging economy continues, so will the expansion anddevelopment of safer road transportation.

2 LITRETURE REVIEW

In 2011, Naidu et al. focused on severity of accidents i.e. fatal,injury and property damage etc. Spot speed study was conductedand data was further analyzed on the basis of daily, timely andmonthly variation of accidents, gender wise analysis, vehicle wisedistribution and age limit variation of accidents. Based on thedetailed studies some improvement measures were also suggestedby the authors.

In 2015, Bobade et al. identifying black spots by ranking the fac-tors based on their severity by calculating the severity index. Thephysical analysis was perpetrate on the actual locations and the fac-tors which caused the maximum numbers of accidents were allottedmaximum weightage and top rank. The summation of weightageswere calculated for finding the total severity. The severity index wascalculated by addition of weightages of every parameter divided bythe entire severity.

In 2016, Dhruvit and Pranay identified severity of accidents fora stretch from Holol to Godhara, Gujrat. For the analysis authorstook two year accidental data that was collected from L&T,IDPL,Tollplaza and GSRDC office, Gandhinagar. The data was analyzed byRoad Crash method, and was coded in four different categories asper NHAI coding. The data included nature of road crash, causeof road crash and time of road crash. Based on this analysis, blackspots were identified. Traffic studies were carried out on the iden-tified locations and remedies were suggested to reduce the accidenton identified black spot. The author concluded that over speedingwas the most significant factor

In 2017 Mohan and Landge identified black spots for a stretchof 13 km on Asian highway AH 46 which connects Amravati toNagpur route. For the analysis the authors took three years acci-dental data that was collected from police stations. The accidentalblack spots were identified using weighted severity index methodby allocating scores based on the figures and severity of accidents

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and accident density method. Based on the analysis, five blackspots were determined and some improvement measures were alsosuggested by the authors.

3 STUDY AREA

Pinjore to Baddi road is a stretch of the road in Haryana Pinjoreis positioned in India at the longitude of 76.92 and latitude of 30.8.Baddi is situated in India at the longitude of 76.79 and latitude of30.96.

4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the present study are:1. To deliberate different characteristics of road accidents based

on accidental data.2. To figure out accident prone sites on the basis of accidental

and traffic volume data.3. To recommend remedial measures for accident prone loca-

tions.

5 DATA COLLECTION

The accidental data has been collected for 6 years from the PinjorePolice stations as well as from Public Works Department (PWD).Major accidents prone locations (black spots) have been identified

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based on frequency of accidents, severity of accidents, fatal andnon-fatal accident, hourly variation of accidents, daily variation ofaccidents, and yearly variation of accidents. Further black spotswere identified using accident severity index ASI, weighted sever-ity index method WSI and critical crash rate method. At last onidentified black spots remedial measures were also given.

6 GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

With the help of the compiled data the following observations weremade: Fig.1 indicates that the time slot of 8pm to 9pm is whenmaximum accidents takes place.

Fig.2 shows the daily variation of accidents. From the informa-tion gathered it can be conclude that most of the road accidentstake place on the following days Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday andSaturday.

Fig.3 shows the month wise accident trends from 2012-2017 forthe entire stretch of project road. Perusal of the data revealed thatthe maximum numbers of accidents were recorded in the month ofNovember.

Fig.4 demonstrates that the year 2014 saw a maximum numberof accidents, except for a decrease in 2015, the number of road ac-cidents have continued to increase. Until the issue of black spots istackle and eliminated, there will continue to be deaths and injuriesdue to the continued rise of road accidents.

Fig.5 shows that fatalities account for 20 percentage of the totalnumber of accidents while non-fatal accounts for 24 percentage.The graph below shows that the Pinjore to Baddi road is quite adangerous stretch as road accidents have led to high percentage ofpeople being injured or killed.

Fig.6 shows that car, motorcycle and trucks are highly account-ing for accident among all.

Fig.7 indicates that due to heavy traffic on road, Head on colli-sion are the major maneuvering types of accidents, follow my rearend collision and slide sweep.

Graphical Analysis of Accidental Data

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7 ANALYSIS

Accident Prone LocationsUnder this section the accident prone locations are determined

on the stretch of Pinjore to Baddi road. Accident prone locationsare identified on the basis of four criteria.

1. Average number of accident per annum on the location.2. Accident severity index of the location.3. Weighted Severity index of the location.4. Critical Crash Rate.The accident prone locations also refer to as black spots are first

identified on the basis of the average number of accidents per annumof various locations. The locations with a number exceeding theset value were targeted out, the accident severity, weighted severityindex and the critical crash rate of the locations were also used, asto determine the critical location for accidents.

Severity of AccidentsSeverity of accidents can be expressed in terms of two severity

indexes, which have been broken down below as:1. Accident Severity Index2. Weighted Severity IndexAccident severity index on Pinjore to Baddi road.The accident severity index measures the seriousness of an acci-

dent. It is defined as the number of person killed per 100 accidents.(MORTH, 2012).

