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kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 439
"]mâșmXy ]_p-â€X-bpsS amdpâ apJ-ĂÆ' Fâ hnj-b-sĂ-°p-dnÂźv mjm-
t]m-jn-Wn-bnÂŹ hâ kwhmZw (`mjm-t]m-jn-Wn, 1994, sk]vâ°w-_Âż) ]pkvX-
I-cq-]-Ăn-em°nbXm-Wo KĆžw. saXm-tâm-eo-Ăm-bpsS ]_-â-tĂmSv C.Fw. Fkv. XpSĂn sI. ]n. Aââ„ hsc-bpâ tIc-f-Ănse _pâ€n-Po-hn-IÆ]Xn-I-cn-Âźn-cn-°p-âXv KĆž-Ăn-epâ v. ChnsS B ]Xn-I-c-W-ĂÆ Hgn-hm-°n-bn-cn-°p-âp. kÂșm-Z-Iâ„
Dâ-S°w
1. ]_p-â€-X-bpsS ]Imiw
2. ]mâșmXy ]_p-â€X-bpsS amdpâ apJ-ĂÆ
3. ]mâșmXy ]_p-â€X Ë Hcp hni-Zo-I-cWw
]mâșmXy ]_p-â€X-bpw
B[p-\n-tIm-Ă-c-Xbpw
]mâșmXy ]_p-â€X-bpw
B[p-\n-tIm-Ă-c-Xbpw
]utemkv amÂż KntKm-dn-tbmkv
Hâmw-]-Xnâv: 1996 \hw-_Âż
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX440
1]_pâ€XbpsS ]Imiw
bqtdm]yâ„ `qJfiĂnse ]_pâ€XbpsS ImeLÂŽamb ]Xn-s\ÂŽpw ]sĂmÂșXpw \qâ°mâ pIÆ bqtdm]yâ„ kwkv°mcĂnsâbpwcmjvSob A[nImcĂnsâbpw ]mcayLÂŽw IqSnbmWv. ]_pâ€XbpsS]ImiĂn\p XncnsImfpĂnbhcpsS \oâ ]ÂŽnIbpw AhcpsS Bi-bĂfpw ChnsS ]qÂżĂambn \ncĂpânâ.
Cu ImeLÂŽw ItĂmen°m anjâ„ ]hÂżĂ\ĂfpsS Xf¿Ÿbp-sSbpw s]mÂŽĂâ v anjâ„ ]hÂżĂ\ĂfpsS ActĂâ°ĂnsâbpwAhkcw IqSnbmbncpâp. ItĂmen°m anjâ„ GjybnsebpwB^n°bnsebpw alnXĂfmb kwkv°mcĂfpambn kÂș¿°-ĂnÂŹ hcnIbpâ mbn. Cu kwkvImcĂÆ anjs\ sNdpĂp\nsââpamXaâ, Nne ImcyĂfnÂŹ bqtdm]yâ„ \mKcnIXtb°mÆ taÂŹĂc-ambn \nesImâpIbpw sNbvXp.
kmwkv°mcnIamb BIaWX„w ]cmPbsâSpsaâp Iâ vAhÂż kzoIcnÂź kmwkv°mcnIamb HĂpXoÂżâv ]cn]mSn bqtdmânÂŹGjyâ„ hnâm\Ănsâ XncnÂźphchn\p Ifsamcp°n. 1775 Bbtâm-tg°pw ImĂenIv anj\pIÆ Xosc ÂŁbnÂźp. kvs]bn\nsâbpwt]m¿ŽpKensâbpw kmamPyiâĄnbpw AĂs\Xsâ. AhbpsS Ăżm-\w tlmfâ v, Cwâąâ v, P¿Ω\n XpSĂnb s]mÂŽĂâ v A[nImc-iâĄnIÆ ItaW ssI°em°n.
AXn\nSbv°p hyhkmbhnÏhw ActĂdn. hmWnPy, apXemfnĂhyhĂżnXn ÂŁbnÂźpsImâ ncpâp. Bwâąn°℠k`bnÂŹ\nâp hnL-SnÂźp \n°pâh¿°p _nÂŽojv ]mÂżesaânÂŹ ]thi\w Dâ mbncp-ânâ. 1828 hsc B hyhĂż XpSÂżâp. 1779 hsc tdmaâ„ ItĂmen°-¿°p Cwâąâ nÂŹ ]ckyambn Bcm[n°mâ„ A\phmZapâ mbncpânâ.HmIvkvt^mÂżUv, tIw_nUvPv bqWnthgvknâ°nIfnÂŹ Ah¿°p 1871hsc ]thi\hpw \ÂŹInbncpânâ.
]_pâ€XbpsS âm\]Imihpw AXp sImâ phâ kzmX-„yhpw bqtdm]ycpsS CSbnÂŹt]mepw icnbmbn hnXcWw sNĂžsâ-ÂŽnâ. FâmÂŹ kvtIm veâ„UnÂŹ AXp câ p hgnIfneqsS ]kcn°mâ„Ahkcapâ mbn. Bâ„Uq vsfÂźdns\tâmsebpâ Nn„Iâmcmbn-cpâp Hcp amÂżKw. tIm^nlukpIÆ asâ°mcp hgnbmbncpâp. AhnsSHĂpIqSnb A`ykvXhnZyÂż \SĂnb N¿ŸIÆ AXn\v Ahkcsam-cp°n. tUhnUv lyqansâ ]e BibĂfpw tIm^n lukpIfnsekw`mjWĂfneqsSbmWv DcpĂncnâąXpw ]NcnÂźXpw. lyqansâA`n]mbĂnÂŹ k„pjvS\mb a\pjyâ„ Fâp ]dbpâXp IqÂŽw-
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 441
tNÂżâp t]mIpâh\pw aâ°pâhcpsS BibĂtfmSp ]XnIcn°pâ-h\pamWv. C°qÂŽÂż PohnX]iv\ĂÆ ]ckyambn amXaâ kzImcykw`mjWĂfnepw N¿Ÿ sNĂžpâp. tIm^nlukpIfnse A`n]mb-ĂÆ Kuch]qÂżâw IW°nseSp°mâ„ ]mÂżesaâpIÆ t]mepw \nÂż-_ânXambn.
s\XÂżeâ„UnÂŹ tNt°dnb kzX„ Nn„IâmÂż B cmPyĂn\phnesâÂŽ kw`mh\IÆ \ÂŹIn. ]ntbÂż _bnÂŹ, sUIm¿Žv, tem°v,jm^vâ°vkv_dn, sImfnâ„kv, e¹¿Iv, _mkv\mKv FânhÂż B kwL-ĂnÂŹsâSpâp. thmÆsÂŽbÂż, tamsâ kvIyq Fânh¿°p AhnSpsĂk”¿i\w CâsâÂŽp. Ah¿°hnsS \nc]mbw CâapâXp ]kwKn-°mâ„ Ignâąp.
Câ°menbâ„ kwĂżm\ĂfnÂŹ t\ânÆkmbncpâp apÂșnÂŹ. AhnsSbphsshZnI\mb BtâmWntbm Pnt\mshkn A°mZanIv kzmX„y-Ăn\pthâ nbpw kmÂșĂnI ImcWĂÆ apâ„\nÂżĂn Câ°enbpsS]p\xkwtbmP\Ăn\pthâ nbpw hmZnÂźp. Pnbmâ„ _â°nĂm hnt°m-bpsS "knbâ„km\pthmh' (1725), lneâ„tlycnbpsS "em knbâ„km-Uâm', "ePntâŠântbmš' (1780) Fâo KĆžĂÆ Câ°enbnse ]_p-â€sc DWÂżĂnb KĆžĂfmWv. _©anâ„ ^m¶vfnsâ t]mepwiâ€sb Ah ]nSnÂźp]â°n. CĂs\bpâ mb ]_pâ€X bpâĄn`Zhpw\nKqVhpambn tXmâmsa¶nepw aXhncpâ€ambncpânâ.
Câ°enbnepw tIm^nlukpIfmbncpâp ]_pâ€Xm ]Imi\-Ănsâ apJythZn. Aâv BkvSnbâ„ `cWĂnembncpâ anem\nÂŹshcn (Verri) ktlmZcâmÂż XpSĂnb tPÂżWÂŹ, ]_pâ€Xm âm\-]ImiĂnsâ BibĂÆ ]NcnânÂźp. Câ°enbnse ]_pâ€Xm]ImiĂnÂŹ bpâĄnbpsS LSItĂ°mÆ Gsd klm\p`qXnbpsSBthiw ap„n\nâp. kokÂż _°mdnbmbpsS "of crime and punishment'Fâ KĆžw NqSâwt]mse hnâ°gnâąp. \nbahyhĂżbpsS a\p-jyXzcmlnXyhpw a¿±\hpw ]oU\Ăfpw ZcnZtcmSpâ IqcXbpwFâmw AXnÂŹ XpdâpImÂŽn. thmÆÂŽbdpw sPdan s_„mapw _°mdn-bmbpsS KĆžĂn\p bqtdmâv apgphâ„ ]NmcWw \ÂŹIn.
Câ°menbâ„ ]_pâ€X ]cnt]mjnân°pâXnÂŹ sshZnIÂż KWy-amb ]¶phlnÂźp. ^otakšdntbmSpw (Freemasonry) ankvâ°nknk-tĂmSpw AXn\p _âapâ mbncpâp. HutZymKnIambn AsXmcn-°epw k`bnÂŹ \nâp hntâZnÂźp amdnbnâ. Hcp ]pXnb C\w hnâm-\Ănsâbpw bpâĄnNn„bpsSbpw ASnĂżm\ĂnÂŹ k`bv°IĂp-Xsâbpâ \hoIcW]Ăżm\ambn AXp \nesImâ p. s^ÂżUn-\mâ„tUm Kmenbm\n Ahkm\w hsc `âĄ\mb Hcp ItĂmen°-\mbn PohnÂźp. At±lĂnsâ kmÂșĂnIimkvX KĆžĂÆ ImÆamÂżIvkv ]Tn°pIbpâ mbn. hmkvXhw ]dâąmÂŹ aâ°mcpsSbpw Câ°m-enbâ„ KĆžĂÆ amÂżIvkv iâ€nÂźncpânâ.
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX442
CΩm\pthÂŹ Imâ v a\pjykzmX„yĂn\pw ""]IzX''bv°pw tI”ÿm\w \ÂŹIn. CXp km[n°mâ„ bpâĄnNn„bv°p ]ca]m[m\ywIev]nt°â nbncpâp. Imâ v ]dâąp: ""]_pâ€X ]IminânÂź Ime-LÂŽĂnemtWm \mw Pohn°pâsXâ tNmZyĂn\pĂcw, Aâ, ]_p-â€XbpsS ImeLÂŽĂnemsWâmbncn°pw.'' ]_pâ€X a\ nem°m-\pâ am¿§w, Imânsâ ZrânbnÂŹ Nn„bntem hnImcXeĂntemCâmcwKtĂm Hcâ€ym]It\m _mlyiâĄntbm AhiyanâmsX hcp-IsbâXmWv. thZĂntem shfn]mSntem aXw A[njvTnXambncn-°pânStĂmfw Imew a\pjyâ„ A]IzPohnbmbncn°pw. hyâĄnNn„-bpsS ]cn[n°pânÂŹ hcpâ aXĂn\p amXta Abmsf kzX„\m-°mâ„ Ignbq. AXmbncn°pw a\pjy]IzXbpsS DcIâv. IebnepwimkvXĂnepw a\pjyâ„ kzX„\pw ]IzaXnbpambn IgnâąXmbnImâ v Nn„nÂźp.
blqZ ZmÂżi\nI\mb tamkkv saâ„UÂŹ tkmWn\v (1729Ë1786)a\pjycminbpsS XmXznI hnZym`ymkambncpâp ]_pâ€X. CâvC„ybnÂŹ iâ€n°sâtSâ ckIcamb Hcp ]iv\w At±lw Dâ-bnÂźp. ]_pâ€X Hcn\w hnZym`ymkamsW¶nÂŹ a\pjysc I_fnân-°mâ„ AXv D]tbmKnÂźpIqtS? ]ucâmÂż GXphn[ĂnÂŹ Nn„n°W-saâp cmjvSĂn\p Xocpam\n°phmâ„ Ignbptam?
Cu ]iv\ĂnÂŹ ItĂmen°cpw s]mÂŽĂâpImcpw nâm`n]mb-°mcmbncpâp. CXnsâ eambn P¿Ω\nbnÂŹ câ n\w ]_pâ€Xbp-â mbn. Hâp ItĂmen°m ]_pâ€Xbpw asâ°mâp s]mÂŽĂâ v ]_p-â€Xbpw. kXyĂnte°pâ am¿§saâ \nebnÂŹ bpâĄnNn„sbâBibtĂmSp s]mÂŽĂâpImÂż s]mXpsh cN\mflIambn ]Xn-IcnÂźp.
]jybnse alm\mb ^UdnIv NIhÂżĂn ""a\pjysc I_fnân-°pâXv ]tbmP\]Ztam?'' Fâ tNmZyĂnsâ Gâ°hpw anIÂź tNmZy-Ănsâ DĂcĂn\v kΩm\w hmKvZm\w sNbvXpsImâ p _Âżenâ„A°mZanbnÂŹ s]mXpN¿Ÿbv°p XpS°w IpdnÂźp. Hcp ZihÂżj°m-etĂ°v AXv P¿Ω℠_pâ€nPohnXĂnsâ tI” hmZhnjbambn-ĂoÂżâp. Ahkm\w kΩm\w Hcp \ntj[mflIamb DĂcĂn\pwHcp cN\mflIamb DĂcĂn\pambn hn`PnÂźpsImSpt°â n hâp.
Cu ]iv\w CtâmÆ C„ybnÂŹ ]p\chXcnânt°â n hâncn-°pâp. ]cnlcn°mâ„ A„y„w hnjatadnb HâmWXv; Câv Gâ°hpwA[nIw ]kâĄhpamWXv. Khšsaâ v FXamXw hnhcw P\-ĂÆ°p \ÂŹIWw? FX-amXw cl-ky-am°n hbv°Ww? P\-ĂÆ°pshfnsâSpĂmĂ hnhcĂfpsS ASnĂżm\ĂnÂŹ Ë B Xocpam\wP\Ăsf kmcambn _m[n°pâXmIptÂșmÆ Ë cmjvSĂn\p Xocp-am\saSp°m\mIptam?
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 443
Fâm hnhcĂfpw ]¶nSWsaâmWp \ntj[mflI hoÂŁWw.ImcWw ]qÂżWhnhcĂfpw hyâĄamb bpâĄnNn„bpw P\ĂfpsScÂŁ BhiysâSpâp. ]_pâ€XbpsS Zpcp]tbmKw a¿°Sapânbn-te°pw \nÂżaXXzĂnte°pw AcmPIXzĂnte°pw \bntŸ°m-saâp saâ„UÂŹ tkmš bsâÂŽp. a\pjyhyâĄnsbâ \nebnÂŹ a\p-jy\pw, ]ucs\â \nebnÂŹ a\pjy\pw XΩnÂŹ hyXymkapsâ âvAt±lw hmZnÂźp. a\pjyhyâĄnbpsS AhImiĂfpw IÂżĂhyĂfpwHcp ]uctâXnt\mSp Xpeyaâ Ë Ah ]etâmgpw Htc XeĂnÂŹBsWâp hcmsa¶nepw. ]_pâ€X a\pjyhyâĄnbptSXmWv, ]uc-tâXâ.
P¿Ω\nbnÂŹ hmZ]XnhmZw ]finXâmcptSXmb tPÂżWepIfnÂŹ\nâv hÂżĂam\ ]XĂfnte°p hym]nÂźp. ]_pâ€XbpsS Nn„mk-cWn Câ°enbnepw kvtIm veâ„Unepw tIm^n lukpIfnepw sNdpInSÂąâ«pIfnepamWv thcp]nSnÂźsX¶nÂŹ, P¿Ω\nbnÂŹ AXp thcp]nSn-ÂźXp ]X-Ă-fn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp-âp. ]Xn-s\ÂŽmw \qâ°m-â nÂŹ P¿Ω\nbnÂŹUkâ„ IW°n\p ]pXnb ]XĂÆ XpSĂn. hmÂżĂIÆ \ÂŹIpâXn-t\°mÆ IqSpXembn ]_pâ€X kw_ânÂź N¿Ÿ P\ĂÆ°v FĂn-ÂźpsImSp°pIbmbncpâp AhbpsS apJyeÂŁyw. hmZ]XnhmZĂnÂŹ-\nâv ]knâ€oIcWhn`mKw apXseSp°pIXsâ sNbvXp.
s]mÂŽĂâ v ssZhimkvXâ\mb Bâ„Uokv dow t]cp shfn-sâSpĂmsX ]Xntj[w tcJsâSpĂn. ]_pâ€X a\pjy[mcW-bpsS [ockmlknIXbmsWâp \nÂżhNnÂźpsImâ v At±lw tNmZn-Âźp: ""]_pâ€Xbv°v AXncpIfptâ m Câtbm? AXp cmjvSĂnsâ]ptcmKXnsb klmbn°pIbmtWm XS sâSpĂpIbmtWm?''
\evIsâÂŽ DĂcw P\eÂŁĂsf ]pdĂp\nÂżĂns°mâ pâ HcpHĂpXoÂżâmbncpâp. bYmÂżâ]_pâ€Xbpw Bt]ÂŁnI ]_pâ€-Xbpw apJy]ZĂfmbn amdn. kaqlsĂ \bn°pâ ]ucâm¿°pamXta "]_pâ€X' Bhiyapâp Fâmbn.
P¿Ω℠]_pâ€XbpsS CSĂcw hÂżKkz`mhw ]mâșmXyen_den-kĂnsâ `qanIbmbnĂoÂżâp. AXp `cWm[nImcnIÆ°pw ]`p-IpeĂn\pw \bX„ ]Xn\n[nIÆ°pw Hm^okÂżam¿°pw ]finX-âm¿°pw sshZnI¿°pw IemIcâm¿°pw AXmbXp ]mYanIambn`cWw \SĂpâh¿°p amXambn ]cnanXam°sâÂŽp.
P¿Ω\nbnÂŹ ]_pâ€X ]kcnânÂź tPÂżWepIfpw ]XĂfpwapJyambn A`ykvXhnZyscbmWp kzm[o\nÂźXv. hnZym`ymkambn-cpâp apJy D]m[n. hnZym`ymkw kzX„cm°pâpshâp tPmlmâ„sslâ„dnJv tabÂż ]dâąp. "kzX„'cpsS hntijm[nImcapâ cWhÂżKĂnte°p kmaqlyambn Ibâ°w InÂŽpâXn\pâ tKmhWnbmbnhnZym`ymksĂ A`ykvXhn`mKw ]cnKWn°mâ„ XpSĂn.
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX444
"]_pâ€cpsS eoKv' Bbncn°Ww cWh¿§w. ]_pâ€cmbhcnÂŹhfsc IpdÂźp t]Âż amXta aXsĂ HâS¶w \ncmIcnÂźpâp. P\ĂsfIogS°n `cn°pâXv P\ĂÆ°v \âXmWv. AXv P\ĂfmÂŹ BZcn-°sâSWw. a\pjysâ kz„w Dt±iyĂÆ°v kwXr]vXn \ÂŹIpâHcp aXsĂ a\pjy\p Xsâ krjvSn°mhpâXmWv. AXv A[nI-]¶pw B„cnIhpw Bâ€ymflnIhpw [¿Ω\njvTbpâXpambncn°pw.CĂs\ ]_pâ€h¿§Ănsâ A[oiXzĂn\p ]n„pW \ÂŹIpâLSIambnĂoÂżâp `âĄn\njvT.
Hcp `cWm[n]t\m t\Xmthm IqSmsX Hcp cmjvSĂn\pw \ne-\nev°m\mhnâ. cmjvSamIpâ Iâen\IĂpâ P\ĂÆ IânĂms\A\pkcntÂź aXnbmhpIbpâp. AbmÆs°Xncmbn AhÂż hnÏh-Ăn\p apXnÂżâpIqSm. BÂżs°¶nepw IâÂŹ CjvSsâSmsX hâmÂŹAh¿°v CdĂntâmImw. Iâens\ adnÂźpIqSm.
]_pâ€X Gâ°hpw bsâÂŽ hn]ĂmWp "hnÏhw.' ]_pâ€XbpsS]cnanXnbpw AXp Xsâ. km[mcW°mÂż ]_pâ€cmbn°gnâąmÂŹcmjvSw hnÏhsaâ A]ISsĂ A`napJoIcnt°â n hcpw. F„p-hâmepw AXv Hgnhm°pI Xsâ thWw.
