Blacktail and Bluestriped Snapper - Ocean Wise€¦ · gillnets, seines, bag nets, and lift nets), handlines, and by divers using spears. Blacktail and bluestriped snappers are native

AND

Blacktail and Bluestriped Snapper

Lutjanus fulvus, Lutjanus kasmira

©Diane Rome Peebles

Hawaii

Handline, Deep-set Handline, Surrounding net, Diver

February 6, 2017

The Safina Center Seafood Analysts

DisclaimerSeafood Watch and The Safina Center strive to ensure that all our Seafood Reports and recommendations contained therein are accurate andreflect the most up-to-date ev idence available at the time of publication. A ll our reports are peer-rev iewed for accuracy and completeness byexternal scientists with expertise in ecology, fisheries science or aquaculture.Scientific rev iew, however, does not constitute an endorsement ofthe Seafood Watch program or of The Safina Center or their recommendations on the part of the rev iewing scientists.Seafood Watch and TheSafina Center are solely responsible for the conclusions reached in this report. We always welcome additional or updated data that can be usedfor the next rev ision. Seafood Watch and Seafood Reports are made possible through a grant from the David and Lucile Packard Foundationand other funders.

Fisheries Standard Verions F2

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Table of Contents

About The Safina Center

About Seafood Watch

Guiding Principles

Summary

Final Seafood Recommendations

Introduction

Assessment

Criterion 1: Impacts on the species under assessment

Criterion 2: Impacts on other species

Criterion 3: Management Effectiveness

Criterion 4: Impacts on the habitat and ecosystem

Acknowledgements

References

Appendix A: Extra By Catch Species

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About The Safina CenterThe Safina Center (formerly Blue Ocean Institute) translates scientific information into language people canunderstand and serves as a unique voice of hope, guidance, and encouragement. The Safina Center (TSC)works through science, art, and literature to inspire solutions and a deeper connection with nature, especiallythe sea. Our mission is to inspire more people to actively engage as well-informed and highly motivatedconstituents for conservation.

Led by conservation pioneer and MacArthur fellow, Dr. Carl Safina, we show how nature, community, theeconomy and prospects for peace are all intertwined. Through Safina’s books, essays, public speaking, PBStelevision series, our Fellows program and Sustainable Seafood program, we seek to inspire people to makebetter choices.

The Safina Center was founded in 2003 by Dr. Carl Safina and was built on three decades of research, writingand policy work by Dr. Safina.

The Safina Center’s Sustainable Seafood Program The Center’s founders created the first seafood guide in 1998. Our online seafood guide now encompasses over160-wild-caught species. All peer-reviewed seafood reports are transparent, authoritative, easy to understandand use. Seafood ratings and full reports are available on our website under Seafood choices. tsc’s sustainableseafood program helps consumers, retailers, chefs and health professionals discover the connection betweenhuman health, a healthy ocean, fishing and sustainable seafood.

Our online guide to sustainable seafood is based on scientific ratings for more than 160 wild-caught seafoodspecies and provides simple guidelines. Through our expanded partnership with the Monterey Bay Aquarium,our guide now includes seafood ratings from both The Safina Center and the Seafood Watch program.We partner with Whole Foods Market (WFM) to help educate their seafood suppliers and staff, and provideour scientific seafood ratings for WFM stores in the US and UK.Through our partnership with Chefs Collaborative, we created Green Chefs/Blue Ocean, a free, interactive,online sustainable seafood course for chefs and culinary professionals.Our website features tutorials, videos, blogs, links and discussions of the key issues such as mercury inseafood, bycatch, overfishing, etc.

Check out our Fellows Program, learn more about our Sustainable Seafood Program and Carl Safina’s currentwork at www.safinacenter.org .

The Safina Center is a 501 (c) (3) nonprofit organization based in the School of Marine & Atmospheric Sciencesat Stony Brook University, Long Island, NY. www.safinacenter.org [email protected] | 631.632.3763

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http://www.safinacenter.org/seafoods

http://safinacenter.org/programs/sustainable-seafood-program/green-chefsblue-ocean-online-course/

http://safinacenter.org/issues/mercury-seafood/

http://www.safinacenter.org

http://www.safinacenter.org

mailto:[email protected]

About Seafood WatchMonterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood Watch program evaluates the ecological sustainability of wild-caught andfarmed seafood commonly found in the United States marketplace. Seafood Watch defines sustainableseafood as originating from sources, whether wild-caught or farmed, which can maintain or increase productionin the long-term without jeopardizing the structure or function of affected ecosystems. Seafood Watch makesits science-based recommendations available to the public in the form of regional pocket guides that can bedownloaded from www.seafoodwatch.org. The program’s goals are to raise awareness of important oceanconservation issues and empower seafood consumers and businesses to make choices for healthy oceans.

Each sustainability recommendation on the regional pocket guides is supported by a Seafood Report. Eachreport synthesizes and analyzes the most current ecological, fisheries and ecosystem science on a species, thenevaluates this information against the program’s conservation ethic to arrive at a recommendation of “BestChoices,” “Good Alternatives” or “Avoid.” The detailed evaluation methodology is available upon request. Inproducing the Seafood Reports, Seafood Watch seeks out research published in academic, peer-reviewedjournals whenever possible. Other sources of information include government technical publications, fisherymanagement plans and supporting documents, and other scientific reviews of ecological sustainability. SeafoodWatch Research Analysts also communicate regularly with ecologists, fisheries and aquaculture scientists, andmembers of industry and conservation organizations when evaluating fisheries and aquaculture practices.Capture fisheries and aquaculture practices are highly dynamic; as the scientific information on each specieschanges, Seafood Watch ’s sustainability recommendations and the underlying Seafood Reports will be updatedto reflect these changes.

Parties interested in capture fisheries, aquaculture practices and the sustainability of ocean ecosystems arewelcome to use Seafood Reports in any way they find useful. For more information about Seafood Watch andSeafood Reports, please contact the Seafood Watch program at Monterey Bay Aquarium by calling 1-877-229-9990.

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Guiding PrinciplesThe Safina Center and Seafood Watch define sustainable seafood as originating from sources, whether fishedor farmed, that can maintain or increase production in the long-term without jeopardizing the structure orfunction of affected ecosystems.

Based on this principle, Seafood Watch and the Safina Center have developed four sustainability criteria forevaluating wild-catch fisheries for consumers and businesses. These criteria are:

How does fishing affect the species under assessment?How does the fishing affect other, target and non-target species?How effective is the fishery’s management?How does the fishing affect habitats and the stability of the ecosystem?

Each criterion includes:

Factors to evaluate and scoreGuidelines for integrating these factors to produce a numerical score and rating

Once a rating has been assigned to each criterion, we develop an overall recommendation. Criteria ratings andthe overall recommendation are color-coded to correspond to the categories on the Seafood Watch pocketguide and the Safina Center’s online guide:

Best Choice/Green: Are well managed and caught in ways that cause little harm to habitats or other wildlife.

Good Alternative/Yellow: Buy, but be aware there are concerns with how they’re caught.

Avoid/Red Take a pass on these for now. These items are overfished or caught in ways that harm othermarine life or the environment.

“Fish” is used throughout this document to refer to finfish, shellfish and other invertebrates

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SummaryThis report assesses the fisheries for two non-native Hawaii species: blacktail snapper (Lutjanus fulvus) andbluestriped snapper (Lutjanus kasmira). They are caught with a variety of small-scale net gears (e.g., surroundgillnets, seines, bag nets, and lift nets), handlines, and by divers using spears.

Blacktail and bluestriped snappers are native to the Indo-Pacific and associated with coral reefs. The blacktailsnapper is a shallow-water species found to a depth of 75 m, while the blustriped snapper can be found to adepth of 265 m. Both snapper species were intentionally introduced to Hawaii during the 1950s. Blacktailsnapper's expansion has been classified as modest and is limited to the Main Hawaiian Islands, but thebluestriped snapper population grew rapidly and is now found throughout the Main and Northwestern HawaiianIslands. There is concern that these snappers are threatening native Hawaiian species, but to date there is noevidence of negative ecological interactions. Because these species are non-native, abundance and fishingmortality are assessed as very low concern.

Bluestriped snapper forms aggregations and may at times be directly targeted by fishers, but for the most part,bluestriped and blacktail snappers are caught in fisheries directed at other Hawaiian fish. The inshore handline,net, and diver/spear fisheries target a mix of various reef fish, the majority of which have unknown abundancelevels and a low to medium vulnerability to overfishing. The deep-set handline fishery targets several deepwatersnappers and groupers, including Hawaiian grouper and gray snapper, which are potentiallydepleted/overfished. All fishing methods result in low catches of non-target species.

Species assessed in this report are managed in federal waters by the Western Pacific Region FisheryManagement Council under the Hawaii Ecosystem Plan and in state waters by the Hawaii Division of AquaticResources. Annual catch limits are in place for the majority of species. Management of targeted species isconsidered moderately effective, due to the uncertain status of many species. Bycatch management is assessedas highly effective because there are few bycatch concerns.

The fishing gears assessed in this report typically have a low impact on bottom habitats. But there is moderateconcern over ecosystem impacts. Some important forage fish, herbivores, and top predators are caught inthese fisheries; although some efforts are being made to protect the ecological role of these species, morerobust policies are needed.

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Final Seafood Recommendations

Scoring Guide

Scores range from zero to five where zero indicates very poor performance and five indicates the fishingoperations have no significant impact.

Final Score = geometric mean of the four Scores (Criterion 1, Criterion 2, Criterion 3, Criterion 4).

Best Choice/Green = Final Score >3.2, and no Red Criteria, and no Critical scoresGood Alternative/Yellow = Final score >2.2-3.2, and neither Harvest Strategy (Factor 3.1) nor BycatchManagement Strategy (Factor 3.2) are Very High Concern , and no more than one Red Criterion, and noCritical scoresAvoid/Red = Final Score ≤2.2, or either Harvest Strategy (Factor 3.1) or Bycatch Management Strategy(Factor 3.2) is Very High Concern or two or more Red Criteria, or one or more Critical scores.

Because effect ive management is an essent ial component of sustainable fisheries, Seafood Watch issues an Avoidrecommendation for any fishery scored as a Very High Concern for either factor under Management (Criterion 3).

SPECIES/FISHERY

CRITERION 1:IMPACTS ONTHE SPECIES

CRITERION 2:IMPACTS ONOTHERSPECIES

CRITERION 3:MANAGEMENTEFFECTIVENESS

CRITERION 4:HABITAT ANDECOSYSTEM

OVERALLRECOMMENDATION

BluestripedsnapperHawaii Pacific,Handline, deepset

Green (5.000) Red (2.159) Green (3.464) Green (3.674) Good Alternative(3.423)

Blacktail snapperHawaii Pacific,Surrounding nets(nei)

Green (5.000) Yellow (2.644) Green (3.464) Yellow (3.122) Best Choice(3.457)

Blacktail snapperHawaii Pacific,Diver

Green (5.000) Yellow (2.644) Green (3.464) Green (3.571) Best Choice(3.576)

Blacktail snapperHawaii Pacific,Handline

Green (5.000) Yellow (2.644) Green (3.464) Green (3.571) Best Choice(3.576)

BluestripedsnapperHawaii Pacific,Surrounding nets(nei)

Green (5.000) Yellow (2.644) Green (3.464) Yellow (3.122) Best Choice(3.457)

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Introduction

Scope of the analysis and ensuing recommendation

This report assesses two non-native Hawaiian fish species: bluestriped snapper (Lutjanus kasmira) and blacktailsnapper (Lutjanus fulvus). Bluestriped snapper is primarily caught with surround nets and handlines, whileblacktail snapper is caught with surround nets, handlines, and by diver/spear fishing.

Species Overview

Blacktail snapper is native to the Indo-Pacific and found at depths from 1–75 m in tropical waters. It iscommonly found in areas that are sheltered, and can be found in loose aggregations. Bluestriped snapper alsois native to the Indo-Pacific region, from the Red Sea and east Africa to the Marquesas and Line Islands, northto southern Japan, and south to Australia. Bluestriped snapper is found in waters from 3 to 265 mdeep. Bluestriped snapper forms large aggregations and is found in areas such as shallow lagoons and coralreefs, and on outer reef slopes (Froese and Pauly 2015).

Blacktail snapper and bluestriped snapper were introduced into Hawaii as part of a fishery enhancementprogram between 1955 and 1961. Blacktail snapper's population expansion has been classified as modest; it islimited to the Main Hawaiian Islands, with a total range of 600 km (Gaither et al. 2012) (Gaither et al. 2013).Bluestriped snapper experienced rapid population growth after its introduction into Hawaiian waters. It is nowfound throughout the Main and Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, with a total range of 2,500 km (Gaither et al.2012) (Gaither et al. 2013). Since their introduction, these snappers have not become popular food fishes, andthere are now concerns that they are threatening native Hawaiian species (Gaither et al. 2012); however, todate, there is no evidence of negative ecological interactions (Parrish et al. 2000) (Schumacher 2011). Bothspecies of snapper are occasionally associated with ciguatera poisoning, which may be one reason they havenot become popular food fish (Copeland et al. 2014).

