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kvt\lw kzmX¥yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 439

"]m›mXy ]_p-≤X-bpsS amdp∂ apJ-ßƒ' F∂ hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®v mjm-

t]m-jn-Wn-bn¬ h∂ kwhmZw (`mjm-t]m-jn-Wn, 1994, sk]v‰w-_¿) ]pkvX-

I-cq-]-Øn-em°nbXm-Wo KŸw. saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ]_-‘-tØmSv C.Fw. Fkv. XpSßn sI. ]n. A∏≥ hsc-bp≈ tIc-f-Ønse _p≤n-Po-hn-Iƒ]Xn-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv KŸ-Øn-ep≠v. ChnsS B ]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. kºm-Z-I≥

D≈-S°w

1. ]_p-≤-X-bpsS ]Imiw

2. ]m›mXy ]_p-≤X-bpsS amdp∂ apJ-ßƒ

3. ]m›mXy ]_p-≤X ˛ Hcp hni-Zo-I-cWw

]m›mXy ]_p-≤X-bpw

B[p-\n-tIm-Ø-c-Xbpw

]m›mXy ]_p-≤X-bpw

B[p-\n-tIm-Ø-c-Xbpw

]utemkv am¿ KntKm-dn-tbmkv

H∂mw-]-Xn∏v: 1996 \hw-_¿

kvt\lw kzmX¥yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX440

1]_p≤XbpsS ]Imiw

bqtdm]y≥ `qJfiØnse ]_p≤XbpsS ImeLámb ]Xn-s\´pw ]sØmºXpw \q‰m≠pIƒ bqtdm]y≥ kwkv°mcØns‚bpwcmjvSob A[nImcØns‚bpw ]mcayL´w IqSnbmWv. ]_p≤XbpsS]ImiØn\p XncnsImfpØnbhcpsS \o≠ ]ńIbpw AhcpsS Bi-bßfpw ChnsS ]q¿Æambn \ncØp∂n√.

Cu ImeL´w ItØmen°m anj≥ ]h¿Ø\ßfpsS Xf¿®bp-sSbpw s]m´Ã‚ v anj≥ ]h¿Ø\ßfpsS Actß‰Øns‚bpwAhkcw IqSnbmbncp∂p. ItØmen°m anj≥ GjybnsebpwB^n°bnsebpw alnXßfmb kwkv°mcßfpambn kº¿°-Øn¬ hcnIbp≠mbn. Cu kwkvImcßƒ anjs\ sNdpØp\ns∂∂pamXa√, Nne Imcyßfn¬ bqtdm]y≥ \mKcnIXtb°mƒ ta¬Øc-ambn \nesIm≈pIbpw sNbvXp.

kmwkv°mcnIamb BIaWX¥w ]cmPbs∏Spsa∂p I≠vAh¿ kzoIcn® kmwkv°mcnIamb HØpXo¿∏v ]cn]mSn bqtdm∏n¬Gjy≥ hn⁄m\Øns‚ Xncn®phchn\p Ifsamcp°n. 1775 Bbt∏m-tg°pw ImØenIv anj\pIƒ Xosc £bn®p. kvs]bn\ns‚bpwt]m¿´pKens‚bpw kmamPyi‡nbpw Aßs\Xs∂. AhbpsS ÿm-\w tlmf≠v, Cw•≠v, P¿Ω\n XpSßnb s]m´Ã‚ v A[nImc-i‡nIƒ ItaW ssI°em°n.

AXn\nSbv°p hyhkmbhnπhw Actßdn. hmWnPy, apXemfnØhyhÿnXn £bn®psIm≠ncp∂p. Bw•n°≥ k`bn¬\n∂p hnL-Sn®p \n¬°p∂h¿°p _nójv ]m¿esa‚n¬ ]thi\w D≠mbncp-∂n√. 1828 hsc B hyhÿ XpS¿∂p. 1779 hsc tdma≥ ItØmen°-¿°p Cw•≠n¬ ]ckyambn Bcm[n°m≥ A\phmZap≠mbncp∂n√.HmIvkvt^m¿Uv, tIw_nUvPv bqWnthgvkn‰nIfn¬ Ah¿°p 1871hsc ]thi\hpw \¬Inbncp∂n√.

