Human anatomy and Physiology, Elaine N. Marieb, Katja Hoehn
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C h a p t e r
11
• A circulating transport system
– A pump (the heart)
– A fluid medium (blood):
• Contains cells suspended in a fluid matri
• !o transport materials to and from cells
– "ygen and carbon dioide
– #utrients
– $ormones
&&'& lood has several important functions and uniue
physical
characteristics
*unctions of lood
• +estriction of fluid losses at in,ury sites
• -efense against toins and pathogens
• Stabilization of body temperature
Composition of lood
• %hole lood . /0 of body 1eight (2ilograms)
– Adult male: 3 to 4 liters5 Adult female: 6 to 3
liters
– 7lasma (330):
• uantitative analysis of this portion of blood represents the
hematocrit
($C!) reading or pac2ed cell volume (7C;)
!he Composition of %hole lood
*igure &&'&
– Red blood cells (RBCs) or erythrocytes:
• !ransport oygen
• 7art of the immune system
– Platelets (Thrombocytes):
!he Composition of 7lasma
solvent9 in transport9 temp regulation9 site of
metabolic reactions
– aterials plasma and I* echange across capillary
1alls:
7lasma 7roteins
• "lbumi!s (4@0)
steroid hormones5 maintains osmotic pressure of cells
• #lobuli!s (=30)
steroid'binding proteins . alpha9 beta9 and gamma types
• $ibri!oe! (60)
– olecules that form clots and produce long9 insoluble
strands of
fibrin
7lasma 7roteins
• In 1hich dissolved fibrinogen has converted to solid fibrin
• "ther 7lasma 7roteins
– &0 of plasma:
• 8nzymes and hormones
7lasma <ases
• Carbon dioide – produced by cell
respiration
7lasma #utrients
• Amino acids
• onosaccharides – Stored as glycogen in liver or converted
to fat
• Eipoproteins – Chylomicrons: carry fat to muscle and
adipose cells
– ;E-E – carry triglycerides made from ecess dietary
carbs
– E-E – from ;E-E once triglycerides are delivered
• Frea – amino acid metabolism
• Fric acid (nucleotide metabolism)
• ilirubin (hemoglobin metabolism)
7lasma 8lectrolytes
– 7otassium
– Calcium
– agnesium
– Chloride
– icarbonate
– 7hosphate
– Sulfate
&&'= +ed blood cells9 formed by erythropoiesis9
contain
hemoglobin that can be recycled
+ed lood Cells
bloodGs formed elements
– !he red pigment that gives 1hole blood its
color
• "yhemoglobin bright red5 deoyhemoglobin purple
– inds and transports oygen and carbon dioide
– B3@9@@@9@@@ molecules per cell5 four oygen
molecules per hemoglobin moleculeJ
Abundance of +Cs
microliter of 1hole blood
– *emale: 6B–33 million
• &ematocrit (pac2ed cell volume9 7C;): percentage of
+Cs in centrifuged 1hole blood
– ale: 6@–36
Structure of +Cs
• Eac2 nuclei5 live approimately &B@ days
• !hin in middle and thic2er at edge
– Importance of +C shape and size:
• $igh surface'to'volume ratio:
• -iscs bend and fle entering small capillaries
Figure 19–2d
+ed lood Cells
$emoglobin Structure and *unction
– #ormal hemoglobin (adult male):
• &6–&> gKdE 1hole blood
– #ormal hemoglobin (adult female):
$emoglobin Structure and *unction
• $emoglobin releases oygen
Abnormal $emoglobin
• +C *ormation and !urnover
• About = million +Cs per second
– acrophages of liver9 spleen9 and bone marro1:
• onitor +Cs
• $emoglobin +ecycling
• $eme to biliverdi!
• $emoglobin brea2do1n products in urine due to ecess
hemolysis
in bloodstream
– $ematuria:
• Iron +ecycling
– !o transport proteins (tra!sferri!)
hemosideri!)
*igure &&'6
+C *ormation
• +C 7roduction
• "ccurs only in myeloid tissue (red bone marro1) in adults
• Stem cells mature to become +Cs
• $emocytoblasts
• yeloid stem cells: become +Cs9 some %Cs
• ymphoid stem cells: become lymphocytes
*igure &&'3
+ed lood Cells
• +egulation of 8rythropoiesis
• Amino acids
absorption
• Iron
– pernicious anemia:
+ed lood Cells
• #egative feedbac2 mechanism
– Chemoreceptors in 2idney and liver detect lo1 blood
oygen
– 8rythropoietin is released from 2idney and liver into
circulation
– 8rythropoietin targets red bone marro19 stimulating
erythropoiesis
8rythropoiesis
-estruction of +Cs
1orn +Cs
heme
• $eme is bro2en into biliverdin then
bilirubin them bile
lood !yping
• lood types
• !ype blood antigen on +Cs
• !ype A blood both antigen A and on +Cs (universal
recipient)
lood !yping
antibodies against +Cs antigens that are not our
o1n
• 7ersons 1ith !ype blood develop Anti'A antibodies
• 7ersons 1K !ype A blood do not develop either Anti'A
or Anti' antibodies
antibodies
lood !yping
– 8ither +h positive (+hH) or +h negative (+h−):
• "nly se!siti'ed +h− blood has anti'+h antibodies
• 8rythroblastosis fetalis
– +h'negative mother becomes pregnant 1K +h'positive
fetus
– -uring birth9 babyGs blood enters motherGs circulation and
she produces anti'
+h antibodies
– other conceives second +h'positive fetus
– otherGs anti'+h antibodies can no1 pass through the
placenta and enter
fetusG circulation
%C Circulation and ovement
• Characteristics of circulating %Cs
– $ave amoeboid movement
– Some are phagocytic:
%hite lood Cells
• !ypes of %Cs
Agranulocytes
!ypes of %Cs
!ypes of %Cs
!ypes of %Cs
– Also called polymorpho!uclear leukocytes
– 3@0 to /@0 of circulating %Cs
– 7ale cytoplasm granules 1ith:
• 7hagocytosis of foreign particles (disease organsims and
debris)
• Increased in acute bacterial infections
!ypes of %Cs
– Also called acidophils
– Attac2 large parasites
• #itric oide
• Cytotoic enzymes
inflammatory effects of neutrophils and mast cells
• +elease histamine9 a vasodilator
!ypes of %Cs • asophils – stain deep blue
– Are less than &0 of circulating %Cs
– Are small
• (antibodies attach and cause mast cell to burst9 releasing
allergy
mediators)
!ypes of %Cs
– Are large and spherical
– 8ngulf large particles and pathogens
– Secrete substances that attract immune system cells
and fibrocytes to in,ured area
– Increased during typhoid fever9 malaria9 and mono
!ypes of %Cs • Eymphocytes – live several months to years
– B@0 to =@0 of circulating %Cs
– Are larger than +Cs
– Are part of the bodyGs specific defense system
• !'cells – directly attac2 microorganisms and tumors5 produce
antibodies
that act against specific foreign substances
• 'cells – increased during !9 1hooping cough9 viral infections9
tissue
re,ection reactions9 and tumors
-ifferential Counts
– Eeu2ocytosis %C over &@@@@9 eg9 appendicitis
– Eeu2openia %C less than 3@@@5 eg9 typhoid fever9 flu9
measels9
chic2en po9 AI-S9 polio
– Eeu2emia abnormal production of immature leu2ocytes
• Average %C count 3@@@'&@@@@Kmm= blood