Currently, bluestriped and blacktail snappers are largely caught in various Hawaii fisheries targeting reef-associated species. Bluestriped snapper is also a bycatch in the Hawaii bottomfish fishery. Additionally, bothsnappers are caught recreationally, mostly by spear fishers, and in recreational fishing tournaments that targetintroduced species. The Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council (WPRFMC) manages bluestripedand blacktail snappers under the Hawaii Ecosystem Plan (WPRFMC 2009) (NMFS 2015a).

Production Statistics

In Hawaii, bluestriped snapper and blacktail snapper are caught with several gears, including handlines, casting(fishing using a pole and casting reel; i.e., jigging, fly-fishing), divers/spears, various surround nets (e.g.,gillnet, seines, lift net, bag net), and traps (HDAR 2015a) (HDAR 2015b).

Between 2003 and 2014, 254,190 lbs of bluestriped snapper were caught in Hawaii commercial fisheries. Ofthis, 160,312 lbs were caught by net gears, 72,982 lbs by inshore handlines/casting, 13,359 lbs by deepwaterhandlines, 4,973 lbs by trap, and 2,564 lbs by diver/spear fishing (HDAR 2015b). During the same period,25,754 lbs of blacktail snapper were caught, with 13,690 lbs caught with net gears, 9,091 lbs caught bydiver/spear fishing, 2,914 lbs by inshore handlines/casting, and 59 lbs by trap (HDAR 2015a).

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Figure 1 Bluestriped snapper catches by gear 2003–2014 (DAR 2015b).

Figure 2 Blacktail snapper catches by gear type 2003–2014 (DAR 2015a).

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Blacktail snapper is also known as toau and bluestriped snapper as taape in Hawaii.

Primary product forms

Blacktail and bluestriped snappers are sold in fresh and frozen forms.

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Importance to the US/North American market.

These species are consumed locally.

Common and market names.

AssessmentThis section assesses the sustainability of the fishery(s) relative to the Seafood Watch Criteria for Fisheries,available at http://www.seafoodwatch.org.

Criterion 1: Impacts on the species under assessmentThis criterion evaluates the impact of fishing mortality on the species, given its current abundance. The inherentvulnerability to fishing rating influences how abundance is scored, when abundance is unknown.

The final Criterion 1 score is determined by taking the geometric mean of the abundance and fishing mortalityscores. The Criterion 1 rating is determined as follows:

Score >3.2=Green or Low ConcernScore >2.2 and ≤3.2=Yellow or Moderate ConcernScore ≤2.2=Red or High Concern

Rating is Critical if Factor 1.3 (Fishing Mortality) is Critical

Criterion 1 Summary

Criterion 1 Assessment

SCORING GUIDELINES

Factor 1.1 - Inherent Vulnerability

Low—The FishBase vulnerability score for species is 0-35, OR species exhibits life history characteristics thatmake it resilient to fishing, (e.g., early maturing).

BLACKTAIL SNAPPER

Region / MethodInherentVulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Score

Hawaii/Pacific Surroundingnets (nei)

3.00: Low 5.00: Very LowConcern

5.00: Very LowConcern

Green(5.000)

Hawaii/Pacific Diver 3.00: Low 5.00: Very LowConcern


Green(5.000)

Hawaii/Pacific Handline 3.00: Low 5.00: Very LowConcern


Green(5.000)

BLUESTRIPED SNAPPER

Region / MethodInherentVulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Score

Hawaii/Pacific Handline, deepset

2.00: Medium 5.00: Very LowConcern


Green(5.000)

Hawaii/Pacific Surroundingnets (nei)

2.00: Medium 5.00: Very LowConcern


Green(5.000)

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Medium—The FishBase vulnerability score for species is 36-55, OR species exhibits life historycharacteristics that make it neither particularly vulnerable nor resilient to fishing, (e.g., moderate age atsexual maturity (5-15 years), moderate maximum age (10-25 years), moderate maximum size, and middleof food chain).High—The FishBase vulnerability score for species is 56-100, OR species exhibits life history characteristicsthat make is particularly vulnerable to fishing, (e.g., long-lived (>25 years), late maturing (>15 years), lowreproduction rate, large body size, and top-predator). Note: The FishBase vulnerability scores is an index ofthe inherent vulnerability of marine fishes to fishing based on life history parameters: maximum length, ageat first maturity, longevity, growth rate, natural mortality rate, fecundity, spatial behaviors (e.g., schooling,aggregating for breeding, or consistently returning to the same sites for feeding or reproduction) andgeographic range.

Factor 1.2 - Abundance

5 (Very Low Concern)—Strong evidence exists that the population is above target abundance level (e.g.,biomass at maximum sustainable yield, BMSY) or near virgin biomass.4 (Low Concern)—Population may be below target abundance level, but it is considered not overfished3 (Moderate Concern) —Abundance level is unknown and the species has a low or medium inherentvulnerability to fishing.2 (High Concern)—Population is overfished, depleted, or a species of concern, OR abundance is unknownand the species has a high inherent vulnerability to fishing.1 (Very High Concern)—Population is listed as threatened or endangered.

Factor 1.3 - Fishing Mortality

5 (Very Low Concern)—Highly likely that fishing mortality is below a sustainable level (e.g., below fishingmortality at maximum sustainable yield, FMSY), OR fishery does not target species and its contribution to themortality of species is negligible (≤ 5% of a sustainable level of fishing mortality).3.67 (Low Concern)—Probable (>50%) chance that fishing mortality is at or below a sustainable level, butsome uncertainty exists, OR fishery does not target species and does not adversely affect species, but itscontribution to mortality is not negligible, OR fishing mortality is unknown, but the population is healthy andthe species has a low susceptibility to the fishery (low chance of being caught).2.33 (Moderate Concern)—Fishing mortality is fluctuating around sustainable levels, OR fishing mortality isunknown and species has a moderate-high susceptibility to the fishery and, if species is depleted,reasonable management is in place.1 (High Concern)—Overfishing is occurring, but management is in place to curtail overfishing, OR fishingmortality is unknown, species is depleted, and no management is in place.0 (Critical)—Overfishing is known to be occurring and no reasonable management is in place to curtailoverfishing.

BLACKTAIL SNAPPER


HAWAII/PACIFIC, SURROUNDING NETS (NEI)HAWAII/PACIFIC, DIVERHAWAII/PACIFIC, HANDLINE

Low

FishBase assigned a low vulnerability score of 23 out of 100 to blacktail snapper (Froese and Pauly 2015).Blacktail snapper (Lutjanus fulvus) is a broadcast spawner, reaching sexual maturity at 20–30 cm in length. It

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BLUESTRIPED SNAPPER


can attain a maximum size of 40 cm and live for around 4 years (Froese and Pauly 2015). Blacktail snapperpreys on other fish species, cephalopods, and benthic crustaceans (Froese and Pauly 2015). Blacktail snapperwas introduced into Hawaii as part of a fishery enhancement program between 1955 and 1961. Its populationexpansion has been classified as modest. It has remained limited to the Main Hawaiian Islands, with ageographic range of 600 km (Gaither et al. 2013) (Gaither et al. 2012).


Very Low Concern

Blacktail snapper are managed by the Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council as part of theCoral Reef Ecosystem Multi-Species complex and by the Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources (NMFS 2015a).Information on abundance for this species is not available, but the first formal assessment for this species isscheduled for 2016 (NMFS 2016b). Because this species is non-native to Hawaiian waters, we have awarded a"very low" concern score.


Very Low Concern

Blacktail snapper is not targeted in commercial fisheries in Hawaii, but it is caught in fisheries aimed at otherspecies. Commercial catches of blacktail snapper were 3,025 lbs in 2013 and 2,194 lbs in 2014 (HDAR 2015a).This species is also caught in recreational fisheries. Because this species is non-native, fishing mortality isassessed as "very low" concern.

HAWAII/PACIFIC, HANDLINE, DEEP SETHAWAII/PACIFIC, SURROUNDING NETS (NEI)

Medium

FishBase assigned a medium vulnerability score of 40 out of 100 to bluestriped snapper. Bluestriped snapper(Lutjanus kasmira) is a broadcast spawner, reaching sexual maturity between 17 and 25 cm in length. It canattain a maximum size of 40 cm (Froese and Pauly 2015). Bluestriped snapper primarily preys on benthicinvertebrates, as well as some planktonic crustaceans and fish (Parrish et al. 2000). Bluestriped snapper wasintroduced into Hawaii as part of a fishery enhancement program between 1955 and 1961. After itsintroduction, it experienced rapid population growth in Hawaiian waters and is now found throughout the Mainand Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Gaither et al. 2012).

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Very Low Concern

The Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council and the Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resourcesmanage bluestriped snapper. Bluestriped snapper is included in the Hawaiian bottomfish management unit,though it is more frequently caught in coral reef fisheries (NMFS 2015a) (NMFS 2015b). It was not included inthe last assessment of Hawaii bottomfish because it is not considered a primary species (Brodziak et al. 2009)(Brodziak et al. 2011). But an individual stock assessment for this species is planned for 2016 (NMFS 2016b).A recent length-based analysis of several Hawaii fishes indicated that this species has a spawning potentialratio (the ratio of current spawning biomass relative to an unfished level) of 63%, which suggests thatabundance is relatively high (Nadon et al. 2015). Because this species is non-native to Hawaiian waters, wehave awarded a "very low" concern score.


Very Low Concern

Commercial fishers in Hawaii may sometimes target bluestriped snapper, but it is generally caught in fisheriesaimed at other species. Commercial catches of bluestriped snapper were 33,998 lbs in 2013 and 30,269 lbs in2014 (PIFMC 2016). Bluestriped snapper is also caught in recreational fisheries. Because this species is non-native, fishing mortality is assessed as "very low" concern.

14


Criterion 2: Impacts on other speciesAll main retained and bycatch species in the fishery are evaluated in the same way as the species underassessment were evaluated in Criterion 1. Seafood Watch defines bycatch as all fisheries-related mortality orinjury to species other than the retained catch. Examples include discards, endangered or threatened speciescatch, and ghost fishing.

To determine the final Criterion 2 score, the score for the lowest scoring retained/bycatch species is multipliedby the discard rate score (ranges from 0-1), which evaluates the amount of non-retained catch (discards) andbait use relative to the retained catch. The Criterion 2 rating is determined as follows:


Rating is Critical if Factor 2.3 (Fishing Mortality) is Crtitical

Criterion 2 Summary

Only the lowest scoring main species is/are listed in the table and text in this Criterion 2 section; a full list andassessment of the main species can be found in Appendix B.

®

BLACKTAIL SNAPPER - HAWAII/PACIFIC - DIVER

Subscore: 2.644 Discard Rate: 1.00 C2 Rate: 2.644

SpeciesInherentVulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Subscore

Eyestripe surgeonfish 2.00:Medium 3.00:ModerateConcern

2.33:ModerateConcern

Yellow(2.644)

Spiny lobster: MainHawaiian Islands

2.00:Medium 3.00:ModerateConcern


Yellow(2.644)

Parrotfish (Unspecified) 2.00:Medium 3.00:ModerateConcern


Yellow(2.644)

Bluespine unicornfish 2.00:Medium 3.00:ModerateConcern


Yellow(2.644)

Soldierfish (unspecified) 3.00:Low 3.00:ModerateConcern


Yellow(2.644)

Day octopus 3.00:Low 3.00:ModerateConcern


Yellow(2.644)

BLACKTAIL SNAPPER - HAWAII/PACIFIC - HANDLINE



15

Mackerel scad ('opelu) 3.00:Low 3.00:ModerateConcern


Yellow(2.644)

Big-eye scad (akule) 3.00:Low 3.00:ModerateConcern


Yellow(2.644)

Soldierfish (unspecified) 3.00:Low 3.00:ModerateConcern


Yellow(2.644)

BLACKTAIL SNAPPER - HAWAII/PACIFIC - SURROUNDING NETS (NEI)





Yellow(2.644)

Rudderfish 2.00:Medium 3.00:ModerateConcern


Yellow(2.644)



Yellow(2.644)

Yellowfin goatfish 3.00:Low 3.00:ModerateConcern


Yellow(2.644)

Bluestriped snapper 2.00:Medium 5.00:Very LowConcern

5.00:Very LowConcern

Green(5.000)

BLUESTRIPED SNAPPER - HAWAII/PACIFIC - HANDLINE, DEEP SET



Hawaiian gray snapper(uku)

1.00:High 2.00:High Concern 2.33:ModerateConcern

Red(2.159)

Hawaiian grouper(Hapu'u)

1.00:High 2.00:High Concern 2.33:ModerateConcern

Red(2.159)

Hawaiian pink snapper(opakapaka): MainHawaiian Islands Deep 7Bottomfish Multi-speciesComplex



Yellow(2.644)

Hawaiian ruby snapper(onaga): Main HawaiianIslands Deep 7 BottomfishMulti-species Complex



Yellow(2.644)

16

Bluestriped snapper (taape) and blacktail snapper (toau) are caught in various Hawaii fisheries aimed at otherspecies. Fishers may sometimes target bluestriped snapper because it forms large schools, but they generallydo not target blacktail snapper. Data provided by the Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources on total catches byspecies and gear type were used to determine the main species assessed in this report {DMR 2015a} {DMR2015b}.