]_p≤XbpsS ⁄m\]Imihpw AXp sIm≠ph∂ kzmX-¥yhpw bqtdm]ycpsS CSbn¬t]mepw icnbmbn hnXcWw sNøs∏-ń√. F∂m¬ kvtIm ve≥Un¬ AXp c≠p hgnIfneqsS ]kcn°m≥Ahkcap≠mbn. B≥Uq vsf®dns\t∏msebp≈ Nn¥I∑mcmbn-cp∂p Hcp am¿Kw. tIm^nlukpIƒ as‰mcp hgnbmbncp∂p. AhnsSHØpIqSnb A`ykvXhnZy¿ \SØnb N¿®Iƒ AXn\v Ahkcsam-cp°n. tUhnUv lyqans‚ ]e Bibßfpw tIm^n lukpIfnsekw`mjWßfneqsSbmWv DcpØncn™Xpw ]Ncn®Xpw. lyqans‚A`n]mbØn¬ k¥pjvS\mb a\pjy≥ F∂p ]dbp∂Xp Iq´w-


tN¿∂p t]mIp∂h\pw a‰p≈hcpsS BibßtfmSp ]XnIcn°p∂-h\pamWv. C°q´¿ PohnX]iv\ßƒ ]ckyambn amXa√ kzImcykw`mjWßfnepw N¿® sNøp∂p. tIm^nlukpIfnse A`n]mb-ßƒ Kuch]q¿∆w IW°nseSp°m≥ ]m¿esa‚pIƒ t]mepw \n¿-_‘nXambn.

s\X¿e≥Un¬ tNt°dnb kzX¥ Nn¥I∑m¿ B cmPyØn\phnes∏´ kw`mh\Iƒ \¬In. ]ntb¿ _bn¬, sUIm¿´v, tem°v,jm^v‰vkv_dn, sImfn≥kv, e¢¿Iv, _mkv\mKv F∂nh¿ B kwL-Øn¬s∏Sp∂p. thmƒs´b¿, tams≠kvIyq F∂nh¿°p AhnSpsØkµ¿i\w C„s∏´p. Ah¿°hnsS \nc]mbw C„ap≈Xp ]kwKn-°m≥ Ign™p.

C‰menb≥ kwÿm\ßfn¬ t\∏nƒkmbncp∂p apºn¬. AhnsSbphsshZnI\mb Bt‚mWntbm Pnt\mshkn A°mZanIv kzmX¥y-Øn\pth≠nbpw kmºØnI ImcWßƒ ap≥\n¿Øn C‰enbpsS]p\xkwtbmP\Øn\pth≠nbpw hmZn®p. Pnbm≥ _‰nÃm hnt°m-bpsS "knb≥km\pthmh' (1725), lne≥tlycnbpsS "em knb≥km-U√m', "ePnt…∏ntbm¨' (1780) F∂o KŸßƒ C‰enbnse ]_p-≤sc DW¿Ønb KŸßfmWv. _©an≥ ^m¶vfns‚ t]mepwi≤sb Ah ]nSn®p]‰n. Cßs\bp≠mb ]_p≤X bp‡n`Zhpw\nKqVhpambn tXm∂msa¶nepw aXhncp≤ambncp∂n√.

C‰enbnepw tIm^nlukpIfmbncp∂p ]_p≤Xm ]Imi\-Øns‚ apJythZn. A∂v BkvSnb≥ `cWØnembncp∂ anem\n¬shcn (Verri) ktlmZc∑m¿ XpSßnb tP¿W¬, ]_p≤Xm ⁄m\-]ImiØns‚ Bibßƒ ]Ncn∏n®p. C‰enbnse ]_p≤Xm]ImiØn¬ bp‡nbpsS LSItØ°mƒ Gsd klm\p`qXnbpsSBthiw ap¥n\n∂p. kok¿ _°mdnbmbpsS "of crime and punishment'F∂ KŸw NqS∏wt]mse hn‰gn™p. \nbahyhÿbpsS a\p-jyXzcmlnXyhpw a¿±\hpw ]oU\ßfpw ZcnZtcmSp≈ IqcXbpwF√mw AXn¬ Xpd∂pImń. thmƒ´bdpw sPdan s_¥mapw _°mdn-bmbpsS KŸØn\p bqtdm∏v apgph≥ ]NmcWw \¬In.

C‰menb≥ ]_p≤X ]cnt]mjn∏n°p∂Xn¬ sshZnI¿ KWy-amb ]¶phln®p. ôtak¨dntbmSpw (Freemasonry) ankv‰nknk-tØmSpw AXn\p _‘ap≠mbncp∂p. HutZymKnIambn AsXmcn-°epw k`bn¬ \n∂p hnt—Zn®p amdnbn√. Hcp ]pXnb C\w hn⁄m-\Øns‚bpw bp‡nNn¥bpsSbpw ASnÿm\Øn¬ k`bv°IØp-Xs∂bp≈ \hoIcW]ÿm\ambn AXp \nesIm≠p. s^¿Un-\m≥tUm Kmenbm\n Ahkm\w hsc `‡\mb Hcp ItØmen°-\mbn Pohn®p. At±lØns‚ kmºØnIimkvX KŸßƒ Imƒam¿Ivkv ]Tn°pIbp≠mbn. hmkvXhw ]d™m¬ a‰mcpsSbpw C‰m-enb≥ KŸßƒ am¿Ivkv i≤n®ncp∂n√.