AĂs\ A`ykvXhÂżKĂnsâ ]hnX ktΩf\cwKamb bqWn-thgvknâ°n, hnÏhw XSâąp\nÂżĂn \nba]me\w kpJIcam°pâHcp cmjvSob hyhĂżnXnbpsS imkvXob hnIk\Ăn\pâ apJy-thZnbmbn.
P¿Ω\nbnse ]_pâ€cnÂŹ s]mÂŽĂâpIm¿°mbncpâp apâ„Xq°w.ItĂmen°cnÂŹ A[nI]¶n\pw ]pXnb hnZym`ymktĂmSv IÂșanâm-bncpâp. FâmÂŹ ItĂmen°cnse Hcp \yq\]ÂŁw, sskâ€m„nI-XbpsSbpw ]Xn\hoIcWĂnsâbpw Pkzoâ°p sshZnIcpsSbpw B[n-]XysĂ shâphnfn°mâ„ sNdnbtXmXnÂŹ iaw \SĂn. ]ân \nÂż-ΩmWĂnse hmkvXphnZybnemWnXv BZyw ]tbmKnÂźXv. tKmYnIvssienbnÂŹ \nâp _mtcm°nte°pâ amâ°w, [mcmfnĂtĂmSpâ]XnIcWhpw IqsSbmbn.
P¿Ω\nbnse ItĂmen°¿ ]_pâ€Xbv°pâ ]tNmZ\w kzoI-cnÂźXv ItĂmen°m ^mâ„knÂŹ \nââ, s]mÂŽĂâ v P¿Ω\nbnÂŹ\nâmWv Ë sse]vknKv tb\, lmse, tKmÂŽnĂâ„ Fâo bqWnth-gvknâ°nIfnÂŹ \nâv.
bqtdmânse ]_pâ€Xbv°v AXphsc kmÂżheuInItam GIo-IrXtam Bb cq]apâ mbncpânâ. ^©pIm¿°nSbnÂŹ AXv AcmP-IXzhpw BUw_ctemep]Xbpw kpJmt\zjWhpw hfÂżĂn. a\p-jyPoh\pw \ne\nev]pw kw_ânÂźv ]p\xkwLS\bmbncpâp AXvAhew_nÂź Hcp am¿§w. _mlybmYmÂżâysĂ ]p\ÂżLS\ sNbvXpHmÂżKm\nIv bqWnâ°nbpâ Hcp kaqlw sIÂŽnâWnbpIbmbncpâp
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 445
câ masĂ am¿§w. P\m[n]Xy Ăżm]\w, imkvXobhpw kmaqly-hpamb ]ptcmKXn°p hgnsbmcp°, kzmX„yĂnsâbpw kln-jvWpXbpsSbpw ssNX\yĂnÂŹ a\pjys]cpamâ°sĂ \nb„n°,AâXa ns\ XcWw sNbvXp kpJw Isâ Ămâ„ BfpIsf klm-bn° CsXms° câ mw am¿§ĂnÂŹ s]Spâp.
`qXImeĂnÂŹ \nâp XoÂżĂpw thdnÂŽp amdpâXn\pâ bXv\am-bncpâp ^©p ]_pâ€XbptSXv. s\lr hn`mh\w sNbvXXpwGXmâ v CXp Xsâ. tkzâm[n]XyĂnÂŹ \nâpw aX`m„nÂŹ \nâpwkzX„ambXpw, ]_pâ€ZmÂżi\nIÂż cq]w \ÂŹIpâXpamb Hcp mhnIcpânSnân°m\pâ [ockmlknIXbpw AtXmsSmânÂźpâ v. Ah-cpsS apZmhmIyw bpâĄn, klnjvWpX, am\hnIX Fâmbncpâp;kzmX„yw, kaXzw, kmtlmZcyw FâXâ. Itâ mÂżtkz (Condorcet)]dâąXpt]mse, ^©p ]_pâ€X kaqlĂnsâ kaK kÂșZv-hyhĂżtaepâ HcmIaWambncpâp. Fâm kmaqly_âĂfnepwamâ°apâ m°pI, cmjvSob irwJebpsS Ahkm\IĂn hsc Bg-ĂnÂŹ CdĂnsÂźâpI FâXmbncpâp eÂŁyw.
]e cq]Ănembn bqtdmsâmÂŽp°p ]SÂżâ Cwâąojv Nn„ ^©p]XybimkvXtĂmSp hfsctbsd ISsâÂŽncn°pâp. AXp ]jybn-te°pw djybnte°pw hym]nÂźp. AĂs\ ^©p kwkv°mcw HcpGIoImcI _âw BbnĂoÂżâp. AXnsâ ^eambn Hcp Cw]ocn-benĂv Ë sImtfmWnbenĂv hnIkt\mZyaĂn\p IfsamcpĂn.imkvXĂnsâbpw kmt¶XnIhnZybpsSbpw en_dÂŹ ]XybimkvX-Ănsâbpw AIÂșSntbmsS kz„w ta[miâĄn temIĂn\p ImWnÂźpsImSp°mâ„ bqtdmâv ]_pâ€XbpsS ]XybimkvXsĂ D]tbm-KsâSpĂn.
en_denkw ]_pâ€XbpsS k„m\w
en_denkĂnsâ tkmX v a\ nem°pI Zpjv°camWv. en_-¿Žn Fâ ]ZĂnÂŹ \nâmWv AXnsâ D€hw. Ko°v emâ°nâ„ kwkv-°mcĂnÂŹ en_¿Žn, kzX„]ucs\ ASnabnÂŹ \nâp thÂżXncnÂźp\nÂżĂpâ BibamWv. tkmt^mÂąokv en_¿Žnsb kvXpXnÂźv ]mÂŽp-IÆ cNnÂźnÂŽpâ v. AKĂnsâ Bibw AXtĂmfw DâXaâ. ASn-aĂw ]IrXnhncpâ€amsWâv AKĂnâ„ kΩXnÂźpsh¶nepwkam[m\]camb Hcp \nbaIaamsWâmWv At±lw D]tZinÂźXv.At±lw ]dâąp: ""a\pjyÂż kam[m\]camb hyhĂżnXnbnÂŹ ]c-kv]cw hyhlcn°ptÂșmÆ, XmW\ne rXy\p FX Iâ p \â sNĂžp-âpshm AXnt\°mÆ IqSpXÂŹ tZmjw Al¶mc\ne bPam\\phcpĂnhbv°pâp.''
en_denksĂââ°nbpâ \ΩpsS N¿Ÿ tPmš ĂphmÂżSv kvan-Ănsâ (1806Ë1873) "Hmš en_¿Žn' Fâ KĆžĂnse BibtĂmSp
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX446
IqSn Bcw`n°mw. C„ym NcnX cNbnXmhmb Pbnwkv anânsâ ]pX-\mbncpâp tPmš ĂphmÂżSv anÂŹ. CuĂn„ym IÂș\nbnÂŹ DtZymK-Ăż\mbncpâ At±lw kmÂșĂnI imkvXâ\pw cmjvSob ]hÂż-ĂI\pambncpâp. 1860 ËIfnse h\nXm thmÂŽhImi kaqlĂnsâĂżm]I t\Xm°fnsemcmfmWp anÂŹ.
en_¿Žn kw_ânÂź N¿Ÿsb anÂŹ tIhe hnhmZĂnsâ Xe-ĂnÂŹ \nâp amâ°n s]mfnâ°n° Ct°mWanbpsS XeĂnÂŹ ]Xn-jvTnÂźp. hyâĄnbpsS CâmiâĄnbpsS kzmX„ysĂââ°nbâ, kaql-Ănsâ tkmjyÂŹ en_¿Žnsbââ°nbmWv At±lw kwkmcnÂźXv.]mâșmXy Nn„bnse ]ca][m\amb Hcp kw`hhnImkamWnXv.t]mcmÂŽw "kzmX„yhpw' "A[nImchpw' XΩnembn.
Ko°v \mSIIÂżĂm°Æ°pw ZmÂżi\nI¿°pw kzmX„ywFâmÂŹ tkzâm[n]XyĂnÂŹ \nâp kzX„]uc\pâ kzmX„y-amWv. tkzâm[n]XnbpsS taÂŹ Nne ]cnanXnIÆ Iev]nÂźmWv CXpkm[n°pI. cWm[n]\v Hcp kmâmÂżKnI \nbamhen Dâ mbncn°W-saâpw kp][m\ Xocpam\ĂÆ FSp°pâXn\p apÂșv kanXntbmSvBtemNn°Wsaâpw hyhĂż sNbvXncpâp. tkzâm[n]XnIÆcâ masĂ hyhĂż \ncmIcnÂźtâmÆ, ]mâșmXy cmjvSob en_d-enkw câ masĂ hyhĂż \Sânem°mâ„ bXv\n°pIbmWpâ mbXv.
Xmsg]dbpâ P\m[n]Xy hyhĂżb\pkcn°ptÂșmÆ amXamWpP\Iob t]mcmÂŽw hnPbn°pIsbâv anÂŹ ]dâąp. cWm[n]âmscP\ĂÆ sXcsâąSp°Ww. Ahsc amâ°pâXpw AĂs\Xsâ. thm -hImihpw DĂchmZnXzhpapâ _lpapJ cWkmcYyXXzw \Sân-em°Ww. CĂs\bpâ P\m[n]XyXXzw \ΩpsS cWLS\bpsS`mKamWv. qcn]ÂŁĂnsâ tkzâm`cWĂns\Xncmbn \yq\]ÂŁĂ-fpsS AhImi kwcÂŁW knâ€m„w hyâĄambn D]\yknÂźXpw anÂŹXsâ.
anânsâ KĆžĂÆ s\lr FXamXw hmbnÂźnÂŽpsâ âv F\n°v\nâșbanâ. anânsâ cN\IÆ, a\pjykzmX„yw kw_ânÂź ItĂm-en°m s]mÂŽĂâ v hoÂŁWĂtfmSpâ t_m[]qÂżâamb ]XnIcW-amWv. Ccpk`IfpsSbpw hoÂŁWĂfpsS tkmX v AKĂn\mWv.Ah hn`nâ coXnIfnemWp hymJm\n°sâSpâXv. anÂŹ ImÂŹhn\nĂvhoÂŁWsĂ Hâ°sâSpĂn hymJym\n°pâXp ImWmw. ImÂŹhns\hnIrXambn NnXoIcnÂźpsImâ p anÂŹ ]dbpâp. ""ssZhĂnsâ ]c-am[nImcĂn\p kzbw kaÂżân°m\pâ Ignth a\pjy\p thâ q.atâ°sXmcp Ignhv D]tbmKnÂźmepw a\pjyâ„ ]m]ĂnÂŹ \n]Xn°pw.''
]mâșmXy en_denkĂnÂŹ hyâĄnKXamb en_¿Žn Duânâdbp-âXn\p câ p hiĂfpâ v. kaqlĂnsâbpw ]mcÂșcyĂnsâbpwkaKm[n]XyiâĄns°Xnsc sXmSpĂphnÂŽXmWv Hâv. atâ°Xv
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 447
ssZhĂnsâ CâmiâĄns°Xncmbn \oĂpâ ]m]abamb a\pjysâCâmiâĄn. kzbw hÂżP\w (kzmfl]cnXymKw) Fâ InkvXobmZÂżi-Ăn\p ]Icambn anÂŹ \nÂżtZinÂźXv kzbw hnIk\saâ bh\m-ZÂżiamWv. aXhncpâ€amb kzmflZrVoIcWsaâp anÂŹ AXns\hnfnÂźp. AĂs\ hyâĄnkzmX„yĂnsâ DZmc]Jym]\Ăn\vInkvXob hncpâ€tam, Ipdâą]ÂŁw AKkvXo\nb hncpâ€tam BbHcp Nphbpâ v. AtXmSpIqSn en_denkw sk°pednktĂmSvASpĂp hcpâXmbpw ImWmw.
]oTnIIsf \nÂżhNn°mĂ Hcp ]XybimkvXamWp en_denkw.]gbXns\ \ntj[nbv°pI FâXnÂŹ Ihnsâąmâpanâ. cmjvSo-bamb a¿±\`cWw sImtâ m sskâ€m„nIamb kaKm[n]Xyw-sImtâ m Dâ _mly\nb„WsĂ \ntj[n°pâpshâXn\mÂŹAXnsâ ]mYanI`mhw \ntj[mflIamWv. PohnXĂn\p Zni \nÂżĂ-bn°mt\m, tZiob eÂŁyĂÆ XncsâąSp°mt\m thâ X ASnĂ-dbnâmĂ HchĂż.
en_denkw C„ybnte°v
_nÂŽâ„ C„ybnte°v Cd°paXn sNbvX Ăżm]\ĂfnÂŹ Gâ°hpwIcpĂmÂżPnÂźXv hnZym`ymk kÂșZmbamWv. ]mâșmXy hnZym`ymkkÂșZmbw ChnsS AhXcnânÂźtâmÆ câ v hncp†hoÂŁWĂÆDâ mbncpâp. Hâv, ]K€\mb kÂż hneyw tPmškv \nÂżt±inÂźCâ„tUmfPn° (HmdnbâenĂv) ĂżnXn \nÂżĂbw (Hmdnbtâjâ„).câ v, Cwâąojv hnZym`ymkamWv C„ybv°mhiysaâpâ sa°mtf]`phnsâ hoÂŁWw. câ maXp ]dâąXmWv Ahkm\w ChnsSAwKoIcnÂźXv.
BZytĂXnsâ DuâÂŹ "Âąmkn°' hnZym`ymkĂnembncpâp.AXmbXv t]Âżjyâ„, Ad_n, kwkvIrXw Fânh ]Tn°pâXnÂŹ.Ah "DXvIrjvS' mjIfmbn ]cnKWn°sâÂŽncpâp. bqtdm]yâ„ ]_p-â€XbptSbpw en_denkĂnsâbpw aqeyĂÆ kÂż hneyw tPmš-kns\ (1746 1794) akvXnjvI ]ÂŁmf\w sNbvXncpânsââp hyâĄw.`cWhÂżKĂnÂŹ s]ÂŽ CwâąojpImÂż Cu `mjIÆ ]TnÂźncn°Wsa-âmWv tPmšknsâ \nÂżt±iw.
cmPmdmw tamlâ„ tdmbnbpsS t\XrXzĂnÂŹ taÂŹPmXn°mÂż Cwâąo-jvhnZym`ymkw XncsâąSpĂp. KWnXimkvXw, \mÂźpdÂŹ ^ntem-k^n, sIankvSn, A\mâ°an XpSĂnb ]tbmP\]Zamb imkvXĂÆC„y°msc ]Tnân°mâ„ ]mfinXyhpw hmk\bpapâ bqtdm]yâ„am\yâmsc _nÂŽojpImÂż ChnsS \ntbmKn°Wsaâmbncpâp tdmbn-bpsS \ne]mSv. kwkvIrX]T\w bpha\ pIsf `mcsâSpĂpItb-bpâpshâpw hymIcWkw_âhpw XXzâm\]chpamb NnâdhyXymkĂsfââ°nbpâ kqÂŁva]T\w kaqlĂn\p Imcyamb
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX448
]tbmP\samâpw sNĂžnsââpw tdmbv Nn„nÂźp. KWnXimkvXw,\mÂźpdÂŹ ntemk^n, sIankvSn, A\mâ°an XpSĂn ]tbmP\IcambimkvXĂsf DÆs°mâpâ, en_depw ]_pâ€hpamb Hcp hnZym-`ymk kÂșZmbw ChnsS GÂżsâSpĂWsaâv 1823ËÂŹ KhÂżWÂż P\-dÂŹ BwtlgvĂv ]`phn\p kaÂżânÂź satΩmdnbÂŹ AU nÂŹ tdmbnA`yÂżân°pIbpâ mbn.
]_pâ€amb en_denkĂnsâ _pÂżjzm ]XybimkvXamWvC„ybnse _qÂżjzmkn BhiysâÂŽXv. AhcpsS amXrI hnPbio-emfnXcmb bqtdm]ycmbncpâp. F„n\v CwâąojvImsctbm ]mhwtXmakv _m_nwKvSš sa°msftbm Ipâ°w ]dbpâp? \ΩpsS htc-WyhÂżKw AâXv BhiysâÂŽp. 1947ËÂŹ AhÂż AXpXsâ Bh-iysâÂŽp. Câpw \ΩpsS htcWyhn`mKĂn\p AXpamXw aXn. \Ωp-sS ss]XrIw \njv]tbmP\amsWâp cmPmdmw tamlâ„ tdmbntbm-sSmâw Ahcpw Nn„n°pâp.
sa°mtfbpsS hn[nXoÂżâv cmPmdmw tamlâ„ tdmbnbpsS A`n]mb-Ăn\v ASnhcbnSpIbmWv sNĂžpâXv. ]uckvXy hoÂŁW°mcpsSHc`n]mbtĂmSp sa°mtf tbmPnâp ]ISnânÂźp. sa°mtf ]dbpâp:
""]cnanXamb \ΩpsS hn`hĂÆ hÂźpsImâ v C„ybnse P\k-©bsĂ apgphâ„ hnZyb`yknân°mâ„ \sΩs°mâ v kmâ€yasââvF\n°p tXmâpâp. \ap°pw \mw cn°pâ etÂŁm]eÂŁw P\ĂÆ-°panSbnÂŹ ]cn`mjIcmbn hÂżĂn°mâ„ Ignbpâ Hcp kwLw Bfp-Isf cq]hev°cn°mâ„ \mw ]camh[n bXv\n°Ww. câĄĂnepw\ndĂnepw C„ym°mcpw, FâmÂŹ A`ncpNnIfnepw A`n]mbĂ-fnepw kmâm¿§nI \nebnepw _pâ€niâĄnbnepw CwâąojpImcpambHcp kwLw BfpIÆ. cmPysĂ \mÂŽp`mjIÆ kwkv°cn°pI,]mâșmXy\mSpIfnÂŹ \nâp ISwsImâ imkvX\maĂfmÂŹ \mÂŽp`mj-Isf kÂșâam°pI, ItaW P\eÂŁĂÆ°p hnâm\w FĂnÂźpsImSp°pâXn\v Ahsc DNnXhml\Ăfm°n cq]m„csâSpĂpIFâo NpaXeIÆ CtâmÆ \mw ]cnioenân°pâ Cu P\hn`mK-Ăn\v hnÂŽpsImSp°Ww.''
sa°mtfbpsS Cu \ne]mSv XoÂżĂpw icnbmWv. icnsbâptXmânbX\pkcnÂźv At±lw ]hÂżĂnÂźp. At±lĂnsâ klm-btĂmsS ]SÂźphnÂŽ hÂżKamWp \ΩpsS ss]XrIw. s\lr B hÂżK-ĂnÂŹ s]Spâp. AtX hÂżKamWv Câp \ΩpsS cmjvSsĂ \bn°p-âXv. ""câĄĂnepw \ndĂnepw C„ym°mÂż; AtXkabw A`ncp-NnIfnepw A`n]mbĂfnepw kmâm¿§nIXbnepw _pâ€niâĄnbnepwCwâąojpImÂż.''
]_pâ€Xm]Imiw bqtdmânÂŹ ]NcnÂźv Hcp Xeapd IgnâąmWvC„ybnseĂnbXv. bqtdm]yâ„ _pÂżjzmknbpsS ]XybimkvXw
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 449
C„yâ„ cWh¿§Ănsâ ]XybimkvXambnĂoÂżâp. B ]Inb-bnÂŹ kvtImÂŽnjv anj\dnbmb AeIvkmâ Âż U^nsâ ]¶v kp][m-\amWv.
\qdp hÂżjw apÂșv tUm. tPmÂżPv kvanĂv cNnÂźp ]knâ€sâSpĂnb""AeIvkmâ Âż U^v Un. Un. FÂŹ. FÂŹ. Un. bpsS PohnXw'' FâKĆžw \ΩpsS hnZym`ymkkÂșZmbsĂbpw AsXĂs\ \ΩpsSDâsb cq]sâSpĂnsbâXns\bpw a\ nem°phmâ„ BKln°p-âhÂż hmbnt°â XmWv. t]ÂżĂv KmaÂżkvIqfnepw skâ v Bâ„UqkvbqWnthgvknâ°nbnepw ]TnÂźp _ncpZw t\Snb U^n\p A°meĂpkvtImÂŽveâ„UnÂŹ e`n°mhpâ Gâ°hpw anIÂź hnZym`ymkamWpe`nÂźXv. Ko°nepw eĂo\nepw temPn°nepw \mÂźpdÂŹ ntemk^n-bnepw At±lw ]mfinXyw t\Sn. ]ikvX\mb tXmakv Nmtagvkn-sâ IognemWp U^v ]TnÂźXv. bqWnthgvknâ°nbnse Gâ°hpw anIÂźhnZymÂżânbmbncpâp U v. hnZymÂżânbmbncn°ptÂșmÆ Xsâ U v,ĂpUâ v anj\dn skmsskâ°n cq]hev°cnÂźp. AXnsâ sset_dnbâ„Bbn.
