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Visualizing the future with direct current
“Blinded by the light”
Visualizing the future with direct current for Data Centers and dc
Microgrids
4/1/2015 ©dcFUSION
“Blinded by the light”
http://hightech.lbl.gov/
ONLY THE BEGINNING?
DC DEMONSTRATION SYSTEM, DESIGNED & BUILT BY DPTI
AT SUN MICROSYSTEMS, NEWARK, CA.
SUMMER - 2006
UNIVERSITY OF CAL., SAN DIEGO – 2-RACK 380V DC DEMO
DUKE ENERGY / EPRI DEMONSTRATION
DUKE ENERGY / EPRI DEMONSTRATION
HP DELTA DC-UPS
EMC IBM
“EPRI Finds Direct Current Power Uses 15% Less Electricity Than
Alternating Current System at Duke Energy Data Center”
AC-DC COMPARISON
Steel ORCA
AC / DC Together
Industry Update
900
Agency Status / Standards
Standardization Work Closely Harmonized to Agree on Aligned Global Standards
380/400V system standards currently released or under development through international efforts UL (several products listed today) – cover all distribution system components ETSI EN 300 132 -3-0 – power interface standard – RELEASED ETSI EN 301605 – earthing and bonding for 400VDC systems - RELEASED ITU – (ITU-T l.1200) – adopted ETSI voltage levels - RELEASED IEC / IEEE – working group in place – new DC UPS standard
ATIS – voltage levels standard in development SCTE – committee started NEC – Current edition applies to both AC and DC : Wiring , protection , safety EMerge Alliance - Focus on site and system interfaces – RELEASED YD/T 2378-2011 (China Standard) 240VDC Direct Current Power Supply System for Telecommunications – RELEASED Planned update for 336V (380VDC) mid to late 2014 NEMA / EPRI – work in progress
• Standards also needed for and driven by renewable resource deployments
HISTORY
WHY ARE WE LIVING IN AN AC WORLD TODAY?
-BECAUSE EDISON LOST THE CURRENT WARS-
WHY DID EDISON LOSE THE CURRENT WARS?
BECAUSE POWER ELECTRONICS
DID NOT EXIST The Role of Power Electronics
~ L
Converter Source Output to Load
- Adjustable DC - Sinusoidal AC - High-frequency AC Controller
Power Electronics Interface
The power electronics interface facilitates the
transfer of power from the source to the load by
converting voltages and currents from one form
to another, in which it is possible for the source
and load to reverse roles. The controller shown
in Fig. allows management of the power transfer
process in which the conversion of voltages
and currents should be achieved with high
energy-efficiency and high power density.
DC SYSTEMS SAFER THAN AC CONTROL OF ARC FLASH EXPOSER CAN BE REALIZED FASTER PROTECTION IS A KEY ELEMENT
CIRCUIT PROTECTION CAN BE FASTER AND MORE RELIABLE NEW IDEAS FOR SHORT CIRCUIT AND GROUND FAULT PROTECTION POWER LOAD FLOW AND CONTROL
DC SYSTEMS ARE MORE RELIABLE IMPLICATIONS FOR IT POWER SUPPLIES DISTRIBUTED ENERGY STORAGE IN DC SYSTEMS DC SYSTEM DESIGN AND INSTALLATIONS ARE SIMPLER
THE TRUE IMPLICATIONS OF 2-WIRE VS. 4-WIRE DISTRIBUTION
DC SYSTEMS ARE LESS COSTLY TO DEPLOY DC SYSTEMS ARE LESS COSTLY TO OPERATE DC SYSTEMS ARE LESS COSTLY TO MAINTAIN DISTRIBUTED GENERATION / DC MICROGRIDS MEDIUM TO LOW VOLTAGE DC TOPOLOGY INTERFACES DC MOTORS AND CONTROLS DC LIGHTING PLUG & PLAY SYSTEM DEPLOYMENT CAN BE ACHIEVED NEW POWER ELECTRONICS BASE CONVERSION AND CONTROL CROSS INDUSTRY COLABORATION OPPORTUNTIES DC IS MORE EFFICIENT
WHY CHANGE TO dc POWER THE BUSINESS CASE TO CHANGE
WHY DIRECT CURRENT (dc) POWER: 380Vdc the New Standard
• ETSI 300132-3-1 v2.1.13 (1) (2011) EMerge Alliance NEC 2014
• 28% more efficient than 208VAC1
• 7% more efficient than 415VAC2
• 15% less up-front capital cost in volume2
• 33% less floor space2
• 36% lower lifetime cost3
• 200%-1000% more reliable2
• No Harmonics, Safer 4 Efficiency↑ Voltage↑ Conversions↓ • Volume Priced Parts (< 420Vdc) UCSD, Duke Energy, Intel IT (2011)
• Other Industries likely adopters • PV, Wind, Lighting, EV Charging, VFD Motors
Rack
208V
AC
Server PSU
UPS
12V 380-
410V
DC DC/DC AC/DC DC/AC
PDU
VR AC/DC
Bypass
480V
AC MV
Chrg
678V
678V
12V
540V
294V
380V
- 294V
190V
190V
380V
480 3Φ UPS PDU
480-208v PFC Load
380VDC: Highest voltage with volume
components, fewest conversions
1 Intel, Intelec Paper, 2007 2 Intel, HP/EYP, Emerson, Whitepaper, 2009 3 Validus/GE Study, 2010 4 IEC 23E/WG2
“380VDC is the highest efficiency, cost effective solution”
CHANGE IS
IN THE AIR
What is the EMerge Alliance? • Not-for-profit 501c -Part 6
• Open application standards - DC platform
• Eco-system development and promotion
• 100+ Member organizations and growing!