The main species caught in the net fisheries are big-eye scad, mackerel scad, yellowfin goatfish, andrudderfish. The main species caught in the inshore handline fisheries are big-eye scad, mackerel scad, andsoldierfish. All these species have uncertain abundances but only a low to medium vulnerability to fishing.

The deep-set handline fishery primarily targets Hawaiian pink snapper (opakapaka), Hawaiian ruby snapper(onaga), gray snapper (uku), and Hawaiian red snapper (ehu). Hawaiian grouper (hapu'u) was also assessedbecause it is a species of concern, and the deep-set handline fishery accounts for the majority of this species'mortality. Hawaiian grouper and gray snapper are the lowest scoring species in this fishery because of concernover their abundance.

In the diver fishery, targeting may change during the course of a dive due to species availability, but the mostcommonly captured species are parrotfish, Hawaiian day octopus, eyestripe surgeonfish, bluespine unicornfish,soldierfish, and spiny lobster. Abundance and fishing levels for most species are uncertain.

Hawaiian red snapper(ehu): Main HawaiianIslands Deep 7 BottomfishMulti-species Complex



Yellow(2.644)

BLUESTRIPED SNAPPER - HAWAII/PACIFIC - SURROUNDING NETS (NEI)





Yellow(2.644)

Rudderfish 2.00:Medium 3.00:ModerateConcern


Yellow(2.644)



Yellow(2.644)

Yellowfin goatfish 3.00:Low 3.00:ModerateConcern


Yellow(2.644)

Blacktail snapper 3.00:Low 5.00:Very LowConcern

5.00:Very LowConcern

Green(5.000)

17


SCORING GUIDELINES

Factor 2.1 - Inherent Vulnerability(same as Factor 1.1 above)

Factor 2.2 - Abundance(same as Factor 1.2 above)

Factor 2.3 - Fishing Mortality(same as Factor 1.3 above)

EYESTRIPE SURGEONFISH




HAWAII/PACIFIC, DIVER

Medium

FishBase has assigned a medium vulnerability score of 36 out of 100 to eyestripe surgeonfish (Acanthurusdussumieri). Eyestripe surgeonfish is found throughout the Indo-Pacific from the east coast of Africa to Hawaii.It reaches a maximum size of 54 cm and can live up to 28 years. It is a broadcast spawner and low levelpredator (Froese and Pauly 2015).


Moderate Concern

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed eyestripe surgeonfish as aspecies of "Least Concern," which means there is no indication of global population declines (Choat et al.2012c). But a recent length-based analysis of several Hawaii reef fish indicated that eyestripe surgeonfish hasa spawning potential ratio of 32%, which suggests that the species is close to being overfished (Nadon et al.2015). Eyestripe surgeonfish is managed by the Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council as partof the Coral Reef Ecosystem Multi-Species complex and by the Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources. The firstformal stock assessment for this species is planned for late 2016 (NMFS 2016b). We have awarded a"moderate" concern score because of the species' uncertain abundance and its medium vulnerability tofishing.


Moderate Concern

Eyestripe surgeonfish is heavily fished in commercial fisheries in Hawaii, although catches have declined sincethe late 1990s. It is also collected as an aquarium fish (Choate et al. 2012). In the diver fishery, this speciesaccounted for around 10% of the total catch from 2003–2014 (HDAR 2015a). Fishing mortality rates foreyestripe surgeonfish are unknown because no stock assessment has been conducted for this species, but a

18

Factor 2.4 - Discard Rate

SPINY LOBSTER: MAIN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS


stock assessment is scheduled for 2016 (NMFS 2016b). Because of a lack of information, we have awarded a"moderate" concern score.


< 20%

Diver-based spearfishing is extremely selective, because divers can visually identify the type and size of fishbefore they spear it. Bycatch is likely restricted to speared fish that escape with minor wounds (WPRFMC2009). The number of fish reported to be released or discarded in the diver fishery from 2003–2014 is quitelow (< 1%) relative to the number of fish retained (HDAR 2015a) (HDAR 2015b).


Medium

Two spiny lobster species are caught in Hawaii fisheries: red spiny lobster (Panulirus penicillatus) and bandedspiny lobster (Panulirus marginatus) (NMFS 2015c). The red spiny lobster is found in the Indo-West Pacific andthe East Pacific, while banded spiny lobster is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. In the Galapagos, red spinylobster is reported to reach sexual maturity at 20–35 cm, and fecundity estimates range from 200,000 to600,000 eggs/year. Age at maturity and maximum age are not known, but similar lobster species reachmaturity at 3–4 years of age and live 10–14 years (Butler et al. 2011). Little is known about the biology of thebanded spiny lobster, but inferences from other species suggest a longevity of up to 20 years and an age atmaturity of around 4 years (Crokcroft et al. 2011). There is some suggestion of compensatory responses atlow population sizes, but more research is needed (DeMartini 2006). These life history characteristics indicatea medium inherent vulnerability to fishing.

Rationale:

Results from the Seafood Watch fish vulnerability rubric (SFW criteria document, pg. 4). Attribute scores canrange from 1 to 3, with higher scores signifying more resilient life history attributes.

Life history characteristic Value Score

Average age at maturity < 5 years 3

Average maximum age 10–25 years 2

Reproductive strategy Brooder 2

Density dependence Uncertain 2

Average score 2.25

Species with average attribute scores between 1.85 and 2.45 are deemed to have a "medium vulnerability."

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PARROTFISH (UNSPECIFIED)



Moderate Concern

There has been no assessment of spiny lobster in the Main Hawaiian Islands, so their abundance isunknown (NMFS 2016a). The banded spiny lobster has been listed as "Data Deficient" by the InternationalUnion for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Banded spiny lobster were fished heavily in the NorthwestHawaiian Islands (NWHI) and suffered declines in catch rates of over 80%. But the NWHI were closed tofishing in 2000; since then, information on abundance has been lacking (Butler et al. 2011). Red spiny lobsterhas been assessed as a species of "Least Concern" by the IUCN, although localized depletion may haveoccurred (Crokcroft et al. 2011). We have awarded a "moderate" concern score because of the lack ofabundance information and the medium vulnerability.


Moderate Concern

Fishing mortality rates for spiny lobster in Hawaii are unknown. Since the Northwest Hawaiian Islands wereclosed to fishing for lobster in 2000, the impact on banded spiny lobster has been reduced (Butler et al. 2011).The majority of spiny lobster fishing (97%) now comes from state waters, and the majority are caught bydivers (NMFS 2015c). In 2013, 7,740 lbs of banded spiny lobster, 2,369 lbs of red spiny lobster, and 587 lbs ofunclassified spiny lobsters were reported caught in Hawaii. This species made up 6% of the total catch in thediver fishery from 2003–2014 (HDAR 2015a). The spiny lobster fishery is managed by the Western PacificRegional Fishery Management Council and the Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources. Because of a lack ofinformation, we have awarded a "moderate" concern score.


< 20%



Medium

Six parrotfish species are found in the Main Hawaiian Islands: common parrotfish (Scarus psittacus),bullethead parrotfish (Chlorurus spilurus, formerly Chlorurus sordidus), stareye parrotfish (Calotomuscarolinus), ember parrotfish (Scarus rubroviolaceus), spectacled parrotfish (Chlorurus perspicillatus), andregal parrotfish (Scarus dubius). The spectacled parrotfish and regal parrotfish are endemic to Hawaii, whilethe other species are found throughout the Indo-Pacific (Pardee 2014).

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FishBase has assigned vulnerability scores ranging from low to moderate (16 to 47 out of 100) for thesespecies (Froese and Pauly 2015). The common parrotfish reaches sexual maturity between 11 and 15 cm insize and reaches a maximum length and age of 30 cm and 5 years, respectively. The bullethead parrotfishreaches sexual maturity around 15–20 cm, can attain a maximum length of 40 cm, and lives for 8–10 years.The stareye parrotfish reaches sexual maturity around 20 cm in size, can grow to 54 cm in length, and livesfor 3 years. The ember parrotfish reaches sexual maturity at 43 cm, grows to 70 cm, and can live for 20 yearsor more. The size at sexual maturity is unknown for the regal parrotfish and spectacled parrotfish, but thesespecies can grow to a maximum size of 36 cm and 61 cm, respectively. Parrotfish exhibit protogynousreproduction, meaning they are born female and transition to male during their lifetime. Parrotfish areherbivores and are important grazers of algae on coral reefs (Pardee 2014) (Froese and Pauly 2015).


Moderate Concern

According to a 2014 assessment of parrotfish in the Main Hawaiian Islands, there is a 76% probability thatabundance is above the target abundance level, which is the biomass at maximum sustainable yield (B ).Abundance decreased between 2001 and 2007 but increased from 2007 through 2010 (Pardee 2014). Thisassessment grouped all Hawaii parrotfish species, so it did not determine the abundance of individual species.A separate length-based analysis of coral reef fish in Hawaii found bullethead parrotfish and commonparrotfish to have high spawning potential ratios (the ratio of current spawning biomass relative to anunfished level) of 99% and 77%, respectively, which suggests that these populations are healthy. But theember parrotfish had a spawning potential ratio slightly below the overfished threshold level (30%), whichsuggests concern over the abundance of this parrotfish species (Nadon et al. 2015). We have awarded a"moderate" concern score because of the uncertain abundance levels for individual parrotfish species.

MSY


Moderate Concern

Parrotfish are some of the most commonly targeted reef fish in Hawaiian waters. Lightly fished reefs in thecentral Pacific can have 50 times more parrotfish biomass than heavily fished reefs (Bellwood et al. 2011). Inthe Hawaii Hanauma Bay Nature Preserve (no take zone), the population of parrotfish is 10 times higher thanin other areas of O'ahu (Howard et al. 2009). Spear fishing, fish trap, seine, and gillnet combined represent90% of parrotfish catches in Hawaii, with spear fishing accounting for the majority of the catch. From 2003–2014, parrotfish accounted for 29% of the total diver/spear fishery catch in Hawaii (HDAR 2015a). Catches ofparrotfish are generally not separated by species.

Parrotfish are managed by the Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council (WPFMC) as part of theCoral Reef Multi-Species complex and by the Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources. The WPRFMC funded astock assessment on parrotfish in the Main Hawaiian Islands, which was completed in 2014. According to thisassessment, there is more than an 85% probability that overfishing was occurring on parrotfish between 2010and 2012 (the last years of data) (Pardee 2014). The assessment estimated that the maximum sustainableyield (MSY) for parrotfish is 41,324 lbs. But another assessment estimated a much higher maximumsustainable yield for Hawaii parrotfish of 271,000 lbs (Sabater and Kleiber 2014). The WPRFMC and NationalMarine Fisheries Service (NMFS) set the 2015 catch limit for parrotfish at 239,000 lbs, based on this secondassessment (FR 2015). Currently, the NMFS lists fishing mortality of Hawaii coral reef species, includingparrotfish, as unknown (NMFS 2016a). Because of conflicting assessment results, we have awarded a

21


HAWAIIAN GRAY SNAPPER (UKU)



"moderate" concern score.


< 20%


HAWAII/PACIFIC, HANDLINE, DEEP SET

High

FishBase has assigned a high vulnerability to fishing score of 61 out of 100 for Hawaiian gray snapper (Froeseand Pauly 2015). Hawaiian gray snapper (Aprion virescens) is a broadcast spawner, reaching sexual maturitybetween 42 and 50 cm in length and 4 to 5 years in age. It reaches a maximum size of just over 100 cm. Themaximum age of gray snapper in the Central Pacific is unknown, but individuals up to 16 years old have beenobserved in Australia (Heupel et al. 2009). Within the food chain, gray snapper is an important top-levelpredator (Froese and Pauly 2015). This species forms spawning aggregations and exhibits site fidelity (Meyeret al. 2007), which increases its vulnerability to fishing pressure.


High Concern

Hawaiian gray snapper (uku) is managed in federal waters by the Western Pacific Regional FisheryManagement Council as part of the Non-Deep 7 Hawaii Bottomfish complex, which includes various shallowwater groupers, snappers, and jacks. In state waters, it is managed by the Hawaii Division of AquaticResources. The entire Hawaii Bottomfish complex (Deep 7 and Non-Deep 7) was assessed as a unit in 2007.At that time, bottomfish abundance in the Main Hawaiian Islands was estimated to be at 62% of the targetabundance level, the biomass at maximum sustainable level (B ). Abundance was below the limitabundance reference point (70% of B ), so the bottomfish complex was considered overfished (Brodziak etal. 2009). An updated assessment of the Deep 7 bottomfish in 2011 indicated that this subset of species is nolonger overfished (Brodziak et al. 2011). But the current status of the Non-Deep 7 bottomfish species remainsunclear because no additional assessment has been conducted for these species (NMFS 2016a). A recentlength-based analysis of several Hawaii fishes indicated that gray snapper has a low spawning potential ratioof 23% (the ratio of current spawning biomass relative to an unfished level), which suggests that this speciesis potentially overfished (Nadon et al. 2015).