Hcp Iâe]ISsĂ AXnPohnÂźv U^v 1830ËÂŹ I°ŽbnseĂn.C„yâ„ kÂżâssk\ym[n]\mbncpâ UÂŹlukn]`p, KhÂżWÂż P\-dÂŹ hneyw _â„dnIv ]`p Fânh¿°p ]cnNbsâSpĂpâ IĂpIfp-ambmWp U^v hâXv. Aâv 24 hb pâ v U^n\v. ZoÂżLImb\pwkpapJ\pw Pzen°pâ \b\ĂtfmSp IqSnbh\pw Ahniaamb at\m-t_mâ€yĂmÂŹ A\pKrloX\pamb B bphmhnsâ eÂŁyĂsfââ°nPohNcnXImcâ„ ]dbpâp:
""bphmhmb kvtImÂŽveâ pImcâ„ ssl”haXsĂ XI¿°psaâp]Xnâ sNbvXp. CXn\v Gâ°hpw ]â°nb am¿§w AXnsâ akvXnjv-°ĂnÂŹ ]lctaev]n°pIbmWv. I°ŽbmWp akvXnjvIw. U^vChnsSĂsâ DdÂźp\nev°pw.'' U^nsâ ]hÂżĂ\coXn ]uckvXy-aXĂsf XI¿°pIbmbncpâp. Hcn\w Bwâąn°℠InkvXpaXhpw,Cwâąojv `mj, kmlnXyw, aqeyĂÆ Fânh t\cnÂŽp ]Tnân°pâkÂșZmbhpw kwtbmPnânÂźpâ kwhn[m\ĂneqsS CXp km[n°p-saâmbncpâp U^nsâ IW°pIqÂŽÂŹ.
Aâp I°Žm \KcĂnÂŹ AĂžmbncĂnÂŹ Xmsg C„yâ„ IpÂŽn-IÆ amXta hnZymebĂfnÂŹ t]mbncpâpâpshâv kvanĂv ]dbpâp.AhcnÂŹ 500 t]Âż amXta Cwâąojv ]TnÂźncpâpâp. A°meĂvCwâąojv kwkmcnÂźncpâ ]Kev cpsS IqÂŽĂnÂŹ _nÂŽojvImcpsS hÂż-ĂI ]¶mfnbmbncpâ ZzmcI\mYv SmtKmÂż, Pânbpw AUz°â°pamb]kâIpamÂż SmtKmÂż XpSĂnbhÂż DÆsâÂŽncpâp. Hcp hnizmk kÂș-Zmbhpw PohnXhpw ]pcmX\ \mKcnIXbpw XI¿°mâ„ C„ym°m-c\mb Hcp ]¶mfn U^n\p thâ nbncpâp. C„yâ„ P\Xsb InkvXp-hn\p thâ n BZmbsâSpĂpIbmbncpâp At±lĂnsâ eÂŁyw.
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX450
AeIvkmâ Âż U^v Xsâ C„yâ„ kl]hÂżĂIs\ alm\mbcmPmdmw tamlâ„ tdmbnbnÂŹ Isâ Ăn. bmYmĂżnXnI _mâW-aXsĂ FXn¿à hnÏhImcnbpw _pâ€aX°mc\mbn amdnb kmaq-ly]cnjv°¿Ămhpambncpâp At±lw. tdmbv t]Âżjy\pw kwkvIr-Xhpw Cwâąojpw ]TnÂźp. en_dÂŹ Nn„mKXn°msctâmse At±lhpwNn„m°pgâĂnembn. dmw tamlâ„ kt„mj]qÂżâw _nÂŽojpImsctkhnÂźp. Ahsc C„ybpsS hntamNIcmbn Iâ p. AÂșXmw hb- nÂŹ At±lw _nÂŽojv kÂżâoknÂŹ \nâp hncanÂźtijw 1814ËÂŹI°ŽbnÂŹ Xmakam°n. thZm\pkrXamb GIssZhhnizmkhpwssl”haXĂnse BNmchncpâ€amb ]cnjv°mcĂfpw ASnĂżm-\am°n _âkamPw Bcw`nÂźp. ssl”haXĂn\pânÂŹ Cdmkva-knsâbpw kznwâąnbpsSbpw ktΩfnXcq]ambncpâp dmw tamlâ„tdmbv.
C„ym°m¿°p hnâm\w ]IcpâXn\pâ Gâ°hpw saÂźsâÂŽam[yaw Cwâąojv XsâbmsWâv U^nt\msSmâw tdmbnbpw hniz-knÂźp. U^n\p ]kwKn°mâ„ _âkamPw hI lmÆ At±lw hnÂŽp-sImSpĂp. ]Xnamkw A©p ]hâ„ hmSIbv°mWXp \ÂŹInbXv.]nev°meĂp kz„w sNehnÂŹ _âkamPtÂŁXw ]Wnbmâ„ Ign-âątXmsS hmSIs°ŽnSw U^nsâ D]tbmKĂn\p \ÂŹImâ„Ignâąp. 1830 Pqsse 13Ë\v hmSIs°ŽnSĂnÂŹ U^v Xsâ ]pXnbkvIqÆ Xpdâp. DZvLmS\ ktΩf\ĂnÂŹ kânlnX\mb tdmbvXsâ ]kwKĂnÂŹ ss__nÆ hmbn°pâXnÂŹ Hcp A]IShpan-sââv _mâW hnZymÂżânItfmSp ]dâąp.
U^nsâ ]pXnb hnZymebw Hcp henb hnPbambncpâp. ĂżekuIcy°pdhpsImâ v hÂżjwtXmdpw ]ciXw hnZymÂżânIÆ°v]thi\w \ntj[nt°â n hâp. Cwâąojv kmlnXyw, bqtdm]yâ„NcnXw (atXXchpw sshZnIhpw), hymIcWw, ss__nÆ, cmjvSobkÂșZv hyhĂż, BUw kvanĂnsâ DZvt_m[\ĂÆ Chbmbncpâp]T\ ]â€XnbnÂŹ DÆsâSpĂnbncpâXv.
\ΩpsS hnZym`ymk kÂșZmbsĂ sa°msf ]`phnsâ \ma-tĂmSp tNÂżĂp]dbpIbmWp km[mcW sNĂžmdpâXv. FâmÂŹsa°mtf FXamXw U^nt\mSp ISsâÂŽncn°pâpshâp ]e¿°pwAdnâąpIqSm. sa°mtf Hcp henb \nba\n¿ΩmXmhmWv. 1833ËÂŹCuĂn„ym IÂș\nbpsS Nm¿Ž¿ \hoIcn°phmâ„ tlXp`qXamb1832Ëse dnt^mw BIvSv XĂžmdm°nbXv sa°mtfbmWv. U^nsâ]hÂżĂ\amWp C°mcyĂnÂŹ sa°mtfbv°p ]tNmZ\w \ÂŹInbXv._nÂŽojv anj\dnIÆ°p kzX„ambn C„ybnÂŹ ]thin°phm\pâhne°pIÆ Nm¿Ž¿ \hoIcWĂnÂŹ \o°n°fâąp. U^v sa°mtf-tb°mÆ sNdpâambncpâpsh¶nepw U^n\v sa°mtfbpsS KpcpĂżm-\apâ v.
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 451
Cwâąojv `mjbpw kwkv°mchpw D]tbmKn°pâ BwâąnknĂp-IfpsS t\Xmshâ \nebnÂŹ ]uckvXy`mjbpsS D]tbmKwt]mâmlnân°pâ KhÂżWÂż P\densâ D]tZjvSm°fpsS taÂŹU^n\pâ mb hnPbamWv 1835 s^_phcn 2Ë\p ]Jym]nXamb"an\pâ°v' (Minute) cNnbv°phmâ„ sa°mtfbv°p ]tNmZ\w \ÂŹInbXv.sa°mtfbpsS ]kvXpX ]_âw C„yâ„ hnZym`ymk kÂșZmb-ĂnÂŹ ]uckvXy`mjmhmZĂnsâ (Hmdnbâenkw) acWaWnapg°-ambn IeminÂźp. 150 hÂżjw apÂșv AsXmcp ][m\ kwhmZambncpâp.CâsĂ C„yâ„ kzXzw ]tXyInÂźp \ΩpsS htcWy hn`mKĂnsâkzXzw Ë Bhnjv°cn°pâXnÂŹ AsXmcp \nÂżĂmbI LSIambn.U^nsâ PohNcnX cNbnXmhv ]uckvXy`mjmhmZnIÆs°XncmbnBwâąnknĂpIfpsS ]ÂŁw ]nSn°pâpsâ ¶nepw Nne NcnX hkvXpX-Ifpw DÆ°mgvNIfpw \ÂŹIpâpâ v. ][m\ambn aqâp KqâpIsfAt±lw Isâ Ăpâp:
1. BwâąnknĂpIÆ: Cwâąojv `mjbneqsS Cwâąojv kmlnXyhpwimkvXhpw aqeyĂfpw ]Tnân°pIamXw sNbvXmÂŹ C„yâ„kaqlĂnsâ bmYmĂżnXnI ]ntâm°mhĂż ]cnlcnÂźv ]ptcmKXn-bnte°pw B[p\nIXbnte°pw \oĂmâ„ km[n°psaâv U^v, dmwtamlâ„ FânhtcmsSmâw Nn„nÂźhÂż.
2. ]uckvXy`mjmhmZnIÆ (HmdnbâenĂvkv): C„yâ„ kzXzwkwkvIrXĂnepw ]menbnepw t]Âżjy\nepw A[njvTnXamsWâphnizknÂźhÂż. Cu mjIfpsSbpw kmlnXyĂfpsSbpw ]T\w ]p\cp-â€cnÂźp ]ptcmKanân°pIbmWv C„yâ„ kzXzĂnsâ ioLhf¿Ÿ-bv°v BhiysaâhÂż IcpXn.
3. Xt±iob `mjmhmZnIÆ (shÂżWm°pednĂvkv): Hcp sNdnbkwLw Nn„IâmÂż (A[nI]¶pw _nÂŽojpImÂż) P\ĂfpsS mjb-âmĂ kwkvIrXhpw t]Âżjy\pw Ad_nbpw Cwâąojp t]mse Xsâ\njv]tbmP\amsWâp hnizknÂźp. tUm. amÂżjvauâ„ (PqWnbÂż),_bmâ„ FÂźv. tlmUvPvkš FânhÂż Cu `mjIÆ (Cwâąojv DÆ-sâsS) `cWIqSĂnsâ \nKqVXbpsS amâ°p hÂżâ€nân°pâpshâphnizknÂźp. cWIqSĂnÂŹ \nâp P\Ăsf AIâ°n \nÂżĂmâ„ amXtaCXv D]Icn°pIbpâp FâhÂż hmZnÂźp. Xt±iob `mjIsft]mâmlnânbv°phm\mWv AhÂż BKlnÂźXv.
U v, sa°mtf, sa°mtfbpsS kyme\mb NmÆkv Shneyâ„ Fân-hcmWv BwâąnknĂpIfpsS t\Xm°Æ. Shneyâ„ \mep hÂżjw UÂŹ-lnbnÂŹ sNehgnÂźtijw 1931ËÂŹ I°ŽbnseĂpIbpw CwâąojvhnZym`ymkĂneqsS ssl”haXsĂ AÂŽnadn°pâXn\v U^nsâ]cn]mSnbnÂŹ apgpIpIbpw sNbvXp.
]tÂŁ, A[nImcw ]uckvXy`mjmhmZnIfpsS (HmdnbâenĂvkv)
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX452
]°embncpâp. s]mXp hnZym`ymkĂn\v hIbncpĂnb ]Ww Ah-cpsS \nb„WĂnepw. BwâąnknĂpIÆ Ahsc _mâW ]ÂŁ-]mXnIsfâp hnfnÂźp. KhÂżWÂż P\densâ kl]hÂżĂI\mbncpâFÂźv. tjIvkv]nbÂż, Khšsaâ v skIÂŽdnbpw Ad_n Ë kwkvIrX]finX\pamb FÂźv. tXm_n ]nâ„sk^v, KhÂżWÂż P\dÂŹ hneyws_ân°nsâ skIÂŽdn hneyw tlw amIvt\mÂŽâ„, hnZym`ymk hIpâpskIÂŽdn Sn. kn. kn. kXÂżeâ„Uv XpSĂnbhcmbncpâp AhcpsSt\Xm°Æ.
sa°msf "an\pâ°v' Fâ ]_âw (1835) FgpXnbXp ]tXyIeÂŁyw hÂźmbncpâp. 1813ËÂŹ _nÂŽojv ]mÂżesaâ v A\phZnÂź hnZym-`ymk â nsâ \nb„Ww HmdnbâenĂpIm¿°mbncpâp. â nsâ\nb„Ww BwâąnknĂpIÆ°p ssIamdpI FâXmbncpâp sa°m-sfbpsS eÂŁyw. U^nsâ PohNcnXImcâ„ Cu "an\pâ°v' C„yâ„ P\X-°pthâ nbpâ _pâ€nPohnIfpsS kzmX„yĂnsâ Hâmw Nm¿Ždm-sWâp tcJsâSpĂn. ]mÂżesaâdn IΩnâ°n apÂșmsI U^v \ÂŹInbsXfnhnsâ ASnĂżm\ĂnÂŹ tImUoIcnÂź hnZym`ymk XoÂŽqcamWvcâ matĂXv.
]uckvXy`mjmhmZnIÆ (HmdnbâenĂv) ASnĂżm\]cambnbmYmĂżnXnIcmbncpâp. PmXnhyhĂż Zambn kwcÂŁn°Wsaâ-hÂż BKlnÂźp. hnZym`ymkw ]mYanIambn _mâW¿°p \ÂŹIW-saâmWXn\Âżâw. t\scadnÂźp BwâąnknĂpIÆ [occmb kmaqly-]cnjv°¿Ăm°fmbncpâp. PmXnhyhĂż ssZhlnXĂn\p hncpâ€-amsWâp Nn„n°pâ InkvXyâ„ anj\dnamcmbncpâp AhcnÂŹ]ecpw.
_nÂŽojv Khšsaânsâ alĂmb eÂŁyw C„ybnse P\Ăsfbqtdm]yâ„ kmlnXyhpw imkvXhpw ]Tnân°pIbmsWâpw hnZym-`ymkĂn\pâ Fâm ^â pIfpw Cwâąojv hnZym`ymkĂn\pthâ nD]tbmKn°pIbmsWâpw 1835 am¿Ÿv Ggn\p KhÂżWÂż P\dÂŹ \S-Ănb ]Jym]\ĂnÂŹ ]dâąp. Cu UnIn XĂžmdm°nbXpw sa°msfXsâbmbncpâp. hfsctbsd ]Ww ]uckvXyIrXnIfpsS ]km[-\Ăn\v IΩnâ°n sNehnÂŽXmbn KhÂżWÂż P\densâ iâ€bnÂŹs]ÂŽncn-°pâpshâpw C\ntaÂŹ ^â nsâ Hcwihpw Cu BhiyĂn\v D]-tbmKn°mâ„ ]mSnsââv KhÂżWÂż P\densâ IušknÂŹ A\pimkn-°pâpshâpw UnInbnÂŹ ]dâąp.
CsXmâpw U^ns\ Xr]vX\m°nbnâ. UnIn At±lĂnsâBZÂżitĂmfw DbÂżâncpânâ. sa°mtf hnKv ]m¿Žn°mc\mbncpâp.aX\nct]ÂŁXbmbncpâp sa°mtfbpsS ]_pâ€XbpsS ]amWw.Xâqew UnInbnÂŹ InkvXob t_m[\Ăn\p hyhĂżbnâ. U^vBIsÂŽ InkvXyâ„ anj\dnbmbncpâp. euInIamb HĂpXoÂżân\p-thâ n "InkvXobX' _enIgn°pâXv Ipâ°IcamsWâv At±lw
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 453
Nn„nÂźp. Fâncn°nepw InkvXpaX]NcWĂn\v ]kvXpX UnInD]tbmKn°mâ„ At±lw XĂžmdmbn.
sImtfmWnbenktĂmSpâ C„ybpsS FXnÂżâv CâmXm°phmâ„ln”paXsĂ \inân°WsaâXmbncpâp sa°mtfbpsS Xmev]cyw.InkvXpaXĂżm]\Ăn\pthâ n ln”paXsĂ \inân°Wsaâmbn-cpâp U^nsâ eÂŁyw. kzm`mhnIambpw, sImtfmWnbÂŹ Khšsaâ vsa°mtfbpsS ]hÂżĂ\coXnbv°p ]n„pW \ÂŹIn. F„mbmepwcâ p t]cptSbpw Dt±iyw Cwâąojv hnZym`ymkĂneqsS ln”paXsĂ\inân°pIbmbncpâp.
I°ŽbnÂŹ 1822ËÂŹ Ăżm]nÂź Khšsaâ v saUn° Ăżm]\-ĂneqsS BbpÂżthZsĂ ]p\cpâ€cn°phmâ„ ]uckvXyhmZnIÆ(HmdnbâenĂpIÆ) ]cnianÂźp. hnZym`ymkw BwâąnknĂpIfpsS coXn-bnÂŹ aptâdpâ]ÂŁw, Ipdâą]ÂŁw Hcp HmdnbâenĂv saUn°kÂșZmbsa¶nepw hfcsÂŽsbâmbncpâp AhcpsS Nn„. U^pwkplrĂp°fpw ]Xntj[nÂźp, ]tÂŁm`w \SĂn. 1835 P\phcn 28Ë\pKhÂżWÂż P\dÂŹ Cu saUn° Ăżm]\w \nÂżĂem°n. ]mâșmXyHuj[Ăn\p ]pXnb tImfPv Bcw`nÂźp. B ]pXnb tImfPv 1835Pqš Hân\p I°ŽmbnÂŹ Xpdâp. Cu Ăżm]\w XmaknbmsXtemIĂnse Gâ°hpw henb saUn° hnZymebambn amdn. U^nsâ]NmcW ]hÂżĂ\w t_mws_bnepw aZmknepw emtlmdnepwBKbnepw saUn° hnZym`ymkw hym]n°mâ„ ImcW`qXambn.
U^nsâ ]ptcmKmanbmb ]hÂżĂ\ĂfpsS aqâmasĂ taJekmlnXyambncpâp. C„yâ„ `mjIfnse kmlnXyĂn\v CwâąojvkmlnXyw t_m[\w \ÂŹIWsaâv At±lw BKlnÂźp. U v XsâhnZymebĂnÂŹ Hcp _wKmfn Unâm¿Žvsaâ v Xpdâp. ]mâșmXykXy-hpw CwâąojpImcpsS HuZmcyhpw ]cKpWImwÂŁbpw C„ybnseP\eÂŁĂfnÂŹ FĂWsaâpw AhcpsS amXr`mjbnse kmlnXy-ĂnÂŹ AXp _otPmÂŹ]mZ\Ăn\p tlXp`qXamIWsaâpw U^vZrVamb Xocpam\ĂnseĂn Fâv tPmÂżPv kvanĂv tcJsâSpĂpâp.
U^nsâ hn`mh\ĂnÂŹs]ÂŽ UnIn F„p t\Snsbâp hnebncp-ĂpâXp ]tbmP\Icambncnbv°pw. hnPbw kÂșqÂżĂambncpân-sââp hyâĄw. Fâncn°nepw KWyamb t\ÂŽw ssIhâp. ]mâșmXykwkv°mcĂnsâ BLmXĂnÂŹ C„ybnse ssl”hkwkv°mc-Ăn\p Cf°w XÂŽpIXsâ sNbvXp. Fâmbvtâmgpw kw`hn°pâXp-t]mse B BLmXĂn\p \ntj[mflIhpw cN\mflIhpamb e-Ăfpâ v. Hcp C„yâ„ kmaqly]cnjv°cW ]Ăżm\w Bcw`nÂźXv\â ^eamWv. kXn t]mse ]e a\pjyXzclnXamb BNmcĂÆAhkm\nân°phmâ„ Ignâąp.