CΩm\pth¬ Im‚ v a\pjykzmX¥yØn\pw ""]IzX''bv°pw tIµÿm\w \¬In. CXp km[n°m≥ bp‡nNn¥bv°p ]ca]m[m\ywIev]nt°≠nbncp∂p. Im‚ v ]d™p: ""]_p≤X ]Imin∏n® Ime-L´ØnemtWm \mw Pohn°p∂sX∂ tNmZyØn\pØcw, A√, ]_p-≤XbpsS ImeL´ØnemsW∂mbncn°pw.'' ]_p≤X a\ nem°m-\p≈ am¿§w, Im‚ns‚ Zr„nbn¬ Nn¥bntem hnImcXeØntemC—mcwKtØm Hc≤ym]It\m _mlyi‡ntbm Ahiyan√msX hcp-Isb∂XmWv. thZØntem shfn]mSntem aXw A[njvTnXambncn-°p∂nStØmfw Imew a\pjy≥ A]IzPohnbmbncn°pw. hy‡nNn¥-bpsS ]cn[n°p≈n¬ hcp∂ aXØn\p amXta Abmsf kzX¥\m-°m≥ Ignbq. AXmbncn°pw a\pjy]IzXbpsS DcI√v. IebnepwimkvXØnepw a\pjy≥ kzX¥\pw ]IzaXnbpambn Ign™XmbnIm‚ v Nn¥n®p.

blqZ Zm¿i\nI\mb tamkkv sa≥U¬ tkmWn\v (1729˛1786)a\pjycminbpsS XmXznI hnZym`ymkambncp∂p ]_p≤X. C∂vC¥ybn¬ i≤n°s∏tS≠ ckIcamb Hcp ]iv\w At±lw D∂-bn®p. ]_p≤X Hcn\w hnZym`ymkamsW¶n¬ a\pjysc I_fn∏n-°m≥ AXv D]tbmKn®pIqtS? ]uc∑m¿ GXphn[Øn¬ Nn¥n°W-sa∂p cmjvSØn\p Xocpam\n°phm≥ Ignbptam?

Cu ]iv\Øn¬ ItØmen°cpw s]m´Ã‚pImcpw n∂m`n]mb-°mcmbncp∂p. CXns‚ eambn P¿Ω\nbn¬ c≠n\w ]_p≤Xbp-≠mbn. H∂p ItØmen°m ]_p≤Xbpw as‰m∂p s]m´Ã‚ v ]_p-≤Xbpw. kXyØnte°p≈ am¿§sa∂ \nebn¬ bp‡nNn¥sb∂BibtØmSp s]m´Ã‚pIm¿ s]mXpsh cN\mflIambn ]Xn-Icn®p.

]jybnse alm\mb ÛdnIv NIh¿Øn ""a\pjysc I_fn∏n-°p∂Xv ]tbmP\]Ztam?'' F∂ tNmZyØns‚ G‰hpw anI® tNmZy-Øns‚ DØcØn\v kΩm\w hmKvZm\w sNbvXpsIm≠p _¿en≥A°mZanbn¬ s]mXpN¿®bv°p XpS°w Ipdn®p. Hcp Zih¿j°m-etØ°v AXv P¿Ω≥ _p≤nPohnXØns‚ tIµ hmZhnjbambn-Øo¿∂p. Ahkm\w kΩm\w Hcp \ntj[mflIamb DØcØn\pwHcp cN\mflIamb DØcØn\pambn hn`Pn®psImSpt°≠n h∂p.

Cu ]iv\w Ct∏mƒ C¥ybn¬ ]p\chXcn∏nt°≠n h∂ncn-°p∂p. ]cnlcn°m≥ A¥y¥w hnjatadnb H∂mWXv; C∂v G‰hpwA[nIw ]k‡hpamWXv. Kh¨sa‚ v FXamXw hnhcw P\-ßƒ°p \¬IWw? FX-amXw cl-ky-am°n hbv°Ww? P\-ßƒ°pshfns∏SpØmØ hnhcßfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ ˛ B Xocpam\wP\ßsf kmcambn _m[n°p∂XmIptºmƒ ˛ cmjvSØn\p Xocp-am\saSp°m\mIptam?


F√m hnhcßfpw ]¶nSWsa∂mWp \ntj[mflI ho£Ww.ImcWw ]q¿Whnhcßfpw hy‡amb bp‡nNn¥bpw P\ßfpsSc£ Bhiys∏Sp∂p. ]_p≤XbpsS Zpcp]tbmKw a¿°Sap„nbn-te°pw \n¿aXXzØnte°pw AcmPIXzØnte°pw \bnt®°m-sa∂p sa≥U¬ tkm¨ bs∏´p. a\pjyhy‡nsb∂ \nebn¬ a\p-jy\pw, ]ucs\∂ \nebn¬ a\pjy\pw XΩn¬ hyXymkaps≠∂vAt±lw hmZn®p. a\pjyhy‡nbpsS AhImißfpw I¿ØhyßfpwHcp ]uct‚Xnt\mSp Xpeya√ ˛ Ah ]et∏mgpw Htc XeØn¬BsW∂p hcmsa¶nepw. ]_p≤X a\pjyhy‡nbptSXmWv, ]uc-t‚X√.

