Blood s t u d y g u i d e

8/2/2019 Blood s t u d y g u i d e

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BLOOD S T U D Y G U I D E1. General Characteristics of BloodWrite the answers that match the statements in the spaces at the right.1) pH range of the blood. ____________________________________________ 2) Liquid portion of blood. ____________________________________________ 3) Blood cells and platelets. ____________________________________________ 4) Percentage of blood formed by liquid portion. ____________________________________________ 5) Percentage of blood formed by RBCs, WCBs, andplatelets. ____________________________________________ 6) Average range of blood volume in males. ____________________________________________ 7) Average range of blood volume in females. ____________________________________________ 8) Basic function of blood. ____________________________________________

2. Red Blood CellsWrite the answers that match the statements in the spaces at the right.1) Shape of erythrocytes. ____________________________________________

2) Red pigment in erythrocytes. ____________________________________________ 3) Primary function of RBCs is transport of ______ . ____________________________________________ 4) Iron-containing portion of hemoglobin. ____________________________________________ 5) Normal range of RBCs/mm3 in males. ____________________________________________ 6) Normal range of RBCs/mm3 in females. ____________________________________________ 7) Tissue-forming RBCs in children and adults. ____________________________________________ 8) Hormone-stimulating RBC production. ____________________________________________ 9) Organs releasing the hormone that stimulatesRBC production. ____________________________________________ 10) Organ producing intrinsic factor. ____________________________________________ 11) Vitamins required for RBC production. ____________________________________________ 12) Intrinsic factor enables absorption of ______ . ____________________________________________

13) Cells from which RBCs originate. ____________________________________________ 14) Average life span of RBCs. ____________________________________________ 15) Organs where old RBCs are destroyed. ____________________________________________ 16) Phagocytic cells destroying RBCs. ____________________________________________ 17) Portion of heme that is recycled. ____________________________________________ 18) Portion of heme that is excreted. ____________________________________________ 19) Organ where heme breakdown occurs. ____________________________________________ 1037.35–7.45PlasmaFormed elements55%45%; <1%

5–6 liters4–5 litersTransport of materialsBiconcave disksHemoglobinOxygen and carbon dioxideHeme4.6–6.0 million4.2–5.0 millionRed bone marrow



ErythropoietinKidneys, liverStomachB12; folic acidVitamin B12

Hemocytoblasts

120 daysSpleen; liverMacrophagesIron-containing portionNon-iron portionLiver

3. White Blood Cellsa. Write the answers that match the statements in the spaces at the right.1) Cell from which WBCs originate. ____________________________________________ 2) Normal range of WBCs/mm3 of blood. ____________________________________________ 3) Basic function of WBCs is defense against ______ .

____________________________________________ 4) Where most functions of WBCs occur. ____________________________________________

5) Group of WBCs with cytoplasmic granules. ____________________________________________ 6) Group of WBCs lacking these granules. ____________________________________________ 7) WBCs with lavender-staining granules. ____________________________________________ 8) WBCs with blue-staining granules. ____________________________________________ 9) Largest leukocytes. ____________________________________________ 10) Smallest leukocytes. ____________________________________________ 11) WBCs with red-staining granules. ____________________________________________ 12) Form 20% to 25% of WBCs. ____________________________________________ 13) Migrate into tissues to become macrophages.

____________________________________________ 14) First WBCs attracted from blood into damagedtissues. ____________________________________________ 15) WBCs that move into tissues to complete

clean-up of tissue damage. ____________________________________________ 16) Form 60% to 70% of leukocytes. ____________________________________________ 17) Release histamine in allergic reactions. ____________________________________________ 18) WBCs that neutralize histamine. ____________________________________________ 19) Become mast cells after entering tissues. ____________________________________________ 20) Destroy parasitic worms. ____________________________________________ 21) Produce antibodies. ____________________________________________ 22) Compose 3% to 8% of leukocytes. ____________________________________________ 23) Compose 0.5% to 1.0% of leukocytes. ____________________________________________ 24) Compose 2% to 4% of leukocytes. ____________________________________________ 25) Two major phagocytic WBCs. ____________________________________________

____________________________________________ b. Use colored pencils to draw these white blood cells as they appear after staining.