]mâșmXyen_dÂŹ hnZym`ymkĂnsâ kzm[o\ĂnÂŹ C„ym-
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX454
°m¿°p ]pXnb A[nImctkmX v e`yambn. ]hnXsaâpw ssl”-hthZĂfpsS ]nâ„_eapâsXâpw ]cnKWnÂźpt]mâ ]e knâ€m„-Ătfbpw FXn¿°m\pw DâwLn°m\pw Bhiyamb [ocX P\ĂÆ-°v AXnÂŹ\nâpw e`nÂźp. BtcmKy]cncÂŁbpw hnZym`ymkhpw Kh -saâm^okpIfpw hn]peamb tXmXnÂŹ P\ĂÆ°p ]m]yambn. P\-Ăsf AIâ°n\nÂżĂphmâ„ Dâ m°nbncpâ hne°pIÆ CSnÂźp\nc-Ămâ„ am¿§apâ mbtXmsS P\kÂș¿°w hÂżâ€nÂźp.
U^v, hnâš, sa°mtf FânhÂż \ΩpsS P\Ăfnse htcWy-hn`mKĂntâÂŹ Cwâąojv hnZym`ymkw ASntÂźev]nÂźnâmbncpâpsh-¶nÂŹ sImtfmWnbÂŹ cWImesĂ sFIyw kmâ€yamIpambncptâmFâ tNmZyw ]kâĄamWv. HmdnbâenĂv ]£°mcpsS A`n]mba-\pkcnÂźp t]mbncpsâ¶nÂŹ Cu cmjvSw GXp coXnbnemIpambncp-âp? C„yâ„ \mjWÂŹ tImšKkv Cu coXn-bnÂŹ cq]hev°cn°-sâSpambncptâm. PhlÂżemÂŹ s\lr CXtbsd kapâXambĂżm\sĂĂpambncptâm? CĂcw tNmZyĂÆ Hcp]tÂŁ Aek-amb hyÂżâ`mh\Ifnte°mhpw \sΩ \bn°pI. ]tÂŁ, \ΩpsSCâsĂ \ne a\ nem°phm\pw Hcp cmjvSsaâ \nebnÂŹ `mhnIcpânSnân°m\pw ian°ptÂșmÆ AXns\âmw kmwKXyhpw ]kâĄn-bpapsâ âXnÂŹ X¿°anâ.
k¶pNnXhpw ASâąXpamb Cwâąojv hnZym`ymkĂneqsS \mwkrjvSnÂź htcWyhn`mKsĂ At]ÂŁnÂźv, IqSpXÂŹ PohhĂpw kÂż-§mflIhpw hnhn[ kwkvImcĂfnÂŹ \njvWmXcpamb Hcp kwLwA`ykvXhnZysc krjvSn°mâ„ \ap°p Ignbpambncpântâ FâpNn„n°mhpâXmWv.
AĂs\ Cwâąojv hnZym`ymkw AXnsâ eÂŁyw mKnIambn t\Sn;kmwkvImcnIamb \nÂżhocyam°eneqsS C„y°mÂż sImtfmWnbÂŹ`cWtĂmSp sasâ A\p`mhapâhcmbn amdn. hnâsâbpw U^n-sâbpw D]tZim\pkcWw sa°mtf ]mInb ssa\pIÆ s]mÂŽnsĂ-dnÂźp. ]cÂșcmKX ssl”hmNmcĂÆ°v A`ykvXhnZycpsS taepâkzm[o\w ÂŁbnÂźp. ]mâșmXycmPysĂ en_depIfpsS ]Xnâmb-bnÂŹ GXp coXnbnepw sacp°nsbSp°mhpâ ]cphĂnembn C„yâ„P\XbpsS t\XrXzw.
ln”paXsĂbpw ln”p°sfbpw "InkvXp'hn\p apÂșnÂŹ ASnbdhp]dbn°Wsaâp InkvXob anj\dn Fâ \nebnÂŹ U^v BKln-Âźncpâp. C„ysb InkvXpaXĂn\p hnt[bbm°mâ„ sImtfmWn-bÂŹ `cWm[n]âmsc D]tbmKn°Ww. C°mcyĂnÂŹ U^nsâeÂŁyw hfsc ]cnanXamb tXmXnse t\Smâ„ Ignâąpâq. InkvXyâ„kvIqfpIfnepw tImfPpIfnepw ]TnÂźp InkvXob aqeyĂÆ BKn-cWw sNbvX bphm°fpw bphXnIfpw hfsctbsdsbmâpw InkvXp-aXw kzoIcnÂźXmbn ImWpânâ. Npcp°w NneÂż InkvXym\nIfmbn.
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 455
cmPm kÂż almcmPknwKv, cmPIpamcn AarX IuÂż XpSĂnb Nne-cpsS t]cpIÆ InkvXym\nIfmbn aX]cnhÂżĂ\w \SĂnb t\Xm-°fpsS IqÂŽĂnÂŹ Hm¿°m\pâ v. ChÂż t]mepw ]cÂșcmKX ssl”h-]âșmĂeĂnÂŹ \nâpâhcâ. InkvXob hnZymebĂfnÂŹ ]TnÂźln”p°fnÂŹ `qcn`mKhpw _nÂŽojv InkvXpaXĂnÂŹ \nâpw bqtdm-]yâ„ ]_pâ€Xm]ImiĂnÂŹ \nâpw At\Iw aqeyĂÆ kzmbĂ-am°nsb¶nepw \maamX ln”p°fmbnĂsâ XpScpIbmWpâ mbXv.
\maamX ln”p°fmbncpâpshâp ]dbphmâ„ ImcWapâ v.tÂŁXmcm[\, h\Ănse P\]mcmbWw XpSĂnb ln”paXmNmc-ĂtfmSv AhcnÂŹ ]ecpw bmX ]dâąp. Bwâąn°℠kwkv°mcmth-inXcmb Cu ln”p塮 kmwkv°mcnIamb ln”p ]mcÂșcysĂA`nam\]qÂżâw DbÂżĂnânSnÂźpsh¶nepw AhcpsS Nn„bpw ]Xnkv]-”\Ăfpw ]mâșmXy hnZym`ymkĂnsâ kzm[o\Ăn\p hnt[bambn.ln”p kzXzw kwcÂŁn°pâtXmsSmâw Xsâ, s\lr cq]sâSpĂnbHcp "sk°peÂż' kzXztĂmSv AhÂż hnt[bXzw hmKvZm\w sNbvXp.apâŠoĂfnepw kn°pImcnepw Dâ A`ykvXhnZy¿°pw CĂs\Xsâkw`hnÂźp.
AĂs\ C„ybnse A`ykvXhnZycpsS BflmhnÂŹ Hcp kzXz-]Xnkân ]e XeapdIfntebv°p XpSÂżâpâ mbn. Cu kwLÂŽ\am-WntâmÆ ]e coXnbnepâ h¿§obXbmbn ads]m°n shfnbnÂŹ hân-ÂŽpâXv. `qcn]ÂŁ ssl”h hÂżKobXbmWv AhbnÂŹ ][m\w.
Cwâąojv hnZym`ymkw ASntÂźev]nÂź \nÂżhocyXbnÂŹ\nâp kS-IpSâąv Fgptââ°v hodpw hocyhpw hosâ Sp°Wsaâp A`ykvXhnZy-cmb ln”p°fnÂŹ ]ecpw Nn„nÂźpXpSĂn. B D°Sm`nhm©, \nÂż-hocyam°sâÂŽ kzXzĂnÂŹ \nâv DbcpâXmIbmÂŹ, AXp ]e kc-WnIsf Ahew_n°pâp; Cwâąojnsâ Ăżm\Ăp ln”n ]XnjvTn-°m\pâ ]tÂŁm`w, C„yâ„ cmjvSob kÂșZvhyhĂżbnÂŹ ln”ntaJebpsS \nb„Ww Ddâm°m\pâ ]bXv\ĂÆ, D]cnÏhambHcp ln”paX \hoIcWĂn\p ioL^ew \ÂŹIpâ am¿§ĂÆ Xnc-sâąSp°, BÂż. Fkv. Fkv. sâbpw ln”p cmjvSob ]m¿ŽnIfp-sSbpw cq]hev°cWw XpSĂnbh, ]e kcWnIfnÂŹ NneXmWv.AtXkabw kn°pImcpw InkvXym\nIfpw apâŠoĂfpw AhchcpsSkzXzw Ăżm]n°mâ„ hIam¿§ĂÆ Ahew_n°pâp. CsXâmw hÂż-§ob kwLÂŽ\ĂÆ°pw hÂżKob elfIÆ°pw ImcWamIpâpâ v.
aXsĂ cmjvSob eÂŁyĂÆ°mbn D]tbmKn°pâXn\pw XÂŹ -eambn hÂżKob kwLÂŽ\ĂÆ°nSbmIpâXn\pw cmjvSob°msc ]gn]dbpI FfpâamWv. FâmÂŹ sk°peÂż kzXzw, C„yâ„ kzXzw,hÂżKob kzXzw Fânh XΩnepâ kwLÂŽ\w \ΩpsS skan\mdpI-fntem tPÂżWepIfntem KĆžĂfntem ssIImcyw sNĂžmsX t]mIp-âpshâXmWp ]kâĄamb Imcyw. C„yâ„ kzXzĂnsâ kz`mhhpw
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX456
]cnKW\obamWv. htcWyh¿§Ănsâ kzXzhpw km[mcW P\Ă-fpsS kzXzhpw XΩnepâ kwLÂŽ\hpw AĂs\Xsâ.
BwâąnknĂpIfpw \ΩpsS tZiob t\Xm°fpw XmtemenÂźpt]mâBibamWv `qXImehpambpâ kÂșq¿à hntâZw. C„yâ„ kzXz-Ănsâ ]âșmĂeĂnÂŹ Cu \ne]mSv ]p\x]cntim[\ AÂżln-°pâp. kzmX„y]tÂŁm`WtĂmSpIqSn Bcw`n°pâ `mcX Ncn-XĂnÂŹ B kzXzw A[njvTnXambn°qSm.
Cu ]iv\w BÂżj`mcXĂnte°mÆ IqSpXembn, \mkvXnI-saâp ]Jym]nXamb tkmhnbâ°v bqWnb\nÂŹ AwKoIcn°sâSpâp-sâ âXp hnNnXambntĂmâmw. Ac\qâ°mâ p apÂșv Ămensâ cW-ImeĂmWp tkmhnbâ°v bqWnbâ„ BZyambn Cu ]iv\w A`napJoI-cnÂźXv. \mknIfpsS BIaW ImeĂv. BIaWw XpSĂptÂșmÆt_mÆsjhnIv hnÏhw XoÂżânÂŽp IjvSnÂźp 25 hÂżjamIpâtXbpâp.[otcmNnXamb Hcp sNdpĂp\nev]p kwLSnân°mâ„ B NpcpĂnbImeNcnXw ]cym]vXambnâ. Sm¿ŽmdpIfpsSbpw awtKmfnIfpsSbpwBIaWsĂ FXnÂżĂp\nâ djybpsS NcnX]knâ€amb ]Xntcm-[Ănsâ NcnXsĂ°pdnÂźpâ Aht_m[w Ămen\v P\Ăsft_mâ€ysâSptĂâ n hâp. djyâ„ HmÂżĂtUmIvkv k`sbbpwk\ymkmiaĂsfbpw _njâpamscbpw Npâ°nââ°nbpâ sNdpĂp-\nev]mbncpâp AXv. kmlnXyw, _mse, \mSIw, NeÂźnXw Fân-hbneqsS Cu Hm¿ΩIsf kPohambn ]p\chXcnân°pâXn\p \mkv-XnIKhšsaâpw ]m¿Žnbpw InWâąp]cnianÂźp. kaÂżâamb HcptPmenbmWv AâhÂż \nÂżhlnÂźXv. Cu ]InbbnÂŹ P\ĂfpsS]n„pW t\Smâ„ ssIkvXh k`sbtâmepw ]gb tkmhnbâ°v bqWn-b\v D]tbmKnt°â nhâp. tamkvt°m ]mXnb¿°okv AeIvknkv,lnâ°vetdmSpâ FXnÂżĂp\nev]nsâ [oc t\XmhmbnĂocpIbpwsNbvXp.
s]cnkvtSmbn°bpsS Imcyhpw hyXykvXaâ. djybpw aâ°pw hntZ-iobmIaWĂnsâ `ojWnbnesâ¶nepw apXemfnĂĂnsâbpwkmamPyXzĂnsâbpw iâĄnIfnÂŹ\nâp IqSpXÂŹ hn]°camb`ojWnIfmWv B cmPyĂÆ t\cnSpâXv. cmPysĂ sR°nsRcp-°pâ Cu hn]Ăns\ t\cnSpâXn\pâ apJyamÂżKw Cu cmPyĂsfkmÂșĂnIambpw kmwkv°mcnIambpw iâĄam°pIbmWv. kÂșZv-hyhĂżsb ]p\xkwLSnânÂźp _ehĂm°pâXnepw cmjvSĂnsâkmwkv°mcnI ssNX\yw ]p\xĂżm]n°pâXnepw ][m\Ăżm\whln°pâ LSIw am\hnI LSIhpw P\ĂfpsS kzXzhpamsWâhkvXpX Câp s]mXpth a\ nem°n hcpâpâ v.
C„ybnÂŹ qXImehpambpâ _âw kÂșqÂżĂ-ambn hntâZnÂźXvCwâąojv hnZym`ymktĂmSpIqSnbmWv. ]tÂŁ, ]nev°meĂv IqÂŽp-]ncnâą `qXImeNcnXsĂ ]p\xkrjvSnt°â Xnsâ BhiyI-
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 457
Xbpw \mw a\ nem°n. AĂs\ ]p\xkrjvSn°sâÂŽ `qXImeĂn-sâ A[nI]¶pw apâ„hn[n IeÂżâXpw ]dsâągpXnÂźXpamWv. AXm-Wnâv \ΩpsS kvIqfpIfnepw bqWnthgvknâ°nIfnepw C„ymNcn-XĂnsâ cq]ĂnÂŹ ]Tnân°pâXv.
aXĂnepw kwkv°mcĂnepw F°meĂpw mcXw ssl”hambn-cpsââ [mcW ]ISnân°mâ„ \ΩpsS _pâ€aX ss]XrIhpw ssP\aX ss]XrIhpw A[nI]¶pw \mw NhpÂŽnsaXnÂźp. atâ€yjy, ]âșn-tajy, Kokv FânhnSĂfnse \mKcnIXItfmSpw kwkv°mcĂ-tfmSpw \ap°pâ ISâmSv Xpdâp kΩXn°pâXnepw \mw A[nI-]¶pw ]cmPbsâÂŽp.
C„yâ„ kzXzw DtĂPnân°pâXnepw ]p\xĂżm]n°pâXnepwaqâp LSIĂÆ AXy„mt]ÂŁnXĂfmbn tXmâpâp. \ΩpsS qX-Imew kw_ânÂź IqSpXÂŹ kXykâamb hnebncpĂÂŹ, \ΩpsSkmÂżhP\o\hpw kmÂżhtZiobhpamb kÂș¿°Ăsfââ°n IqSpXÂŹk„penXamb Aht_m[w, Bwtâąm Atacn°℠kwkv°mcĂÆHgnÂźpâ aâ°p kwkv°mcĂfnte°p IqSpXÂŹ EPphmb ]thi\wFânhbmWo LSIĂÆ.
(Enlightenment East and West (Published by Indian Institute of Advanced Stud-ies, Shimla, 1991) Fâ KĆž-Ănse ]Ămw Aâ€ym-b-Ănsâ kwKlw.]cn-`m-j-Iâ„: Fw. Ipcyâ„)
tUm. KohÂżKokv amÂż HkvXm-Ăn-tbm-kn-s\mâw
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX458
2]mâșmXy ]_p-â€X-bpsS
amdpâ apJ-ĂÆB[p-\nIw (Modern), B[p\ntIm-Ăcw (Post - Modern), LS-\m-
hmZw (Structuralism), A-]-\nÂżam-Ww -F-ân-Ăs\ ]mâșmXy kmln-Xy-Ănepw ZÂżi-\-Ănepw DS-se-Sp-Ăn-cn-°pâ Bi-b-Ăsf \mw ae-bm-fo-I-cn-°p-tÂșmÆ Cu BibĂfpsS NcnX]âșmĂesĂ Ah-KWnÂźmWp ]etâmgpw \mw AXp sNĂžpâXv. ]mâșmXycoXnIsf`mKnIambnsŽ¶nepw A\p[mh\w sNĂžpI-sbâXp `mcXĂnseFâm Nn„mkcWnI-fnepw ImWsâSpâ Hcp ]hWXbmWv.
`mcXob Nn„mhn`mKĂsf°pdnÂźp mcXob¿°pâ Adnhv an°-tâmgpw ]cnanXamWv. AXnt\°mÆ IqSpXÂŹ D]tbmKnÂźp ]cnNb-apâXv ]mâșmXyNn„mhn`mKĂfmWv (Categories of thought).
]mâșmXyNn„ amXaâ, ]mâșmXy kwkvImcw Xsâ Câv kp]-[m\amb Hcp hgnĂncnhnseĂn, FtĂmÂŽp XncnbWsaâdnbmsXAâmfnÂźp \n°pIbmWv. B AâmfnânÂŹ \nâpZnÂźXmWv CâpImWpâ ]e Nn„mkcWnIfpw. CcpâqdnÂŹ]cw hÂżjĂfmbnBtKmfkzm[o\w sNepĂns°mâ ncn-°pâ ]mâșm-Xy\mK-cn-I-X-bv°v ASnĂżm\]camb Aafn Bcw-`-ĂnÂŹĂsâ ]â°nbnÂŽpsâ âImcyw CubnsS amXamWv A[nIw t]cpsSbpw Nn„bv°p hnjb-ambnÂŽpâXv. Cu ASnĂżm\]camb Aafnsb-ââ°n tIcfob Nn„-Icpw t_m[hmâmcmtIâ Xv hfsc Ahiyw Xsâ. ]tÂŁ, AXn\p-th-â pâ NcnX-âm\hpw ZmÂżi\nIt_m[hpapâ Nn„Itcm tIc-fĂnÂŹ hfsc hncfhpw.
BwKekmlnXyĂnsâ NphSp ]nSnÂźmWp aebmf kmlnXyhpw`mcXob ZÂżi\hpw ]ptcmKan°mâ„ ian°pâsXâp ]etâmgpwtXmântâmIpw. BwKe kwkvImcsaâp ]dâąmÂŹ, Cwâąâ nepwAtacn°-bnepw DâhcpsSbpw AXpt]mse Cwâąojv `mj A`ykn-ÂźnÂŽpâ aâ°p a\pjycpsSbpw kwkvImcw. ]tÂŁ B kwkvImcĂnsâXsâ NcnX]âșmĂesĂââ°n ]Tn-°phm\pâ Ahkcw \ΩpsSkmlnXyImcâm-cnÂŹ hfsc°pdÂźpt]¿°p amXta Dâ mbnÂŽpâp. B]âșmĂeĂnte°v AÂŹ]w shfnÂźw hoipIbpw AXnÂŹ \nâpcp-ĂncnâąnÂŽpâ kmln-Xy- -ZÂżi-\ kcWn-Isf B ]âșm-ĂeĂnÂŹa\ nem°phmâ„ klm-bn°pIbpamWv Cu teJ\w sImâ pt±-in°pâXv.
B[p\nI ]_pâ€X
]_pâ€X Fâ ]Zw XnIÂźpw `mcXobamWv. _pâ€[¿ΩĂnse
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 459
tI”BibamWv ]_pâ€X AYhm t_m[n (Enlightenment). CutemI-Ănepâ Hân\pw AXn-tâ-Xmb kz`mhansâ-âpw, a\p-jy-a\ pw AXns\ A`napJoIcn°pâ asâ°mcp ]Xn`mkhpw XΩnÂŹ]ckv]ckÂș¿°apâ mIptÂșmÆ, Nne ]tXyI kmlN-cyĂ-fnÂŹDZn-Âźpbcpâ Cu temIhpw Cu Alhpw kXy-hp-a-â, Ak-Xyhp-aâ, bYmÂżâ-hpa-â, AbYmÂżâ-hpaâ "]XoXykapXv]âw' amX-amWv Fâpw Adnhpâ mIptÂșmÆ Fâm IÂżĂm, I¿Ωhnjb-hnthN\-ĂÆ°paXoXambn Nn„bv°pw ]âbv°pw AâpdĂpa\pjy]âbpsS AXncnâĄ]Xn`mkambn \nÂżhmWw AYhmkayIvkwt_m[nbpâ mIpâp. AXn\mWp _pâ€`Khmsâ injyâmÂżt_m[n Fâ t]cp sImSpĂXv.