P¿Ω\nbn¬ hmZ]XnhmZw ]finX∑mcptSXmb tP¿WepIfn¬\n∂v h¿Øam\ ]Xßfnte°p hym]n®p. ]_p≤XbpsS Nn¥mk-cWn C‰enbnepw kvtIm ve≥Unepw tIm^n lukpIfnepw sNdpInS¢∫pIfnepamWv thcp]nSn®sX¶n¬, P¿Ω\nbn¬ AXp thcp]nSn-®Xp ]X-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠n¬ P¿Ω\nbn¬Uk≥ IW°n\p ]pXnb ]Xßƒ XpSßn. hm¿ØIƒ \¬Ip∂Xn-t\°mƒ IqSpXembn ]_p≤X kw_‘n® N¿® P\ßƒ°v FØn-®psImSp°pIbmbncp∂p AhbpsS apJye£yw. hmZ]XnhmZØn¬-\n∂v ]kn≤oIcWhn`mKw apXseSp°pIXs∂ sNbvXp.

s]m´Ã‚ v ssZhimkvX⁄\mb B≥Uokv dow t]cp shfn-s∏SpØmsX ]Xntj[w tcJs∏SpØn. ]_p≤X a\pjy[mcW-bpsS [ockmlknIXbmsW∂p \n¿hNn®psIm≠v At±lw tNmZn-®p: ""]_p≤Xbv°v AXncpIfpt≠m C√tbm? AXp cmjvSØns‚]ptcmKXnsb klmbn°pIbmtWm XS s∏SpØpIbmtWm?''

\evIs∏´ DØcw P\e£ßsf ]pdØp\n¿Øns°m≠p≈ HcpHØpXo¿∏mbncp∂p. bYm¿∞]_p≤Xbpw Bt]£nI ]_p≤-Xbpw apJy]Zßfmbn amdn. kaqlsØ \bn°p∂ ]uc∑m¿°pamXta "]_p≤X' Bhiyap≈p F∂mbn.

P¿Ω≥ ]_p≤XbpsS CSØcw h¿Kkz`mhw ]m›mXyen_den-kØns‚ `qanIbmbnØo¿∂p. AXp `cWm[nImcnIƒ°pw ]`p-IpeØn\pw \bX¥ ]Xn\n[nIƒ°pw Hmôk¿am¿°pw ]finX-∑m¿°pw sshZnI¿°pw IemIc∑m¿°pw AXmbXp ]mYanIambn`cWw \SØp∂h¿°p amXambn ]cnanXam°s∏´p.

P¿Ω\nbn¬ ]_p≤X ]kcn∏n® tP¿WepIfpw ]XßfpwapJyambn A`ykvXhnZyscbmWp kzm[o\n®Xv. hnZym`ymkambn-cp∂p apJy D]m[n. hnZym`ymkw kzX¥cm°p∂psh∂p tPmlm≥ssl≥dnJv tab¿ ]d™p. "kzX¥'cpsS hntijm[nImcap≈ cWh¿KØnte°p kmaqlyambn Ib‰w In´p∂Xn\p≈ tKmhWnbmbnhnZym`ymksØ A`ykvXhn`mKw ]cnKWn°m≥ XpSßn.


"]_p≤cpsS eoKv' Bbncn°Ww cWh¿§w. ]_p≤cmbhcn¬hfsc Ipd®p t]¿ amXta aXsØ H∂S¶w \ncmIcn®p≈p. P\ßsfIogS°n `cn°p∂Xv P\ßƒ°v \√XmWv. AXv P\ßfm¬ BZcn-°s∏SWw. a\pjys‚ kz¥w Dt±iyßƒ°v kwXr]vXn \¬Ip∂Hcp aXsØ a\pjy\p Xs∂ krjvSn°mhp∂XmWv. AXv A[nI-]¶pw B¥cnIhpw B≤ymflnIhpw [¿Ω\njvTbp≈Xpambncn°pw.Cßs\ ]_p≤h¿§Øns‚ A[oiXzØn\p ]n¥pW \¬Ip∂LSIambnØo¿∂p `‡n\njvT.

Hcp `cWm[n]t\m t\Xmthm IqSmsX Hcp cmjvSØn\pw \ne-\nev°m\mhn√. cmjvSamIp∂ I∏en\IØp≈ P\ßƒ I∏nØms\A\pkcnt® aXnbmhpIbp≈p. Abmƒs°Xncmbn Ah¿ hnπh-Øn\p apXn¿∂pIqSm. B¿s°¶nepw I∏¬ CjvSs∏SmsX h∂m¬Ah¿°v Cdßnt∏mImw. I∏ens\ adn®pIqSm.

