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8/11/2019 Blocks And Stone works
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University of PalestineIndustrial Engineering Department
Materials And ConstructionTechnology
Chapter (2)
Blocks And Stone works
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Chapter(2)Blocks And Stone works
Concrete Blocks works
Blocks Types Stone blocks The Polystyrene Blocks
Etong block
Solid blocks
Hollow blocks
Glassy blocks
Heating blocks
Blocks Testing
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Blocks And Stone works
Blocks And Stone works
Generally, the blocks used shall be of localmanufacture made with cement and sand in approvedvibrated pressure machines. The fine aggregate to beused for blocks shall be clean and sharp. It shall be
chemically and structurally stable and shall complywith the Table of Gratings given here under. Thecement, fine aggregate and water to be used for
blocks shall comply with the requirements givenunder Concrete Works; and the methods of measuring
and mixing the materials shall be the same.
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Blocks And Stone works
Blocks And Stone works
15-20%8-10%30-35% 40-45%
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Blocks And Stone works
Blocks Types
Stone block
Stone blocks are blocks cutted from the rocks
Stone blocks have a lot of benefits as:
Thermal isolator
Sound isolator
Fine look.
The unit weight of the stone block =2700Kg/cm3
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Blocks And Stone works
Blocks Types Polystyrene General Properties:
Physical Properties: Thermal isolation ; it is a thermal isolator, due to its low density,
and compaction at its particles
Noise Isolation: it is a goal noise isolator duo to its high andcompacted particles
water permeability: it is a non-permeable material due to itscompacted particles
Weight: it is a light material where its average weight form 20 -30Kg per m3.
Compaction: its a semi compacted material lies between hardnessand softness.
Fire resistance: it is a fire resistance under a normal condition ,however under high temperature it will shrink before evaporation
Diminution: it has a fixed and stable dimension due to store airwith its cell
Environment stability: sun affects poly and a change in its colorand boarding strength
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Blocks And Stone works
Blocks Types
Polystyrene General Properties:
Chemical Properties:
Polystyrene is a neutral chemical material,
despite at that, it could be damage with it
expose to chemical dissolver, there for we use
silicon and white glue to fix peaces to gather.
Biological Properties: Biological change has no effect Polystyrene
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Blocks And Stone works
Blocks Types
Polystyrene advantages and
Disadvantages:
Polystyrene Advantages:
Very good noise and heat isolator
Light weight material
Normal temperature has no effect on it
Polystyrene Disadvantages: It high cost , comparing to other building material
It could be affected be sun and climate change
Required specially technical skill to handle
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Blocks And Stone works
Blocks Types
Application:
To be use as isolating material , both for heat and noise
To reduce the dead load of the building
To be use as a primary material for react 's contraction
To be used filling and backing material
To be use at agriculture (Green houses )
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Blocks And Stone works
Blocks Types
Etong block:
Etong blocks has rectangular parallel in shape witha high porosity, Etong block is a high concretewhich is made from effective cement material
besides to fine sand and aluminum power"Al(OH)3" that leads to genesis of gases inside themixture which swell, then the mixture is put in aspecial modes and cut to the required dimension.
The standard commercial dimension which areused in the roof (6050) cm2 which thicknessbetween 10 and 32 cm.
Unit weight of Etong blocks which are used in theroof is (450-480)kg/m3
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Blocks And Stone works
Blocks Types
Etong advantages and Disadvantages: Light weight with respect to the ordinary blocks
No holes so no entrance for fresh concrete during
casting
Easy to supply the water network and electricnetwork
Time saving where square meter from ordinary
block need 12.50 blocks but Etong need 5-6 blocks
High prevention of infiltration of water the Etong
absorb the moisture at depth between 2-3 cm after
this depth no absorption will occur
Fire resistance and noise isolation
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Blocks And Stone works
Blocks Types
Solid blocks:
Used in gravity retaining walls or in a basic blocks
under the retaining walls but these days use of
them is too little because Its heavy weight which cause an addition loads
High cost and high manufacturing cast
Bad isolation for moisture
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Blocks And Stone works
Blocks Types
Hollow blocks:
According to the used aggregate there are two typeof hollow blocks:
Ordinary blocks Ordinary blocks are made of ordinary concrete by
using the ordinary aggregate in special size
Light blocks
light blocks are made of light concrete by using thelight aggregate
the main slandered commercial dimension for thetype of hollow blocks are tabulated as fallowing
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Blocks And Stone works
Blocks Types
Weight (Kg(Dimension (cm(Type
16152040
Ordinaryblocks
20202040
15142540
17172540
20252040
7251440light
blocks8251740
10252040
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Blocks And Stone works
Blocks Types
Heating blocks:
The row material used in this type is clay
It has a red color
Used in a ovens and stove
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Blocks And Stone works
Blocks Testing
Blocks TestingTesting shall be carried at a random samples taken
from the material arrived in sites
Physical testing:
This test belong the dimensions, colors andshape
Block to be approved should have:
homogenous color
homogenous Touch
regular dimension with a (F3mm )for length andwidth and a (F4mm )for high
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Blocks And Stone works
lab tests:
1. space weight test
space weight of block must not exceed theallowable limit for example:
block 20 or 15 its weight must not
exceed 1400 kg/m3.
block 7 , 10 and 12 its weight must not
exceed 1650 kg/m3.
So for block 20
weight of unit =1400/62.50=22.40 kg.
Where 1400 is the maximum space weight
And 62.50 is number of blocks 20 in m3
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Blocks And Stone works
Blocks And Stone works
lab tests:
1. bearing capacity:
The average compressive strength of solid blocksshall be not less than 45 kg.lcm2 of gross area at
28 days (average of 12 blocks) such that minimumcrushing strength of individual block is not lessthan 85% of required strength.
The average compressive strength of hollow
blocks shall be not less than 35 kg.lcm2 of grossarea at 28 days (average of 12 blocks) such thatminimum crushing strength of individual block isnot less than 85% of required strength.
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Block shall be made in a vibrated pressuremachines and shall be in general. manufactured form
cement, aggregate and water the minimum cementcontent shall be 200 kg cement to 0.46 m3 fineaggregate and 0.82m3 coarse aggregate .
Block shall be hard sound square and clean
Blocks for wall shall be (40cm 3mm) long and(20cm 3mm) high., the tolerance in thicknessshall be ( 1mm)