Cu ]_pâ€Xm]ZĂn\p mcXob ]mcÂșcyĂnÂŹ \nâp XnIÂźpwhyXykvX-amb asâ°mcÂżâamWv ]Xn-s\ÂŽmw \qâ°mâ nse B[p\nI]mâșmXy]_pâ€X (Modern Western Enlightenment) \ÂŹInbXv._pâ€[¿Ω-Ănse t_m[n kÂżâsĂbpw Hâmbn°mWpâp.]mâșmXyt_m[n \ncoÂŁI-s\bpw \ncoÂŁnXsĂbpw câ mbn-Ăsâ ImWpâp. temIsĂ Xsâ AXp ImWpâXv AXnsâ _lp-kz`mhĂnsâ ASnĂżm\-ĂnemWv. _pâ€t_m[nbnse GIXzwAXp ImWptâbnâ. _pâ€t_m[nbpsS ^ew IcpWbpw `uXnI-aqeyĂtfmSpâ sshcmKyhpw kÂżâkrjvSnItfmSpapâ ssaXnbpwBsW-¶nÂŹ, ]mâșm-Xy-t_m-[n-bnÂŹ \nâp-â mIpâXv kÂżhsĂbpwhnjbh°cnÂźv, Adnâąv, \nb„nÂźv, A[o\am°n, kzmbĂam-°phm\pâ hyK-XbmWv.
]Xns\ÂŽmw iXm_vZĂnÂŹ XgÂźphfÂżâ Cu at\m-`m-h-Ănsâ]cym-b-]-Z-Ă-fmWv "B[p-\n-I-Xbpw', "]_p-â€-Xb-pw.' B[p\nIXsb\nÂżhNn°Wsa¶nÂŹ Cu ]_pâ€XbpsS hniIe\Ănsâ ]âșm-ĂeĂnte km[n°q.
]mâșmXycpsS Cu B[p\nI ]_pâ€XbpsS eÂŁWĂÆ \m-emWv.
a\p-jy-kzm-X„yw
HâmaXp a\pjykzmX„yĂntâ-epâ DuâÂŹ. "F„mWp]_pâ€X?' Fâ ioÂżjIĂnÂŹ s_Âżeo-\nsj tamWmâ°vkvjv-dn^vâ°vFâ amkn-IbpsS 1784 Unkw-_Âż e°-ĂnÂŹ CΩm\phÂŹ Imâ v]_pâ€X-bpsS AYhm âmt\m-±o]\Ănsâ \nÂżhN\w \ÂŹIp-âXv Cu hn[ĂnemWv:
""a\p-jyâ„ Xsâ krjvSnbmb A]IzXbpsS XS-hnÂŹ\nâp hnap-âĄn]m]nÂźp ]pd-ĂndĂpâXmWv ]_p-â€X. A\y\nÂżtZiĂn\pIogvsâSmsX kz„w t_m[Ăn\\pk-cnÂźp Pohn°phm\pâ DÆ-°cpĂnâmbva-bmWv Cu A]-IzX Fâp ]dbpâXv. CsXmcp
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX460
kzbm¿÷n-Xamb A]IzX Xsâ. bpâĄnNn„ (reason) bv°vAekXbpw âąm\nbpw `hn-Âźncn°pâXv KlWâm\iâĄnbpsSIpdhpsImâ â, ]XypX asâ°mcm-fpsS \nÂżt±iw IqSmsX Ah-\-hs\-Ăsâ tkhn-°p-hm\pâ Xocp-am-\i-âĄnbpw ss[cyhpw CâmsXt]mhp-âXpsImâ m-Wv. kss[cyw Nn„n°q (SAPERE AUDE), kz„wKlW-i-âĄn°\p-kcnÂźp Pohn°phm\pâ ss[cyw IĂžnseSp°q.Dd°ĂnÂŹ \nâv DW-cq. CXmWp ]_pâ€X-bpsS apZmhmIyw.''
CXmWv B[p\nIXbpsSbpw ]mâșmXy]_pâ€XbpsSbpw Hâm-asĂ eÂŁ-Ww. shdpw a\pjykzmX-„yaâ ChnsS kqNnân°pâXv.Câsehsc am\knI ASnaĂĂnÂŹ ab-Ăn°nSâncpâ a\pjyâ„DWÂżsâ-gptâ-â°n- v, X\n°p bPam-\\mbn Cuizct\m, aX-tam, shfn-]mtSm ]mcÂșcytam Câ. Rmâ„ Xsâ-bmWv Fsâ A[n]â„ FâpÂŹ-tLmjn°pâ ]Inb-bv°mWp kzmX„yw Fâp ]d-bp-â-Xv. BkzmX-„yamWv B[p\nIXbpsSbpw ]mâșm-Xy ]_pâ€-XbpsSbpwapJapZ.
Cu kzmX„y ]Jym-]\w kIehn[amb _mlym[nImcĂÆ-°psaXncmbpâ hnÏ-hamWv. bqtdm-ânÂŹ ]`pXzw Ăżm]nÂźv a\pjy-a\ ns\ A]IzXbpsS NĂeIÆ sImâ p _ânÂźnÂŽncpâsaUohÂŹ ItĂm-en°mk`bpsS amX-a-â, \hoIcW]Ăżm-\-ĂnÂŹIqsS t]m -Ăâ v InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS thZ-]p-kvX-IĂnsâ A[nImcwIqSn hensÂźdnbpIbmbncpâp bqtdmânÂŹ ]_pâ€X sNbvXXv. Hâ°-bSn°p ssZhimkvXĂn (theology) sâbpw k`mt\Xr-Xz-Ăn-sâbpwXncp-sh-gp-Ăp-I-fpsSbpw shfn]m-Sp-I-fpsSbpw amX-aâ, kIe]mNo\ ]mcÂș-cy-ĂfpsSbpw \ncm-IcWamWp ]mâșmXy]_pâ€XAYhm B[p\nI-X.
]cam[nImcw
câ matĂXp hn[nhnt[b-bpâĄn-bpsS ]cam[nImcamWv. _mlym-[nImcĂsfâmw FSpsĂdnâąp IgnbptÂșmÆ Ahtijn°pâXva\pjysâ bpâĄn amXam-Wv. B bpâĄn°p ]cnanXnIfpsâ ¶nepwB ]cnanXnIÆ°pânÂŹ Hmtcmhn[ bpâĄn°papâ N -Ăf\pk-cnÂźpaptÂșmÂŽpt]mbmÂŹ hgnsXâ°pIbnâ Fâmbncpâp CΩm\pthÂŹ Imân-sâ hmZw. ipâ€bpâĄn (Pure Reason), ]mtbmKnI bpâĄn (PrecticalReason), BkzmZ\ hnthN\bpâĄn (Judgement) CĂs\ aqâmbna\pjya\- nsâ ]hÂżĂ-\Ăsf Imâ v thÂżXn-cn-Âźp. ipâ€-bp-âĄn-sImâ p hkvXp-°-sfbpw hnj-b-Ă-sfbpw Adnbmw. ]mtbmKnI-bpâĄn sImâ p ]hÂżĂn°phmâ„ ]â°nbtXsXâp Ăżm]n°mw.BkzmZ\hnthN\ bpâĄn sImâ p IemhkvXp°sfbpw kmlnXy-IrXnI-sfbpw aâ°pw hnebncpĂmw. BZytĂXv Nn„bv°p \nbawkrjvSn°pâp. câ matĂXv CâmiâĄn°v; aqâmatĂXp kzmZn\vAYhm hnthN\Ăn\v.
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 461
Xnhn[bpâĄnsImâ p t\Spâ GXdnhpw Ftâmgpw hoâ pwtNmZyw sNĂžmâ„ bpâĄn°p km[n°pw. \nâșnX am¿§ĂnÂŹ IqSn-bmtWm Hcp ]tXyI Adnhpâ mbXv Fâp ]cntim[n°phmâ„bpâĄnbâmsX aâ°p-cIânâ. bpâĄnsImâ pâ mIpâ Adnshmâpw ]c-a-a-â. tNmZyw sNĂžm\mh-mĂXpaâ. ]tÂŁ, tNmZyw sNĂžmâ„ bpâĄn-°âmsX aâ°m¿°pw A[nImcanâ. bpâĄnbpsS Fâmhn[nbpw hn[nhnt[bamWv. CXmWp hn[nhn-t[bbpâĄn-sbâp Rmâ„ hnh-ÂŁn°pâ"Inâ°n° dokš.' bpâĄnsb \nb„n°phmt\m tNmZyw sNĂžmt\mkm[n°pâ GIiâĄn bpâĄn Xsâ.
]mâșmXy ]_p-â€-X-bpsS auenIXĂz-Ă-fnÂŹ AXn-]m-[m\y-apâ-XmWv Cu hn[n-hnt[b-bp-âĄn. B[p-\nIw Fâp ]d-bpâ kao-]\coXn-bnepw hn[n-hn-t[b bpâĄn°p tI”o-Ir-X-amb Ăżm\-ap-â v.]cm-ibw Asâ-¶nÂŹ ]c-\n-b-„Ww (heteronomy) CâmĂ, kz„-\n-b-a-hn-t[-b-amb (autonomous) AkvXn-Xz-ĂnÂŹ a\p-jyâ„ hf-c-W-sa-¶nÂŹ ]mc-Âș-cyw, aX-hn-izmkw apX-emb âmt\m-]m-[n-Isf \ntcm-[n-Âźv, Ah-\-hsâ hn[n-hn-t[b bpâĄnsb amXw Bi-bnÂźp Pohn-°m-\m-h-Ww.
B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Asâ-¶nÂŹ ]mâșmXy Ë ]_p-â€-X-bpsS ASn-Ăżm\]amW-Ă-fnÂŹ aqâm-atĂXv B[p-\nIimkvX (Modern sci-ence) sĂ amXw bYmÂżâ âm\-ambn kzoI-cnÂźv AXnÂŹ A[n-jvTnXamb kmt¶-XnI hnâm\w D]tbmKnÂźv Hcp \mKcnIXsIÂŽnâSp°pIsbâXmWv. Ignâą Ccp\qâ°mâ pIfnÂŹ B[p-\nIimkvXĂn\pw kmt¶-XnIhnâm-\-Ăn\pw Dâ mbnÂŽpâ t\ -ĂÆA`qX-]qÂżhĂfpw BâșcyIc-Ăfpw Xsâ. kwi-b-sam-âp-an-â.Fs„âmw Aâhn-izm-k-Ăsf Imâ°nÂŹ ]d-ân-°p-hmâ„ imkvX-Ăn\pkm[n-ÂźnÂŽp-â v. a\p-jysâ BtcmKysĂ A]ISĂnem-°pâ GsX-âmw tcmKĂsfbpw _m[Isfbpw \mamhti-jam°n! FX ku[-Ăfpw AW-s°-ÂŽpIfpw ]meĂfpw b„Ăfpw B[p\nI kmt¶-XnIXbpsS kÂżKi-âĄn°p kmÂŁyw hln°pâp. BImik©m-chpw thKĂnepâ hmÂżĂmhn\n-abhpw kmt¶-Xn-IXbtâ \ap°p\njv]-bmkam°nĂoÂżĂXv.
a\pjykzmX-„yw, hn[n-hn-t[bbpâĄn-, imkvXkmt¶XnIXFâo aqâp ][m\ XqWpIfntâemWv ]mâșmXy kwkvIm-chpw,AXn\p \nZm\amb ]_pâ€Xbpw B[p\nIXbpw \ne\n°pâXv.\memasĂ XqWv skIypeÂż tĂâ°v BWv. temIsaĂpw hym]nÂźvhnizsĂ GIh°cn°mâ„ Cu ]_pâ€Xbv°p km[nÂźp. aX\nc-t]ÂŁamb Cu skIypeÂż \mKcnIX aâ°pâhsctâmse mcXobcpwkzmbĂam°n.
B ]_p-â€-X-bpsS ASn-Ăżm-\-Ăn-emWp \ΩpsS c-W-Ăżm-]-\-Ăfpw hnZym-`ymk kÂș-Zm-bhpw NnInâmcoXnbpw hmÂżĂmhn\n-
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX462
abam[yaĂfpw kmlnXyhpw ZÂżi\hpsams° ]ptcmKanÂźpsImâ n-cn°pâXv.
s\lvdp
]gb ]mcÂșcyw ]ptcmKa\Ăn\p hneĂpXSnbmWv, ]qÂżh-Imehpambn Hcp ]qÂżĂhntâZ\w (a clean break with the past) BWvkzX„`mcXĂn\mhiyw Fâmbncpâp mcXcmjvS inÂŹânIfnÂŹ]apJ\mb ]finâ°v s\lvdphnsâbpw A`n]mbw. `qXImesĂhnkvacnÂźv mhnsb amXw em°m°n aptÂșmÂŽp t]mI-Wsaâp tIw_n-UvPnÂŹ ]TnÂźXmWv PhlÂżemÂŹ s\lvdp ChnsSbpw \Sâm°phmâ„ianÂźXv. ]mâșmXy ]_pâ€XbpsS DĂa k„m\amb s\lvdpa\pjykvt\lnbmbncp-âp. ]tÂŁ,- ]ptcmKa\Ăn\p \â am¿§-ambnAt±lw Iâ Xv mc-Xob ]mc-Âș-cy-Ăsf \ncm-I-cnÂźp ]mâșmXy ]_p-â€-X-bnse ]pXnb Bi-b-Ăsf `mc-X-Ănepw \S-ânÂŹhcp-Ăp-I-bm-bn-cp-âp. B ]mâșmXy]_p-â€-X-bpsS câ p IrXn-I-fmb amÂżIvkn-k-ĂnÂŹ \nâpw en_-d-en-k-ĂnÂŹ \nâpw GSp-IÆ ]dn-sÂź-Sp-ĂmWp\ΩpsS cmjvS-Ănsâ `mhn Icp-ân-Sn-ân-°p-hmâ„ At±lw DZy-an-Âź-Xv.alm-flm-Km-ân-bp-sSbpw SmtKm-dn-sâbpw hniz-ZÂżi-\-ĂÆ s\lvdp-hn\p kzoIm-cy-a-âm-bn-cp-âp. cmPmdmw tamlâ„tdmbnsbtâmse Ph-lÂżemÂŹ s\lvdphpw Cwâąo-jn-epâ ]Ăp ]pkvXIw hmbn-°p-âXpkwkvIr-X-Ănepw mc-Xob`mj-I-fn-ep-apâ \qdp ]pkvX-I-ĂÆ hmbn-°p-â-Xnt\-°mÆ ]tbm-P-\-I-c-ambn Iâ p.
skIyp-eÂż tĂâ°v
\mem-a-tĂXp skIyp-eÂż tĂâ°m-Wv. mcXĂnÂŹ ]mâșmXy]_p-â€Xbv°p ]Ćžmhp sXfnÂź s\lvdp-hnÂŹIqSnbmWv Câp \nehnepâ]e \â BibĂfpw \ΩpsS CSbnÂŹ ISâp hâXv. hockhÂż-°dnsâbpw ln”palmk`bpsSbpw Nn„bn-epâ Hcp ssl”hcm-jvSamWv s\lvdp Gâ°hpw IqSpXembn bsâÂŽXv. Aât±lhpw IqsS-bpâ Ipsdtâcpw ln”pcmjvSeÂŁysĂ kss[cyw sNdpĂnâm-bncpâpsh¶nÂŹ \mw FhnsSsÂźâp \n°pambncp-âp Fâp Nn„n-Âźpt\m°q. kwL]cnhmcĂnsâ t\XrXzĂnÂŹ Câp ImWpâ ]h-W-X-IÆ 1947-ËÂŹ ]m_-eyĂnÂŹ hâncpsâ¶nÂŹ `mcXĂnsâ Câ-sĂ AhĂż F„mbncn°pambncpâp?
]tÂŁ, ln”p-cm-jvS-Ăn\p ]Icw At±lw hn`m-h\w sNbvXXvHcp `mc-Xob `mj-bnepw hnhÂżĂ\w sNĂžm-s\m°mĂ "skIyq-eÂżtĂâ°v' Bbn-cp-âp. skIypeÂż Fâ Cwâąojv ]ZĂnsâ ]cn`mj"]m]-©nIw', "sFlnI-w', "temImbXw' Fsâms°bmWv. ]tÂŁ,s\lvdp hn`mh\w sNbvXXv Hcp "]m]©nI cmjvSt-am, "sFlnI-cmjvStam', "temIm-bX-cm-jvStam' Aâm-bncpâtâm. AÂżâ-an-âmĂ]Z-]tbmKĂftâ Ah? "aX\nct]ÂŁ cmjvS'satâm, "atXXc-
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 463
cmjvS'satâm Dâ ]Z-]-tbm-Khpw AÂżâ-]pjvS-a-â. hSt° C„y-bnÂŹ "aXw' Fâ ]ZtĂ°mÆ "[¿Ωw' Fâ ]ZamWp \mw "dnen-Pyâ„' Fâ t]Âż ]dbpâ bmYmÂżâyĂn\p XÂŹkaw. ]tÂŁ, "[¿Ω-\nct]ÂŁw' Fâp `mcXob`mjIfnÂŹ X¿÷a sNbvXmÂŹ "A[Âż-Ωmt]ÂŁnXw' FâÂżâw hâpt]mImw.
"skIyp-eÂż tĂâ°v' Ipgâapâ ]Z]tbmKamsWâp s\lvdphn\vAdnbmambncpâp. ]tÂŁ, ]m°nĂżmâ„ Hcp CâŠmanI cmjvSambnkzbw ]Jym]n°ptÂșmÆ `mcXw Hcp ssl”h cmjvSambn°cpXm-\pâ ]hW-Xsb sNdp°mâ„ ]â°nb Hcp ]ZĂnsâ A`mhĂnemWps\lvdp Cu hntijWw sXcsâąSpĂXv. alm-fl-PnbpsS FXnÂż-hmZĂsfmâpw hnetâmbnâ. 1931ËÂŹ tImšK- nsâ "skIypeÂżtĂâ°v' ]tabw ]mkm-bn. Fâm aXĂn\pw hnizmkĂn\pw ]qÂżĂkzmX„yapâ Hcp kzX„ skIyp-eÂż tĂâ°mWv \mw ]Wn-Xp-bÂżĂp-âXv Fâv Aâp Xsâ At±lw ]d-âąp.
B[p-\nI ]mâșmXy ]_p-â€XbpsS \memasĂ ][m\BibamWv Cu "skIypeÂż tĂâ°v.' bqtdm-ânÂŹ ItĂmen°cpw t]m -ĂâpImcpw XΩnÂŹ Gsd\mÆ bpâ€w sNbvXv Ahkm\w 1648-ËÂŹshĂvt -enbm DSÂșSn sImâ p kam[m\w Ăżm]nÂźtâmÆ Dâ m°nbXĂzamWv cmPmhnsâ aXw P\-Ăfpw kzoIcn°-W-saâXv. BXĂzĂnsâ \ntj[amWv ^©phnÏhĂnÂŹ \nâpâ mb skIyp-eÂż ]nâ„knânÆ. AXm-bXp cmjvShpw aXhpw XΩnÂŹ _âanâ.Hcp cmPysĂ ]uc\mbXp sImâ v B cmPyĂp ]m_eyĂnÂŹ\n°pâ aXw HcmÆ kzoIcnÂźpsImâWsaânâ. Hcp hyâĄnbpsSaXw Abm-fpsS Xocpam\ĂnÂŹsâÂŽ-XmWv Fâ Cu XXzw Hcfhp-hsc \oXnIcn°msa¶nepw hfsc Npcp°w hyâĄnIÆ amXta XĂÆCâp ]n„pScpâ aXw kzbw sXcsâąSpĂhcmbpâp. A[nIw-t]¿°pw GsX¶nepw Hcp ]tXyI aXtĂm-Spâ _âw NcnX-kmlNcyĂÆ sImâ pâ mbnÂŽpâXmWv.
aXhncpâ€w]tÂŁ, aXw FâpâXp hyâĄnkzmX„yĂn\p hnÂŽpsImSpĂp
IgnbptÂșmÆ, a\pjysâ kmaqlnI s]mXp-PohnXĂnÂŹ aXĂn\pĂżm\tam kmwKXytam Câ Fâp hcpâp.
