B&ME Slides2

7/21/2019 B&ME Slides2

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Global IssuesGlobal Issues


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CORPORATE GOVERNANCECORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Gross misconception that business andethics are poles apart.

Corporate governance to be based onethical policies for good successfulbusiness

Companies having good business practicesand strong ethical policies do !ell b"gaining investor con#dence.


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$%%&E%$%%&E%

All business practices must be based oncorporate social responsibility. Doingbusiness and making proft are notthe onl"important ob'ectives. Corporate bodies must be

a!are of their responsibilities to the societ".

Ever" corporate entit" should ormulate anethical policy or its own unctions and those

o its employees covering various issues relatedto its business and social responsibilit". This mustbe (no!n to all the clients and sta(eholders.


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*$NANCE + ACCO&NT$NG*$NANCE + ACCO&NT$NG

There are !ell laid,out norms for accountingpractices. -usinesses must follo! such practicesscrupulousl".!ransparency in accounting is important.

No attempt must be made to manipulateaccounts to hide the #nancial health of thecompan".There are !ell laid,out norms for reporting #nancial aspects of a compan". These must bescrupulousl" follo!ed and reported tosta(eholders during the annual general meetingAG/0.


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There should be no dealings that cannotbe reported in the accounts or reportedin a di1erent !a" in the accounts. Alle)penses must be legitimate andpromotional e)penses must be sho!n assuch !ithout recourse to fudging of accounts.

"inancial audit is like a watchdog or

the fnancial practices o a company.This is a great social responsibilit" as !ell asit informs the sta(eholders of the true#nancial health of a compan".

*$NANCE + ACCO&NT$NG*$NANCE + ACCO&NT$NG


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CORPORATE %OC$A2 RE%PON%$-$2$T3CORPORATE %OC$A2 RE%PON%$-$2$T3

4e#nitions5$t refers to the obligations of businessmen to pursue those policies to

ma(e those decisions or to follo! those lines of action !hich are desirablein terms of the ob'ectives and values of our societ".6 7.R. -o!en 89:;0

5The idea of social responsibilities supposes that the corporation has notonl" economic and legal obligations but also certain responsibilities to

societ" !hich e)tend be"ond these obligations.6 /cGuire 89


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CONCEPT O* C%RCONCEPT O* C%R

Earlier C%R !as considered philanthrop"

2ater as broader commitment to all sta(e holdersincluding communit".

C%R reports no! cover a variet" of issues such asgovernance ethics !or(er !elfare purchase andsuppl" chain management energ" audit andenvironmental impact.

C%R is no longer a 5ma" do6 option.

&ustainability has been defned as ()meeting theneeds o the present generation withoutcompromising the ability o the uturegeneration to meet their needs.#

C%R is one strateg" for sustainabilit" of business.


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$%O + C%R$%O + C%R

$%O =>> ? Guidance on %ocial Responsibilit"

According to the standard the perception and realit" of anorgani@ation6s performance on social responsibilit" can inuenceamong other things the follo!ingB

Competitive advantage

Reputation

Abilit" to attract and retain !or(ers or members customersclients or users

/aintenance of emplo"ees6 morale commitment and

productivit"Vie! of investors o!ners donors sponsors and the #nancialcommunit"

Relationship !ith companies governments the media supplierspeers customers and the communit" in !hich it operates.


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$%O =>>$%O =>>

$%O =>> provides guidance for all t"pes oforgani@ations regardless of their si@e or location on

Concepts terms and de#nitions related to socialresponsibilit"

-ac(ground trends and characteristics of socialresponsibilit"Principles and practices relating to social responsibilit"Core sub'ects and issues of social responsibilit"$ntegrating implementing and promoting sociall"responsible behavior throughout the organi@ation andthrough its policies and practices !ithin its sphere ofinuence$dentif"ing and engaging !ith sta(eholdersCommunicating commitments performance and otherinformation related to social responsibilit".


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/AOR $%%&E%/AOR $%%&E%

Conservation of biodiversit" in the biosphereEnerg" conservation including nuclear energ"Global climate changesOverpopulation and destruction of forests or animalhabitatsE)ponentiall" increasing depletion of naturalresourcesGenetic engineering cloning geneticall" modi#ed

foodsDaste disposal and e,!aste$ntensive farming and overuse of pesticidesO@one depletion


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ENV$RON/ENTENV$RON/ENT

Environmental ethics is 5the discipline that studiesthe moral relationships of human beings to andalso the values and moral status of theenvironment and its non,human contents6.

&niue nature of planet earth-iosphere and biodiversit"A ma'or ethical problem concerned !ith theenvironment is the concept that human beings arethe onl" life forms having a right to live and prosper

and other elements living or other!ise are forthem to e)ploit and use for their o!n !ell,being.Challenging this philosoph" is the genesis forenvironmental ethics as a discipline.