]_p≤X G‰hpw bs∏´ hn]ØmWp "hnπhw.' ]_p≤XbpsS]cnanXnbpw AXp Xs∂. km[mcW°m¿ ]_p≤cmbn°gn™m¬cmjvSw hnπhsa∂ A]ISsØ A`napJoIcnt°≠n hcpw. F¥p-h∂mepw AXv Hgnhm°pI Xs∂ thWw.

Aßs\ A`ykvXh¿KØns‚ ]hnX ktΩf\cwKamb bqWn-thgvkn‰n, hnπhw XS™p\n¿Øn \nba]me\w kpJIcam°p∂Hcp cmjvSob hyhÿnXnbpsS imkvXob hnIk\Øn\p≈ apJy-thZnbmbn.

P¿Ω\nbnse ]_p≤cn¬ s]m´Ã‚pIm¿°mbncp∂p ap≥Xq°w.ItØmen°cn¬ A[nI]¶n\pw ]pXnb hnZym`ymktØmSv Iºan√m-bncp∂p. F∂m¬ ItØmen°cnse Hcp \yq\]£w, ssk≤m¥nI-XbpsSbpw ]Xn\hoIcWØns‚bpw Pkzo‰p sshZnIcpsSbpw B[n-]XysØ sh√phnfn°m≥ sNdnbtXmXn¬ iaw \SØn. ]≈n \n¿-ΩmWØnse hmkvXphnZybnemWnXv BZyw ]tbmKn®Xv. tKmYnIvssienbn¬ \n∂p _mtcm°nte°p≈ am‰w, [mcmfnØtØmSp≈]XnIcWhpw IqsSbmbn.

P¿Ω\nbnse ItØmen°¿ ]_p≤Xbv°p≈ ]tNmZ\w kzoI-cn®Xv ItØmen°m ^m≥kn¬ \n∂√, s]m´Ã‚ v P¿Ω\nbn¬\n∂mWv ˛ sse]vknKv tb\, lmse, tKmńß≥ F∂o bqWnth-gvkn‰nIfn¬ \n∂v.

bqtdm∏nse ]_p≤Xbv°v AXphsc km¿heuInItam GIo-IrXtam Bb cq]ap≠mbncp∂n√. ^©pIm¿°nSbn¬ AXv AcmP-IXzhpw BUw_ctemep]Xbpw kpJmt\zjWhpw hf¿Øn. a\p-jyPoh\pw \ne\nev]pw kw_‘n®v ]p\xkwLS\bmbncp∂p AXvAhew_n® Hcp am¿§w. _mlybmYm¿∞ysØ ]p\¿LS\ sNbvXpHm¿Km\nIv bqWn‰nbp≈ Hcp kaqlw sIń∏WnbpIbmbncp∂p


c≠masØ am¿§w. P\m[n]Xy ÿm]\w, imkvXobhpw kmaqly-hpamb ]ptcmKXn°p hgnsbmcp°¬, kzmX¥yØns‚bpw kln-jvWpXbpsSbpw ssNX\yØn¬ a\pjys]cpam‰sØ \nb¥n°¬,A‘Xa ns\ XcWw sNbvXp kpJw Is≠Øm≥ BfpIsf klm-bn°¬ CsXms° c≠mw am¿§Øn¬ s]Sp∂p.

`qXImeØn¬ \n∂p Xo¿Øpw thdn´p amdp∂Xn\p≈ bXv\am-bncp∂p ^©p ]_p≤XbptSXv. s\lr hn`mh\w sNbvXXpwGXm≠v CXp Xs∂. tkz—m[n]XyØn¬ \n∂pw aX`m¥n¬ \n∂pwkzX¥ambXpw, ]_p≤Zm¿i\nI¿ cq]w \¬Ip∂Xpamb Hcp mhnIcp∏nSn∏n°m\p≈ [ockmlknIXbpw AtXmsSm∂n®p≠v. Ah-cpsS apZmhmIyw bp‡n, klnjvWpX, am\hnIX F∂mbncp∂p;kzmX¥yw, kaXzw, kmtlmZcyw F∂X√. It≠m¿tkz (Condorcet)]d™Xpt]mse, ^©p ]_p≤X kaqlØns‚ kaK kºZv-hyhÿtaep≈ HcmIaWambncp∂p. F√m kmaqly_‘ßfnepwam‰ap≠m°pI, cmjvSob irwJebpsS Ahkm\IÆn hsc Bg-Øn¬ Cdßns®√pI F∂Xmbncp∂p e£yw.