Neutrophil Eosinophil BasophilMonocyte Lymphocyte104Hemocytoblast5000–9000DiseaseTissuesGranulocytesAgranulocytesNeutrophils



BasophilsMonocytesLymphocytesEosinophilsLymphocytesMonocytes

NeutrophilsMonocytesNeutrophilsBasophils (mast cells)EosinophilsBasophilsEosinophilsLymphocytesMonocytesBasophilsEosinophilsNeutrophilsMonocytes105

4. PlateletsWrite the answers that match the statements in the spaces at the right.1) Alternate name for platelets. ____________________________________________ 2) Size compared to size of RBCs. ____________________________________________ 3) Number of platelets per mm3 of blood. ____________________________________________ 4) Cells that fragment to form platelets. ____________________________________________ 5) Two functions of platelets. ____________________________________________

____________________________________________

5. PlasmaWrite the answers that match the statements in the spaces at the right.1) Constitutes over 90% of plasma. ____________________________________________ 2) General term for dissolved substances. ____________________________________________

3) Most abundant plasma proteins. ____________________________________________ 4) Plasma proteins that are antibodies. ____________________________________________ 5) Plasma protein converted into fibrin. ____________________________________________ 6) Plasma proteins transporting lipids. ____________________________________________ 7) Plasma proteins helping to regulate pH and osmoticpressure of the blood. ____________________________________________ 8) Organ forming most plasma proteins. ____________________________________________ 9) Nitrogenous wastes of protein breakdown. ____________________________________________ 10) Collective term for inorganic ions in the blood plasma.

____________________________________________

6. HemostasisWrite the answers that match the statements in the spaces at the right.1) Three processes of hemostasis in order of occurrence. ____________________________________________

____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 2) Constriction of damaged blood vessel. ____________________________________________ 3) Formed elements that temporarily plug break indamaged blood vessel. ____________________________________________ 4) Substance released by platelets and damagedtissues that starts clotting process. ____________________________________________ 5) Electrolyte required for clotting to occur. ____________________________________________



6) Threadlike strands forming a blood clot. ____________________________________________ 7) Cells that enter clot to form new connectivetissue and repair damage. ____________________________________________ 8) Enzyme converting fibrinogen into fibrin. ____________________________________________ ThrombocytesMuch smaller

256,000–500,000MegakaryocytesPlug broken vesselsStart clot formationWaterSolutesAlbuminsGlobulinsFibrinogenGlobulinsAlbuminsLiverUrea; uric acidElectrolytesBlood vessel spasmPlatelet plug formationBlood clot formationBlood vessel spasmPlateletsProthrombin activatorCaFibrinFibroblastsThrombin

7. Human Blood TypesWrite the answers that match the statements in the spaces at the right.

1) Location of antigens used in blood typing. ____________________________________________ 2) Location of antibodies against blood typing antigens. ____________________________________________ 3) Antigen(s) in type A blood. ____________________________________________ 4) Antigen(s) in type AB blood. ____________________________________________ 5) Antigen(s) in type O blood. ____________________________________________ 6) Antibodies in type B blood. ____________________________________________ 7) Antibodies in type AB blood. ____________________________________________ 8) Antibodies in type O blood. ____________________________________________ 9) Antibodies in Rh blood of person sensitized to theRh antigen. ____________________________________________ 10) Caused by maternal anti-Rh antibodies binding withRh antigens on fetal RBCs. ____________________________________________

8. Disorders of the BloodWrite the answers that match the statements in the spaces at the right.1) Reduced ability to form blood clots. ____________________________________________ 2) Reduced capacity to carry oxygen. ____________________________________________ 3) An excessive concentration of erythrocytes. ____________________________________________ 4) Infection of lymphocytes by Epstein-Barr virus.

____________________________________________ 5) Anemia due to a deficiency of iron. ____________________________________________ 6) Cancer producing excess of leukocytes. ____________________________________________



7) Anemia due to inability to absorb vitamin B12. ____________________________________________ 8) Anemia due to excessive bleeding. ____________________________________________ 9) Anemia due to sickling of erythrocytes. ____________________________________________ 10) Anemia due to premature rupture of RBCs. ____________________________________________ 11) Anemia due to loss of red bone marrow. ____________________________________________ 12) Fetal blood contains erythroblasts. ____________________________________________

9. Clinical Applicationsa. A person can receive platelets from anyone, no matter the blood type. How is thispossible? _________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ b. Chemotherapy is often used to destroy the rapidly dividing cells of a cancer. What impactwouldchemotherapy have on the production of blood cells?