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C7A22ENGE%C7A22ENGE%

Anthropocentrism

%ustainable development

Ecos"stem

*ood chain and food !eb

-iodiversit"

Greenhouse e1ect

Global !arming

Energ" Crisis

O@one 4epletion

Pollution ? 2and Air + Dater

E)cessive use of natural resources

E)cessive use of chemical fertili@ers

4evelopmental initiatives that are not sustainable


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ET7$CA2 $%%&E%ET7$CA2 $%%&E%

%hould !e do a!a" !ith the paradigm of human,centred development and consider that all life formshave intrinsic valueF Dhat speci#c actions are reuiredto sho! that !e have indeed changed our vie!FDhat should be the responsibilities of the developed

!orld !hich is considered to be the main cause of thepresent environmental crisis to develop adopt andtransfer environment,friendl" technologies to the poordeveloping societiesFThere are a plethora of conventions and agreements onvarious aspects of the environment. $s there an ecientmechanism to monitor unethical actions b" membercountriesFDhat about the vie! that nature !ill ta(e care andbalance things b" itselfF $s environmental crisis a m"thF7o! can countries corporate entities and individualscontribute to mitigate the crisis !e face toda"F


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CO/P&TER ET7$C%CO/P&TER ET7$C%

/anufacturing + /ar(eting

%oft!are 4evelopment

C"bercrimes

&nsolicited mails and promotional materials

$llegal 7ac(ing

4ata %tealing

$nvading Privac"7ac(ing computers in vehicles and homesecurit" s"stems


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ET7$CA2 $%%&E%ET7$CA2 $%%&E%

&se of computers for invasion of privac".2arge number crunching machines usedto snoop on a large scale on people and

other s"stems.7ac(ing to steal credit cards.7ac(ing for embe@@lement.%ensitive information being e)tracted

from computer s"stems.As man" s"stems get automated realdanger of harm to people and securit"apparatus from hac(ers.


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A%PECT% O* /E4$AA%PECT% O* /E4$A

Positive Aspects/edia forms the fourth estate and true pillar of

democrac".Po!er to inuence people and initiate right thin(ing

and social actions.Act as opinion ma(er bring out in'ustice and a!a(en

authorities to ta(e action.

Negative Aspects

-iased and dishonest reporting.Papara@@i and tabloids invading privac" of celebritiesReporting militar" secrets and information not in public

interest


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/E4$A ET7$C%/E4$A ET7$C%

Ethics in ournalism

Respect the privac" of individuals. An" invasion of privac" b"sting operations recordings of conversations etc. must beavoided e)cept !here the" are needed in public interest.

Avoid recording intervie!s and phone conversations.

Avoid sensationali@ing ne!s.Avoid giving gor" and gruesome details and pictures ofdisturbing ne!s.Dith a vie! to being the #rst and e)clusive do not publishunauthenticated ne!s.

Avoid publishing suggestive guilt.Respect the right to repl" of individuals.Avoid glorif"ing violence and social evils.4o not publish advertisements that malign or hurt religioussentiments.


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A4VERT$%$NG ET7$C%A4VERT$%$NG ET7$C%

Advertising should be truthful and reect the truecharacter and features of the item beingadvertised.

$t should be impartial that is it should not

highlight only the a*orable eatures and hidefacts that sho! the product in poor light.

Advertising should not be against social norms andpubic decenc" hurting the sensitivit" of people.

Advertisements should not hurt the religioussentiments o people.Advertisements should not incite people to*iolence or cause public disorder etc.


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-$OET7$C%-$OET7$C%

-ioethics deals !ith ethical issues in medicineand biolog".-ioethics is de#ned as the philosophical stud" of

ethical uestions arising out of developments inbiolog" and medicine. /ore speci#call" it studiesethical arising out of the relationship among lifesciences medicine la! politics and religion.-ioethics covers a !ide range of areas such as

abortion euthanasia surrogac" geneticengineering suicide cloning and health,careissues.


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GENET$C%GENET$C%

The ethicalit" of research that transcends theboundar" bet!een speciesHThe lac( of (no!ledge about ris(s associated !ithsuch research and the dicult" of predicting themH

A ne! research area that has little control b" !a"of social and legal regulator" frame!or(HThe e1ect on the biosphere environment0 !heresuch geneticall" modi#ed life forms are introducedHThe unpredictabilit" of genetic interventions onhumansHThe issue of !hether technolog" can be misusedb" unscrupulous elements to create social andcultural ma"hem b" creating un(no!n life forms.


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*EAT&RE% O* RE%EARC7*EAT&RE% O* RE%EARC7

The outcome of research is not al!a"s certain. Onema" do a lot of !or( spending time e1ort andmone" !ithout getting an"thing tangible in return.Research reuires speciall" s(illed people. A

universit" degree or a Ph4 alone cannot ma(e onea researcher. Iuali#cations can help but are not aguarantee. Research reuires people !ith di1erents(ill sets.Research is uite e)pensive in terms of elaborate

instrumentation and e)perimentation and the ris(of 5no result6 involved.Research must lead to some product useful tosociet" and must result in a business propositionfor investing mone".