]mâșmXy ]_pâ€X ASnĂżm\]cambnĂsâ aXhncpâ€amWv(Cuizc\ntj[amWv). imkvXĂnÂŹ "Cuizcâ„' Hcp BhiyanâmĂk¶-ev]w (unnecessary hypothesis) AYhm "A\mhiy]-Xnâ-'bmbnAh-ti-jn°pâp. ZÂżi-\-ĂnÂŹ Cuiz-c\p Ăżm\samâpanâ. hnZym-`ymkĂnepanâ Cuizcsâbmhiyw. NnInâmimkvXhpw Cuiz-c-\n-c-t]-ÂŁ-am-Wv. cmjvSob-ĂnÂŹ Cuiz-c\p Ăżm\w sImSp-°m-\m-hn-â. kmt¶-XnI hnâm-\-Ăn\pw hmÂżĂm-hn-\n-ab am[y-a-ĂÆ°pwCuiz-c-sâ-bm-h-iy-samâp-an-â.
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX464
Cuiz-câ„ Câ Fâp imkvXw sXfnbn-°mâ„ ian-°p-ân-sâ-¶nepwASn-Ăżm-\-]c-ambn \nco-iz-c-am-Wv imkvX-Ănsâ Nn„m-k-c-Wn-IÆ.
skIyp-e-dnkw Fâv Câp \ΩpsS tImšKkv ]am-Wn-IfpwCS-Xp-]-ÂŁ-°mcpw sNmân-s°mâ p\S-°pâ Cu "Ckw' ZmÂżi-\n-I-ambn \oXo-I-cn-°m-\m-hm-Ă-Xm-Wv. "kwL-]-cn-hm-c-'tĂmSp ]S-sh-ÂŽp-hmâ„ amXw klm-bn-°pâ ap\-bn-âmĂ Hcp "Ip„w' BW-Xv. \ΩpsSkwkvIm-c-Ănsâ ][m\ iXp-hmb PmXn-hn-th-N-\-tĂmSp t]mcm-Sp-hmâ„ Cu "Ckw' HÂŽpw klm-bn-°p-ânâ Xm\pw.
Aafn
]mâșmXy ]_p-â€X-bnse \Sp-Ăq-WpI-fmb \men\pw bYmÂżâ-ĂnÂŹ ASnĂżm-\-anâ Fâ-XmWp ]mâșmXy kwkvImcw ]Xn-^-en-ân-°pâ ZmcpWbmYmÂżâyw. \men-s\-°p-dnÂźpw ka-K-ambn ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-hmâ„ Cu lkz-te-J\w sImâ p km[n-°p-I-bn-â. B hnaÂżi\wFsâ A©mdp ]pkvX-I-Ă-fn-embn Rmâ„ Ah-X-cn-ân-Âźn-ÂŽp-âXv]mâșmXy ]_p-â€-X-bnÂŹ A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb \ΩpsS _pâ€n-Po-hn-IÆ°p hf-sc-sbmâpw kzoIm-cy-am-Imâ„ hgn-bn-â.
GXm-bmepw ASn-Ăżm-\-]-c-amb Aa-fn-sb-ââ°n hmZn-°p-â-bmÆRmâ„ amX-a-â. BwK-e-`mjm Nn„-I-tc-°mÆ IqSp-X-embn P¿Ω-\n-bnepw ^mâ„kn-ep-amWv Cu Nn„-IÆ DbÂżâphân-ÂŽp-â-Xv. IpdÂźp-t]cpsS t]cp- amXw ChnsS FSpĂp]d-b-sÂŽ.
1. am¿Žn℠sslU-§¿
B[p-\nI imkvXhpw kmt¶-XnI hnâm-\-hp-amWp ]mâșmXykwkvIm-c-Ănsâ bYmÂżâkz`mhw shfn-sâ-Sp-Ăpâ câ p ]Xn-`m-k-Ă-sfâp sslU-§¿ hmZn-°p-âp. a\p-jy\v Ahs\ Npâ°n\n°pâ aâ°v AkvXn-Xz-Ă-sf-°p-dnÂźp KmV-amb BImwÂŁ (Anxi-ety) Dâ v. Xsâ AkvXn-Xz-Ăn\p klm-b-I-ambn Ahsb ]cn-hÂżĂ\w sNbvXn-sâ-¶nÂŹ B AkvXn-XzsĂ Ah A]-I-S-Ăn-em-°p-sa-âmWv BImw-ÂŁ. Cu Bi-¶-bnÂŹ \nâmWp imkvXhpwkmt¶-Xn-I-Xbpw DZn-°p-â-Xv. hkvXp-°sf Adn-bp-âXv Adn-hn-\p-th-â n amX-am-sWâp imkvXw ]e-tâmgpw ]d-bp-âp-sâ -¶nepwbYmÂżâ-ĂnÂŹ imkvX-Ănsâ Dt±iyw F„mWv Fâp-â-Xv, AXnÂŹ\nâv Df-hm-Ipâ kmt¶-XnIhnâm-\o-b-ĂnÂŹ IqSn-bmWp shfn-sâ-Sp-â-Xv. A\y-h-kvXp-°sf kz„ Dt±-iy-ĂÆ°mbn ssIImcywsNbvXv Ah-bp-sS-taÂŹ Xsâ A[n-Im-chpw iâĄnbpw Ăżm]n-°p-I-bmWp kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-âm-\-Ănsâ ][m\ ]hr-Ăn. imkvX-ĂnsâCu KqtVm-t±iyw CĂs\ kmt¶-Xn-I-X-bnÂŹ IqSn shfn-sâ-Sp-âp.Cu BImw-ÂŁ-bp-sSbpw hyK-X-bp-sSbpw ]nd-InÂŹInS-°p-âXp ]mâșm-Xy a\p-jy\p kw`-hn-Âźn-cn-°pâ "DšabpsS adhn' (Forgetfullness ofBeing) BWv. Dšasb-„m-sWâv Adn-bm-hp-âXp ad-ânÂŽv, Dšasb
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 465
a\pjysâ ASn-a-bm°pIbmWp imkvXĂnsâbpw kmt¶-Xn-I-XbpsSbpw ]mY-an-tImt±iyw. ]IrXnbpsStaÂŹ B[n]Xyw t\Sna\pjybpâĄnbpsS Adnhn\pw ssIImcyĂn\pw hnt[bam°m\pâDZya-ĂnÂŹ a\pjyâ„ kzbw \jvS-sâ-SpĂp-âp. kXyĂnÂŹ \nâphyXn-Nen°pâp. kz„w t\ÂŽĂ-fpsS alĂzĂnÂŹ abĂn kz„wkz`m-hsĂ ad-°p-âp. Xsâ imkvX-h-e-bv°IĂp Ipcp-Ăp-âXpamX-amWv "kXyw' Fâ amc-I- am-b-bnÂŹ sNâphogp-âp. imkvX-Ăn\p Nn„n-°mt\ Adnbnâ. imkvXw F„msWâp imkvXĂn\pimkvXobambn Ăżm]n-°ms\m°ptam?
imkvXhpw kmt¶XnIXbpw krjvSn°pâ Cu temIamtWmkXyw? BsWâp \sΩ sXâ°nâ€cnânÂźv, imkvXĂn\âpdapâ kXy-sĂ tXSp-â-XnÂŹ \nâp \sΩ hnap-J-cm-°p-I-bmWp imkvXw sNĂžp-âXv Fâv sslU§¿ ]dbpâp.
a\p-jy-km-^eyw
F„mWo kXyw? kXyw aâ°v DšaIsftâmse "Dâ' Hâ-â. AXv"DâXv' Hcp ]tXyI coXnbnemWv. aâ°p hkvXp塮 "Dâ v' Fâp\mw ]dbptÂșmÆ ĂżeImeĂfnsehnsStbm Dsâ âmWp \ΩpsShnhÂŁ. ]tÂŁ, AĂ-s\bpâ "Dša'IfnÂŹ Htâm, Ah-bnÂŹ \nâphyXy-kvX-amb atâ°-sXmtâm Aâ, "kXyw.' kXyw Hcmibaâ. Hcp]Xn`mk-aâ. Hcp hnjbw Aâ. Fâm hnjbĂfpsSbpw ]Xn`mk-ĂfpsSbpw BibĂ-fp-sSbpw \nZm\amWXv. ASn ImWmĂ ASn-Ăżm\w. Nn„ sImâ v AXns\ tXSnânSn°m\mhnâ. BZnbpa„hp-anâmĂ B kXyw kvt\lamWv. kvt\l-ĂnÂŹ kzbw Hgp°ns°m-Sp°pâ, kzbw ]cnXym-KnbmWp kXyw. B kXyĂn\p a\p-jyâ„XsâĂsâ Hcp bâambn _enbÂżân°pâXmWp a\pjykm-^eyw. AXp imkvXĂnepw kmt¶-Xn-IXbnepw IqSn kwknâ€am-Ibnâ. a\pjysâ bpâĄn°v AXns\ tXSnânSn°mâ„ H°p-I-bn-â.Cu kXy-ĂnÂŹ \nâp hyXn-cn-âĄ-amb a\pjykzmX„yw I]SamWvFsâms° sslU-§¿ hmZn°ptÂșmÆ ]mâșmXy ]_pâ€XbpsSXqWpIÆ CfIpâp. ]mâșmXyNn„mku[w Ipep-Ăpâp. hnaÂżi-IÂż sslU§sd XmgvĂns°Žpâp.
2. antj ^qt°mbpw IqŽpImcpw
B[p\ntImĂcXbpsS ][m\ DÆ°mgvNXsâ B[p\nIXbv°vAYhm ]mâșmXy ]_pâ€Xbv°v ASnĂżm\]camb Aafn ]â°n-sbâpw AXnsâ ZmÂżi\nImSnĂżm\w XnIÂźpw ZpÂż_eamsWâpap-âXmWv.
kzbw ]IminXsaâp \Sn°pâ Fâm Nn„mhyhĂżnXnIfpwtNmZyw sNĂžpIbmWp bYmÂżâ kzmX-„yĂnsâ Bcw`saâphmZnÂź ^©pImcnÂŹ ]Ya\mWp antjÂŹ ^qt°m. hyhĂżm]nX
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX466
Nn„ Xsâ Akmâ€yamsWâpw ZmÂżi\nImSnĂżm\apâ Hcp lyqa-\nkw kmâ€yasââpw Xsâ "ZÂżi\Ănsâ kzmX„yw' (The Free-dom of Philosophy, 1985) Fâ KĆžĂnÂŹ ^qt°m hmZnÂźp.
Fâmâ°ns\°pdnÂźpw FgpXmw; ]Xn]mZn°mw. ]tÂŁ HâpwZmÂżi\nImSnĂżm\ĂnÂŹ sXfnbn°m\mhn-â. FgpXWw. kmlnXy-ĂnemWp ]Xym-ibpâXv; ZÂżi-\Ăne-â. Fâm ]iv\Ăsf-°pdnÂźpw FgpXns°m-âq. Ipâ°-Ă-sf-°p-dnÂźpw ssewKn-I-X-sb-°p-dnÂźpwam\-kn-I-tcm-K-sĂ-°p-dnÂźpw qt°m [mcmfw Fgp-Xn. ]ecpw hmbn-Âźp.- ^qt°msb NneÂż AcmPIXzhmZnsbâp hnfn-Âźp. LS\m-hm-Zn(Structuralist) Fâpw LS-\m\„c-hmZn (Post structuralist) bpâĄn-cm-lnXyhmZn (Irrationalist) iq\yXmhmZn (nihilist) Fsâms° t]Âż hnfnÂźp.AtXmsS Hcp IqÂŽw ]pXnb ^©v kmlnXyImcâmÂż DZnÂźpbÂżâp.sdmfmw-Kv _mÂżĂv, jmIveImâ„, jmIv sUdoUm FânhcmWp ]ap-JÂż. ChcpsS hmZĂÆ A[nIhpw hnaÂżi-\amWv. ^qt°m tXSn-bXv Hcp ]_p-â€Xm\„c kwkvImcw (Post enlightenment culture) BWv.]mâșmXy ]_pâ€X A_â€m[njvTnXhpw Akzo-Im-cy-hpam-Wv. B[p-\nIXbpsS ASn-Ăżm\m_â€Ă-fnÂŹ Hâv `mj-bmWv kIe Nn„-bp-sSbpw aqe-sa-âpâ apâ„hn-[n-b-tX. mjmZÂżi-\Ăn\p mjbpsSkz`mhsĂ hni-I-e\w sNĂžm-\pâ hyK-X-bm-bn-cp-âp. ]tÂŁ,`mjbv°pw kmlnXyĂn\pw kXysĂ tXSnânSn°mâ„ IgnhnsââphyâĄambn. A\p`hĂnsâ ]cnanXn-Isf ]ZÂżinân°pItbkmlnXyĂn\p km[n°q. a\pjykz`mhw (Human Nature) Fsâm-ânâ. [m¿Ωn-IX kmâ€yaâ. imkvXambncpâp ]mâșmXy ]_pâ€-XbpsS ASnĂżm\w. ]tÂŁ, imkvXĂn\v ASnĂżm-\ansââv CâphyâĄ-am-Wv. imkvXwsImâ pw, kmlnXywsImâ pw Adnshmâpap-â mIbn-â. B[p\nIX-bpsS \nZm\w imkvX-am-sW-¶nÂŹ, B[p\n-Im\-„cX (Post modernity) bpsS Pnlz kmlnXyamWv. kmlnXyĂnÂŹIqSnbmWp ]_pâ€Xm\„c \mKcn-IX kwkrjvSam°ms\m°pâXvFsâms° ^qt°m hmZnÂźp.
A]\nÂżamWw
sUdnUm aâ°pâhsc°mÆ ZmÂżi\nIambn Nn„n°pâbmÆ Xsâ.1967-ËÂŹ ]knâ€oIcnÂź "seIvdnâ°qÂż G eUn ^dmâ v (Writing andDifferance, 1978), ""Of Grammatologyâ (Eng. tr. 1976), i_vZhpw ]Xn`mkhpw(Speech and Phenomena, 1973) CĂs\ At\IKĆž-ĂÆ cNnÂźv \ne-hn-en-cpâ sehn- Ë -kvtSm-kn-sâbpw s^ÂżUn-\mâ„Uv Un tkmkq-dn-sâbpw LS-\m-hm-ZsĂ XIÂżĂp. FgpĂp shdpw Nnâw, kwâAsâ-¶nÂŹ enwKw amX-am-Wv. tÏtâ°m ]d-âąXpt]mse cN\ (writ-ing) shdp-samcp hy`n-Nm-c-k-„Xn (Bastard) BWv. `mjbpw cN-\bpwcâ m-Wv. cN\ \ne-\n°p-âXp `mj-bv°p-thâ n amX-am-Wv. cN-\sb a\p-jy-i-_vZ-hp-ambn IqÂŽn-°p-g-bv°-cp-Xv. ]tÂŁ, a\p-jy-i-_vZ-
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 467
Ănsâ ]nd-InÂŹ "AÂżâw' (Meaning sign) Dâ v. a\p-jysâ Fâm A\p-`-hhpw Cu AÂżâ-Ănsâ A\p-`-h-am-Wv. Cu AÂżâw `mj-bnÂŹ\nâpw `mjsb cN-\-bm-°pâ Nnâ-hy-h-Ăżn-Xn-bnÂŹ \nâpwXnIÂźpw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. GXp cN-\-sb-Sp-Ămepw AXnÂŹ BZywImWpâ A\p-]-ZmÂżâ-Ănsâ ]nd-InÂŹ t]mbn BZymÂżâsĂAt\z-jn-°p-âp. CĂs\ t]mIpâp sUdn-Um-bpsS A]-\n¿ΩmW(Deconstruction) Nn„.
(sU-dn-Um-bpsS enJn-X-imkvXw (Of Grammatology) Cwâąo-jn-te°p]cn-`m-j-sâ-Sp-Ăn-bXv Hcp C„y-m°m-cn-bmWv- KmbXn NI-hÂżĂnkv]nhm°v; B ]cn-`m-j-bpsS C„yâ„ FUn-jâ„ Cu G]nÂŹ amk-ĂnÂŹ UÂŹln-bnse tamĂn-emÂŹ _\mÂż-kn-Zmkv ]knâ€w sNbvXn-ÂŽp-â v). hn[nhnt[b-bpâĄnbpsSbpw ]mâșmXy ]_p-â€-X-bp-sSbpwB[p-\n-I-X-bpsS-bp-sams° A„yw Ipdn-°pâ kp]-[m\ IrXn-bm-Wn-sX-â-Xn\p kwi-b-an-â. aptÂșmÂŽp hgnImWn-°mâ„ A]-\n¿ΩmW]Ăżm-\-Ăn\p km[n-°p-tam-sbâp kwi-b-am-Wv. aâ°v A]-\n¿ΩmWNn„-IÂż A]-\n¿ΩmWsĂ AXp-sImâ p Xsâ \nl-\n-°m-\mWpkmâ€y-X.
3. kwkr-jvS-bm-YmÂżây-hmZw (Constructive Realism)imkvXĂnsâ ASnĂżm\ _elo\XbmWv AXnsâ ANn„nX
bmYmÂżây-hmZw (naive realism). hkvXp-°Æ°p \mw ImWpâ cq]-ĂnÂŹĂsâ \ΩpsS t]ÂŁbnepw D]e-_v[nbnepw Bibn°mĂkz„w-A-kvXnXzapsâ âpâ Aim-kvXobhmZambn-cpâp imkvX-Ănsâ BZnbnse ASn-Ăżm-\w. B[p\nI `uXnI imkvXĂnÂŹ(Modern Physics) hyâĄ-am°pâXv t]ÂŁI\nct]ÂŁamb AkvXnXzwbmsXmân\pw IÂŹân-°m\mhnâ Fâp XsâbmWv.
ANn„nX bmYmÂżâyhmZw ]tâ XIÂżâXmsW¶nepw imkvX-ââmcnÂŹ ]ecpw AXdnbmsX B hmZsĂĂsâ apdpsIân-Sn°pIbmWv. âm\saâ \nebnÂŹ imkvXĂn\pâ Ăżm\w Câpkwibm-kv]Zambn-°-gn-âąn-cn-°p-âp. t]ÂŁ-I-\n-c-t]-ÂŁ-I-am-b,Bfl-\n-jvT-a-âm-Ă, hkvXp-\n-jvT-X-sb-tĂSn tÏtâ°m-bpsS Imew-apXÂŹ Câphscbpâ ]mâșmXycpsS At\zjWw ]cmPbsâÂŽncn-°pIbmWv.
^nâ°vkv hmÆ\Âż
FâmÂŹ \miĂnÂŹ\nâp imkvXsĂ hosâ SpĂv, ]mâșmXykwkvImcĂnsâ ]cam[nImcĂ Dd-ânÂźp \nÂżĂm\pâ Hcp iawNne ]mâșm-Xy-ZmÂżi\nIÂż C°gnâą am¿Ÿv amkĂnÂŹ UÂŹln kÂż-hIem-imebnse Hcp skan-\mdneqsS \S-Ăn. ANn„nX bmYmÂż-âyhmZĂnsâ Ăżm\Ăp krjvSn]camb bmYmÂżâyhmZsĂ ]N-cnân°m\mbn-cpâp AhcpsS iaw. hnbâm kÂżh-Iem-imebnse
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX468
^nâ°vkv hmÆ\Âż Fâ ZmÂżi\nI\mbncpâp Cu kwLĂnsâ][m\ hâĄm-hv.
B[p\nIimkvXw bYmÂżââm\amsWâpâ hmZsĂ ZmÂż-i\nIambn Ăżm]n°phmâ„ kmâ€yaâ. AXpsImâ p imkvXwâm\amsWâpâ AhImihmZw Dt]ÂŁn°Ww FâmWp hmÆ-\Âż ]dbpâXv. DšabnÂŹ Dâ Hcp bmYmÂżâysĂ DâXpt]msehnh-cnâmâ„ imkvXĂn\p Ignhnâ. A\p`hĂnsâbpw Nn„bp-sSbpw ASnĂżm\ĂnÂŹ Hcp ]pXnb bmYmÂżâysĂ krjvSn°pIamX-amWv imkvXĂn\p Ign-bp-â-Xv. Cu krjvSn ]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-Wv. âm\-a-â, a\p-jysâ a\ psImâ p krjvSn-°pâ Cu bmYmÂż-ây-amWp kwkrjvSbmYmÂżâyw. AXmWp imkvXw. CĂs\t]mIpâp kwkrjvS bmYmÂżâyhmZw.
Ipsdsbms° A\pIÂștbmsSbmWp Rmâ„ Cu IkÂżĂns\hoÂŁn-°pâXv. a\p-jy-a-kvXnjvI \n¿ΩnX-amb bmYmÂżâyw amX-amWv imkvXw. AXp-sImâ p ]tbm-P\apâ v. AXp aXn-sbâv Câv1994-ËÂŹ hmZn°pâ P¿Ωâ„Imc\mb Nn„Isâ inipklPamb CuIfn, ]Xns\ÂŽmw iXm_vZĂnÂŹĂsâ ]mâșm-XyÂż ]mb]qÂżĂnbn-seĂn Fâp hmZnÂź CΩm\phÂŹ Imânsâ hmZ-tĂ-°mÆ bpâĄn-bp-âĄambn tXmâpâp. ]mâșm-XyÂż Xsâ "kwkrjvS' bmYmÂżâyhpw-sImâ p Ipsd-\mÆ IqSn \S°sÂŽ. hf-cpâXphsc.