____________________________________________ Explain. _____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ c. Mary’s blood type is A, Rh–. She is at the hospital for delivery of her second child, and herfirst childis Rh. The attending physician wants blood available in case the baby exhibits

erythroblastosis fetalisupon delivery. What blood type should he order? ___________________________________________ Explain. _____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ 106On RBCsIn PlasmaAABNoneAnti-ANoneAnti-A, anti-B

Anti-RhErythroblastosis fetalisHemophiliaAnemiaPolycythemiaInfectious mononucleosisNutritional anemiaLeukemiaPernicious anemiaHemorrhagic anemiaSickle-cell anemiaHemolytic anemiaAplastic anemia

Erythroblastosis fetalisPlatelets do not have antigens on their surfaces.Blood cell production would decrease.Some dividing cells in red bone marrow would be killed by the chemotherapy.O, RhO, Rh is acceptable by all blood types. Maternal anti-Rh antibodies in fetal bloodwill not destroyO, Rh RBCs.



S T U D Y G U I D E 111. General Characteristics of BloodWrite the answers that match the statements in the spaces at the right.1) pH range of the blood. ____________________________________________ 2) Liquid portion of blood. ____________________________________________ 3) Blood cells and platelets. ____________________________________________ 4) Percentage of blood formed by liquid portion. ____________________________________________ 5) Percentage of blood formed by RBCs, WCBs, andplatelets. ____________________________________________ 6) Average range of blood volume in males. ____________________________________________ 7) Average range of blood volume in females. ____________________________________________ 8) Basic function of blood. ____________________________________________

2. Red Blood CellsWrite the answers that match the statements in the spaces at the right.1) Shape of erythrocytes. ____________________________________________ 2) Red pigment in erythrocytes. ____________________________________________

3) Primary function of RBCs is transport of ______ . ____________________________________________ 4) Iron-containing portion of hemoglobin. ____________________________________________ 5) Normal range of RBCs/mm3 in males. ____________________________________________ 6) Normal range of RBCs/mm3 in females. ____________________________________________ 7) Tissue-forming RBCs in children and adults. ____________________________________________ 8) Hormone-stimulating RBC production. ____________________________________________ 9) Organs releasing the hormone that stimulatesRBC production. ____________________________________________ 10) Organ producing intrinsic factor. ____________________________________________ 11) Vitamins required for RBC production. ____________________________________________ 12) Intrinsic factor enables absorption of ______ . ____________________________________________ 13) Cells from which RBCs originate. ____________________________________________

14) Average life span of RBCs. ____________________________________________ 15) Organs where old RBCs are destroyed. ____________________________________________ 16) Phagocytic cells destroying RBCs. ____________________________________________ 17) Portion of heme that is recycled. ____________________________________________ 18) Portion of heme that is excreted. ____________________________________________ 19) Organ where heme breakdown occurs. ____________________________________________ 1037.35–7.45PlasmaFormed elements55%45%; <1%5–6 liters4–5 litersTransport of materialsBiconcave disksHemoglobinOxygen and carbon dioxideHeme4.6–6.0 million4.2–5.0 millionRed bone marrowErythropoietin



Kidneys, liverStomachB12; folic acidVitamin B12

Hemocytoblasts120 days

Spleen; liverMacrophagesIron-containing portionNon-iron portionLiver

3. White Blood Cellsa. Write the answers that match the statements in the spaces at the right.1) Cell from which WBCs originate. ____________________________________________ 2) Normal range of WBCs/mm3 of blood. ____________________________________________ 3) Basic function of WBCs is defense against ______ .

____________________________________________ 4) Where most functions of WBCs occur. ____________________________________________ 5) Group of WBCs with cytoplasmic granules. ____________________________________________

6) Group of WBCs lacking these granules. ____________________________________________ 7) WBCs with lavender-staining granules. ____________________________________________ 8) WBCs with blue-staining granules. ____________________________________________ 9) Largest leukocytes. ____________________________________________ 10) Smallest leukocytes. ____________________________________________ 11) WBCs with red-staining granules. ____________________________________________ 12) Form 20% to 25% of WBCs. ____________________________________________ 13) Migrate into tissues to become macrophages.

