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1750 – 1914 1750 – 1914

What makes 1450 to 1750 Different?

• Economic– Expansion to the New World creates a truly

global trade network.– Silver trade has a massive impact on the

world market– Coercive labor goes to a whole new level.– Trade relationships begin to center around

Western Europe.– Plantation Economies

What makes 1450-1750 Different?

• Political– Colonization of the Americas– Core – Dependent relationships– Militarization of trade – Gunpowder technology– The rise of Western Europe– China’s decision to withdraw

What makes 1450 – 1750 Different?

• Social– Migration patterns– Demographic changes in Africa and

the New World

Rise of Western Europe

• State Building• Empire Building• Cultural Growth• Religious Change – Reformation(s)

Statebuilding

Ferdinand & Isabella

Henry VIII

Empire Building

Empire Building

Reformations

St. Ignatius of Loyola

Martin Luther

Columbian Exchange• The plants• The animals• The GERMS• The people

Columbian Exchange

And more exchange

Spanish America vs. North America

• Why do mother countries matter?

• Why does geography matter?

Indian Ocean Changes• Militarization of a once peaceful

trade network• Early European imperialism

Ming China• Why didn’t China “discover”

America? • Neo-Confucianism at its best/worst

Gunpowder Empires• Ottoman

• Safavid

• Mughal

Japan vs. Russia Act 1

Remember the “Enlightened Despot?”

1750 – 1914What makes it

different???• Economics:

– Western dominance of trade is clear and the world becomes smaller with new technologies and transportation.

– Industrialization creates huge separation between the world’s powerful countries and those that remain agricultural and “behind.” This difference is highlighted by imperialism.

1750 – 1914What makes it different?

• Political:– Political revolutions – for independence or political

change– The concept of the nation emerges.– Absolutism is challenged, and the idea of

democracy spreads.• Social:

– Industrialization impacts: gender patterns and the growing middle class, but also increases the gap between the rich and poor

– Labor systems change as slavery and serfdom become less prevalent.

1750 – 1914Industrialization

• Why did it begin in Britain? – Agricultural change and and Enclosures– New inventions– Natural resources and transportation – Economic and political stability

• Where did it spread? • How did industrialization look in Russia

and Japan?

1750 – 1914Industrialization – Impacts

• Created a gap between societies• Increased need for natural resources

– was a reason for imperialism– led to the dependence on cash crops

among non-industrialized regions• Global transportation developed to

support the trade in manufactured goods and raw materials

• Railroads• New sea lanes – Suez and Panama Canals

• Environmental Impacts• Land use and urbanization

1750 – 1914Industrialization - Impacts• Social Impacts

– Urbanization– Gender “equality” ?????– Social Classes– Labor systems– Immigration

• Political responses– Reform– Isms!

1750 – 1914Political Change

• Sources of change:– Enlightenment Ideas– Those darn bourgeoisie

• Revolutions!– American– French– Haitian– Latin America– (later) China– (and Russia is getting ready!)

1750 – 1914Revolutions

• What makes the American and French Revolutions different?

• What makes the Haitian Revolution different?

• What are some of the reasons revolution spread to Latin America?

• How did the conservative reaction to revolution impact Europe? (Congress of Vienna)

1750 – 1914Revolution - Impacts

• What made the outcomes of the independence movements in North America so different from the independence movements in South America?– Political– Economic

1750 – 1914Revolution - Limitations• Women’s Rights• Racial Equality? • Social Equality?

1750 – 1914Nationalism!

• What makes a nation different from previous types of political entities?

• How did nationalism create changes?– France– Italy– Germany

1750 – 1914What’s going on in those old

empires? • The Russian Empire

– Catherine the Great the “Enlightened Despot”– Industrialization(?), Crimean War and Reform– Marxism

• The “Sickly” Ottoman Empire– Economic issues– Janissaries– Young Turks

• Austria-Hungary?• The Qing

– From Kangxi to Opium – How did it happen?

1750 – 1914Imperialism

• How did imperialism change over time in Africa? – Slave trade– “legitimate” trade– The Scramble

• How did imperialism change over time in South Asia? – The declining Mughal Empire– Company Rule (to 1857)– Direct Rule (to 1947)– Nationalism and the Indian National Congress

The Sun Never Sets

1750 – 1914Imperialism

• Economic Imperialism in China– Opium Wars and Unequal Treaties– Response: Taiping and Boxer Rebellions

• Economic Imperialism in Latin America• Japanese – Avoiding Imperialism

– The Meiji Restoration

• The U.S. joins the fun.

19th Century Drug Lords

The New Japan

New Revolutions (Getting into the Next Time Period)

• Mexico – Radical Start with a Moderate Finish

• Russia – Radical – Moderate – Radical

• China – Moderate Start with a Radical Finish

Pancho Villa

Alvaro Obregon

Sun Yat-sen

Mao Zedong

Vladimir LeninAlexander Kerensky