\mKcnIX
B[p\nIXbpsS Fâm NÂŽĂsfbpw tNmZyw sNĂžpâpshâmWvB[p\ntImĂcsâ AhImihmZw. B[p\ntImĂcXbpsS ZmÂż-i\nImSnĂżm\w B[p\nIXbptS-Xnt\°mÆ ZpÂż_eamWv. AXnÂŹ-\nâp a\p-jy\v Bflobambpw _pâ€n]cambpw `ÂŁn°mâ„ hepXm-bnsÂŽmâpw InÂŽpIbnâ. aptÂș ]dâąXpt]mse A]\n¿ΩmWw kzbw\njvLSn-ânÂźp \in°m\mWp kmâ€yX. ]pXnb Hcp \mKcnIXbpsSASnĂżm\w sIÂŽn-âSp°phmâ„ B[p-\nI-Xbvt°m LS\mhmZĂn-t\m, B[p-\n-tIm-ĂcX-bvt°m, A]\n¿Ωm-WĂnt\m Ign-hn-â.
]mcÂșcyw \ÂŹIpâ shfnÂźanâmsX kXyĂnte°pâ hgnImWphmâ„ kmâ€yaâ FâpâXv ]mâșm-Xy¿°v Cubn-sS-bmWv a\- n-em-bXv. AtXmsS ]mâșmXy ]_p-â€-X-bpsS ASn-Ăd XIÂżâp.]tÂŁ, hymJym-\hmZw AYhm slÂżsΩ\yqÂŽnIvkv Fâ ]pXnb Pme-hnZy sImâ p XIÂżâ ASnĂżm\w \âm°nsbSp-°m\mWv P¿Ω\n-bnse lmâ„kv- -tKtbmÂżKv KmUaÂż, ^mâ„knse ]mÆdnt°¿ apXem-bhÂż ian°pâXv. ]mcÂșcyanâmsX kXy]Imi\anâ FâhÂżkΩXn°pâpshâp amX-aâ, ]mcÂșcyw hymJym\Ănsâ ASn-Ăżm\inebmbn AhÂż ImWpâp. Bfl\njvTaâmĂ hkvXp\n-jvTX kmâ€yasââv AhÂż kΩXn-°pâp. Hmtcm a\pjysâbpw
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 469
]tXyI N-cnXw Ahsâ ZrjvSnsbĂsâ IcpânSnân°pâpshâpwHtc ]Xn- mksĂ, XĂfpsS ]âbpsS ]tXyI-X-bnepâ hyXym-kwsImâ p ]ecpw ]e-Xmbn°mWpâpshâpw AhÂż kΩ-Xn°pâp.]tÂŁ, Cu hymJym\-hmZĂn\pw Hcp ]pXnb \mKcnIXbv°Sn-Ăżm\-amIpâ aqey-kwlnXsb°pdnÂźp hn[n IÂŹân°m\pâ D]m[nIsfm-âpanâ.
]pXnb \mK-cn-I-Xbv°v ASn-Ăżm\w Xocp-am-\n-°p-hmâ„ B¿°m-W-[n-Imcw? km[m-cW P\-ĂÆ°p Xsâ. ]finXâm¿°v Ahscklmbn°mw. hgn ]dâąp sImSp°mw. ]tÂŁ, Xocpam-\n°phm\pâA[nImcw P\ĂÆ°p Xsâ. ]finXâmcpw P\Ăfpw HsĂmcp-anÂźp Nn„n-sÂź-¶nte CĂ-s\-sbmcp aqey-kw-ln-Xbv°p cq]w sImSp-°ms\m°pIbpâp.
]mcÂșcyw
AĂs\ sNĂžWsa¶nÂŹ, P\-ĂÆ, GsX¶nepw hntZiob]mc-ÂșcysĂ AtX-]Sn kzoI-cn°pâXp \â-X-â. hntZi]mcÂșcyĂÆ\ncoÂŁnÂźp]Tn°Ww. Xt±iob ]mcÂșcyw hntZi]mcÂșcyĂnsâthentbâ°-ĂnÂŹ apĂntâmbnÂŽpsâ -¶nÂŹ, AXns\ s]m°nsbSpĂp\ncoÂŁn°Ww.
`mcXobsc kw_ânÂźnStĂmfw `mcXĂnÂŹ Xsâbpâ ]mc-Âșcysshhn-[ysĂ thâ X FSpĂpImWn°phmâ„ \ΩpsS Fgp-ĂpIm¿°pw ZmÂżi-\nI¿°pw hfsc ]cn-anXambn amXta km[nÂźn-ÂŽpâp. Ah-KWn°sâÂŽpInS°pâ ]e ]mcÂșcyĂfpw ]p\cp-â€cnt°â Xpâ v. DZmlcWw BZnhmkn ]mcÂșcyw, ia-W]mcÂș-cyw, ssP\]mcÂș-cyw, _pâ€]mcÂșcyw. tIcfĂnÂŹ ln”paXĂnsâhnPbapâ mIpâXphsc Cu \mep ]mcÂșcyĂfmWp ][m\ambnDâ mbncp-âXv. _mâWaXw ioi¶csâ ImeĂn\p apâqdphÂżjwapÂșp amX-amWv IpdsÂźms° ]m_-eyĂnÂŹ hâ-Xv. AXn-\papÂșp Xsâ -blqZ]mcÂșcyhpw ssIkvXh ]mcÂșcyhpw tIcf-ĂnÂŹ thcqân°gnâąncpâp. iocmam\pPsâ ImeĂn\p apÂșp-Xsâ Ad_n°ŸhS°mcnÂŹ \nâpw e`nÂź apkvenw ]mcÂșcyhpwtIcfĂnsâ kz„]m-c-ÂșcyĂfn-sem-âmbn Ign-âąncp-âp. CsXâmwIgnâąv HSp-hnÂŹ ]d-¶n-I-fp-sSbpw Cwâąo-jpIm-cp-sSbpw ]mâșm-Xy-kwkvImchpw AXpt]mseĂsâ Cu iXm_vZĂnÂŹ amÂżIvkn-khpw \ΩpsS cmPyĂp hfscb[nIw kzm[o\w sNepĂn.
Cu ]mcÂșcyĂsfsbâmw Xsâ XĂfptSXmbn tIcfobcpw`mcXobcpw IW°nseSp°Ww, ]Tn-°-Ww, Kln°-Ww. CXn-emWp]fin-X-âm¿°pw Fgp-ĂpIm¿°pw kn\n-am sSen-hn-jâ„ tdUntbmcwKĂp ]hÂżĂn-°p-â-h¿°psams° hf-scb-[nIw sNĂžp-hmâ„ Ign-bp-â-Xv.
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX470
Cu ]mc-Âș-cysĂ hosâ -Sp-°pâ Imcy-ĂnÂŹ tIc-fĂnse BZn-hm-kn-Ifpw ln”p-°fpw apâŠoĂfpw amÂżIvkn-Ăp-Ifpw ssIkvX-h-cpsams° kl-IcnÂźp ]hÂżĂn-°-Ww.
CsXâmw IqSmsX \mw Xosc i†sNep-ĂmĂ aâ°p ]e ]mc-Âș-cy-Ăfpw Cu temI-Ăn-ep-â v. Ah-bnÂŹ Gâ°hpw ]m[m-\y-aÂżln-°p-âh câ m-Wv. Hâv B^n°bnepw Ata-cn-°-bnepw HmkvtS-en-b-bnepw Gjy-bn-epw Hs°bpâ BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS ]mc-Âș-cyw. câ m-aXp P\-kw-Jy-bnÂŹ Gâ°hpw anIÂźp\n°pâ ssN\-bnse Umthm-Ë- Iš^yq-jâ„ -Ë -_p-â€-aX ]mc-Âș-cy-ĂÆ. ssN\-bnse _pâ€-aXwC„y-bnÂŹ\nâp hâ-Xm-sW-¶nepw ssN\okv kwkvImcw AXn\p]tXyIw cq]-ĂÆ sImSp-Ăp. Omâ„, sSâ„Um-bn, lzmsbâ„ Fâoaqâp ][m-\-cq-]-ĂÆ \mw ]Tn-°-Ww.
CĂs\ Cu ]mc-Âș-cyĂ-sf-sbms° \mw kzmb-Ă-am-°n-°-gn-bp-tÂșmÆ \ΩpsS kwkvIm-c-ĂnÂŹ Hcp \thm-âm-\-ap -â m-Ipw.AXnÂŹ\ntâ ]pXnb \mK-cn-I-X-bv°pâ ]pXnb aqey-ĂÆ DcpĂn-cn-bmâ„ hgn-bp-âp.
(`mjm-t]m-jn-Wn, 1994, sk]vâ°w-_Âż)
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 471
3]mâșmXy ]_pâ€X Ë
Hcp hniZoIcWw
]mâșmXy ]_pâ€Xsbââ°n mjmt]mjnWnbpsS 1994 sk]vâ°w_Âże°ĂnÂŹ Rmâ„ FgpXnbhXcnânÂź ]_âw Ipsd Nn„m°pgâ-Ăn\v hgn sXfnÂźnÂŽpâ v. ]ecpw AXnse apJymibsĂ ssIImcywsNĂžmsX ANn„nXĂfmb hn[nsbgpĂpIfnte°mWv NmSn hoW-sXâp tXmâpâp.
DZmlcWambn Fsâ kplrĂmb io. ]ctaizcâ„ Dâbn°pâhmZw InkvXpaXamtWm _mâWaXamtWm tIcfĂnÂŹ BZywDSseSpĂsXâXns\°pdnÂźmbncpâp. aâ°p NneÂż FânÂŹ Btcm]n-°pâXv kwkv°mc sshhnâ€yĂfpsS BsIXpItbbmWv Rmâ„A`nejn°pâsXâtX.
GXmbmepw Hcp kÂżhkwkv°mc ka\zbw Aâ Fsâ ][m\Dt±iyw. `mcXĂnsetâmse AXpey kwkv°mc kw]pjvSnbpâHcp ]mcÂșcysĂ ssl”h[¿Ωsatâm k\mX\[¿Ωsatâm DâHtc NcSnÂŹ tImÂżĂnW°n, _pâ€ZÂżi\sĂbpw ssP\ZÂżi\sĂ-bpw AXn\v apâ„t]bpâ kmwJytbmKZÂżi\Ăsfbpw Hs° shdpw"Aââ„UnIvkp'Ifm°nĂo¿°m\pâ DZyatĂmSmsW\ns°XnÂżâp-âXv.
`mcXob kwkv°mcw \nch[n XeĂfpâ HâmWv. AXnsâsshhnâ€yhpw kw]Zmb khntijXIfpw \mw ad°cpXv. InkvXp-hn\v apÂșv Bdmw iXIĂnÂŹ _mâWaXĂnse BflhmZtĂmSpwarK_enbnÂŹ A[njvTnXamb I¿ΩaoamwktbmSpw adpXenÂźv _mâ-WaXĂnse ][m\ aqeyĂfmb Bflâ„, _ââ„ Fâo Bib-Ăsf Xsâ D]tbmKn°msX Hcp ]pXnb Nn„mcoXnbpw PohnXssienbpamWv _pâ€`Khmâ„ Bhnjv°cnÂźXv.
Bbnc°W°n\v ][m\ KĆžĂÆ _pâ€aXw `mcXĂnÂŹ cNn-Âźp. Nneh ssN\okv mjbntem Sn_â°â„ mjbntem ]mNo\ ]men]mIrX`mjIfntem \nâpw kwkvIrXĂnem°mâ„ \ap°nâpwIgnâąnÂŽnâ. _pâ€aXĂnÂŹ Xsâ ]Xns\ÂŽne[nIw kÂșZmbĂÆDSseSpĂp. Ahsbâmw IqsS k\mX\ [¿ΩĂnsâ Hcp ^pÂŽvt\m-ÂŽmbn FgpXnĂâpâXnt\mSmsW\ns°XnÂżâv.
Cu ]mcÂșcyĂsfâmwIqsS \mw F„n\v ]Tnbv°Ww? AhbpsSFâmw IqsS kamlmcamb Hcp ]pXnb `mcXob ]mcÂșcyw krjvSn-bv°m\mWv Rmâ„ DZyanbv°pâsXâv Fsâ \ncq]IcnÂŹ ]ecpwsXâ°nâ€cnbv°pâp.
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX472
Rmâ„ Fsâ kz„ A\p`hsĂ ASnĂżm\am°n Nne ImcyĂÆChnsS FSpĂp]dbsÂŽ. \mev]Xv hÂżjw apÂșv ioi¶csâ AssZzXthZm„hpw io cmam\pPsâ hninjvSmssZzXhpw io. am[zmNmcy-cpsS ssZzXhmZhpw Ipsdsbms° Icfnem°n, AhbmWv mcXZÂżi\]mcÂșcyĂnsâ ][m\ `mKĂÆ Fâv \ncq]nÂźncpâ HcmfmWvRmâ„. ]nâoSmWv t_mâ€yw hâXv temImNmcyâmscâv \mw hnhÂŁn-°pâ Cu i¶csâbpw cmam\pPsâbpw am[zsâbpw Nn„ apgphâ„IqSn IqÂŽnbmÂŹ `mcX]mcÂșcyĂnse Hcp saUohÂŹ ^ntemk^namXta BIpâpâpshâpw _pâ€ZÂżi\hpw ssP\ZÂżi\hpsams°kapZw t]mse hym]nÂźp InS°pâ henb Hcp Nn„mtÂŁXamsW-âpw.
`mcX]mcÂșcysa„msWâv kaKambn hnhcnâmâ„ Câpw F\n°vIgnthm Adnthm Câ. ]tÂŁ, B ]mcÂșcyĂnse Dt]ÂŁnÂźp Xân-bncn°pâ ]e mKĂsf°pdnÂźv Câv Rmâ„ Aev]wIqsS t_m[hm-\msWâp amXw.
kwkvIrXĂnepâ Fâm KĆžĂsfbpw HcpansÂźSpĂmÂŹ AXn-t\°mÆ IqSpXÂŹ ]tbmP\w ]mâșmXy kmlnXyĂnse Hscmâ°KĆžw sImâ mWpâ mIpâXv Fâv dmPmdmw tamlâ„tdmbn ]dâą-Xmbn FhnsStbm hmbnÂźtâmÆ Rmâ„ ÂŁp`nX\mbn, Ip]nX\mbn.dmw tamlâ„ tdmbv kwkvIrXhpw t]Âżjyâ„ kmlnXyhpw D¿±pkmln-Xyhpw Ipsdsbms° Adnbmhpâ Bfmbncpâp. B A`n]mbtĂ-°mÆ IqSpXÂŹ Csâsâ tÂŁm`nânbv°pâXv `mcXob kwkv°mc-kmKcĂnsâ Hcp ap°p t]mepw Iâ nÂŽnâmĂ Nne C„yâ„ _pâ€n-PohnIÆ B kwkv°mcsĂ Xosc AhKWnbv°pâXp ImWptÂșm-gmWv.
Rmâ„ ]dbpâXv kaKamb ]pcmX\ `mcXob ]mcÂșcysĂAtX]Sn ]p\cpĂ·ohnânbv°pIbmWnâv IcWobw Fââ. ]mâșm-XyZÂżi\ĂnÂŹ Câsebpâ mb B[p\nIXsbbpw B[p\ntImĂ-cXtbbpw sk°pednksĂbpsams° amXw ASnĂżm\am°nChnsS Hcp \mKcnIX sIÂŽnâSp°phmâ„ Dâ DZyasĂbmWv Rmâ„tNmZyw sNĂžpâXv.
Cu `mc-Xob ]mcÂșcykmKcĂnÂŹ Hâv apĂn°pfnÂźmÂŹ ]mâșm-Xy]mcÂșcyw \ΩpsS at\m^eIĂnÂŹ Hcp \qâ°mâ psImâ v hcÂźptXÂźncn°pâ sNfn Ipsdsb¶nepw IgpIn°fbms\m°psaâmWvFsâ A\p`hw.
amÂżIvknĂv kplrĂp°fpw ]mâșmXy ]mcÂșcyĂnse Hcp kp]-[m\ Nn„mcoXnbmb amÂżIvknbâ„ hniIe\sĂ amXw Ahew-_nÂźp Nn„nÂźpw ]hÂżĂnÂźpwsImâ ncnbv°pâXns\ââ°nbmWv F\n-bv°v ]cmXn. tZho]kmZv NtXm]mâ€ymbsbbpw lncš ap°¿Pn-
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 473
tbbpw t]mse `mcXob ]mcÂșcyw ]Tn-Âźn-ÂŽp-â-hÂż amÂżIvkn-Ăp-Im-cpsS CS-bnepw Dâ v. ]tÂŁ AhÂż `mc-Xob ]mcÂșcysĂ Afâdn-bphmâ„ ianÂźXv amÂżIvknbâ„ hniIe\Ănsâ AfhptImÂŹ amXwD]tbmKnÂźmbncpâp FâXpsImâ v B ]mcÂșcyĂnsâ AKm[Xb-dnbphmâ„ Ah¿°v km[nÂźnâ FâpâXmWv hkvXpX.
Rm\o ]dbpâXnsâ Npcp°w Hcnbv° IqSn AhXcnânbv°sÂŽ.B[p\nI ]mâșmXy Nn„mcoXnbpsS câ v ][m\ mKĂfmWv en_d-enkhpw amÂżIvknkhpw. câ pw 18Ëmw iXm_vZĂnepâ mb ]mâșmXy]_pâ€X (western enlightenment) bnÂŹ \nâpcpĂncnâąXmWv. câ n-epw Hcpt]mse ImWpâXv a\pjybpâĄnbpsS knwlmk\mtcmlW-amWv. a\pjybpâĄnsImâ v ]cklmbw IqSmsX ]nSnsÂźSp°mhp-âXv amXamWv bmYmÂżâyw Fâ Nn„ B[p\nI imkvXĂnse-ât]mse en_denkĂnepw amÂżIvknkĂnepw ImWpâpâ v.AXnsâ Hcp ]Xn`mkw amXamWv amÂżIvknĂpImcâmĂhÂż t]mepwCâv klÂżjw AwKoIcnbv°pâ sk°peÂż lyqa\nkw. AXn\v\nZm\ambncn°pâ am\hnIXm ZÂżi\ (Anthropological vision) tĂbmWvRm\nâv tNmZyw sNĂžpâXv.
a\pjysâ am\Zfiw a\pjyâ„ XsâbmsWâpw a\pjy\Xncn-âĄambn am\hnIXbpsS hnIk\sĂ \nb„n°pâ bmsXmâpansâ-âpapâ hmZĂÆ, amÂżIvknkĂnepw en_denkĂnepw ImWp-âpâ v. CXn\v imkvXobambn bmsXmcp ASnĂżm\hpanâ. amÂż-IvknkĂnÂŹ NcnXsĂ Nnetâmsgms° am\hnIXm hnIk\-Ănsâ \nbmaI iâĄnbmbn hn`mh\w sNĂžmdpâ v. FâmÂŹ CXvtlKensâ aXZÂżi\ĂnÂŹ\nâp amÂżIvkv Ë GwKâv ASÂżĂnsb-SpĂ Hcp hnizmksaââmsX AXns\ imkvXm[njvTnXambn\oXoIcnbv°ms\m°pIbnâ.
am\hnIXmhmZw (humanism), sk°pednkw, tkmjyenkw Chaqâpw Câv amÂżIvknkĂnseât]mse en_denkĂnepw ][m\XXzĂfmWtâm. ]mâșmXy]_pâ€XbnemWv aqânsâbpw DZbw. Ch-bpsS thcpIÆ `mcXob ]mcÂșcyĂnÂŹ tXSnbmÂŹ ImWpIbnâ.
`mcXob ]mcÂșcyĂnsâ ASnĂżm\ DÆ°mgvNItfhbmWv? CutNmZyĂnsâ kam[m\ĂnÂŹ \mw AhKWnÂźpIqSmĂ aqâp hi-ĂÆ Nqâ n°mWnbv°pItb ChnsS kmâ€yambnÂŽpâp.