]e cq]Ønembn bqtdms∏m´p°p ]S¿∂ Cw•ojv Nn¥ ^©p]XybimkvXtØmSp hfsctbsd ISs∏ńcn°p∂p. AXp ]jybn-te°pw djybnte°pw hym]n®p. Aßs\ ^©p kwkv°mcw HcpGIoImcI _‘w BbnØo¿∂p. AXns‚ êambn Hcp Cw]ocn-benÃv ˛ sImtfmWnbenÃv hnIkt\mZyaØn\p Ifsamcpßn.imkvXØns‚bpw kmt¶XnIhnZybpsSbpw en_d¬ ]XybimkvX-Øns‚bpw AIºSntbmsS kz¥w ta[mi‡n temIØn\p ImWn®psImSp°m≥ bqtdm∏v ]_p≤XbpsS ]XybimkvXsØ D]tbm-Ks∏SpØn.

en_denkw ]_p≤XbpsS k¥m\w

en_denkØns‚ tkmX v a\ nem°pI Zpjv°camWv. en_-¿ń F∂ ]ZØn¬ \n∂mWv AXns‚ D¤hw. Ko°v em‰n≥ kwkv-°mcØn¬ en_¿ń, kzX¥]ucs\ ASnabn¬ \n∂p th¿Xncn®p\n¿Øp∂ BibamWv. tkmt^m¢okv en_¿ńsb kvXpXn®v ]m´p-Iƒ cNn®n´p≠v. AKÃns‚ Bibw AXtØmfw D∂Xa√. ASn-aØw ]IrXnhncp≤amsW∂v AKÃn≥ kΩXn®psh¶nepwkam[m\]camb Hcp \nbaIaamsW∂mWv At±lw D]tZin®Xv.At±lw ]d™p: ""a\pjy¿ kam[m\]camb hyhÿnXnbn¬ ]c-kv]cw hyhlcn°ptºmƒ, XmW\ne rXy\p FX I≠p \∑ sNøp-∂pshm AXnt\°mƒ IqSpX¬ tZmjw Al¶mc\ne bPam\\phcpØnhbv°p∂p.''

en_denksØ∏‰nbp≈ \ΩpsS N¿® tPm¨ Ãphm¿Sv kvan-Øns‚ (1806˛1873) "Hm¨ en_¿ń' F∂ KŸØnse BibtØmSp


IqSn Bcw`n°mw. C¥ym NcnX cNbnXmhmb Pbnwkv an√ns‚ ]pX-\mbncp∂p tPm¨ Ãphm¿Sv an¬. CuÃn¥ym Iº\nbn¬ DtZymK-ÿ\mbncp∂ At±lw kmºØnI imkvX⁄\pw cmjvSob ]h¿-ØI\pambncp∂p. 1860 ˛Ifnse h\nXm thm´hImi kaqlØns‚ÿm]I t\Xm°fnsemcmfmWp an¬.

en_¿ń kw_‘n® N¿®sb an¬ tIhe hnhmZØns‚ Xe-Øn¬ \n∂p am‰n s]mfn‰n°¬ Ct°mWanbpsS XeØn¬ ]Xn-jvTn®p. hy‡nbpsS C—mi‡nbpsS kzmX¥ysØ∏‰nb√, kaql-Øns‚ tkmjy¬ en_¿ńsb∏‰nbmWv At±lw kwkmcn®Xv.]m›mXy Nn¥bnse ]ca][m\amb Hcp kw`hhnImkamWnXv.t]mcm´w "kzmX¥yhpw' "A[nImchpw' XΩnembn.

Ko°v \mSII¿Øm°ƒ°pw Zm¿i\nI¿°pw kzmX¥ywF∂m¬ tkz—m[n]XyØn¬ \n∂p kzX¥]uc\p≈ kzmX¥y-amWv. tkz—m[n]XnbpsS ta¬ Nne ]cnanXnIƒ Iev]n®mWv CXpkm[n°pI. cWm[n]\v Hcp km∑m¿KnI \nbamhen D≠mbncn°W-sa∂pw kp][m\ Xocpam\ßƒ FSp°p∂Xn\p apºv kanXntbmSvBtemNn°Wsa∂pw hyhÿ sNbvXncp∂p. tkz—m[n]XnIƒc≠masØ hyhÿ \ncmIcn®t∏mƒ, ]m›mXy cmjvSob en_d-enkw c≠masØ hyhÿ \S∏nem°m≥ bXv\n°pIbmWp≠mbXv.