____________________________________________ 14) First WBCs attracted from blood into damagedtissues. ____________________________________________ 15) WBCs that move into tissues to completeclean-up of tissue damage. ____________________________________________

16) Form 60% to 70% of leukocytes. ____________________________________________ 17) Release histamine in allergic reactions. ____________________________________________ 18) WBCs that neutralize histamine. ____________________________________________ 19) Become mast cells after entering tissues. ____________________________________________ 20) Destroy parasitic worms. ____________________________________________ 21) Produce antibodies. ____________________________________________ 22) Compose 3% to 8% of leukocytes. ____________________________________________ 23) Compose 0.5% to 1.0% of leukocytes. ____________________________________________ 24) Compose 2% to 4% of leukocytes. ____________________________________________ 25) Two major phagocytic WBCs. ____________________________________________

____________________________________________ b. Use colored pencils to draw these white blood cells as they appear after staining.Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil

Monocyte Lymphocyte104Hemocytoblast5000–9000DiseaseTissuesGranulocytesAgranulocytesNeutrophilsBasophils



MonocytesLymphocytesEosinophilsLymphocytesMonocytesNeutrophils

MonocytesNeutrophilsBasophils (mast cells)EosinophilsBasophilsEosinophilsLymphocytesMonocytesBasophilsEosinophilsNeutrophilsMonocytes105

4. PlateletsWrite the answers that match the statements in the spaces at the right.1) Alternate name for platelets. ____________________________________________ 2) Size compared to size of RBCs. ____________________________________________ 3) Number of platelets per mm3 of blood. ____________________________________________ 4) Cells that fragment to form platelets. ____________________________________________ 5) Two functions of platelets. ____________________________________________

____________________________________________

5. PlasmaWrite the answers that match the statements in the spaces at the right.1) Constitutes over 90% of plasma. ____________________________________________ 2) General term for dissolved substances. ____________________________________________ 3) Most abundant plasma proteins. ____________________________________________

4) Plasma proteins that are antibodies. ____________________________________________ 5) Plasma protein converted into fibrin. ____________________________________________ 6) Plasma proteins transporting lipids. ____________________________________________ 7) Plasma proteins helping to regulate pH and osmoticpressure of the blood. ____________________________________________ 8) Organ forming most plasma proteins. ____________________________________________ 9) Nitrogenous wastes of protein breakdown. ____________________________________________ 10) Collective term for inorganic ions in the blood plasma.

____________________________________________

6. HemostasisWrite the answers that match the statements in the spaces at the right.1) Three processes of hemostasis in order of occurrence. ____________________________________________

____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 2) Constriction of damaged blood vessel. ____________________________________________ 3) Formed elements that temporarily plug break indamaged blood vessel. ____________________________________________ 4) Substance released by platelets and damagedtissues that starts clotting process. ____________________________________________ 5) Electrolyte required for clotting to occur. ____________________________________________ 6) Threadlike strands forming a blood clot. ____________________________________________



7) Cells that enter clot to form new connectivetissue and repair damage. ____________________________________________ 8) Enzyme converting fibrinogen into fibrin. ____________________________________________ ThrombocytesMuch smaller256,000–500,000

MegakaryocytesPlug broken vesselsStart clot formationWaterSolutesAlbuminsGlobulinsFibrinogenGlobulinsAlbuminsLiverUrea; uric acidElectrolytesBlood vessel spasmPlatelet plug formationBlood clot formationBlood vessel spasmPlateletsProthrombin activatorCaFibrinFibroblastsThrombin

7. Human Blood TypesWrite the answers that match the statements in the spaces at the right.1) Location of antigens used in blood typing. ____________________________________________

2) Location of antibodies against blood typing antigens. ____________________________________________ 3) Antigen(s) in type A blood. ____________________________________________ 4) Antigen(s) in type AB blood. ____________________________________________ 5) Antigen(s) in type O blood. ____________________________________________ 6) Antibodies in type B blood. ____________________________________________ 7) Antibodies in type AB blood. ____________________________________________ 8) Antibodies in type O blood. ____________________________________________ 9) Antibodies in Rh blood of person sensitized to theRh antigen. ____________________________________________ 10) Caused by maternal anti-Rh antibodies binding withRh antigens on fetal RBCs. ____________________________________________

8. Disorders of the BloodWrite the answers that match the statements in the spaces at the right.1) Reduced ability to form blood clots. ____________________________________________ 2) Reduced capacity to carry oxygen. ____________________________________________ 3) An excessive concentration of erythrocytes. ____________________________________________ 4) Infection of lymphocytes by Epstein-Barr virus.