Because gray snapper has a high vulnerability to fishing and there is some suggestion it could be overfished,we have awarded a "high" concern score.

MSY

MSY

22



MACKEREL SCAD ('OPELU)



Moderate Concern

Fishing mortality rates for Hawaiian gray snapper are not known (NMFS 2016a). An assessment of theHawaiian bottomfish unit in 2007 indicated that fishing levels in the Main Hawaiian Islands were abovesustainable levels at the time, which indicated that overfishing was occurring (Brodziak et al. 2009). A morerecent assessment of only the Deep 7 species in 2011 indicated that fishing levels were below sustainablelevels for this subset of species (Brodziak et al. 2011). But current fishing levels on non-Deep 7 species areuncertain because no additional assessment of these species has been conducted.

Gray snapper accounted for 17% of the total deep-set handline catch from 2003–2014 (HDAR 2015b). Becausefishing levels on gray snapper are unknown, we have awarded a "moderate" concern score.


< 20%

The deep-set handline fishery that targets bottomfish species likely has low bycatch and discards. In the MainHawaiian Islands fishery, most of the catch is thought to be retained and utilized. When discards do occur, theyare due to fish being below the minimum size limit, toxicity concerns, low market value, or damage bypredators (WPRFMC 2009). Fisher-reported catch data for the deep-set handline fisheries in the MainHawaiian Islands indicate a quite low discard rate of < 5% of the total retained catch from 2002–2014 (HDAR2015a) (HDAR 2015b) (HDAR 2013b). It should noted that fishers may under-report bycatch/discards. Prior tothe closure of the bottomfish fishery in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, bycatch was recorded through self-reported fishers' logbook data and onboard scientific observer data. Logbook data indicated a discard rate(discarded catch/retained catch) of around 14%, while the observer data indicated a higher discard rate of34% (WPRFMC 2009). Although discards may be under-reported, it is still likely that discards are < 20% ofthe retained catch in the Main Hawaiian Island fishery.

HAWAII/PACIFIC, HANDLINEHAWAII/PACIFIC, SURROUNDING NETS (NEI)

Low

FishBase assigned a low vulnerability to fishing score of 23 out of 100 for mackerel scad (Froese and Pauly2015). Mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) is a small schooling fish found in tropical waters around theglobe. It reaches sexual maturity around 18 months old and 24–26 cm in length. It is a broadcast spawnerthat produces around 136,000 eggs per spawn (Clark and Privitera 1995). It can live 4–5 years and grow to alength of 33–39 cm (Weng and Sibert 2000). Mackerel scad is an intermediate species within the food web. Itfeeds on fish larvae and small crustaceans (McNaughton 2008) (Froese and Pauly 2015).

23




Moderate Concern

A population assessment for Hawaii mackerel scad was conducted in 2000. The assessment utilized fisheries'catch rate data (catches per unit of fishing effort) to estimate abundance. According to the assessment,abundance trends for mackerel scad from 1966–1997 showed a fairly stable trend over time, with peaksoccurring during the late 1970s and early 1980s (Weng and Sibert 2000). At the time, abundance wasestimated to be above the biomass at maximum sustainable yield (B ), the target abundance level (Wengand Sibert 2000). But fisheries catch rate data do not always provide a reliable indicator of abundancebecause catch rates are influenced by a variety of factors, such as environmental conditions and the efficiencyof the fishing gear. This assessment was never formally reviewed by the National Marine Fisheries Service,but was considered data-limited (NMFS 2014). No further assessments of mackerel scad have beenconducted. The National Marine Fisheries Service considers the current abundance of mackerel scad to beunknown (NMFS 2016a). Because current abundance is unknown and this species has a low vulnerability tofishing, we have awarded a "moderate" concern score.

MSY


Moderate Concern

Hawaii mackerel scad was last assessed in 2000. The assessment suggested that fishing levels had been lightto moderate and at the time were below the maximum sustainable catch/yield (Weng and Sibert 2000). Butthe assessment was considered data-limited, and now it is outdated (NMFS 2014). Currently, fishing mortalityon mackerel scad is unknown (NMFS 2016a). Mackerel scad is managed by the Hawaii Division of AquaticResources in state waters and by the Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council in federal waters.Recent commercial catches are at less than peak levels and have been below the established catchlimit. Mackerel scad accounted for around 50% of the total catch in the handline fishery and 32% of the catchin the net fishery from 2003–2014 (HDAR 2015a) (HDAR 2015b). We have awarded a "moderate" concernscore.

HAWAII/PACIFIC, HANDLINE

< 20%

Nearly all fish caught in the reef fish fisheries are retained and utilized, so discards are minimal. Whendiscards do occur, they are due to fish being below the minimum size limit or toxicity concerns (WPRFMC2009). The number of fish reported to be released or discarded in the inshore handline fisheries from 2003–2014 is < 1% of the total retained catch (HDAR 2014) (HDAR 2015a) (HDAR 2015b). Globally, handlinefisheries have discard rates ranging from 0%–7% (Kelleher 2005).

HAWAII/PACIFIC, SURROUNDING NETS (NEI)

< 20%

Nearly all fish caught in the reef fish fisheries are retained and eaten, so discards are minimal. When discards

24


RUDDERFISH





do occur, they are due to fish being below the minimum size limit or toxicity concerns (WPRFMC 2009). In thenet fisheries, fishers attend to the gear at all times, which helps minimize discard mortalities (WPRFMC 2009).In the targeted mackerel scad net fishery, discards are reported to be < 1% of the retained catch. In thetargeted bigeye scad net fishery, discard rates have ranged from 1% to 23% since 2010; the majority of thediscards were bigeye scad (likely undersized fish) (HDAR 2014). For the net fisheries overall, the number offish reported to be released or discarded between 2003 and 2014 is quite low (< 3%) relative to the numberof fish retained (HDAR 2015a) (HDAR 2015b). We have therefore awarded a discard rate score of < 20%.


Medium

Several species of rudderfish or "nenue" are caught in Hawaiian fisheries: brown chub (Kyphosus bigibbus),blue sea chub (Kyphosus cinerascens), and brassy chub (Kyphosus vaigiensis). FishBase assigned a medium tohigh vulnerability score ranging from 38 to 56 out of 100 for these species (Froese and Pauly 2015). Brownand brassy chub reach a maximum size of 70 cm, and blue sea chub reaches a maximum size of 50 cm.Brassy chub reaches maturity at 39 cm. All species are broadcast spawners and low level predators (Froeseand Pauly 2015). Because FishBase assigned most species medium vulnerability scores, a medium score wasawarded.


Moderate Concern

No stock assessment has been conducted for rudderfish in Hawaii. Brown, brassy, and blue sea chub havebeen assessed as species of "Least Concern" by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature(IUCN) (Knudsen 2015a) (Knudsen 2015b) (Carpenter et al. 2015). Because of the unknown abundance inHawaii and medium vulnerability to fishing, we have awarded a "moderate" concern score.


Moderate Concern

Fishing mortality rates for rudderfish in Hawaii are currently unknown. Rudderfish were reported to make up5% of the total catch in the net fisheries from 2003-2014 (HDAR 2015a)(HDAR 2015b). These species aremanaged by the Western Pacific Fishery Management Council as part of the Coral Reef Ecosystem Multi-Species complex and by the Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources (WPRFMC 2009)(FR 2015). We haveawarded a moderate concern score based on the lack of information.


< 20%

25

BIG-EYE SCAD (AKULE)




Nearly all fish caught in the reef fish fisheries are retained and eaten, so discards are minimal. When discardsdo occur, they are due to fish being below the minimum size limit or toxicity concerns (WPRFMC 2009). In thenet fisheries, fishers attend to the gear at all times, which helps minimize discard mortalities (WPRFMC 2009).In the targeted mackerel scad net fishery, discards are reported to be < 1% of the retained catch. In thetargeted bigeye scad net fishery, discard rates have ranged from 1% to 23% since 2010; the majority of thediscards were bigeye scad (likely undersized fish) (HDAR 2014). For the net fisheries overall, the number offish reported to be released or discarded between 2003 and 2014 is quite low (< 3%) relative to the numberof fish retained (HDAR 2015a) (HDAR 2015b). We have therefore awarded a discard rate score of < 20%.

HAWAII/PACIFIC, SURROUNDING NETS (NEI)HAWAII/PACIFIC, HANDLINE

Low

FishBase assigned a low vulnerability to fishing score of 26 out of 100 to big-eye scad (Froese and Pauly2015). Big-eye scad (Selar crumenophthalmus) is a small schooling fish found in tropical waters around theglobe. It reaches sexual maturity at 7 months old and 20 cm in length. It lives to only 2 years old and grows toa maximum length of 70 cm. Big-eye scad is a broadcast spawner, producing around 92,000 eggs per spawn.Adults feed on juvenile fish and larvae, and juveniles feed on crustaceans (Clark and Privitera 1995) (Rouxand Conand 2000) (Weng and Sibert 2000) (Froese and Pauly 2015).


Moderate Concern

A population assessment for Hawaii big-eye scad was conducted in 2000. The assessment utilized fisheries'catch rate data (catches per unit of fishing effort) to estimate abundance. The assessment indicated thatabundance of big-eye scad varied over the assessment period (1966–1997), with peaks in abundanceoccurring in the late 1970s and low abundance occurring in the late 1980s. At the time of the assessment,abundance was estimated to be above the biomass at maximum sustainable yield (B ), the targetabundance level. But fisheries' catch rate data do not always provide a reliable indicator of abundance,because catch rates are influenced by a variety of factors, such as environmental conditions and the efficiencyof the fishing gear. The assessment did note that big-eye scad has high site fidelity, and this could lead tolocalized depletion in abundance (Weng and Sibert 2000). This assessment was never formally reviewed bythe National Marine Fisheries Service, but was considered data-limited (NMFS 2014). No further assessmentsof big-eye scad have been conducted. The National Marine Fisheries Service considers the current abundanceof big-eye scad to be unknown (NMFS 2016a). Because current abundance is unknown and this species has alow vulnerability to fishing, we have awarded a "moderate" concern score.

MSY


Moderate Concern

26


BLUESPINE UNICORNFISH


Hawaii big-eye scad was last assessed in 2000. The assessment suggested that fishing levels have been lightto moderate and at that time were below the maximum sustainable catch/yield (Weng and Sibert 2000). Butthe assessment was data-limited and is outdated (NMFS 2014). Currently, fishing mortality on big-eye scad isconsidered unknown (NMFS 2016a). Big-eye scad is managed by the Hawaii Department of Aquatic Resources(HDAR) in state waters and by the Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council in federal waters.Recent commercial catches are less than peak levels and have been below the established catch limit. Big-eye scad accounted for around 30% of the total catch in both the handline and net fisheries from 2003–2014(HDAR 2015a) (HDAR 2015b). We have awarded a "moderate" concern score.


< 20%



< 20%



Medium

Several species of unicornfish (kala) may be caught in the Hawaii diver fishery, including bluespine unicornfish(Naso unicornis), whitemargin unicornfish (Naso annulatus), spotted unicornfish (Naso brevirostris),orangespine unicornfish (Naso lituratus), and blacktongue unicornfish (Naso hexacanthus). FishBase hasassigned low to moderate vulnerability scores (32 to 45) for these species (Froese and Pauly 2015). Thesespecies are found throughout the Indo-Pacific. Unicornfish are small fish (< 100 cm) that are low on the foodchain, broadcast spawners, and may live to 25 or more years of age (McIlwain et al. 2012a) (Choat et al.2012a) (Choat et al. 2012b) (DeMartini 2014) (Froese and Pauly 2015).

27



YELLOWFIN GOATFISH



Moderate Concern

Bluespine, orangespine, blacktongue, whitemargin, and spotted unicornfish are widespread and have all beenassessed as species of "Least Concern" by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)(Abesamis et al. 2012) (Choat et al. 2012) (Choat et al. 2012b) (McIlwain et al. 2012a)(McIlwain et al.2012b). But a recent length-based analysis of several Hawaii fish indicated that bluespine unicornfish andblacktongue unicornfish have low spawning potential ratios (the ratio of current spawning biomass relative toan unfished level) of 8% and 23%, respectively, which suggests that these species are potentially overfished(Nadon et al. 2015). The orangespine unicornfish had a spawning potential ratio near the overfished thresholdof 30%, while spotted unicornfish had a spawning potential ratio of 45%, which suggests a relatively healthypopulation (Nadon et al. 2015). Unicornfish are managed by the Western Pacific Regional Fishery ManagementCouncil as part of the Coral Reef Ecosystem Multi-Species complex. The first formal stock assessment forseveral of these species is planned for 2016 (NMFS 2016b). Because of the limited and conflicting abundanceinformation, we have awarded a "moderate" concern score.