Who is the EMerge Alliance? • Architects, Engineers
• Contractors/Builders/ Integrators
• Manufacturers - Service Providers
• Building Owners – Facility Managers
• National & Independent Labs
• Academic Institutions
• Codes & Standards Groups
What is an EMerge Standard? • Commercial Applications Standards
• Subordinate to safety, equipment standards
• Physical, electrical, operational interfaces
• Application definition - listing requirements of other standards (incl. IEC)
ZEB – Microgrid Building Blocks A Microgrid network can deliver energy savings in all key areas
Building Microgrids
< 10%
>10%
OCCUPIED SPACE INFRASTRUCTURE:
P1 = Ceiling
P2 = Walls
P3 = Furniture
P4 = Floors
© 2011 EMerge Alliance
380 VDC Bus
24 VDC Bus
208-277 VAC
P3
P2
P2
P1 P4
1st Standard: Occupied Space Developed for commercial interiors
EMerge Alliance Standards Demonstrations Example Beta Site Applications in the Field
Duke Energy
Data Center
Charlotte, NC
California Institute for
Telecom & Info Tech
UC San Diego, CA
EPRI/LBNL Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, CA
DC Microgrid may include :
• A dispatchable generator, i.e. fuel cell or back-up bio-fuel generator.
• Non-dispatchable sources, such as solar PV and wind turbines.
• Energy storage, such as ultra-capacitor or battery.
• Various AC and DC loads
• Line disturbance “Ride-through”
• Demand Response (DR) capability
• Off-grid operation capability
Zero Energy Buildings (ZEB) A DC Microgrid network will contain a common DC link Bus
Back-up diesel generator PV system Wind Turbine
H2
Battery - +
Battery or Ultra-capacitor
DC =
AC ~ Critical
AC load
Single or three-
phase AC load
DC =
DC =
AC =
DC =
AC ~
DC = A
C li
nk
bu
s
DC ~
DC =
AC =
DC =
Fuel Cell system
DC =
DC =
DC link bus, voltage between 600V ~800V
Fuel Cell Wind Turbine PV Array Bio-fuel Gen Set
Common DC Bus – Voltage at 380 VDC
DC loads
Slide Courtesy of
Solar PV Battery Storage
Wind Gen Set
MPPT
Fuel Cell Other
Wind Contr.
380VDC Converter
Facility Power Server and Common Distribution/Collector (380VDC Nom) Bus
Lighting Loads 24VDC
EV Charger 380VDC
HVAC Loads
380VDC
Electronic Loads
380/24VDC
ICT Desktop 24VDC
Data Center
380VDC
Plug Loads 380VDC
Utility Meter
Feeds
Loads
Zero Net Energy Buildings (ZEB) DC Microgrid with Renewable & Alternate Distributed Generation
DC Microgrid may include :
• Various AC and DC loads: fixed & plug and play loads
• Dispatchable generation: fuel cell or bio-fuel turbine.
• Non-dispatchable sources: solar PV and wind turbines.
• Energy storage, such as ultra-capacitors or batteries.