____________________________________________ 5) Anemia due to a deficiency of iron. ____________________________________________ 6) Cancer producing excess of leukocytes. ____________________________________________ 7) Anemia due to inability to absorb vitamin B12. ____________________________________________



8) Anemia due to excessive bleeding. ____________________________________________ 9) Anemia due to sickling of erythrocytes. ____________________________________________ 10) Anemia due to premature rupture of RBCs. ____________________________________________ 11) Anemia due to loss of red bone marrow. ____________________________________________ 12) Fetal blood contains erythroblasts. ____________________________________________

9. Clinical Applicationsa. A person can receive platelets from anyone, no matter the blood type. How is thispossible? _________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ b. Chemotherapy is often used to destroy the rapidly dividing cells of a cancer. What impactwouldchemotherapy have on the production of blood cells?

____________________________________________ Explain. _____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ c. Mary’s blood type is A, Rh–. She is at the hospital for delivery of her second child, and herfirst childis Rh. The attending physician wants blood available in case the baby exhibitserythroblastosis fetalis

upon delivery. What blood type should he order? ___________________________________________ Explain. _____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ 106On RBCsIn PlasmaAABNoneAnti-ANoneAnti-A, anti-BAnti-Rh

Erythroblastosis fetalisHemophiliaAnemiaPolycythemiaInfectious mononucleosisNutritional anemiaLeukemiaPernicious anemiaHemorrhagic anemiaSickle-cell anemiaHemolytic anemiaAplastic anemiaErythroblastosis fetalis

Platelets do not have antigens on their surfaces.Blood cell production would decrease.Some dividing cells in red bone marrow would be killed by the chemotherapy.O, RhO, Rh is acceptable by all blood types. Maternal anti-Rh antibodies in fetal bloodwill not destroyO, Rh RBCs.









All the plasma proteins are synthesized in liver except gamma globulins.

albumin is a protein that in humans, Serum albumin is the most abundant plasma protein inmammals. Albumin is essential for maintaining the osmotic pressure needed for proper

distribution of body fluids between intravascular compartments and body tissues.

Fibrinogen ( factor I ) is a soluble plasma glycoprotein, synthesised by the liver , that is converted

by thrombin into fibrin during blood coagulation.

An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large Y-shaped protein produced by

B-cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as

bacteria and viruses

Transferrins are iron-binding blood plasma glycoproteins that control the level of free iron inthe blood

The complement system consists of a number of small proteins found in

the blood, generally synthesized by the liver,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_globulins

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_protein

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic_pressure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_fluid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasma

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoprotein

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrin


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterium

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_globulins


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_protein

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic_pressure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_fluid




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrin


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterium

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron














Bohr effect

An effect by which an increase of carbon dioxide in the blood as it passes through capillaries inthe tissues and a decrease in pH results in a reduction of the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

Cellular metabolism:

Glucose or fatty acids + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) + water

CO2 enters the blood, 20% of carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin which is called

carbaminohemoglobin. Carbon dioxide combining with hemoglobin reduces the affinity of

hemoglobin for oxygen and oxygen is releases into the tissues.

70% of the CO2 entering the blood diffuses into RBC’s and is acted on by carbonic anhydrase

which increases the rate of reaction between CO2 and H2O, producing carbonic acid(H2CO3)

which dissociates into hydrogen ions [H+] and bicarbonate ions [-

HCO3 ]

CO2 + H2O↔ H2CO3↔ H+ + - HCO3

hydrogen ions [H+] lower the pH(make acid) of blood but large amounts of hydrogen ions [H+]

bind with hemoglobin(this helps keep the pH above 7.35) if not for hydrogen ions [H+] binding

with hemoglobin the blood would actually become acidic (acidosis). Because H+ binds with

hemoglobin and prevents a drastic pH change this makes hemoglobin a buffer.

BUFFER: substance that minimizes change in the acidity of a solution when an acid

or base is added to the solution.

hydrogen ions [H+] bind with hemoglobin which results in a reduction of the affinity of

hemoglobin for oxygen and oxygen is releases into the tissues





































































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