Moderate Concern

Unicornfish are caught in Hawaiian commercial fisheries and for the aquarium trade in western Hawaii(McIlwain et al. 2012a) (McIlwain et al. 2012b). Catches of bluespine unicornfish, one of the most commonlycaught unicornfish species in Hawaii, have averaged 17,000 lb/year (McIlwain et al. 2012a). Unicornfish makeup approximately 7% of the catch in the diver fishery (HDAR 2015a). Fishing mortality rates are currentlyunknown because no stock assessments have been conducted for these species, but stock assessments areplanned for late 2016 (NMFS 2016b). Because of a lack of information, we have awarded a "moderate"concern score.


< 20%



Low

Yellowfin goatfish has been assigned a low vulnerability score of 23 out of 100 by FishBase. Yellowfin goatfish(Mulloidichthys vanicolensis) is found throughout the Indo-Pacific from East Africa to the Hawaiian Islands. Itreaches sexual maturity around 24 cm in length and reaches a maximum length of 38 cm. It is a broadcast

28





HAWAIIAN GROUPER (HAPU'U)


spawner and moderate level predator (Froese and Pauly 2015).


Moderate Concern

A recent length-based analysis of several Hawaii reef fish indicated that yellowfin goatfish has a highspawning potential ratio of 99% (the ratio of current spawning biomass relative to an unfished level), whichsuggests that the species is at a healthy abundance (Nadon et al. 2015). Yellowtail goatfish is managed by theWestern Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council as part of the Coral Reef Ecosystem Multi-Speciescomplex and by the Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources. The first formal stock assessment for this species isplanned for late 2016 (NMFS 2016b). Because of the limited information and low vulnerability, we haveawarded a "moderate" concern score.


Moderate Concern

Fishing mortality rates for yellowfin goafish are unknown. It is caught in the Hawaii net fishery and made up7% of the total catch from 2003–2014 (HDAR 2015a) (HDAR 2015b). We have awarded a "moderate" concernscore.


< 20%



High

FishBase has assigned a high inherent vulnerability to fishing score of 70 out of 100 to Hawaiian grouper(Froese and Pauly 2015). Hawaiian grouper (Hyporthodus quernus) is a deepwater grouper species endemicto the Hawaiian Islands. It is born as a female and then changes sex to male later in life. It sexually maturesas a female at around 58 cm (23 in) in length and 6–7 years of age (Nichols and DeMartini 2008), but does

29




not change sex from female to male until around 89.5 cm (35 in) in length and 20 years of age (DeMartini etal. 2011). It is a broadcast spawner, and females are capable of producing a high number of eggs (Brodziak etal. 2011). Hawaiian grouper can grow to 1.2 m (3.9 ft) in length, and it has a maximum observed age of 34years (Nicholas and DeMartini 2008). Within the food chain, Hawaiian grouper is a high level predator (Froeseand Pauly 2015).


High Concern

The Hawaiian grouper is managed by the Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council as part of theDeep 7 bottomfish complex and by the Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources. The Deep 7 bottom species areall assessed together as a unit, and the most recent accepted population assessment was in 2011. Accordingto this assessment, the abundance of the Deep 7 bottomfish was high during the 1960s and 1970s, butdeclined to values lower than the abundance needed to produce the maximum sustainable catch or yield bythe mid-1990s and has remained stable at this lower abundance level since. Abundance was estimatedbetween 60% and 97% of the abundance/biomass needed to produce the maximum sustainable yield (B ).It was determined that the abundance of the Deep 7 bottomfish was most likely more than 70% of B (theoverfished threshold level), so it was concluded that the Deep 7 bottomfish complex is not overfished/depleted(Brodziak et al. 2011). But the abundances of individual species within the Deep 7 complex are not known.

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists Hawaiian grouper, which is endemic to theHawaiian Islands, as "Near Threatened" (Cornish 2004).

Because the individual abundance of Hawaiian grouper relative to abundance targets is not known, we haveawarded a "high" concern score based on the IUCN listing and the species’ high vulnerability to fishing.

MSY

MSY


Moderate Concern

The 2011 assessment indicated that the majority of fishing mortality estimates for the Hawaiian Deep 7bottomfish complex were below sustainable levels or the fishing mortality rate resulting in maximumsustainable yield (Brodziak et al. 2011). This suggests that overfishing is not occurring on the complex (NMFS2016a), but fishing impacts on individual species are not known. Between 2003 and 2014, Hawaiian grouperaccounted for only 2% of the deep-set handline catch (HDAR 2015b), but this fishery accounts for nearly allthe fishing mortality on this species. Because current fishing impacts on the Hawaiian grouper are uncertain,we have awarded a "moderate" concern score.


< 20%

The deep-set handline fishery that targets bottomfish species likely has low bycatch and discards. In the MainHawaiian Islands fishery, most of the catch is thought to be retained and utilized. When discards do occur, theyare due to fish being below the minimum size limit, toxicity concerns, low market value, or damage by

30

SOLDIERFISH (UNSPECIFIED)





predators (WPRFMC 2009). Fisher-reported catch data for the deep-set handline fisheries in the MainHawaiian Islands indicate a quite low discard rate of < 5% of the total retained catch from 2002–2014 (HDAR2015a) (HDAR 2015b) (HDAR 2013b). It should noted that fishers may under-report bycatch/discards. Prior tothe closure of the bottomfish fishery in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, bycatch was recorded through self-reported fishers' logbook data and onboard scientific observer data. Logbook data indicated a discard rate(discarded catch/retained catch) of around 14%, while the observer data indicated a higher discard rate of34% (WPRFMC 2009). Although discards may be under-reported, it is still likely that discards are < 20% ofthe retained catch in the Main Hawaiian Island fishery.

HAWAII/PACIFIC, DIVERHAWAII/PACIFIC, HANDLINE

Low

Several species of soldierfish are caught in Hawaiian fisheries, with the most common species being thebigscale soldierfish (Myripristis berndti) (WPRFMC 2009). FishBase has assigned a low vulnerability score of23 out of 100 to bigscale soldierfish. This species reaches sexual maturity around 30 cm in size. It is abroadcast spawner and high-level predator within the food chain (Froese and Pauly 2015).


Moderate Concern

A recent length-based analysis of several Hawaii fish indicated that bigscale soldierfish has a spawningpotential ratio (the ratio of current spawning biomass relative to an unfished level) of 69%, which suggeststhat the species is at a healthy abundance (Nadon et al. 2015). Bigscale soldierfish is managed by the WesternPacific Regional Fishery Management Council as part of the Coral Reef Ecosystem Multi-Species complex andby the Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources. The first formal stock assessment for this species is planned forlate 2016 (NMFS 2016b). Because of the limited information and low vulnerability, we have awarded a"moderate" concern score.


Moderate Concern

Fishing mortality rates for bigscale and other soldierfish are unknown in Hawaiian waters. They are caught inseveral Hawaii fisheries, and made up 7% of the total catch in both the handline and diver fisheries from2003–2014 (HDAR 2015a) (HDAR 2015b). We have awarded a "moderate" concern score.


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DAY OCTOPUS


< 20%



< 20%



Low

The day octopus (Octopus cyanea) is found throughout the Indo-Pacific from East Africa to Hawaii. Dayoctopus lives just over 1 year and matures at around 0.5 years and between 0.35 and 0.52 kg (Herwig et al.2012). It is a demersal egg layer and produces between 100,000 and 400,000 eggs per spawn (Boyle andRodhouse 2005). It is not known to exhibit density dependence. These life history characteristics suggest thatday octopus has a low inherent vulnerability to fishing (see Detailed Rationale below).

Rationale:

Results from the Seafood Watch fish vulnerability rubric (SFW criteria document, pg. 4). Attribute scores canrange from 1 to 3, with higher scores signifying more resilient life history attributes.

Life history trait Parameter Score

Average age at maturity < 5 years 3

Average maximum age < 10 years 3

Reproductive strategy Broadcast 3

Density dependence No 2

Average score 2.75

Species with average attribute scores > 2.46 are deemed to have a low vulnerability.

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Moderate Concern

There is no stock assessment for the Hawaii day octopus, so its abundance is unknown. But based on the dayoctopus' life history, namely its short life span, early age at maturity, and high fecundity, it is likely that thisspecies is highly productive and can support high exploitation rates. Abundance is therefore rated as"moderate" concern.


Moderate Concern

A stock assessment is lacking for Hawaiian day octopus, so fishing mortality rates are unknown. Catches haveincreased over time in the commercial fishery, which suggests that there is increasing pressure on theresource (DeMello 2004) (HDAR 2013a). Most of the octopus catch is taken by divers using spears. From2003–2014, day octopus made up 17% of the catch in the diver fishery (HDAR 2015a). There is also a largerecreational octopus fishery, which may be a larger contributor to fishing mortality than the commercial fisheryin certain areas (Smith 1993) (Max 2014). The octopus fishery is managed by the Hawaii Division of AquaticResources. Because of a lack of information, fishing mortality is scored as "moderate" concern.


< 20%


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Criterion 3: Management EffectivenessManagement is separated into management of retained species (harvest strategy) and management of non-retained species (bycatch strategy).

The final score for this criterion is the geometric mean of the two scores. The Criterion 3 rating is determinedas follows:

Score >3.2=Green or Low ConcernScore >2.2 and ≤3.2=Yellow or Moderate ConcernScore ≤2.2 or either the Harvest Strategy (Factor 3.1) or Bycatch Management Strategy (Factor 3.2) is VeryHigh Concern = Red or High Concern

Rating is Critical if either or both of Harvest Strategy (Factor 3.1) and Bycatch Management Strategy (Factor3.2) ratings are Critical.

Criterion 3 Summary


SCORING GUIDELINES

Factor 3.1: Harvest Strategy

Seven subfactors are evaluated: Management Strategy, Recovery of Species of Concern, ScientificResearch/Monitoring, Following of Scientific Advice, Enforcement of Regulations, Management Track Record,and Inclusion of Stakeholders. Each is rated as ‘ineffective,’ ‘moderately effective,’ or ‘highly effective.’

5 (Very Low Concern)—Rated as ‘highly effective’ for all seven subfactors considered4 (Low Concern)—Management Strategy and Recovery of Species of Concern rated ‘highly effective’ and allother subfactors rated at least ‘moderately effective.’3 (Moderate Concern)—All subfactors rated at least ‘moderately effective.’2 (High Concern)—At minimum, meets standards for ‘moderately effective’ for Management Strategy andRecovery of Species of Concern, but at least one other subfactor rated ‘ineffective.’1 (Very High Concern)—Management exists, but Management Strategy and/or Recovery of Species ofConcern rated ‘ineffective.’0 (Critical)—No management exists when there is a clear need for management (i.e., fishery catchesthreatened, endangered, or high concern species), OR there is a high level of Illegal, unregulated, andunreported fishing occurring.

Region / Method Harvest Strategy Bycatch Strategy Score

Hawaii / Pacific / Handline 3.000 4.000 Green (3.464)

Hawaii / Pacific / Diver 3.000 4.000 Green (3.464)

Hawaii / Pacific / Surrounding nets (nei) 3.000 4.000 Green (3.464)

Hawaii / Pacific / Handline, deep set 3.000 4.000 Green (3.464)

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Subfactor 3.1.1 – Management Strategy and Implementation

Considerations: What type of management measures are in place? Are there appropriate management goals,and is there evidence that management goals are being met? To achieve a highly effective rating, there must beappropriate management goals, and evidence that the measures in place have been successful atmaintaining/rebuilding species.

FACTOR 3.1: MANAGEMENT OF FISHING IMPACTS ON RETAINED SPECIESRegion / Method Strategy Recovery Research Advice Enforce Track Inclusion

Hawaii / Pacific /Handline

ModeratelyEffective

N/A ModeratelyEffective

ModeratelyEffective

ModeratelyEffective

ModeratelyEffective

HighlyEffective

Hawaii / Pacific /Diver

ModeratelyEffective


ModeratelyEffective

ModeratelyEffective

ModeratelyEffective

HighlyEffective

Hawaii / Pacific /Surrounding nets(nei)

ModeratelyEffective


ModeratelyEffective

ModeratelyEffective

ModeratelyEffective

HighlyEffective

Hawaii / Pacific /Handline, deep set

ModeratelyEffective


HighlyEffective

ModeratelyEffective

ModeratelyEffective

HighlyEffective

HAWAII / PACIFIC, HANDLINEHAWAII / PACIFIC, SURROUNDING NETS (NEI)

Moderately Effective

Bluestriped snapper and blacktail snapper are non-native to the Hawaiian Islands. Both species wereintroduced to Hawaii as part of a fishery enhancement program between 1955 and 1961. Since theirintroduction, they have not become popular food fishes, and now there are concerns that they threaten nativeHawaiian species (Gaither et al. 2012); however, to date, there is no evidence of strong negative ecologicaleffects (Parrish et al. 2000) (Schumacher 2011).

