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Body Chemi stry

Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

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Page 2: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join
Page 3: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Carbon • Organic

• Four valence electrons

• Great for bonding!

• Can form long chain or ring structure

• Carbons with different elements join to make MACROMOLECULES

Branched Chain

Page 4: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

4 Main Classes

Page 5: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

• Many BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES are very large (containing hundreds to millions of atoms) made up of SMALLER MOLECULES that repeat to make larger chains

• Monomers: small molecular building blocks of a larger molecule (Beads)

• Polymers: long chain of small molecular units (Necklace)

Page 6: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Monomers PolymersMacromolecules: link many small similar units called MONOMERS together to make long chain POLYMERS

Page 7: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

What are some carbohydrates?

Page 8: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

• Potato• Pasta• Milk• Apples • "Fiber” is also a carbohydrate

(cellulose) we can’t digest it.

Foods:

Page 9: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Elements

• C H O• In a 1:2:1 ratio (always twice as much hydrogen!)

Page 10: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Purpose/Function

• Main purpose is short term ENERGY!• Larger molecules either store energy or build

structures

Page 11: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

• ONE SUGAR MOLECULE Example:

SMALLER UNITS (MONOMERS):

Page 12: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

• Two sugars bound together

• Di- means TWO

sucrose(glucose + fructose)

maltose(glucose + glucose)

lactose(glucose + galactose)

Disaccharide

Page 13: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

LARGER UNITS (POLYMERS):

Page 14: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Cellulose

Structural carb in PLANTS cell walls

Aka “FIBER”

Page 15: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Chitin

Structural carb Exoskeletons of arthropods (insects, crabs, lobsters, crayfish etc.)

Page 16: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Glycogen

Animals only! Stored in LIVER as granules

Stores carbohydrates for approx. 24 hours (then carbs convert into fat!)

Page 17: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Starch

Plants only!

Carb storage in plants

Page 18: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

• Benedicts Solution – Will turn orange in the presence of simple

sugars

• Iodine– Will turn a blue black color in the presence of

starch

Common indicator tests for Carbohydrates

Page 19: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

How to test starch:1. In a test tube, add 2 dropperfuls of mixed starch solution. Record “Initial Color”.2. Add 5-6 drops of iodine to the test tube. Record color.

How to test glucose:1. Add 2 dropperfuls of glucose solution. Record “Initial Color”. 2. Add 1 dropperful of Benedict’s solution (blue).3. Place in hot water bath for ~2 mins. 4. CAREFULLY take out and place in rack. Record color.

Page 20: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Lipids

Page 21: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Foods high in Fats

ButterProcessed meats like sausage and salamiAvocado Nuts

Page 22: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Lipids(Commonly known as fats)

Elements: Contain C H O (no ratio)

Main functions Long term storage of energyInsulationProtectionForm membranesHormones (steroids)

Page 23: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

3 fatty acids and a glycerol Ex: Waxes, oils and “fats”

Long term energy storageInsulation and protection (cushioning to vital organs or protective layers – ex. wax on leaves of plants)

SMALLER UNITS:Triglycerides “Fats” (storage)

Page 24: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

SMALLER UNITS: Phospholipids (in cell membranes!)

• Phosphate/glycerol attached to 2 fatty acids• ‘Head’ is hydrophilic• ‘Tails’ are hydrophobic

Page 25: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

LARGER UNITS: Steroids..

4 carbon rings joined to one another.Chemical signals

(Hormones)Structure

(Cholesterol)Examples: sex hormones, cortisol, & cholesterol

Page 26: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

High levels of cholesterol can cause cardiovascular disease

Page 27: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

WAXES

• Hydrophobic protective covering on plants to prevent water loss

Page 28: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Double Bond!

Page 29: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Additional Info:SATURATED FATS

• “Bad Fat”

• Fatty acid has Single bonds

• Found in most

animal fats

• Solid at room temperature

Page 30: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

UNSATURATED FAT• “Good Fat”

• Double bonds in fatty acid

• Found in fruits, vegetables, fish, and oils

• Liquid at room temperature

Page 31: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Test for lipids

Paper testPaper will become dark and “Waxy” in the presence of fat

Ethanol Solubility TestOil floats in water, dissolves in ethanol

Page 32: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

TRANS FATS

Page 33: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

• Good Fat vs. Bad Fat

Page 34: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Proteins

Page 35: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

PROTEINSFoods with proteins: Steak, meat, poultry, eggs, soybeans, tofu

Elements: C H O N S

Page 36: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join
Page 37: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

PURPOSE:

1. Structure– Keratin hair, nails, skin

2. Hormones (signaling between cells)

– Insulin, Human growth hormone

3. Enzymes– Speed up chemical reactions

Page 38: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Small Units

• Amino acids• There are 20 different amino

acids.• All amino acids have:

amine group NH2

carboxyl group COOHhydrogen HSide group (changes)

Draw this

Page 39: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

20 Amino Acids

Page 40: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Side Note: What is Phenylalanine? Is it bad for you?