Xmsg]dbp∂ P\m[n]Xy hyhÿb\pkcn°ptºmƒ amXamWpP\Iob t]mcm´w hnPbn°pIsb∂v an¬ ]d™p. cWm[n]∑mscP\ßƒ sXcs™Sp°Ww. Ahsc am‰p∂Xpw Aßs\Xs∂. thm -hImihpw DØchmZnXzhpap≈ _lpapJ cWkmcYyXXzw \S∏n-em°Ww. Cßs\bp≈ P\m[n]XyXXzw \ΩpsS cWLS\bpsS`mKamWv. qcn]£Øns‚ tkz—m`cWØns\Xncmbn \yq\]£ß-fpsS AhImi kwc£W kn≤m¥w hy‡ambn D]\ykn®Xpw an¬Xs∂.

an√ns‚ KŸßƒ s\lr FXamXw hmbn®n´ps≠∂v F\n°v\n›ban√. an√ns‚ cN\Iƒ, a\pjykzmX¥yw kw_‘n® ItØm-en°m s]m´Ã‚ v ho£WßtfmSp≈ t_m[]q¿∆amb ]XnIcW-amWv. CcpkÌfpsSbpw ho£WßfpsS tkmX v AKÃn\mWv.Ah hn`n∂ coXnIfnemWp hymJm\n°s∏Sp∂Xv. an¬ Im¬hn\nÃvho£WsØ H‰s∏SpØn hymJym\n°p∂Xp ImWmw. Im¬hns\hnIrXambn NnXoIcn®psIm≠p an¬ ]dbp∂p. ""ssZhØns‚ ]c-am[nImcØn\p kzbw ka¿∏n°m\p≈ Ignth a\pjy\p th≠q.at‰sXmcp Ignhv D]tbmKn®mepw a\pjy≥ ]m]Øn¬ \n]Xn°pw.''

]m›mXy en_denkØn¬ hy‡nKXamb en_¿ń Du∂n∏dbp-∂Xn\p c≠p hißfp≠v. kaqlØns‚bpw ]mcºcyØns‚bpwkaKm[n]Xyi‡ns°Xnsc sXmSpØphn´XmWv H∂v. at‰Xv


ssZhØns‚ C—mi‡ns°Xncmbn \oßp∂ ]m]abamb a\pjys‚C—mi‡n. kzbw h¿P\w (kzmfl]cnXymKw) F∂ InkvXobmZ¿i-Øn\p ]Icambn an¬ \n¿tZin®Xv kzbw hnIk\sa∂ bh\m-Z¿iamWv. aXhncp≤amb kzmflZrVoIcWsa∂p an¬ AXns\hnfn®p. Aßs\ hy‡nkzmX¥yØns‚ DZmc]Jym]\Øn\vInkvXob hncp≤tam, Ipd™]£w AKkvXo\nb hncp≤tam BbHcp Nphbp≠v. AtXmSpIqSn en_denkw sk°pednktØmSvASpØp hcp∂Xmbpw ImWmw.

]oTnIIsf \n¿hNn°mØ Hcp ]XybimkvXamWp en_denkw.]gbXns\ \ntj[nbv°pI F∂Xn¬ Ihns™m∂pan√. cmjvSo-bamb a¿±\`cWw sImt≠m ssk≤m¥nIamb kaKm[n]Xyw-sImt≠m D≈ _mly\nb¥WsØ \ntj[n°p∂psh∂Xn\m¬AXns‚ ]mYanI`mhw \ntj[mflIamWv. PohnXØn\p Zni \n¿Æ-bn°mt\m, tZiob e£yßƒ Xncs™Sp°mt\m th≠X ASnØ-dbn√mØ Hchÿ.

en_denkw C¥ybnte°v

_n´≥ C¥ybnte°v Cd°paXn sNbvX ÿm]\ßfn¬ G‰hpwIcpØm¿Pn®Xv hnZym`ymk kºZmbamWv. ]m›mXy hnZym`ymkkºZmbw ChnsS AhXcn∏n®t∏mƒ c≠v hncp≤ ho£WßƒD≠mbncp∂p. H∂v, ]K¤\mb k¿ hneyw tPm¨kv \n¿t±in®C≥tUmfPn°¬ (Hmdnb‚enÃv) ÿnXn \n¿Æbw (Hmdnbt‚j≥).c≠v, Cw•ojv hnZym`ymkamWv C¥ybv°mhiysa∂p≈ sa°mtf]`phns‚ ho£Ww. c≠maXp ]d™XmWv Ahkm\w ChnsSAwKoIcn®Xv.

BZytØXns‚ Du∂¬ "¢mkn°¬' hnZym`ymkØnembncp∂p.AXmbXv t]¿jy≥, Ad_n, kwkvIrXw F∂nh ]Tn°p∂Xn¬.Ah "DXvIrjvS' mjIfmbn ]cnKWn°s∏ńcp∂p. bqtdm]y≥ ]_p-≤XbptSbpw en_denkØns‚bpw aqeyßƒ k¿ hneyw tPm¨-kns\ (1746 1794) akvXnjvI ]£mf\w sNbvXncp∂ns√∂p hy‡w.`cWh¿KØn¬ s]´ Cw•ojpIm¿ Cu `mjIƒ ]Tn®ncn°Wsa-∂mWv tPm¨kns‚ \n¿t±iw.