`mcXob ]mcÂșcyĂnsâ Gâ°hpw ImXemb ASnĂżm\w BZnhm-knIfpsS bmYmÂżâyZÂżi\hpw PohnX kao]\hpamWv. AXv Fgp-XnhÂźnÂŽpâ Hcp ZÂżi\ kwlnXbâ. AXn\v Ăżm]I ZÂżiIâmcnâ,enJnX thZĂfpanâ. ]tÂŁ kaKamb Hcp hoÂŁWamWXn\pâXv.a\pjyâ„ Fâp ]dbpâ Hcp ]Xn`mksĂ `qantbmSpw BImi-tĂmSpw aetbmSpw \ZntbmSpw arKPmeĂtfmSpw ]ÂŁnhr”Ă-
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX474
tfmSpw hmbphnt\mSpw PetĂmSpw HcpanÂźpw Ahsb BibnÂźpwamXw klPohnbv°pâ Hcp ]Xn`mkambnÂŽmWv Cu hoÂŁWw hnh-ÂŁnbv°pâXv. FâmÂŹ sk°pednkw Ë en_denkĂnse auenINn„ CXn\v ISIhncpâ€amWv. temIw a\pjy]âbv°v ]pdĂm-sWâpw temIĂnÂŹ \nâpw amdn\nev°pâ, temI\ncoÂŁI\pw\nbmaI\pamb Hcp k_vsPIvSmbn \nesImâ v, temIsĂ HcpH_vPIvSm°n AXns\ hkvXp\njvSambn imkvXw aptJ\ Adn-bphm\pw kmt¶XnI hnâm\obw sImâ v a\pjylnXĂn\\pk-cnÂźv temIsĂ IcpânSnânbv°m\pw kmâ€yamsWâpâ anâymt_m-[amWv sk°pednkw Ë en_denkĂn\pâXv. imkvXhpw kmt¶-XnI hnâm\obXbpwsImâ v _mlytemIsĂ a\pjylnXĂn\-\pkcnÂźv cq]sâSpĂphmâ„ a\pjysâ bpâĄnbv°v kmâ€yamsW-âpâ Hcp hymtamlw Câv \nÂżĂmbIamb Hcp ]Xnkânbnse-Ănbncnt° B sk°pednkw Ë en_denksĂ \ΩpsS auenIZÂżi\am°n kzoIcnbv°phmâ„ Rmâ„ aSnbv°pâp.
C°mcyĂnÂŹ amÂżIvknĂv ZÂżi\w Ipsd°qsS bmYmÂżâytĂmSv\nc°pâXmWv. a\pjy]Xn`mkw ]IrXnbnÂŹ \nâv hyXncnâĄa-sââpw a\pjy\pw ]IrXnbpw XΩnepâ saâ°mt_mfnkw AYhmhkvXphn\nabwsImâ p amXamWv a\pjyâ„ Fâ ]Xn`mkw cq]wsImâpâsXâpamWv amÂżIvknĂpImÂż (AdnbmhpâhÂż) ]Tnânbv°p-âXv. AXpsImâ v kmaqly kwLSnX ]bXv\w (socially organisedLabour) a\pjy]Xn`mkĂnsâ kjvSmhmbnĂsâ AhÂż Icp-Xpâp. BZnhmknIfpsS Nn„ AXnt\°mÆ Aev]w IqSn ]uV-amWv. ]ckv]c hkvXphn\nabtĂ°mÆ ]IrXnbpw a\pjy\pwXΩnepâ kvt\lka\znXamb _lpam\]qÂżâapâ klPohnXXz-Ăn\pw ]ckv]c kmtlmZcyĂn\pw BZnhmknIÆ ]mamWyw\ÂŹIn.
`mcXob ]mcÂșcyĂnsâ câ masĂ ASnĂd, _pâ€aXhpwssP\aXhpsams° thÂżXncnbpâXn\v aptÂș `mcXĂnepâXpwAXnsâ D]tZiĂÆ KhZvKoXbnepw alm`mcXĂnepw s]mXpshD]\njĂpIfnepw amXaâ AiztLmjsâ _pâ€NcnXĂnepwssP\IrXnIfnepsams° ]Xn^enÂźpImWpâXpamb kmwJyZÂż-i\amWv. AÂżâkw]pjvSamb Cu ZÂżi\Ănsâbpw BZyenJnX-ĂÆ \ap°v \jvSsâÂŽncnbv°pâp. _mâWaXĂneâ kmwJyZÂż-i\Ănsâ DZbw FâmWv ]finXm`n]mbw. dnÂźmÂżUv KmÂżt_ ]d-bpâX\pkcnÂźv kmwJyw Hcp ÂŁXnb ZÂżi\ambncpâtX.
KplmhmknIfmbn kmwJytbmKw ioenbv°pâ k\ymknamcpsSHcmiaw Câpw _olmdnse a[p]pc Fâ \KcĂnepâ v. ]gbkmwJy ZÂżi\sĂââ°n AhcpsS ]knâ€oIcWĂfpapâ v. FâmÂŹI]ne, Bkqcn, ]©inJ apXemb ][m\mNmcyâmcpsS enJnX-
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 475
ĂÆ \ΩpsS ssIbnenâ. I]nemNmcysâ 23 t«mIĂfSĂnb""XXzkamkw'' t]mepw \ap°v \jvSambncn°pâp. 60 t«mIĂfpâ]pcmX\ ""jjvSnX„w'' câ mw iXm_vZĂnÂŹ CuizcIrjvWsâssIbnÂŹ InÂŽnbnÂŽv AXns\ 70 B°n ]p\x]km[\w sNbvX""kmwJymImcnI''bmWv Câv \ap°v Bibw. tkzizckmwJyhpw\ncoizckmwJyhpw câ pw HcpanÂźp hfÂżâp hnIknÂźp.
hfscb[nIw B„cnI sshhnâ€yĂÆ DÆs°mâpâ CukmwJy ZÂżi\ĂnÂŹ\nâv Câv \ap°v ]eXpw ]Tnbv°m\pâ v.csâ Ăw FSpĂp ]dbsÂŽ.
HâmaXv ZrjvSambXns\âmw ASn-Ăżm\w AZrjvSambXmWv.ZrjvS]]©w AXnÂŹ Xsâ ASnĂżm\apâXâ. hy⥠(manifest)ambXv AhyâĄĂnÂŹ (unmanifest) A[njvSnXamWv. aqe]IrXnsbâv]dbpâXv thcv apIfnepw sImÂșpIÆ Xmsgbpambn \nesImâpâHcp almhrÂŁamWv. AXnsâ sImÂșpIfpw CeIfpw amXta CuZrjvS]]©ambn \ΩpsS C”nbĂÆ°v tKmNcamIpâpâp. C”nbtKmNcambXn\v AXnÂŹXsâ \nesImâmâ„ km[yaâ. C”nbtKmN-caâmĂ Hcp Ahy⥠(unmanifest) bmYmÂżâyĂnÂŹ BibnÂźp \nÂŹ-°pâ HâmWv \ΩpsS C”nbtKmNctemIw.
Cu A`n]mbĂn\v t\sc adnÂźmWv sk°pednkĂnsâ hnizm-kw. C”nbtKmNcamIpâXv Fâmw AXnÂŹXsâ AkvXnXz-apâXmWv Fâpâ ANn„nX bmYmÂżâyhmZamWv (naive - realism)sk°pednkĂnÂŹ ImWpâXv. B ASnĂżm\ĂnemWv imkvXhpwkmt¶XnI hnâm\obhpw hfÂżâphâXv. Câv AXns\ imkvXZmÂżi\nIâmÂż AXXsâ Duânâdbpânâ. ANn„nX bmYmÂżây-hmZĂnsâ Ăżm\Ăv kwkrjvSbmYmÂżâyhmZw (constructive realism)Fsâmcp ZmÂżi\nI ASnĂżm\w krjvSnÂźv B[p\nI imkvX-tĂbpw kmt¶XnI hnâm\sĂbpw Cu kwkrjvSbmYmÂżây-hmZĂnÂŹ Ddân°m\mWv AhcnÂŹ ]ecpw ian°pâXv.
imkvXĂnse hnâm\w Dâsbââ°nbpâ AdnshmâpasââpwFâmÂŹ a\pjy\p ]tbmP\Icambn a\pjyâ„Xsâ krjvSn°pâHcp bmYmÂżâyamsWâpw AhÂż hmZn°pâp. Câsehsc imkvX-ĂnÂŹ amXamWv bmYmÂżâysaâv hmZnÂźhÂż XsâbmWv CâvCĂs\ ISIhncpâ€ambn ]dbpâXv.
CĂs\bpâ DâbnÂŹ ASnĂżm\anâmĂ Hcp imkvXhnâm-\obĂntâÂŹ `mcXob \mKcnIX ]SpĂpdân°pâXnt\mSmWvF\n°v FXnÂżâv. kmwJyZÂżi\Ănse ZrjvSambXn\SnĂżm\am-bpâ AZrjvSsĂ°pdnÂźpâ `mh\ `mcXob ]mcÂșcyĂnsâ aqe-°âmsWâp Rmâ„ IcpXpâp. AXpsImâ mWv sk°pednkw Fâ-tâmepâh¿°v A\`nImayambn tXmâpâXv. kmwJyZÂżi\ĂnÂŹ
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX476
ImWpâ câ masĂ ][m\ DÆ°mgvN ""Alw'', ""_pâ€n'' Fânhcâ pw AhyâĄbmYmÂżâyw hyâĄambn cq]wsImâpâtXmSpIqsSDâ mIpâ XnKpW kwkrjvSamb ""alXv'' Fâ ]Xn`mkĂnÂŹDâ mIpâ Nne cq]mhnÂż`mhĂfmsWâpw Ahbv°p câ n\pw \nXm-„amb ASnĂżm\samâpansââpapâXmWv. ]mâșmXy]_pâ€X-bnÂŹ Alw AYhm experiencing subject, _pâ€n AYhm conciousness,]â Fânh câ ns\bpw a\pjyâ„ Fâ ]Xn`mkĂnsâ ]apJhiĂfmbn FSpĂv a\pjy_pâ€nbnÂŹIqSn bmYmÂżâysĂ kzmwio-Icn°phm\mWv DZyan°pâXv. CXv Hcn°epw hnPbn°mĂ DZya-amsWâmWv CXphscbpâ a\pjysâ A\p`hw sImâ p ImWp-âXv. AlsĂbpw _pâ€ntbbpw A„nabmYmÂżâyambn IcpXmsXAhsb Hcp amXbv°pânÂŹ a\ nem°m\pâ kmwJyĂnsâ DZyawsk°pednkĂnse a\pjy_pâ€nsImâ v Dâsb ]nSnsÂźSp°mwFâ hymtamltĂ°mÆ A`nImayambn F\n°p tXmâpâp.
BZnhmkn ]mcÂșcysamgnÂźmÂŹ mcXkwkvImcĂnsâ s]mXpsh-bpâ ASnĂdbmb kmwJyZÂżi\Ănse câ v auenI DÆ°mgvN-IÆ \ntj[n°pâcoXnbnÂŹ DâXmWv ]mâșmXy ]_pâ€X. AX-Iâ v B ]_pâ€X A_â€PUneamsWâv Rmâ„ IcpXpâp.
_pâ€aXĂnepw ssP\aXĂnepw ln”paXĂnepw Hcpt]mseImWpâXpw Ahbv°p aqân\pw ASnĂżm\ambXpw Bb kmwJyZÂż-i\sĂ câ p ImcWĂÆsImâ v io i¶câ„ \ncmIcnÂźp. kmwJy-Ănse ASnĂżm\]camb ]pcpj\pw ]IrXnbpw Fâ Zz”mflIXzwAssZzXhmZnbmbncpâ io i¶c\v kzoImcyaâmbncpâp. CXv Hcp][m\ ]iv\w XsâbmWv. AXp ssIImcyw sNĂžmâ„ ChnsSĂżeanâ. câ maXv kmwJyĂnÂŹ ]XyÂŁw, A\pam\w Fâ câ p]amWĂsf Dâqshâpw ChsImâ pamXw _âkmÂŁmXv°mcwkmâ€yasââpw At±lw hmZnÂźp. _âs\ AdnbWsa¶nÂŹ ]XyÂŁ-Ănepw A\pam\Ănepw knâ€n°pâ Adnhn\v AXncnâĄambn Hcp]cmhnâm\w thWsaâpw AXp thZĂnÂŹIqsSbpw BKaĂnÂŹ-IqsSbpw B]vXhN\ĂnÂŹIqsSbpw amXta kwknâ€amIq FâpwAt±lw hmZnÂźp. AXpw Câv kwKXamb Hcp hnhmZhnjbamWv.]tÂŁ ĂżeÂźpcp°wsImâ v AXnte°p IS°pânâ.
kmwJyw t]mse Xsâ ]pcmX\ambXpw _mâWaXw, _pâ€-aXw, ssP\aXw Fânhbv°p apÂșp Xsâ `mcX]mcÂșcyĂnse][m\ apJĂfnsemâmbnĂoÂżâncpâXpamb tbmKZÂżi\w aqâpaXĂfpw [mcmfw ]IÂżĂn FSpĂnÂŽpâ v. Cu aqâp aXĂfpsSbpwBâ€ymflnIX tbmKZÂżi\ĂnÂŹ A[njvSnXamsWâp ]dbmw.
hn]peamb tbmKZÂżi\Ănse Hcp DÆ°mgvN amXta Rm\nhnsSFSpĂp ImWn°pâpâp. a\pjyâ„ Fâ ]Xn`mkw AXnÂŹXsâA]qÂżWamsWâpw B ]Xn`mkĂnsâ ASnĂdbmb Hcp \nXy-
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 477
bmYmÂżâyhpambpâ XmZmflywsImâ p amXta a\pjyâ„ ]qÂżWX]m]n°pâpâp Fâpw tbmKZÂżi\w hmZn°pâp. CXns\XncmWvsk°pednkĂnsâ DÆ°mgvN. a\pjyâ„ Ah\nÂŹXsâ ]qÂżĂ\m-sWâpw a\pjy\p]cnbmbn Hcp AXncnâĄbmYmÂżâyhpw Csââpwsk°pednkw ]Tnân°pâXv tbmKZÂżi\Ănse DÆ°mgvNbv°p IS-Ihncpâ€amWv. Hcp `mcXob\mb Rmâ„ sk°pednkĂnsâ a\p-jyâ„ Ah\nÂŹXsâ ]qÂżĂ\msWâpâ DÆ°mgvNsb \ntj[n-°pâp. a\pjyâ„ Hcp BbnĂocen\v (Becoming) hnt[b\mWv, FâpwBbnĂocensâ eambn Ah\nepâ AhnZy \oĂptÂșmÆ Ahâ„]qÂżĂX ]m]n°pâp Fâpapâ tbmKZÂżi\Ănsâ DÆ°mgvNsbRmâ„ AtX]Sn kzoIcn°pânsâ¶nepw AsX\n°v ]tNmZ\w\ÂŹIpâp.
`mcXob ]mcÂșcyĂnsâ ASnĂdbnÂŹ InS°pâ BZnhmkn ZÂż-i\w, kmwJyZÂżi\w, tbmKZÂżi\w Fânh aqâpw _mâWaXtĂ-°mÆ ]pcmX\hpw Fâm aXĂÆ°pw ASnĂżm\amtIâ Xpw BWv.
`mcX kwkv°mcĂnsâ ASnĂdbnÂŹ Dâ AXnhn]peambasâ°mcp ZÂżi\amWv _pâ€ZÂżi\w. _lpapJĂfmb A`n]mb sshhn-â€yĂtfbpw kÂșZmb _lpeXsbbpw DÆs°mâpâ Cu _pâ€-ZÂżi\kmKcĂnÂŹ\nâv ]ckv]c_â€Ăfmb câ v DÆ°mgvNIsfamXw Rmâ„ ChnsS FSpĂpImWn°sÂŽ. HâmaXv ""]XoXykap-Zv]âhmZw.'' câ maXv ""iq\yXmhmZw.'' Cu câ p ]ZĂsfbpw ka-Kambn hniIe\w sNĂžmâ„ ChnsS Ăżeanâ. FâmÂŹ \ΩpsS C”n-bĂÆ°p tKmNcamIpâ temIĂnsâ ĂżnXnsb°pdnÂźv ambmhmZ-tĂ°mÆ B[p\nINn„tbmSp \nc°pâXpw A`nImayambnF\n°p tXmâpâXpw Bb Hcp DÆ°mgvNbmWv "]XoXykapZv-]âhmZw.' C”nbtKmNcamIpâ temIw anYybpaâ, kXyhpaâ,câ pwIqsSbpâ Hcp k¶e\hpw Aâ. ]XypX a\pjya\ ns\-tâmepâ Hcp ]Xn`mkw C”nbtKmNcamIpâ Hcp temIsĂ A`n-apJoIcn°ptÂșmÆ, \ΩpsS a\ nsâ LS\bpw AXns\ A`nap-JoIcn°pâ bmYmÂżâyĂnsâ Nne apJĂfpw HcpanÂźv Nne ]tXyIkmlNcyĂfnÂŹ DÂŹâmZnXamIpâ Hcp bmYmÂżâyw amXamWv \ap-°\p`hamIpâ temIsaâpâ _pâ€aXĂnse DÆ°mgvN sk°p-ednkĂnse naive realism, constructive realism Fânhtb°mÆ t\cn-\p\nc°pâXpw A`nImayhpamb Hâmbn Rmâ„ IcpXpâp.
iq\yXmhmZw AXnKl\hpw sXâ°nâ€cn°mâ„ FfpâapâXpamWv.AkvXnXzapâ bmsXmân\pw AXntâXmb \nXykz`mhw CsââpwAhyâĄXbnÂŹ\nâpw hyâĄXbnte°p hcptÂșmÆ, cq]w ]m]n°pâ-Xpaqeapâ XmXvImenI bmYmÂżâyw amXta Dâq Fâpw, cq]]m-]vXn°p apÂșpâXv cq]clnXamb iq\yXbmsWâpw iq\yXmhmZw]Tnân°pâp. F\n°v hfsc ]nb¶camb Hcp DÆ°mgvNbmWnXpw.
kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX478
]mâșmXyZÂżi\Ănse A\pZn\hyXnbm\Ăsf A\p[mh\wsNĂžpâXnt\mSv F\n°p hntcm[samâpanâ. ]tÂŁ AXnsâ IpSp°p-IfnÂŹ s]ÂŽv AXnÂŹ \nâpw ]pdĂndĂmâ„ hnjan°pâ ]mâșmXya\pjys\ t]mse `mcXobcpw BbnĂoccpsXâpw ]mâșmXyÂżXsâ Cu IpSp°pIfnÂŹ \nâpw cÂŁs]SWsaâpamWv FsâBKlw. io. sI. ]n. Aââ„ ]dbpâXpt]mse ]mâșmXykmlnXyw\ap°v A\\yasâââ Fsâ hmZw. kw]qÂżW am\hnIXbpsS kzcwtIÆ°mâ„ thâ n en_denkĂnepw amÂżIvknkĂnepw sNepĂpâi†`mcX]mcÂșcyĂnepw sNepĂWsatâ F\n°v hmZapâp.]mâșmXy ]mcÂșcysĂ ]Tn°pâhscâmw AXns\ ASnaIfmbnA\p[mh\w sNĂžpâp Fâpw F\n°v hnhÂŁbnâ. ]tÂŁ, `mcX-Ănse _pâ€nPohnIfpsS iâ€bpsS henb ]¶v ]nSnÂźp]â°nbXv]mâșmXy ]_pâ€XbmsWâpw B i†`mcX ]mcÂșcyĂnte°vIpdsÂźms° XncnÂźphnSWsaâpta F\n°v BKlapâp.
""ImeĂnsâ DZmcamb cÂŁ''bnÂŹ F\n°v hnizmkanâ. Imew]eXpw ]pdĂpsImâ phcpw. ]tÂŁ, Ahsb hnthNnÂźdnâąv a\p-jysâ ]tbmP\Ăn\mbn D]tbmKn°m\pâ NpaXe a\pjy\nÂŹXsâbmWv \nÂŁn]vXambnÂŽpâXv.
AlsĂbpw _pâ€ntbbpw CXhfsc Bibn°msX, ]sĂm-ÂșXmw iXIĂn\p apÂșpâ ]mâșmXyNn„sbbpw ]uckvXy Nn„-sbbpw AhKWnbv°msX, CâtĂbv°pXIpâ Hcp kaKhoÂŁ-Ww krjvSn°mâ„ mcXobÂżt° Ignhpâp FâmWv Fsâ hnizmkw.CXp \mw XmgvatbmSpw _pâ€ntbmSpwIqsS sNbvXmÂŹ mcXw amXaâa\pjycmin apgphâ„ [\yamIpw.