In federal waters, bluestriped and blacktail snappers are managed by the Western Pacific Regional FisheryManagement Council (WPRFMC) under the Hawaii Ecosystem Plan (WPRFMC 2009). In state waters,management of these species falls under the jurisdiction of the Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources (HDAR).Both bluestriped and blacktail snapper are being managed under the Coral Reef Ecosystem Fisheriesaggregate snapper annual catch limit (ACL). The current Coral Reef Ecosystem snapper catch limit is 330,300lbs (FR 2015a). Bluestriped snapper is technically part of the Hawaii Bottomfish Management Unit, but becauseit is not considered a primary species in the bottomfish fishery and is more frequently caught in coral reeffisheries, for ACL purposes it is managed under the Coral Reef Ecosystem Fisheries (NMFS 2015a) (NMFS2015b). There are no other specific management measures in place for bluestriped or blacktail snappers.There is also no known plan in place to reduce or control the spread of these non-native species.

Commercial fishers in Hawaii may sometimes target bluestriped snapper, but both bluestriped andblacktail snapper are largely caught in fisheries that target other species, so management of the primarytarget species will be discussed for each fishery. In the inshore handline and net fisheries, the main targetspecies include mackerel scad, bigeye scad, soldierfish (handline), yellowfin goatfish (net), and rudderfish(net). All these species are also managed by the Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council aspart of the Coral Reef Ecosystem Fisheries, and by the Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources. Most fishing forcoral reef species occurs in state waters, but some coral reef species are fished in federal waters, too. Annual

35

Factor 3.1 Summary

catch limits, based on the estimated maximum sustainable yield (MSY), are in place for both bigeye scad andmackerel scad (NMFS 2015a) (FR 2015a), but there have been no recent assessments of mackerel scad andbigeye scad, and no target abundance goals have been established. (For additional information, see thebigeye scad and mackerel scad seafood assessments.) Aggregate annual catch limits are in place for goatfish,rudderfish, and soldierfish/squirrelfish, but target conservation goals have not been defined for thesespecies. Other general regulations in place for the Coral Reef Fisheries include permit requirements, gearrestrictions, and size limits for some species (NMFS 2015a) (HDAR 2016a) (HDAR 2016d). Additionally, fishingis prohibited within the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands in accordance with the Presidential Proclamationestablishing the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument (President Proclamation 8031: FR Doc E9-7860 2006), and in several areas throughout state waters (HDAR 2016c).

Overall, management effectiveness is largely uncertain because of the lack of information on the status of themain species targeted in these fisheries. Additionally, no specific plan is in place to prevent the further spreadof bluestriped and blacktail snappers. A "moderately effective" score is awarded.

HAWAII / PACIFIC, DIVER



In federal waters, bluestriped and blacktail snappers are managed by the Western Pacific Regional FisheryManagement Council (WPRFMC) under the Hawaii Ecosystem Plan (WPRFMC 2009). In state waters,management of these species falls under the jurisdiction of the Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources (HDAR).Both bluestriped and blacktail snapper are being managed under the Coral Reef Ecosystem Fisheriesaggregate snapper annual catch limit (ACL). The current Coral Reef Ecosystem snapper catch limit is 330,300lbs (FR 2015a). Bluestriped snapper is technically part of the Hawaii Bottomfish Management Unit, but becauseit is not considered a primary species in the bottomfish fishery and is more frequently caught in coral reeffisheries, for ACL purposes it is managed under the Coral Reef Ecosystem Fisheries (NMFS 2015a) (NMFS2015b). There are no other specific management measures in place for bluestriped or blacktail snappers.There is also no known plan in place to reduce or control the spread of these non-native species.

Both snapper species are caught in fisheries that target other species, so management of the primary targetspecies will be discussed for each fishery. The diver fishery primarily targets parrotfish, day octopus,surgeonfish, soldierfish, unicornfish, and spiny lobster. All these species are managed by the Western PacificRegional Fishery Management Council (WPRFMC) and/or the Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources (HDAR).Most fishing occurs in state waters, but some species are fished in federal waters, too. Parrotfish,surgeonfish, soldierfish, and unicornfish are all managed as part of the Coral Reef Ecosystem Fisheriescomplex, and aggregate annual catch limits are in place for these species groups (NMFS 2015a) (FR 2015a).But target conservation goals have not been defined. Other general regulations in place for the Coral ReefFisheries include permit requirements, gear restrictions, and size limits for some species (NMFS 2015a)(HDAR 2016a) (HDAR 2016d). Spiny lobsters are also managed under an annual catch limit by the WPRFMC,and several regulations are in place in state waters, including a closed fishing season, a prohibition on takingfemales, and a minimum size limit (HDAR 2016e). For day octopus, the only restriction in place is a minimumsize limit (HDAR 2016e). All fishing is prohibited within the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands in accordance withthe Presidential Proclamation establishing the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument (PresidentProclamation 8031: FR Doc E9-7860 2006), and in several areas throughout state waters (HDAR 2016c).

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Subfactor 3.1.2 – Recovery of Species of Concern

Considerations: When needed, are recovery strategies/management measures in place to rebuildoverfished/threatened/ endangered species or to limit fishery’s impact on these species and what is theirlikelihood of success? To achieve a rating of Highly Effective, rebuilding strategies that have a high likelihood ofsuccess in an appropriate timeframe must be in place when needed, as well as measures to minimize mortalityfor any overfished/threatened/endangered species.

Overall, management effectiveness is largely uncertain because of the lack of information on the status of themain species targeted in this fishery. Additionally, no specific plan is in place to prevent the further spread ofbluestriped and blacktail snappers. A "moderately effective" score is awarded.

HAWAII / PACIFIC, HANDLINE, DEEP SET



In federal waters, bluestriped and blacktail snappers are managed by the Western Pacific Regional FisheryManagement Council (WPRFMC) under the Hawaii Ecosystem Plan (WPRFMC 2009). In state waters,management of these species falls under the jurisdiction of the Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources (HDAR).Both bluestriped and blacktail snapper are being managed under the Coral Reef Ecosystem Fisheriesaggregate snapper annual catch limit (ACL). The current Coral Reef Ecosystem snapper catch limit is 330,300lbs (FR 2015a). Bluestriped snapper is technically part of the Hawaii Bottomfish Management Unit, but becauseit is not considered a primary species in the bottomfish fishery and is more frequently caught in coral reeffisheries, for ACL purposes it is managed under the Coral Reef Ecosystem Fisheries (NMFS 2015a) (NMFS2015b). There are no other specific management measures in place for bluestriped or blacktailed snappers.There is also no known plan in place to reduce or control the spread of these non-native species.

Both snapper species are caught in fisheries that target other species, so management of the primary targetspecies will be discussed for each fishery. In the deep-set handline fishery, which occurs in both federal andstate waters, the main target species are Hawaiian pink snapper (opakapaka), Hawaiian red snapper (ehu),Hawaiian ruby snapper (onaga), and gray snapper (uku). Pink, red, and ruby snappers are managed by theWestern Pacific Fishery Management Council and Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources as part of the Deep 7Bottomfish Complex, while gray snapper is part of the non-Deep 7 Bottomfish Complex. Aggregate annualcatch limits are in place for the Deep 7 Bottomfish Complex and the Non-Deep 7 Bottomfish Complex (FR2015a) (FR 2015b), but target conservation goals for individual species have not been determined. Additionalregulations in place include gear restrictions, closed fishing areas, and size limits (WPRFMC 2009) (NMFS2015b) (HDAR 2016a) (HDAR 2016c). Fishing is prohibited within the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands inaccordance with the Presidential Proclamation establishing the Papahanaumokuakea Marine NationalMonument (President Proclamation 8031: FR Doc E9-7860 2006).

Overall, management effectiveness is largely uncertain because of the lack of information on the status of themain species targeted in this fishery. Additionally, no specific plan is in place to prevent the further spread ofbluestriped and blacktail snappers. A "moderately effective" score is awarded.

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Subfactor 3.1.3 – Scientific Research and Monitoring

Considerations: How much and what types of data are collected to evaluate the health of the population and thefishery’s impact on the species? To achieve a Highly Effective rating, population assessments must be conductedregularly and they must be robust enough to reliably determine the population status.

HAWAII / PACIFIC, HANDLINEHAWAII / PACIFIC, DIVERHAWAII / PACIFIC, SURROUNDING NETS (NEI)

N/A

No overfished, threatened, or endangered species are targeted in these fisheries.


N/A

None of the bottomfish species targeted in this fishery is currently considered overfished/depleted, so arecovery plan is not needed (Brodziak et al. 2011) (NMFS 2016a).

It should be noted that Hawaiian grouper, one of the Deep 7 species caught in this fishery, was assessed bythe International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 2004 and designated as "Near Threatened."Additionally, there is some recent evidence that gray snapper could be overfished (Nadon et al. 2015). When itwas previously deemed that overfishing was occurring on the bottomfish complex, emergency managementmeasures were put into place to stop overfishing (WPRFMC 2009).



No population assessments have been conducted on blacktail or bluestriped snapper, but assessments forthese species (as well as several other coral reef species, including soldierfish and yellowfin goatfish) areplanned for late 2016 (NMFS 2016b). The last assessment on mackerel scad and bigeye scad was conductedin 2000, and included fishery-dependent catch and effort data (Weng and Sibert 2000). The National MarineFisheries Service never reviewed this assessment, but the assessment was considered data-limited (NMFS2014). Information on catch and effort for Hawaii fisheries is provided by fishers through the mandatorycommercial fishing reporting system (HDAR 2016b). Overall, research and monitoring is considered"moderately effective."



No population assessments have been conducted on blacktail or bluestriped snapper, but assessments forthese species (as well as several other coral reef species caught in the diver fisheries) are planned for late2016 (NMFS 2016b). Parrotfish were recently assessed in 2014 (Pardee 2014) (Sabater and Kleiber2014). Information on catch and effort for Hawaii fisheries is provided by fishers through the mandatorycommercial fishing reporting system (HDAR 2016b). Overall, research and monitoring is considered"moderately effective."

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Subfactor 3.1.4 – Management Record of Following Scientific Advice

Considerations: How often (always, sometimes, rarely) do managers of the fishery follow scientificrecommendations/advice (e.g. do they set catch limits at recommended levels)? A Highly Effective rating isgiven if managers nearly always follow scientific advice.



No population assessments have been conducted on blacktail or bluestriped snapper, but assessments forthese species are planned for late 2016 (NMFS 2016b).

Other species caught in this fishery have been assessed through bottomfish assessments. The last acceptedassessment of the Deep 7 Bottomfish complex (which includes Hawaiian grouper, pink snapper, red snapper,and ruby snapper) was in 2011. The Deep 7 bottomfish are assessed as a unit, so the abundance of individualspecies is not estimated. The assessment utilizes fishing catch and effort data to provide an index ofabundance for the Deep 7 bottomfish complex (Brodziak et al. 2011). Reporting of data occurs through theHawaii Division of Aquatic Resources through the bottomfish trip reports. But there are concerns about under-reporting of Deep 7 species catches (Brodziak et al. 2011). It has been noted that the development of afishery-independent scientific survey of the bottomfish species would enhance the accuracy of assessments.Recently, the NOAA Pacific Island Fisheries Science Center launched an independent survey to count andmeasure the Deep 7 bottomfish by working with local fishers and using new video technology (NOAA2016). Gray snapper has never been assessed independently. The most recent stock assessment that includedgray snapper was a 2008 assessment for the combined Deep 7 and Non-Deep 7 bottomfish (Brodziak et al.2009).

Overall, research and monitoring is considered "moderately effective."



There has been limited scientific advice provided about the management of the species caught in the inshorehandline, net, and diver/spear fisheries, so it is difficult to determine whether scientific advice is followed.There is a federal mandate in place requiring the use of scientific advice and monitoring to determine federalannual catch limits for these species (FR 2015a) (NMFS 2015a) (NMFS 2015c). But most fishing for thesespecies occurs in Hawaii state waters. We have awarded a "moderately effective" score.


Highly Effective

There is a federal mandate in place requiring the use of scientific advice and monitoring to determine annualcatch limits for all federally managed species. Scientific advice has been followed when setting catch limits forthe primary target species in the deep-set handline fishery (FR 2015a) (FR 2015b) (NMFS 2015b) (WPFMC2015). We have therefore awarded a "highly effective" score.

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Considerations: Do fishermen comply with regulations, and how is this monitored? To achieve a Highly Effectiverating, there must be regular enforcement of regulations and verification of compliance.

Subfactor 3.1.6 – Management Track Record

Considerations: Does management have a history of successfully maintaining populations at sustainable levelsor a history of failing to maintain populations at sustainable levels? A Highly Effective rating is given if measuresenacted by management have been shown to result in the long-term maintenance of species overtime.