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ET7$CA2 A%PECT%ET7$CA2 A%PECT%

To promote the aims of research the researcher shouldfollo! the norms of research !ritten or other!ise. An"fabrication falsi#cation or misrepresentation of researchdata is unethical and must be scrupulousl" avoided./ost research !or( toda" involves cooperation andcollaboration b di1erent people from di1erent disciplines

institutions and even countries. Values that are essential insuch collaborative research !or( include trust accountabilit"mutual respect and fairness. Ethical standards must be speltout for conducting research. Ethical standards for researchinclude guidelines for authorship cop"right patenting datasharing and con#dentialit" of revie!s. These are intended toprotect the intellectual propert" rights $PR0 of people.

Research guidelines also include the researcher6saccountabilit" to the public in terms of misconduct conict ofinterest human and animal sub'ects6 protection andusefulness of research to the public particularl" !hen publicmone" is spent on research pro'ects.


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ET7$CA2 A%PECT%ET7$CA2 A%PECT%

Ethical standards in research also garner public supportfor further funding based on the usefulness ualit"and integrit" of research.

Ethics in research also helps to promote moral andsocial values in general.


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ET7$CA2 PR$NC$P2E%ET7$CA2 PR$NC$P2E%

The researcher has to faithfull" observe somefundamental principles. 7onest" ob'ectivit"integrit" alertness transparenc" respect forothers respect for $PR con#dentialit"

cooperation and collaboration scrupulousl"obe"ing the laid,do!n la!s competence andan understanding of ethical norms forresearch.

$nformed Consent ? $n medical and clinicalresearch !here human sub'ects are used it isimperative that the human sub'ect gives aninformed consent after being full" made a!areof the research and its implications.


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ET7$CA2 $%%&E%ET7$CA2 $%%&E%

Research is a double,edged s!ord. Dhile research is absolutel"essential to understand and e)ploit nature sensibl" it can also leadto un!anted and une)pected results.. /an" research areas inbiosciences are banned in various countries as the results could bedangerous to the societ". Researchers must ensure that research isdone in approved areas onl". 7eJ%he should be !ell a!are of theli(el" results bene#ts and dangers.

Research results must eventuall" be brought to the public domain.The publication of research #ndings is thus important. Of course alot of research !or( done b" business enterprises have commercialvalue and are reported onl" after the" have the right to e)ploit itcommerciall". This is legitimate and in the interest of the societ".

The researcher has to have a high level of honest" and integrit".

Reporting research #ndings has to be ver" transparent indicatingthe limitations of the stud" and its application.

Plagiarism should be avoided. %ince research is an innovative !or(due credit must be given to the original researcher. Ta(ing someoneelse6s !or( and publishing as one6s o!n is a criminal act.


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$PR$PR

$ntellectual propert" right can be de#ned asthe right to the creation of one6s mind orintellect.The creations can be in man" forms in termsof artistic or literar" !or(s scienti#cinventions designs etc.$PR once established enables the individualto claim e)clusive right to e)ploit hisJhercreation commerciall".

Essentiall" $PR ensures that others cannote)ploit somebod"6s creation !ithout hisJherconsent or b" ma(ing some #nancial or otherarrangements !ith himJ her to use thatinvention.


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$PR$PR

$PR is a Global $ssue

$t is basicall" an incentive for the innovators. $tpromotes innovation because $PR ma(es it possible forthe innovator to commerciall" and e)clusivel" e)ploitthe innovation even if for a limited period of time.

$PR helps man" companies invest in research andinnovation because once $PR is granted the compan"#nds it possible to recover the investment and ma(e pro#ts. $t ma(es investment in research acommerciall" viable proposition./an" $PR categories protect the long traditions andrich heritage associated !ith famous products andgeographical territories such as Kancheepuram silk orDarjeeling tea.


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!'I+&

DTO adopted the trade,related TR$P% agreement at&rugua" round in 899K.

-ased on -erne convention on literar" and artistic !or(sand Paris convention on patents.

TR$P% agreement signed in morocco 899K.An e)haustive document covering all aspects of

protection of intellectual propert" rights .


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4O/A$N% O* $PR4O/A$N% O* $PR

The follo!ing Categories of $PR are Presentl"Covered.

Patents? are granted for original inventions orimprovement of e)isting productsTrademarks? Verbal visual or combination s"mbolthat identi#es distinctl" a product or serviceCopyright? protection of artistic and literar" !or(s

Industrial Designs? something that ma(es theproduct attractive and appealing to the consumerGeographical Indication ? Iualit" and territorialidentit" of products li(e basmati rice 4ar'eeling teaetc.

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B&ME Slides2