• Common Distribution – Collector Bus
• Management & Demand Response (DR) capability
• Ride-thru & Off-grid operation capability (islandable)
NEW DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS WITHIN AND BEYOND THE DATA CENTER – EMERGE ALLIANCE PARTNERSHIPS
Starline DC Solution
Starline DC Solution
NEW DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS WITHIN AND BEYOND THE DATA CENTER – EMERGE ALLIANCE PARTNERSHIPS
CROSS INDUSTRY COLLABORATION PV - EV - DOD
Flexible Test Bed for MVDC and HFAC Electric Ship Power System Architectures for Navy Ships John D. Herbst, Angelo L. Gattozzi, A. Ouroua, Fabian M. Uriarte
Integrated Power System Modeling and Simulation L. Qi, J. Pan, Z. Wang, J. Daniel, O. Apeldoorn
Integrated Power System Modeling and Simulation L. Qi, J. Pan, Z. Wang, J. Daniel, O. Apeldoorn A Parallel Based Real-Time Electromagnetic Transient Simulator for IPS Yuan Gong, Laijun Chen, Ying Chen, Yin Xu A Low-Cost High-Speed Real-Time Simulator for Ships Power SystemsR.E. Crosbie, J.J. Zenor, D.A. Word, R. Bednar, N.G. Hingorani Development of a Multicore Power System Simulator for Ship Systems Fabian M. Uriarte, Robert Hebner
Simulation of a DC-DC Boost Converter with Measurement Delays Saichol Chudjuarjeen, Juan C. Jimenez, Sachi Jayasuriya, Chika O. Nwankpa, Karen Miu, Anawach Sangswang
Ambient-Temperature Fault Current Limiter for Electric Ship Power Systems Prafulla Rajabhau Deo, Tushar Pritamlal Shah, Robert Chong High Speed Protection Concept to Minimize the Impacts of Arc-Flash Incidents in Electrical Systems of Ships Lauri Kumpulainen, Toni Harju, Heinz Pursch, Sven Wolfram Branch Circuit Protection for DC Systems Ugo Ghisla, Igor Kondratiev, Roger A. Dougal A Sensor Failure Resilience Metric for Ship-Board Power System Dilek Dustegor, Touria El Mezyani, Peter G. McLaren Soft Reclosing of Fault Current Limiters in Electric Ship Power Systems Yucheng Zhang, Hasan M. Ali, Roger A. Dougal
Electromechanical Ballistic DC Breaker for Use on Ships Roger W. Faulkner, Robert Karnes
Simulation of an Energy Storage System to Compensate Pulsed Loads on Shipboard Electric Power System Franck Scuiller An Approach to Optimally Allocate Energy Storage in Naval Electric Ships Ricky R. Chan, Scott D. Sudhoff, Edwin L. Zivi
DC MICRO-GRIDS IN THE US ARMY??!!
The dcFUSION COLLABORATIVE FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE dcFUSION, Steel ORCA Announce New DC Power Collaboration Organization now accepting project requests from companies looking to reduce energy distribution expenditures New Jersey, March 12, 2015: The Power of DC It is undeniable that the US power grid is vulnerable and it is surprisingly simple to disable or even destroy high voltage transformers that can cause widespread and extended blackouts. There has been an increase of Internet hacks into energy company systems, which has laid the foundation for a broad range of potential threats. As a result, there is a movement to supplement the existing grid with microgrids to provide more independent infrastructure and promote the use of renewable energy. A microgrid is a localized power system with the ability to self-supply and operate independently of, or in concert with, the main grid to meet the energy needs of multiple entities. Microgrids offer enhanced grid resiliency and flexibility, and mitigate the impact of power outages resulting from severe weather or other disruptions. dcFUSION and Steel ORCA recently hosted an event at Steel ORCA’s Princeton, New Jersey headquarters to explore the commercialization of DC power and form a direct current (DC) microgrid partnership. More than 30 companies and experts in the fields of academia, government, manufacturing, data centers, architecture and construction participated in a day of presentations and workshops. The goal was to initiate a series of communications targeted to facilitators of the DC energy industry, and to identify and launch demonstration projects. These projects will prove savings through a reduction of cap-ex and op-ex expenditures required for energy distribution and the benefits of independence from the existing power grid. Jobs and renewable energy goals were discussed and considered a priority in the development of the new projects. Significant time was dedicated to review and understand existing barriers regarding this new technology and the methods of overcoming misunderstood objections. The dcFUSION Collaborative will be accepting project requests whereby group leaders will provide guidance and coordination of process and infrastructure. dcFUSION and EMerge Alliance, an open, nonprofit standards organization, have been the catalysts for work promoting the DC process and energy distribution. Tim Martinson of dcFUSION and an active member of the EMerge Alliance were nominated and accepted the position of Chairman of the new organization. “The dcFUSION Collaborative was created to help like-minded companies and organizations quickly and easily develop partners to pursue projects,” Martinson stated. “Often a technology company is aware of a project; however they need similar technology and professional services to address the client’s goals. Since our kick off meeting, our team has identified projects in every segment. With industry leaders such as our keynote speaker and two time Whitehouse award recipient, Rajendra Singh, PhD., the DC microgrid movement is now able join the microgrid movement leveraging the benefits of direct current” dcFUSION can be contacted at www.dcfusion.net for information on DC power, security, reliability, cost savings and environmental responsibility. Contact Steel ORCA www.SteelORCA.com on its DC power installation and other products and services relating to data center infrastructure, co-location, cloud and managed services. At dc Fusion LLC, our mission is to provide independent direct current (dc) power system consulting services to industries that enable the development, deployment and proliferation of dc power distribution technologies within the developed and developing world. Specialized expertise includes in-depth knowledge and experience regarding the higher voltage dc (380V dc / 400V dc) topologies that have developed in recent years around the world. Direct current power allows the environmentally responsible to secure a highly reliable and cost effective deployment of new generation power systems for most environments.
