Bolling - The Use of Certain Adverbs in Homer

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Linguistic Society of America

The Use of Certain Adverbs in HomerAuthor(s): G. M. BollingReviewed work(s):Source: Language, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Sep., 1932), pp. 211-213Published by: Linguistic Society of AmericaStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/409651 .

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MISCELLANEATHE USE OF CERTAIN ADVERBS IN HOMER

Adverbs in -6tsThese formations' are regarded as entirely uncertain by Brugmann,

Grundr2.2. 2. 733, and their discussion is usually avoided.Among the Homeric examples a contrast pair of pronominal wordsWXXvbs,&obtvs re conspicuous for their frequency (aXXv6ts l. 6, Od.7; &,pis I. 10, Od. 5), and are to be considered the most likely start-ing point.The v vowel is most probably an indication that the forms are Aeolic(cf. Buck, Gr. Dial. 25, on v< o, esp. in Arcado-Cyprian), as is also theaccent (Wackernagel, Akzent 3. 105). The psilosis in contrast to &aawould at least offer no difficulty (Wackernagel, Spr. Unters. 44); but,in reality, it is the aspiration of `&pahat requires explanation in Homer.The meaning is direction toward a place; except that in the Odyssey(e 467, ,u 415, ? 305) atiivbt s also used for 'at the same time'.The forms may be analysed as aXXv6t-s,&avai-s, and classed asparallel to such forms as roXXdKL-s, or. repvort-s, elph. ot-s, on whichcf. Brugmann, Grundr2. 2. 2. 675. Thessalian ~l-aroblcf. Bechtel,Gr. Dial. 1. 196-7; Hermann, Nebensaetze 303, 335) is then mostclosely akin; for its final member is < *kwodi o which *yodi (Skt. yadi),*alyodi, *semodi are morphologic counterparts.

A restriction on the use of aXXvs is to be noted.It is confined to the phrase aXXvi a&XXoshich except in (D 503,"138, ? 25, stands always at the close of the verse. The substantivemust be either a plural or a mass singular. In the former case a&Xosagrees with it in gender, but not in number, cf. M 461 uavtces a~SE/auLYEV&,XXvs aXX-,. We should therefore expect the singularin (1 503 rcrE-cA-Eio&XXvaSXXa,but the irregularity may be connected(cf. below) with the fact that these words are in the accusative. When

For the entire group of adverbs in -5tL, -SOV,5~7y,5v , -Sa. cf. Hirt, Handb.454; Brugmann, Grundr2. 2. 2. 681, 733; Brugmann-Thumb 294-5; Debrunner, Gr.Wortbild. 53, 190; Hirt, Idg. Gram. 2. 128, 299; Meillet-Vendryes, Gram. comp. deslangues class. 476; Fraenkel, IF 28. 225-6, and KZ 42. 381.211


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212 MISCELLANEAthe substantive is a mass singular (CyKe-aXo 458, xpw'sN 279), sucha construction is impossible, and XXvW ayXXis used. When theobjects scattered are in the accusative, the tradition wavers betweenthe two possibilities. Aristophanes and Aristarchus differed, and thelatter's text was not entirely self-consistent. Our information is incom-plete, but 2 seems to follow Aristarchus:X385 CvXS /A. n-UKEcaa'~XXvXXca (Ar. 0: ~iXXlqvristoph.)t 35 UeveVKVvas&XXvLsaXXov (Ar. 0: no v. 1.)e 369 rdv &p rec(-LaKKiEcUa' Xv(s .&XX, ( : a2XXa2 TW Eust.).From aXXv"5shpivs a suffix -6ts was abstracted, with which wasformed xat-6ts. The element *xapa is perhaps an accusative fromthe same stem as the locative xaA-at to which it was assimilated inaccent. XacgLas (Il. 10, Od. 4) likewise designates direction of mo-tion-movement from some height to the ground. The only trace of asemantic change is in two passages of the Odyssey, where the motion tothe ground seems of less interest than the movement that takes placeupon the ground :3t 290 K 6'iyKC'aXosxaCIdaLsEr 599 7 XalIdLas aropiaas "ro70LKaGrT5jqva VTWV.The other adverbs in -6ts differ in accent and in meaning, beingadverbs of manner. The examples are few, and each is used rarely.Only d&Apov(lss textually uncontested. The 6th century writingAMIO0AI2must be interpreted a&icpw(ls


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MISCELLANEA 213y 221, 222, X [455]; dnrou-rabai 43, 146; aVroaXEcdr 319. Except forthe analogic and metrically convenient

avatava,the words all end in

Beside adverbs in -6v are found: Kpbfba 2; [1681; c/lya 0 437,o 77. Both are formed from bases ending in a stopsound.The examples in the Odyssey 7 (6) are much more frequent than thosein the Iliad 3 (2), which are also not from the earliest strata.4These forms then cannot be an old inheritance, but must be considereda relatively late creation. It is therefore impossible to see with Brug-mann, Grundr2.2. 2. 681, in drouraddthe acc. sing. from a word of thetyperiapa-ars

arapa-alrao0s. The forms must rather be ascribed tothe spread of the neuter plural noted by Brugmann, op. cit. 690.Kpbloa and Al1ya always have a case depending upon them; noneof the adverbs in -6a is so construed. G. M. BOLLING

4 On 2 [168]cf. Wilamowitz, I1H 170.

SOMEGERMANICTYMOLOGIES1. Goth. aurahjom (probably dur-) dat. pl. translates Gr. itpvnLeda,'riLVara,Mark V, 2, 3, 5. The same Greek words are elsewhere

rendered by hlaiwasnos, and v7ViAdovy hlaiw. The latter wordsmean 'hill, mound': Lat. clivus. We may therefore assume that*aurahi meant 'cairn, tumulus', probably formed from an adj. *aurahs,with which compare ON aurr 'eisenhaltiger Sand', NIcel. eyri 'sand-bank; sandspit', ON ver (*warja-) 'a fishing place on the bank', OE wer'weir', MDu. were 'agger' (Kil.), ON vor 'a row of stones on either sideof a landingplace', OHG wuori 'dam', etc., and also Gr. iJplov mound,barrow, tomb', in Homer *F7plov. These words for 'dam' and 'tomb'are best referred to the base *awer- (or perhaps rather *Ewer-)'rise,swell; raise' Gr. ietpw (*awery5) 'lift, heave, raise up; carry; stir up',a'lpw 'raise, lift; carry; support; exalt, extol, excite' (for related wordscf. Boisacq 15).2. OE 5m 'rust', 5man pl. 'erysipelas', 5mig 'rusty; inflammatory,resulting from inflammation', 5mian 'become rusty' may be referredto a Germ. stem *5zma-, pre-Germ. *asm6-: Skt. d'sa-h 'ashes, dust',dsita-h 'dark-colored', Lat. arEre 'be dry or withered', aridus 'dry,withered', ardEre burn, blaze, shine, glow', etc.3. ON vegna (with or without d) 'mittelst', minna vegna 'meinet-wegen', tess vegna 'deswegen', MLG wegen following gen. preceded by

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Bolling - The Use of Certain Adverbs in Homer