• Coke Can, Yogurt, Mints

Phenylketonuria (PKU)Amino acid called phenylalanine

Page 41: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Does eating turkey make you sleepy?

• Tryptophan- Amino Acid

Page 42: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Larger Units:Peptides / Proteins

• Peptide bond Chain of 50-100 amino acids linked together = Polypeptide

100+ amino acids linked = protein

Page 43: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

OTHER INFO• Protein shape

DETERMINES its function!– Analogy- fork, knife,

spoon

Page 44: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Keratin ( Hair Protein)

Page 45: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

OTHER INFO (con.’t)Examples of proteins

Hemoglobin - carries oxygen in bloodstream

(4 polypeptide strands)

Actin & Myosin - muscle fibers

Page 46: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

OTHER INFO. (con.’t)

• Denaturation- protein loses its normal configuration– pH– Temperature– Salinity

What happens to proteins when you heat them?

Page 47: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Hydrogen Bonds in Protein Secondary Structure:

Denaturation of Protein ( pH & Heat)

• Review Hydrogen Bonds http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LK7ERiCy5b8

- Hair straightener: - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zf-

g4k7ZIjA

Page 48: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

What is the polymer? What is the monomer?

Macromolecule Monomer Polymer

Carbohydrate

Protein

Lipid (Triglyceride)

Monosaccharides Polysaccharides

Amino Acids Polypeptides/Proteins

Glycerol & 3 Fatty Acids

Triglycerides( Fats and Oils)

Page 49: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Monomers Polymers

Macromolecules: link many small similar units called MONOMERS together to make long chain POLYMERS

Page 50: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Dehydration Reaction • Each time a monomer is

added to a chain, a water molecule is released

• Removing (de-) water (hydro-)

• Build up molecules!– Ex. Make your hair

proteins

Page 51: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Hydrolysis

• The break down of polymers into monomers

• Must add water – Hydro (water) lysis (break)

– Ex. break down starch, into glucose from the cracker ( digestion)

Page 52: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

DO NOW 5.1 Online Activity

1. Describe the role of water in the building and breaking down of polymers.

2. You just ate a big pasta dinner. Pasta contains a polymer called starch, which in turn is made up of many monomers called glucose. What do you think happens during the digestive process to break down the starch into usable glucose?

Page 53: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

I. What are enzymes?

• Your body has lots of reactions!

• Enzymes: Special Protein catalysts that speed up specific reactions

• End in ASE – Ex. Lactase digest lactose

• HOW?

Page 54: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

II. Activation Energy The energy needed to get a reaction started

Page 55: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

III. Lower the Activation Energy

• Activation energy is the “start up” energy of a reaction

• They do not raise the temp!

• Increase the frequency that the reactants come together to react!

Page 56: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

56

Enzymes

FreeEnergy

Progress of the reaction

Reactants

Products

Free energy of activation

Without EnzymeWith Enzyme

Page 57: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

IV. Enzymes are Specific • How? • The shape of each enzyme

fits the shape of what its acting on

• SUBSTRATE- What the enzyme acts on

• The substrate fits into a region of the enzyme ACTIVE SITE

• Animation

Page 58: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join
Page 59: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

V. Lock & Key Model

•Lock is the enzyme•Key is the substrate•The lock hole is the

active site

Page 60: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

• Enzymes can only catalyze 1 reaction because they only allow substrates with one particular shape to bond

oes not fit!

Page 61: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Factors that Affect Enzyme Performance

• Temperature • pH • Salinity• Concentration of enzyme or substrate

Page 62: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Temperature• Enzymes are PROTEIN • Heat too high they can

denature

Page 63: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

pH

• Enzymes work best at an ‘optimal’ pH

• Proteins they can denature

Page 64: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Enzymes are Reusable

• Enzymes will speed the reaction for a substrate

• It will release the product and will work on another substrate

Page 65: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Examples • Lipase • Protease • Lactase • Sucrase • Amylase

• Life is not possible without enzymes! !!!!!!!

Page 66: Body Chemistry Carbon Organic Four valence electrons Great for bonding! Can form long chain or ring structure Carbons with different elements join

Enzymes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hoBhOdQV7vw