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What is in blood?
1) White blood cells
2) Platelets
3) Plasma
4) Red Blood Cells• Carry oxygen throughout body
• Determine blood type
Blood Typing Genotypes
Up to this point, we have talked about only 2 alleles for any gene (for example A or a)
In human blood types, there are 3 alleles: A, B and O
This is called multiple alleles
Blood Typing GenotypesSome rules in blood typing:
I is dominant to i
There are 6 possible genotypes, and 4 phenotypes
IAIA and IAi = blood type AIBIB and IBi = blood type BIAIB = blood type ABii = blood type O
What does your blood type mean?
Different blood types have
different SURFACE
PROTEINS on their
RED BLOOD CELLS
Glycoproteins on the surface of cells help identify “self”
The pattern of sugars that are attached is determined by a gene
Type B (IBIB and Ibi)
An B allele (IB) tells
the cell to put
different “B”glycoproteins
on its surface
ANTIBODIES are specialized proteins that are part of your immune system. They react to, and attempt to destroy, ‘foreign’ invaders. Usually determined by their glycoproteins.
Glycoproteins on the surface of cells that cause animmune reaction are calledANTIGENS
How Antigens & Antibodies Interact
If you are blood type “A”, you have:
“A” Antigens AND “B” Antibodies
If you add ANTI-A (antibody A)
to cells with “A” glycoproteins on their surface, it causes them to
clump together
= ________________________AGGLUTINATION
Adding ANTI-A
antibodies to cells
with B glycoproteins
on their surface
causes NO REACTION
How Antigens & Antibodies Interact
Blood Types
Blood Type:
PhenotypePossible
Genotypes Antigens AntibodiesCan give blood to
Can get blood from
A IAIA
IAiA B A, AB A, O
B IBIB
IBiB A B, AB B, O
AB IAIB A & B None AB A, B, AB, O
O ii None A & B A, B, AB, O
O
Rh Factor
If your blood does contain the Rh protein, your blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+)
If your blood does NOT contain the Rh protein, your blood is said to be Rh negative (Rh-)
The Rh factor describes another surface protein on the RBC. It is named after the Rhesus monkey, where it was initially identified
Rh Factor
Similar to ABO blood types, an Rh- person may have the Rh antibody.
Therefore, Rh+ individuals can give blood only to other Rh+, but Rh- can give blood to both Rh+ and Rh-
So, O- is the ultimate donor!
You can determine the blood type of a cell by seeing which ANTIBODY it
reacts with
Add 1 drop of person’s blood to each well
Add 10uL ANTI-A serum to A well
Add 10uL of ANTI-B serum to B well
Add 10uL of ANTI-Rh to Rh well
You are looking for blood agglutination
Type A will clump in well A
Type B will clump in well B
Type AB will clump in both well A & B
Type O will NOT clump in A or B
Rh+ will clump in Rh well