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Board Assignment
• Please identify 3 significant figures in history and their impact on modern medicine.
Ancient Medicine
The condensed version
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1wCQlOb1jc
Part 1 - IntroductionANCIENT TIMES
People believed that diseases and illnesses were caused by …
… demons and evil spirits.
ANCIENT TIMES
People also believed that treatments were directed toward …
… eliminating evil spirits.
Part 2 - History of Health Care
4000 BC - PRIMITIVE TIMES
Herb and plants were used as medicines. Do you know which ones are still used today?
Morphine for pain and
digitalis for the heart.
Trepanation was the treatment for insanity, epilepsy and headache.
That means boring a hole in the skull.
Average Life Span……. 20 years.
4000 BC - PRIMITIVE TIMES
3000 BC – Ancient Egyptians
Called upon the gods to heal them when disease occurred.
Therefore, physicians were priests who studied medicine and surgery in temple medical schools.
Earliest people known to keep accurate medical records.
The first physician may have been Imhotep.
Magic and medicinal plants were used to treat disease.
3000 BC – Ancient Egyptians
Believed the body was a system of channels for air, tears, blood, urine, sperm, and feces.
If a channel became “clogged”, bloodletting or leeches were used to “open” them.
Average life span … 20 to 30 years.
3000 BC – Ancient Egyptians
1700 BC – ANCIENT CHINESE
Carefully monitored the pulse to determine the condition of the body.
Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body.
Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbs.
Average life span was … 20 to 30 years.
Began to search for medical reasons for illness.
Used moxibustion to treat disease.
Used acupuncture to relieve pain and congestion.
1700 BC – ANCIENT CHINESE
1200 BC – ANCIENT GREEKS
Began modern medical science by observing human body and effects of disease.
Believed illness was a result of natural causes.
Stressed diet and cleanliness as ways to prevent disease.
Used therapies that are still used today …
massage art therapy
herbal treatment
1200 BC – ANCIENT GREEKS
Important People
AristotleDissected animals and is called the founder of comparative anatomy.
1200 BC – ANCIENT GREEKS
Hippocrates Important PeopleCalled the Father of Medicine
Developed an organizational method to observe the human body
Recorded signs and symptoms of many diseases
Created a high standard of ethics, the Oath of Hippocrates, used by physicians today
1200 BC – ANCIENT GREEKS
Average life span was … 25 to 35 years.
753 – 410 AD – ANCIENT ROMANS
First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers.
Early hospitals developed when physicians cared for ill people in rooms in their homes.
Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions housed in monasteries and convents.
Began public health and sanitation systems:
Aqueducts to carry clean water to the cities
Sewers to carry waste material away from the cities
Filtering systems in public baths to prevent disease
Drained marshes to reduce the incidence of malaria
753 – 410 AD – ANCIENT ROMANS
Important People
Claudius Galen
Studied infectious diseases and described symptoms of inflammation
Dissected animals and determined function of muscles, kidney and bladder
753 – 410 AD – ANCIENT ROMANS
Diseases were treated with diet, exercise, and medications.
Average life span was … 25 to 35 years.
753 – 410 AD – ANCIENT ROMANS
DARK AGES – 400 – 800 AD
The study of medicine was prohibited, emphasis was on saving the soul.
Illnesses and diseases were treated by prayer and divine intervention.
Medications were mainly herbal mixtures.
Monks and priests provided custodial care for sick people.
Average life span was … 20 to 30 years.
DARK AGES – 400 – 800 AD
MIDDLE AGES - 800 –1400 AD
Interest in the medical practice of Greeks and Romans was renewed.
Physicians began to obtain knowledge at medical universities in the 9th century
Major diseases were smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plague, and malaria.
A pandemic of the bubonic plague killed ¾ of the population of Europe and Asia.
MIDDLE AGES - 800 –1400 AD
Arab physicians used their knowledge of chemistry to advance pharmacology.
Arabs began requiring that physicians pass examinations and obtain licenses.
MIDDLE AGES - 800 –1400 AD
Important PeopleRhazes
Arab physician that became known as the Arab Hippocrates
910 AD – developed criteria for distinguishing between smallpox and measles
Suggested blood was the cause of many infectious diseases
Began the use of animal gut for suture material
MIDDLE AGES - 800 –1400 AD
Avenzoar
Physician who described the parasite causing scabies in the 12th century
Important People
Average life span was … 20 to 35 years.
MIDDLE AGES - 800 –1400 AD
RENAISSANCE – 1350-1650 ADRebirth of the science of medicine
Dissection of the body began to allow a better understanding of anatomy and physiology
Development of the printing press allowed knowledge to be spread to others
Artists Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci used dissection in order to draw the human body more realistically
Rebirth of the science of medicine
First chairs (positions of authority) of medicine created at Oxford and Cambridge in England in 1440
First anatomy book published by Andreas Vesalius
First book on dietetics written by Issac Judaeus
Firsts!
RENAISSANCE – 1350-1650 AD
Rebirth of the science of medicine
Average life span was …
30 to 40 years.