Subfactor 3.1.7 – Stakeholder Inclusion

Considerations: Are stakeholders involved/included in the decision-making process? Stakeholders areindividuals/groups/organizations that have an interest in the fishery or that may be affected by the managementof the fishery (e.g., fishermen, conservation groups, etc.). A Highly Effective rating is given if the managementprocess is transparent and includes stakeholder input.

HAWAII / PACIFIC, HANDLINEHAWAII / PACIFIC, DIVERHAWAII / PACIFIC, SURROUNDING NETS (NEI)HAWAII / PACIFIC, HANDLINE, DEEP SET


Commercial fishers are required to submit monthly catch reports, including information on fishing effort, to theDivision of Aquatic Resources, which is used to determine if annual catch limits are exceeded for relevantspecies (HDAR 2016b). There is a Division of Conservation and Resource Enforcement within the HawaiiDepartment of Land and Natural Resources that is responsible for enforcement of state laws (DLNR 2014a). Infederal waters, the National Marine Fisheries Service Office of Law Enforcement handles enforcement issues(WPRFMC 2009). There is concern that under-reporting of catches occurs (Zeller et al. 2007). We havetherefore awarded only a "moderately effective" score.



The management track record is considered uncertain because the statuses of most species caught in thesefisheries are unknown. Also, although there is currently no management plan in place to stop the spread ofthe non-native blacktail and bluestriped snappers (DLNR 2016) (Gaither et al. 2012) (Gaither et al. 2013),managers are not currently stocking or intentionally allowing further growth of this species (WPFMC 2016). A"moderately effective" score is awarded.


Highly Effective

There is stakeholder input in Hawaii state and federal fisheries management. The public is given time to

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Subfactor 3.1.5 – Enforcement of Management Regulations

Factor 3.2: Bycatch Strategy

SCORING GUIDELINES

Four subfactors are evaluated: Management Strategy and Implementation, Scientific Research and Monitoring,Record of Following Scientific Advice, and Enforcement of Regulations. Each is rated as ‘ineffective,’ ‘moderatelyeffective,’ or ‘highly effective.’ Unless reason exists to rate Scientific Research and Monitoring, Record ofFollowing Scientific Advice, and Enforcement of Regulations differently, these rating are the same as in 3.1.

5 (Very Low Concern)—Rated as ‘highly effective’ for all four subfactors considered4 (Low Concern)—Management Strategy rated ‘highly effective’ and all other subfactors rated at least‘moderately effective.’3 (Moderate Concern)—All subfactors rated at least ‘moderately effective.’2 (High Concern)—At minimum, meets standards for ‘moderately effective’ for Management Strategy butsome other factors rated ‘ineffective.’1 (Very High Concern)—Management exists, but Management Strategy rated ‘ineffective.’0 (Critical)—No bycatch management even when overfished, depleted, endangered or threatened speciesare known to be regular components of bycatch and are substatntially impacted by the fishery

Subfactor 3.2.2 – Management Strategy and Implementation

Considerations: What type of management strategy/measures are in place to reduce the impacts of the fisheryon bycatch species and how successful are these management measures? To achieve a Highly Effective rating,the primary bycatch species must be known and there must be clear goals and measures in place to minimizethe impacts on bycatch species (e.g., catch limits, use of proven mitigation measures, etc.).

comment on proposed management measures, and meetings held by the federal management council andstate management agency are open to the public (WPRFMC 2011). We have therefore awarded a "highlyeffective" score.

FACTOR 3.2: BYCATCH STRATEGY

Region / MethodAllKept Critical Strategy Research Advice Enforce

Hawaii / Pacific / Handline No No HighlyEffective

ModeratelyEffective

ModeratelyEffective

ModeratelyEffective

Hawaii / Pacific / Diver No No HighlyEffective

ModeratelyEffective

ModeratelyEffective

ModeratelyEffective

Hawaii / Pacific / Surroundingnets (nei)

No No HighlyEffective

ModeratelyEffective

ModeratelyEffective

ModeratelyEffective

Hawaii / Pacific / Handline,deep set

No No HighlyEffective

ModeratelyEffective

HighlyEffective

ModeratelyEffective


Highly Effective

Nearly all fish caught in the inshore handline and net fisheries that catch blacktail and bluestriped snappersare retained and eaten, so discards are minimal (HDAR 2014) (HDAR 2015a) (HDAR 2015b). When discards

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Subfactor 3.2.3 – Scientific Research and Monitoring

Considerations: Is bycatch in the fishery recorded/documented and is there adequate monitoring of bycatch tomeasure fishery’s impact on bycatch species? To achieve a Highly Effective rating, assessments must beconducted to determine the impact of the fishery on species of concern, and an adequate bycatch datacollection program must be in place to ensure bycatch management goals are being met

do occur, they are due to fish being below the minimum size limit or toxicity concerns (WPRFMC 2009). Therehave been no interactions with endangered or protected species in these fisheries. There is some potential forinteractions with monk seals and sea turtles, but any such interactions would be rare. Additionally, fishersattend to these gears at all times, which minimizes the potential for lethal interactions (WPRFMC 2009).Because there are no bycatch concerns in these fisheries, a "highly effective" score is awarded.


Highly Effective

Diver-based spearfishing is extremely selective, because divers can visually identify the type and size of fishbefore they spear it. Bycatch is likely restricted to speared fish that escape with minor wounds (WPRFMC2009). Because there are no bycatch concerns in this fishery, bycatch management is scored as "highlyeffective."


Highly Effective

Bycatch in the Hawaii deep-set handline fishery that catches bottomfish, including bluestriped snapper, is lowand typically does not include any vulnerable species such as sea turtles, seabirds, or marine mammals(WPRFMC 2009) (NMFS 2015b). Interactions with Hawaiian monk seals have been reported as possible inhook and line fisheries in Hawaii because monk seals have been found with embedded hooks. It is not possibleto determine what fishery these hooks came from. Any potential interactions are thought to be quite low, andthere is no evidence of serious injury or harm to monk seals caused by this fishery. Monk seals are protectedunder the U.S. Endangered Species Act, the Marine Mammal Protection Act, and Hawaiian state law. In thebottomfish fishery, fishers are encouraged to use barbless circle hooks and are required to report anyinteractions with monk seals (NOAA 2013). Because bycatch measures are in place and there are nosignificant bycatch concerns, we have rated this factor "highly effective."



Onboard scientific observer programs are not in place to record bycatch and discards. But fishers are requiredto fill out logbooks and record information on fishing effort, fishing participants, fishing locations, number andspecies of fish caught, whether fish were kept or released, the condition of any released fish, and interactionswith protected species such as sea turtles, Hawaiian monk seals, other marine mammals, and seabirds (NOAA2011). There is concern that some species caught in this fishery are under-reported (Brodziak et al. 2011).We have therefore awarded only a "moderately effective" score.

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Subfactor 3.2.4 – Management Record of Following Scientific Advice

Considerations: How often (always, sometimes, rarely) do managers of the fishery follow scientificrecommendations/advice (e.g., do they set catch limits at recommended levels)? A Highly Effective rating isgiven if managers nearly always follow scientific advice.

Subfactor 3.2.5 – Enforcement of Management Regulations

Considerations: Is there a monitoring/enforcement system in place to ensure fishermen follow managementregulations and what is the level of fishermen’s compliance with regulations? To achieve a Highly Effectiverating, there must be consistent enforcement of regulations and verification of compliance.



See Subfactor 3.1.4 in the Harvest Strategy section for details.


Highly Effective





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Criterion 4: Impacts on the habitat and ecosystemThis Criterion assesses the impact of the fishery on seafloor habitats, and increases that base score if there aremeasures in place to mitigate any impacts. The fishery’s overall impact on the ecosystem and food web and theuse of ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) principles is also evaluated. Ecosystem Based FisheriesManagement aims to consider the interconnections among species and all natural and human stressors on theenvironment.

The final score is the geometric mean of the impact of fishing gear on habitat score (plus the mitigation of gearimpacts score) and the Ecosystem Based Fishery Management score. The Criterion 2 rating is determined asfollows:


Rating cannot be Critical for Criterion 4.

Criterion 4 Summary


SCORING GUIDELINES

Factor 4.1 - Impact of Fishing Gear on the Habitat/Substrate

5 (None) - Fishing gear does not contact the bottom4 (Very Low) - Vertical line gear3 (Low)—Gears that contacts the bottom, but is not dragged along the bottom (e.g. gillnet, bottom longline, trap) and is not fished on sensitive habitats. Bottom seine on resilient mud/sand habitats. Midwater trawl that is known to contact bottom occasionally 2 (Moderate)—Bottom dragging gears (dredge, trawl) fished on resilient mud/sand habitats. Gillnet, trap, or bottom longline fished on sensitive boulder or coral reef habitat. Bottom seine except on mud/sand1 (High)—Hydraulic clam dredge. Dredge or trawl gear fished on moderately sensitive habitats (e.g., cobble or boulder)0 (Very High)—Dredge or trawl fished on biogenic habitat, (e.g., deep-sea corals, eelgrass and maerl) Note: When multiple habitat types are commonly encountered, and/or the habitat classification is uncertain, the score will be based on the most sensitive, plausible habitat type.

Region / MethodGear Type andSubstrate

Mitigation of GearImpacts EBFM Score

Hawaii / Pacific / Handline 4.00: Very LowConcern

0.25: MinimalMitigation

3.00: ModerateConcern

Green(3.571)

Hawaii / Pacific / Diver 4.00: Very LowConcern

0.25: MinimalMitigation


Green(3.571)

Hawaii / Pacific / Surroundingnets (nei)

3.00: Low Concern 0.25: MinimalMitigation


Yellow(3.122)

Hawaii / Pacific / Handline,deep set


0.50: ModerateMitigation


Green(3.674)

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Factor 4.2 - Mitigation of Gear Impacts

+1 (Strong Mitigation)—Examples include large proportion of habitat protected from fishing (>50%) withgear, fishing intensity low/limited, gear specifically modified to reduce damage to seafloor and modificationsshown to be effective at reducing damage, or an effective combination of ‘moderate’ mitigation measures.+0.5 (Moderate Mitigation)—20% of habitat protected from fishing with gear or other measures in place tolimit fishing effort, fishing intensity, and spatial footprint of damage caused from fishing.+0.25 (Low Mitigation)—A few measures are in place (e.g., vulnerable habitats protected but other habitatsnot protected); there are some limits on fishing effort/intensity, but not actively being reduced0 (No Mitigation)—No effective measures are in place to limit gear impacts on habitats

Factor 4.3 - Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management

5 (Very Low Concern)—Substantial efforts have been made to protect species’ ecological roles and ensurefishing practices do not have negative ecological effects (e.g., large proportion of fishery area is protectedwith marine reserves, and abundance is maintained at sufficient levels to provide food to predators)4 (Low Concern)—Studies are underway to assess the ecological role of species and measures are in placeto protect the ecological role of any species that plays an exceptionally large role in the ecosystem.Measures are in place to minimize potentially negative ecological effect if hatchery supplementation or fishaggregating devices (FADs) are used.3 (Moderate Concern)—Fishery does not catch species that play an exceptionally large role in theecosystem, or if it does, studies are underway to determine how to protect the ecological role of thesespecies, OR negative ecological effects from hatchery supplementation or FADs are possible andmanagement is not place to mitigate these impacts2 (High Concern)—Fishery catches species that play an exceptionally large role in the ecosystem and noefforts are being made to incorporate their ecological role into management.1 (Very High Concern)—Use of hatchery supplementation or fish aggregating devices (FADs) in the fishery ishaving serious negative ecological or genetic consequences, OR fishery has resulted in trophic cascades orother detrimental impacts to the food web.

Factor 4.1 - Impact of Fishing Gear on the Habitat/Substrate

HAWAII / PACIFIC, HANDLINE

Very Low Concern

Handline gear used to catch reef-associated species is assessed as having a very low impact on the habitat.


Very Low Concern

Diver-based spearfishing has been found to have little to no effect on coral reef benthic communities (Frisch etal. 2012). The impact on the habitat from diver/spearfishing for reef-associated species is therefore assessedas "very low" concern.

HAWAII / PACIFIC, SURROUNDING NETS (NEI)

Low Concern

Several net gears are used in the reef fish fisheries that capture bluestriped and blacktail snappers, includingsurround seines, surround gillnets, bag nets, and lift nets (WPRFMC 2009). Some of the net gears make

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Factor 4.2 - Mitigation of Gear Impacts

Factor 4.3 - Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management

contact with the bottom habitat, but these gears are set over sandy bottoms. The overall impact on the habitatis therefore considered a "low" concern.


Very Low Concern

The Hawaiian deep-set handline fishery gear used to catch bottomfish, including bluestriped snapper, typicallyhas six to eight branching circle hooks off the main line. The line is lowered and raised with electric, hydraulic,or hand-powered reels. Fishers fish along steep slopes of deepwater banks and, although the mainline maycome in contact with the bottom, overall fishing effects on the habitat are considered minimal (WPRFMC2009). Handline gear used to catch bottom-associated fish is assessed as "very low" concern.


