Blood functions:a. Distributive

- Delivers oxygen and nutrients to all cells- carries metabolic wastes to elimination sites- carries hormones to target organs- maintains body temperature; absorbs & distributes heat

b. Protective- maintains normal pH of tissues- maintains circulatory volume- prevents blood loss- combats infection

Physical characteristics of blood

•Viscosity = 4.5-5.5

•Temperature = 380C 100.40F

•ph = 7.35-7.45

•NaCl concentration = .85%-.90%

•Total body weight = 8%

•Volume = 4-5 L women, 5-6 L men

Hematopoiesis (Hemopoiesis) - blood cell formationOccurs in:

- myeloid tissue erythrocytes (rbc)all granulocytes (wbc)

. neutrophils, eosinophils, basophilsone agranulocyte (wbc)

. monocytesthrombocytes (platelets)

- lymphoid tissueone agranulocyte (wbc)

. lymphocytes

Erythrocyte disorders:- Anemias = reduced O2 carrying ability due to few RBCs.

. Hemorrhagic

. Megaloblastic (pernicious anemia)

. Hemolytic* Sickle Cell

. Aplastic - Polycythemia

. Blood doping

Leucocyte disorders:- leukemia = cancerous condition of WBC

. acute

. chronic- infectious mononucleosis = elevated white count, Epstein-Barr virus

Blood coagulation:50+ substances in blood involved in coagulation. Categorized as either:

ProcoagulantsAnticoagulants

Mechanisms of coagulation:1.Rupture of vessel initiates a series of chemical reactions that produce a

complex called prothrombin activators

2.Prothrombin activators cause the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin.

3.Thrombin causes fibrinogen to convert into fibrin fibers

Innate immunity: integument, tissue macrophages, stomach acidsAcquired immunity: formation of antibody response, activated T cells