RENAISSANCE – 1350-1650 AD
16th and 17th CENTURIES
Causes of disease were still not known and many people died from infections and puerperal (childbirth) fever
Scientific societies, such as the Royal Society of London, were established
Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications
Ambrose Pare
French surgeon who became known as the Father of Modern Surgery
Established the use of ligatures to bind arteries and stop bleeding
Eliminated the use of boiling oil to cauterize wounds
Improved treatment of fractures and promoted the use of artificial limbs
Important People
16th and 17th CENTURIES
Anton van Leewenhoek
Invented the microscope in 1666
Average life span was … 35 to 40 years.
Important People
16th and 17th CENTURIES
18th CENTURY
Gabriel Fahrenheit created the first mercury thermometer in 1714
John Hunter
English surgeon who established scientific surgical procedures
Benjamin Franklin invented the bifocals for glasses
Important People
James Lind prescribed lime juice containing vitamin C to prevent scurvy in 1795
Edward Jenner developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796
Average life expectancy was … 40 to 50 years.
Important People
18th CENTURY
19th CENTURY
James Blundell performed the first blood transfusion in 1818.
Rene Laennec invented the first stethoscope in 1819.
Important People
Florence Nightingale was the Founder of Modern Nursing.
Established efficient and sanitary nursing unites during the Crimean war in 1854
Opened Nightingale School and Home for Nurses at St. Thomas Hospital In London in 1860
Began the professional education of nurses
Important People19th CENTURY
Ignaz Semmelweis, in the 1840s, encouraged physicians to wash hands with lime after performing autopsies and before delivering babies to prevent puerperal (childbirth) fever. (This idea was resisted by hospital and medical personnel)
Elizabeth Blackwell became the first female physician in the US in 1849
Important People19th CENTURY
Dorothea Dix was appointed Superintendent of Female Nurses of the Army in 1861
Joseph Lister started using disinfectants and antiseptics during surgery to prevent infection in 1865
Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross in 1881 (International Red Cross was founded in 1863)
Important People19th CENTURY
Louis Pasteur contributed many discoveries to the practice of medicine
Proved the microorganisms cause disease
Pasteurized milk to kill bacteria
Created a vaccine for rabies in 1885
Important People19th CENTURY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dWv3yq1Uax4
Robert Koch, called the Father of Microbiology, developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens and isolated the bacteria causing tuberculosis.
Gregory Mendel established principles of heredity and dominant/recessive patterns
Important People19th CENTURY
Lillian Wald established the Henry Street Settlement in New York City in 1893 (the start of public health nursing)
Dimitri Ivanofski discovered viruses in 1892
Important People
19th CENTURY
Average life span was … 40 to 60 years.
Almroth Wright developed vaccine for typhoid fever in 1897
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered Roentgenograms (X-rays) in 1895
Important People19th CENTURY
20th CENTURY
Walter Reed demonstrated that mosquitoes carry yellow fever in 1900
Carl Landsteiner classified the ABO blood groups in 1901
Important People
Sigmund Freud’s studies formed the basis for psychology and psychiatry
Marie Curie isolated radium in 1910
Dr. Elie Metchnikoff identified how white blood cells protect against disease
Important People20th CENTURY
Frederick Banting and Charles Best discovered and used insulin to treat diabetes in 1922
Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928
Important People20th CENTURY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIkUtfJ0yYQ
Dr. George Papanicolaou developed the Pap test to detect cervical cancer in females
The first kidney dialysis machine was developed in 1944
Important People20th CENTURY
Frances Crick and James Watson described the structure of DNA and how it carries genetic information in 1953
The first heart-lung machine was used for open-heart surgery in 1953
Important People20th CENTURY
animation
Jonas Salk developed the polio vaccine using dead polio virus in 1952
Albert Sabin developed an oral live-virus polio vaccine in the mid 1950s
Important People20th CENTURY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EPXMRZzaZtQ
The first successful kidney transplant in humans was performed by Joseph Murray in 1954
The first successful heart transplant was performed by Christian Barnard in 1968
Important People20th CENTURY
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) scan was developed in 1975
Physicians used amniocentesis to diagnose inherited diseases before birth in 1975
20th CENTURY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-4o0DxBgZk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HNDoYjXgm30
The first “test tube” baby, Louise Brown, was born in England in 1978
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was identified in 1981. (The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was identified in 1984.)
20th CENTURY
Cyclosporine, a drug to suppress the immune system after organ transplant, approved in 1983
Dr. William DeVries implanted the first artificial heart, the Jarvik-7, in 1982
20th CENTURY
The first gene therapy to treat disease occurred in 1990
A sheep was cloned in 1997
Average life span was … 60 to 70 years.
20th CENTURY
21st Century
2005 - The first successful partial face transplant is performed in France.
April 2003 – Completion of the Human Genome Project
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sZOvZTLr31s
2008 - The first full face transplant is performed in the U.S.
21st Century
2006 - Australian of the Year Dr Ian Frazer develops a vaccine for cervical cancer
2009 - Swine flu spreads around the globe