Minimal Mitigation

In Hawaii state waters, there are several Marine Life Conservation Districts (MLCDs) on the islands of O'ahu,Hawai'i, and Maui, which are designed to conserve and replenish marine resources in nearshore waters.These areas either prohibit all fishing or allow for only limited fishing. There are also various other regulatedfishing areas, including Fishery Replenishment Areas, Fishery Management Areas, and Public Fishing Areas. Afew marine reserves, refuges, and sanctuaries have been established, where all fishing is prohibited (HDAR2016c). Various gear restrictions are also in place (HDAR 2016a). Because some efforts have been taken tolimit fishing effort and intensity and to protect vulnerable habitats, we have awarded a "minimal mitigation"score.


Moderate Mitigation

The deep-set handline fishery primarily targets bottomfish species, such as deepwater snappers andgroupers. There are 12 areas restricted to fishing for bottomfish within the Main Hawaiian Islands becausethey contain important bottomfish habitats (NOAA 2011). These areas protect less than 20% of suitablebottomfish habitat (Parke 2007), but fishing intensity is also actively being controlled through annual catchlimits. We consider this a "moderate" amount of mitigation because ongoing, effective measures are reducingfishing intensity, fishing effort, and the spatial footprint.


Moderate Concern

Blacktail and bluestriped snappers are non-native to the Hawaiian Islands. Both were introduced to Hawaii aspart of a fishery enhancement program between 1955 and 1961. Blacktail snapper's population expansion has

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been classified as modest, and it is limited to the Main Hawaiian Islands (Gaither et al. 2012) (Gaither et al.2013). Bluestriped snapper experienced rapid population growth after its introduction, and is nowfound throughout the Main and Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Gaither et al. 2012) (Gaither et al. 2013).There are some concerns that these snapper species are threatening native Hawaiian species (Gaither et al.2012), but to date, there is no evidence of strong negative ecological effects. Research on the bluestripedsnapper suggests that it has little overlap in diet with native species and it feeds in different areas.Additionally, no predation on fishery resources has been identified (Parrish et al. 2000) (Schumacher2011). Bluestriped snapper feeds on some planktonic crustaceans and some fish, but its diet is primarilybenthic invertebrates (Parrish et al. 2000). Blacktail snapper has not been well studied, so ecologicalinteractions with native Hawaii species are unknown, but this species is not as common as the bluestripedsnapper.

Some species that are targeted in the fisheries that capture blacktail and bluestriped snappers play anexceptionally large role in the ecosystem. Bigeye scad and mackerel scad, which are caught in the net andhandline fisheries, are prey for many larger species, such as tunas, marlins, mahi mahi, wahoo, and rainbowrunner (Weng and Sibert 2000). Parrotfish, which are caught in the diver/spear fishery, are the primaryherbivores on coral reefs and are highly important to the maintenance of coral reef ecosystems. They grazeon algae on reefs, thereby helping to limit the cover of algae, which can hinder reef growth (Bellwood et al.2011) (Pardee 2014). Two of the species caught in the deep-set handline fishery, Hawaiian grouper and graysnapper, are considered important top predators in the Hawaii ecosystem (Friedlander and DeMartini 2002)(Dale et al. 2011).

The majority of species assessed in this report (including blacktail snapper, bluestriped snapper, and the otherabove mentioned species) are managed under the Federal Hawaii Ecosystem Plan. This is the first step inmoving Hawaii fisheries management to an Ecosystem-Based Management Approach (WPRFMC 2009).Currently, a few policies are in place that may help to protect the ecological role of some species, such asparrotfish and bottomfish (HDAR 2016c) (HDAR 2016d), but further efforts are needed. This factor is rated a"moderate" concern.

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AcknowledgementsScientific review does not constitute an endorsement of The Safina Center or Seafood Watch program, or itsseafood recommendations, on the part of the reviewing scientists. The Safina Center and Seafood Watch aresolely responsible for the conclusions reached in this report.

Seafood Watch would like to thank Jonatha Giddens from the University of Hawaii and Brett Schumacher fromNOAA's Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center for graciously reviewing this report for scientific accuracy.

®

®

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NMFS. 2016a. Status of U.S. Fisheries 1st Quarter 2016 Update: Summary of FFSI and non FFSI stocks.Available online http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/sfa/fisheries_eco/status_of_fisheries/status_updates.html

NMFS. 2016b . Fish assessment report FY 2016 quarter 2 update. NOAA Fisheries, Science and Technology.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2011. Main Hawaiian Islands bottomfish fishing.Pacific Islands Regional Office Compliance guide. Available at:http://www.hawaiibottomfish.info/docs/2011/Compliance%20Guide%20HI%20Bottomfish%20(rev.%20 2011-07-15).pdf

NOAA. 2013. US Pacific marine mammal stock assessments: 2012. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS. NOAA-TM-NMFS0SWFSC-504

NOAA. 2016. BFISH 2016: Hawaii bottomfish survey begins. NOAA Fisheries Pacific Islands Fisheries ScienceCenter. Available at: https://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/cruise/se1607.php

Pardee, C. 2014. Status of the parrotfish fishery in the Main Hawaiian Islands. Masters Thesis, Hawaii PacificUniversity.

Parke, M. 2007. Linking Hawaii fisherman reported commercial bottomfish catch data to potential bottomfishhabitat and proposed restricted fishing areas using GIS and spatial analysis. NOAA Technical MemorandumNMFS-PIFSC-11. Available at: http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/tech/NOAA_Tech_Memo_PIFSC_11.pdf

Parrish, J.D., Aeby, G.S., Conklin, E.J., Ivey, G.L., Schumacher, B.D. 2000. Interactions of nonindigenous bluelinesnapper (Taape) with native fishery species. Hawaii Cooperative Fishery Research Unit.

PIFSC. 2016. Hawaii reported landings table (1948-2015). Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, NOAANational Marine Fisheries Service. Available at: http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/wpacfin/hi/dar/Pages/hi_data_3.php

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Appendix A: Extra By Catch SpeciesHAWAIIAN PINK SNAPPER (OPAKAPAKA): MAIN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS DEEP 7 BOTTOMFISHMULTI-SPECIES COMPLEX





Medium

FishBase assigned medium vulnerability scores (36 to 45 out of 100) to Hawaiian pink snapper (Pristipomoidesfilamentosus), red snapper (Etelis carbunculus), and ruby snapper (Etelis coruscans) (Froese and Pauly 2015).

Life history information for these deepwater snapper species is incomplete. Most deepwater snappers aremoderately long lived (7–13 years), but the pink snapper (opakapaka) has been reported to live for over 40years (Brodziak et al. 2011)(Andrews et al. 2012). These species typically reach sexual maturity around 30–60cm in length and grow to a maximum size of 80–130 cm (DeMartini and Lau 1999) (Randall 2007) (Froese andPauly 2015). Age at maturity is only known for pink snapper, which is reported to mature at around 3 years(Everson 1984). These snappers are broadcast spawners, and females are capable of producing a highnumber of eggs (Brodziak et al. 2011). Within the food chain, they are high level predators (Froese and Pauly2015).


Moderate Concern

Hawaiian pink, ruby, and red snappers are managed by the Western Pacific Regional Fishery ManagementCouncil as part of the Deep 7 bottomfish complex and by the Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources. The Deep 7bottomfish species are assessed together as a unit, and the most recent accepted population assessment wasin 2011. According to this assessment, the abundance of the Deep 7 bottomfish was high during the 1960sand 1970s, but declined to values lower than the abundance needed to produce the maximum sustainablecatch or yield by the mid-1990s and has remained stable at this lower abundance level since. Abundance wasestimated to be between 60% and 97% of the abundance/biomass needed to produce the maximumsustainable yield (B ). It was determined that the abundance was most likely more than 70% of B (theoverfished threshold level), so it was concluded that the Deep 7 bottomfish complex is not overfished/depleted(Brodziak et al. 2011). Normally, this would result in a score of low concern; however, these species areassessed as a unit and the individual species' abundances are not known, so we have rated this factor as"moderate" concern.

MSY MSY

HAWAII/PACIFIC, HANDLINE, DEEP SETHAWAII/PACIFIC, HANDLINE, DEEP SETHAWAII/PACIFIC, HANDLINE, DEEP SET

Moderate Concern

The 2001 assessment indicated that the majority of fishing mortality estimates for the Hawaiian Deep 7bottomfish complex were below sustainable levels or the fishing mortality rate resulting in maximumsustainable yield (Brodziak et al. 2011). This suggests that overfishing is not occurring on the complex (NMFS

56


HAWAIIAN RUBY SNAPPER (ONAGA): MAIN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS DEEP 7 BOTTOMFISH MULTI-SPECIES COMPLEX



2016a), but fishing impacts on individual species are not known. Between 2003 and 2014, Hawaiian pinksnapper (opakapaka) accounted for 34% of the deep-set handline catch, ruby snapper (onaga) made up 20%of the catch, and Hawaiian red snapper (ehu) made up 7% of the catch (HDAR 2015b). Because fishingmortality rates for individual species are not known, we have awarded a "moderate" concern score.


< 20%



Medium




Moderate Concern

Hawaiian pink, ruby, and red snappers are managed by the Western Pacific Regional Fishery ManagementCouncil as part of the Deep 7 bottomfish complex and by the Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources. The Deep 7bottomfish species are assessed together as a unit, and the most recent accepted population assessment was

57



HAWAIIAN RED SNAPPER (EHU): MAIN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS DEEP 7 BOTTOMFISH MULTI-SPECIES COMPLEX


in 2011. According to this assessment, the abundance of the Deep 7 bottomfish was high during the 1960sand 1970s, but declined to values lower than the abundance needed to produce the maximum sustainablecatch or yield by the mid-1990s and has remained stable at this lower abundance level since. Abundance wasestimated to be between 60% and 97% of the abundance/biomass needed to produce the maximumsustainable yield (B ). It was determined that the abundance was most likely more than 70% of B (theoverfished threshold level), so it was concluded that the Deep 7 bottomfish complex is not overfished/depleted(Brodziak et al. 2011). Normally, this would result in a score of low concern; however, these species areassessed as a unit and the individual species' abundances are not known, so we have rated this factor as"moderate" concern.

MSY MSY


Moderate Concern

The 2001 assessment indicated that the majority of fishing mortality estimates for the Hawaiian Deep 7bottomfish complex were below sustainable levels or the fishing mortality rate resulting in maximumsustainable yield (Brodziak et al. 2011). This suggests that overfishing is not occurring on the complex (NMFS2016a), but fishing impacts on individual species are not known. Between 2003 and 2014, Hawaiian pinksnapper (opakapaka) accounted for 34% of the deep-set handline catch, ruby snapper (onaga) made up 20%of the catch, and Hawaiian red snapper (ehu) made up 7% of the catch (HDAR 2015b). Because fishingmortality rates for individual species are not known, we have awarded a "moderate" concern score.


< 20%



Medium

58







Moderate Concern

Hawaiian pink, ruby, and red snappers are managed by the Western Pacific Regional Fishery ManagementCouncil as part of the Deep 7 bottomfish complex and by the Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources. The Deep 7bottomfish species are assessed together as a unit, and the most recent accepted population assessment wasin 2011. According to this assessment, the abundance of the Deep 7 bottomfish was high during the 1960sand 1970s, but declined to values lower than the abundance needed to produce the maximum sustainablecatch or yield by the mid-1990s and has remained stable at this lower abundance level since. Abundance wasestimated to be between 60% and 97% of the abundance/biomass needed to produce the maximumsustainable yield (B ). It was determined that the abundance was most likely more than 70% of B (theoverfished threshold level), so it was concluded that the Deep 7 bottomfish complex is not overfished/depleted(Brodziak et al. 2011). Normally, this would result in a score of low concern; however, these species areassessed as a unit and the individual species' abundances are not known, so we have rated this factor as"moderate" concern.

MSY MSY


Moderate Concern

The 2001 assessment indicated that the majority of fishing mortality estimates for the Hawaiian Deep 7bottomfish complex were below sustainable levels or the fishing mortality rate resulting in maximumsustainable yield (Brodziak et al. 2011). This suggests that overfishing is not occurring on the complex (NMFS2016a), but fishing impacts on individual species are not known. Between 2003 and 2014, Hawaiian pinksnapper (opakapaka) accounted for 34% of the deep-set handline catch, ruby snapper (onaga) made up 20%of the catch, and Hawaiian red snapper (ehu) made up 7% of the catch (HDAR 2015b). Because fishingmortality rates for individual species are not known, we have awarded a "moderate" concern score.


< 20%

59


60

Documents

Blacktail and Bluestriped Snapper - Ocean Wise€¦ · gillnets, seines, bag nets, and lift nets), handlines, and by divers using spears. Blacktail and bluestriped snappers are native