The dcFUSION COLLABORATIVE
4/1/2015 ©dcFUSION
Bi-Directional DC Converter
4/1/2015 ©dcFUSION
4/1/2015 ©dcFUSION
Stored Energy Solutions from LiiON
Te-Li-Com Series — LiiON’s groundbreaking solution revolutionizes backup power for the telecom industry by integrating proven, patented lithium ion battery technology within a specially designed cabinet enclosure. Batteries offer significantly higher cycle and calendar life, superior abuse tolerance, are eco- friendly and exceptionally resilient to heat, while the solution’s lightweight, durable modular enclosure delivers exceptional flexibility and protection. Stored Energy System (S.E.S.) — The industry’s first high rate discharge, UL-listed, lithium battery solution for uninterruptible power systems delivers safe power on demand to ensure long, reliable standby battery life with virtually zero maintenance. Other benefits include a major reduction in weight and footprint, a robust level of system communication and battery information, and the elimination of the need for lead-acid battery replacement. Macro/Hybrid Base Station — Base station products include modular 48V-100A rack- mountable systems, as well as turnkey cabinet solutions up to 1500A. Intrinsically safe design offers high cycle life, fast recharge and the ability to be float-charged. Micro/4G/5G — Small cell backup power products designed for compact pole- or building-mount solutions in designs ranging from 500Whr to 5000Whr. Built-in battery management and monitoring provide protection and remote monitoring capabilities.
4/1/2015 ©dcFUSION
DC Household Microgrid with Various Power Generation Capabilities
Additional Cost Considerations of DC Power
Based on DC , PV system cost is reduced by about 20%
In addition to cost savings, PV systems based on DC are more reliable
Batteries, and capacitors, store dc power. AC power increase the cost of batteries (as much as 50 % in some cases)
DC use increases the competitiveness of manufacturing industry and saves jobs worldwide. Energy cost is as great as 33% of the operating cost of the manufacturing plant (Aluminum industry can save ~$10 B/year)
Worldwide adoption of dc power can provide uniform voltage standards worldwide, thus reducing the cost of related power electronics to yield an overall lower manufacturing cost of all dc-based electrical equipment and systems. DC power is also enabler of flexible integrarion of distributed generation into energy network
PV Generated DC Electricity for People Who Have No Access to Electricity
• Over 1.5 billion people are without access to electricity.
• Another 3.0 billion rely on wood, charcoal, dung and coal for cooking and heating, which results in over four million premature deaths a year due to indoor air pollution.
• 800 million people have no access to clean water for drinking
• PV Generated DC, volume manufacturing of PV systems and batteries, vertically integrated business model, and , and a targeted monetary policy of quantitative easing can rapidly power all human activities
44
DC Electricity Based Nanogrid Will Enable the Transformation of Electricity Infrastructure
Small DC Power Being Used to connect 5-6 Houses (Lap top, LED & Phone Chargers) as Nanogrid (Courtesy: Paras Loomba, New Delhi)
IEEE FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON dc MICROGRIDS
ATLANTA, June 7-9, 2015
www.icdcm.co
As a follow up to the First Conference on Local DC Electricity held in Charleston, SC from March 31, 2014 to April 1, 2014; the main purpose of this new conference is to bring together practitioners and researchers in the field of DC Microgrids and related technologies. Our ability to generate, store, and use DC electricity locally without the need for long-range transmission and distribution network enables the possibility for transformational changes in the electricity infrastructure. The use of DC electricity enhances system-wide efficiency. DC microgrids powered by distributed clean energy sources such as solar PV systems can sustainably power the needs of all human beings equitably around the world. Papers are solicited especially on the following topics related to the DC microgrid:
• Performance analysis and optimization • Reliability and resiliency techniques • Powering residential and commercial buildings • DC-powered active and passive solar houses • DC-powered appliances • Advanced power electronics • Storage Technology • DC-powered PHEV/EV charging • Real-time monitoring and control • Manufacturing & cost reduction approaches • Protection schemes • Distributed energy generation and integration • Standards and policies
INTEL SUMMARY
THANK YOU ! David E. Geary, P.E.
Co-Founder / Principal Engineering
dcFUSION, llc
www.dcfusion.net
Innovate * Deliver * Create Value
(mp) 301.613.4187
(em) [email protected]
MAILING ADDRESS:
202 S SOUTHWOOD AVE., ANNAPOLIS, MD 21401-4112