Weighted severity index on Pinjore to Baddi roadThe following will lay out the information gathered detailing

both severity indexes during the 2012-2017 years. The data com-piled in the tables represent the data for the Pinjore to Baddi road.

Weighted severity index is calculated as per severity of eachaccident. For calculating the weighted severity index, an accidentis weighted on a scale of 2 to 5 as given below:

• For death = 5• For major injuries = 3

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• For minor injuries = 2The equation used to finding accident severity index (WASI) is:

WASI =A ∗ 5 + B ∗ 3 + C ∗ 2

XA = Total deathB = Total major injuriesC = Total minor injuriesX = Total number of accidentsASI And WASI of Accidents Prone LocationsThe accident severity index (ASI) and weighted severity index

(WASI) of the accident prone locations identified on the basis ofFIR collected are given in Table: 1 and the graph of ASI and WASIare also shown in Fig: 7.

Table: 1 ASI and WASI of accidents prone locations

Fig: 7 ASI and WASI of accidents prone locations

CRITICAL CRASH RATE (CCR)Crashes happen randomly and are rare events, we cannot clas-

sify dangerous locations simply on the basis of the number of crashes.The technique which is used for identifying hazardous locations isthe CCR method. The method includes the traffic volume to definethe crash rate at a definite location. The Formula for CCR is givenas:

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CR = AV R +0.5

TB+ TF 1

√AV RTB

Where,TB= ADT*365*no. of year*road length/100*106CCR= Critical Crash Rate, per 100 millionAVR= Average Crash Rate for the facility typeTF= Test Factor, Z score for a given confidence level,z= 1.96 for the 95% confidence levelTB= Traffic Base, 100 million VMT or million entering vehicles

Table: 2 Critical accident prone location

8 REMEDIES OF BLACK SPOTS

1. Mallah Mod

Figure 8

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• Sharp curves warning sign and Speed limit board must beinstalled.

• Need of Intersection is there for free flow of traffic.• Enforcing of laws for road users coming in wrong direction.• Construction at the turning point should be cleared so that

sight triangle is easily maintained.2. Charniya Mod

Figure 9

• Installation of curve sign with white background, red borderand black symbols and installation of road delineator with lightyellow reflector paint to show the alignment of road throughout thecurve.

• A limit sign board should be installed in order to calm highspeed vehicles.

3. Village Kiratpur

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Figure 10

• Sight triangle should be visible properly.• Pavement marking must be done.• A speed breaker should be installed in order to limit the high

speed.4. Village Loghgarh

Figure 11

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• Narrow bridge sign must be installed.• Marking of obstruction should be done with black and white

strips.• Shoulder damage near service road.• Hazard marker should be painted with white paint, red reflec-

tor paint and black border at top.

9 CONCLUSION

1. Four major and common black spots are identified by above men-tioned methods on the selected stretch (Pinjore to Baddi road) of18 km. The black spots identified are Near Mallah Mod, CharniyaMod, Village Kiratpur and Loghgarh.

2. The accidents rate can be reduced by road side clearance,proper maintenance of shoulders, lighting and junction enhance-ment. Speed limit should be got down by providing humps close toaccident spots. Sight distance nearby curves must be obstructionfree.

References

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[2] S. U. Bobade, J. R. Patil, and R. R. Sorate, Identificationof Accidental Black spots on National Highways and Express-ways, National Conference ACGT, pp. 1314, Feburary 2015.

[3] S. Dhruvit and S. Pranay, Road Accident Analysis and Identifythe black spot location On State Highway-5( Halol-GodhraSection ), International journal of Engineering Developmentand Research, vol. 4, pp. 507513, 2016.

[4] A. Mohan and V.S. Landge, Identification of Accident Black,International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, vol.8, pp. 588596, April 2017.

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[5] NCRB, Accidents in Haryana, Available at:http://haryanapoliceonline.gov.in/login.aspx [Accessedon 10 March, 2018]

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[9] Smeed and Jaffocate, Effects of Changes in Motorization inVarious Countries on the Number of Road Fatalities, TrafficEngineering Control, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 1232, January 1970.

[10] S. Emenalo, M. Puustelli, A. Ciampi, and H. P. Joshi, Analysisof road traffic accidents data in Zambia, Accident Analysis andPrevention, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 8191, Aprail 1977.

[11] T. R. Neuma and J. C. Glenn, A Theoretical model that relatesaccident on crest curves to available sight distance, TransportResearch Record, no. 1, p. 923, August 1982.

[12] Mor N. Accident Analysis of Sonipat to Kharkhoda Road, In-ternational Journal on Emerging Technologies, Vol. 8, pp. 91-93, November 2017

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[14] Mor N. and Sood H. (2017), Correlation of Accident with Traf-fic Volume of NH-1, International Journal of Engineering Tech-nology Science and Research, Vol. 4, pp. 948-950, July 2017

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Documents

Black Spots Identi cation on Pinjore to Baddi Roadcation of black spots on Pinjore to Baddi road, spanning 18km, and also ways of treating the problem spots. The Pinjore to Baddi road