Ganoderma in the almond forest of the central valley

Bob Johnson Rizzo lab UC Davis Plant Pathology

What is a forest?

dictionary.com “A large tract of land covered with trees and underbrush; woodland.”

Merriam-webster.com

“A dense growth of trees and underbrush covering a large tract”.

en.oxforddictionaries.com

“A large area covered chiefly with trees and undergrowth.”

Almond acreage ~1.25 million acresOther perennial crops ~ 1.95 million acres

Initial Objective

Identify the main fungi associated with wood-decay diseases of almond in California.

G. adspersum G. brownii

• Two Ganoderma species were

identified in California almond

orchards, G. brownii and G.

adspersum.

• G. brownii is endemic to California

seems to be less aggressive and

infection was limited to a few trees in

older orchards or in trees already

suffering from some other disease.

• G. adspersum, previously unreported

in California, is native to Europe and is

more aggressive than G. brownii. It has

been found in orchards as young as 7

years old and incidence of infection

tends to be high.

All Ganodermas are not created equal

a a a

ab

b b b

B

A A

B B

C

D

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

G. adspersum 1 G. adspersum 2 G. adspersum 3 G. resinaceum G. brownii 1 G. brownii 2 Control

Ave

rage

mas

s lo

ss (

g)

Ganoderma isolate

Decay of Prunus by Ganoderma isolates

fresh autoclaved

New Objectives

1. Determine patterns of infection in orchards and possible sources of inoculum

2. Deploy molecular techniques for improved diagnostics and early detection of decay fungi in standing trees.

3. Assess rootstock resistance and susceptibility.

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100%

Per

cen

t o

f o

rch

ard

Orchard age (years)

Tree mortality over time for an orchard infected with Ganoderma adspersum.

standing treeswindfall treespredicted

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Sources of InoculumSpores vs. Root contact

Somatic Compatibility groupings

• Pairings of all possible combinations of 30 isolates from an orchard block in Kings county.

• No paired isolates resulted in a compatible reaction.

• Several stumps contained multiple isolates.

• Results suggest spores were the source of inoculum for this orchard.

• DOES NOT rule out the possibility of infection via root contact.

Inoculum survival in soil• 30 stumps of windfall trees from which G.

adspersum was isolated.• Each stump cut in half • Each half divided into 7 size classes• Buried in field• Re-isolate from one half at 7 months and

the other at 12 months

size class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

average volume (cm3) 1820 910 455 228 114 57 28

recovery at 7 months 50% 36% 25% 21% 4% 0% 0%

Harvest practices most likely contribute to spread

Rootstocks?Table 1. Rootsock varieties included in wood decay experiments

Rootstock Parentage Experiment

Source

Nonpareil almond 1,2 TG

Hrse-East almond 2 TG

Hrse-West almond 2 TG

Arbuckle almond 2 TG

3-305 almond (P. scoparia) x peach 2 TG

1-107 almond (P. tangutica) x peach 2 TG

20-192 almond x peach 2 TG

Hansen 536 almond x peach 1,2 SG

Viking almond x peach x plum x apricot

2 SG

Empyrean 1 peach 2 SG

Nemaguard peach 1,2 SG

Lovell peach 1,2 SG

Krymsk 86 peach x plum 1,2 SG

Myrobalan 29c plum 2 SG

Mariana 2624 plum 1,2 SG

Rootstock susceptibility to decay

fgef

cdef

ef ef ef

abcd

defbcde bcde

abc

aab

a ab

GFG

G

FGDEF DEF

DEFG

BCBCDE

BCD

BC

BCBC

AB

A

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Ave

rage

mas

s lo

ss (

g)

Rootstock

Mass Loss from Ganoderma adspersum

Fresh Autoclaved

Future Direction

• Continue surveys and orchard mapping• Expand into natural forest

• Spore monitoring

• Root stocks

• Shaker trials

• Bio-controls ?

Thank you

• Rizzo lab • Ian Good

• Almond board of California

• California dried plum board