cmPmdmw taml≥ tdmbnbpsS t\XrXzØn¬ ta¬PmXn°m¿ Cw•o-jvhnZym`ymkw Xncs™SpØp. KWnXimkvXw, \m®pd¬ ^ntem-k^n, sIankvSn, A\m‰an XpSßnb ]tbmP\]Zamb imkvXßƒC¥y°msc ]Tn∏n°m≥ ]mfinXyhpw hmk\bpap≈ bqtdm]y≥am\y∑msc _nójpIm¿ ChnsS \ntbmKn°Wsa∂mbncp∂p tdmbn-bpsS \ne]mSv. kwkvIrX]T\w bpha\ pIsf `mcs∏SpØpItb-bp≈psh∂pw hymIcWkw_‘hpw XXz⁄m\]chpamb Nn√dhyXymkßsf∏‰nbp≈ kq£va]T\w kaqlØn\p Imcyamb


]tbmP\sam∂pw sNøns√∂pw tdmbv Nn¥n®p. KWnXimkvXw,\m®pd¬ ntemk^n, sIankvSn, A\m‰an XpSßn ]tbmP\IcambimkvXßsf Dƒs°m≈p∂, en_depw ]_p≤hpamb Hcp hnZym-`ymk kºZmbw ChnsS G¿s∏SpØWsa∂v 1823˛¬ Kh¿W¿ P\-d¬ BwtlgvÃv ]`phn\p ka¿∏n® satΩmdnb¬ AU n¬ tdmbnA`y¿∞n°pIbp≠mbn.

]_p≤amb en_denkØns‚ _p¿jzm ]XybimkvXamWvC¥ybnse _q¿jzmkn Bhiys∏´Xv. AhcpsS amXrI hnPbio-emfnXcmb bqtdm]ycmbncp∂p. F¥n\v Cw•ojvImsctbm ]mhwtXmakv _m_nwKvS¨ sa°msftbm Ip‰w ]dbp∂p? \ΩpsS htc-Wyh¿Kw A∂Xv Bhiys∏´p. 1947˛¬ Ah¿ AXpXs∂ Bh-iys∏´p. C∂pw \ΩpsS htcWyhn`mKØn\p AXpamXw aXn. \Ωp-sS ss]XrIw \njv]tbmP\amsW∂p cmPmdmw taml≥ tdmbntbm-sSm∏w Ahcpw Nn¥n°p∂p.

sa°mtfbpsS hn[nXo¿∏v cmPmdmw taml≥ tdmbnbpsS A`n]mb-Øn\v ASnhcbnSpIbmWv sNøp∂Xv. ]uckvXy ho£W°mcpsSHc`n]mbtØmSp sa°mtf tbmPn∏p ]ISn∏n®p. sa°mtf ]dbp∂p:

""]cnanXamb \ΩpsS hn`hßƒ h®psIm≠v C¥ybnse P\k-©bsØ apgph≥ hnZyb`ykn∏n°m≥ \sΩs°m≠v km≤yas√∂vF\n°p tXm∂p∂p. \ap°pw \mw cn°p∂ et£m]e£w P\ßƒ-°panSbn¬ ]cn`mjIcmbn h¿Øn°m≥ Ignbp∂ Hcp kwLw Bfp-Isf cq]hev°cn°m≥ \mw ]camh[n bXv\n°Ww. c‡Ønepw\ndØnepw C¥ym°mcpw, F∂m¬ A`ncpNnIfnepw A`n]mbß-fnepw km∑m¿§nI \nebnepw _p≤ni‡nbnepw Cw•ojpImcpambHcp kwLw BfpIƒ. cmPysØ \m´p`mjIƒ kwkv°cn°pI,]m›mXy\mSpIfn¬ \n∂p ISwsIm≠ imkvX\maßfm¬ \m´p`mj-Isf kº∂am°pI, ItaW P\e£ßƒ°p hn⁄m\w FØn®psImSp°p∂Xn\v Ahsc DNnXhml\ßfm°n cq]m¥cs∏SpØpIF∂o NpaXeIƒ Ct∏mƒ \mw ]cnioen∏n°p∂ Cu P\hn`mK-Øn\v hn´psImSp°Ww.''

sa°mtfbpsS Cu \ne]mSv Xo¿Øpw icnbmWv. icnsb∂ptXm∂nbX\pkcn®v At±lw ]h¿Øn®p. At±lØns‚ klm-btØmsS ]S®phn´ h¿KamWp \ΩpsS ss]XrIw. s\lr B h¿K-Øn¬ s]Sp∂p. AtX h¿KamWv C∂p \ΩpsS cmjvSsØ \bn°p-∂Xv. ""c‡Ønepw \ndØnepw C¥ym°m¿; AtXkabw A`ncp-NnIfnepw A`n]mbßfnepw km∑m¿§nIXbnepw _p≤ni‡nbnepwCw•ojpIm¿.''

]_p≤Xm]Imiw bqtdm∏n¬ ]Ncn®v Hcp Xeapd Ign™mWvC¥ybnseØnbXv. bqtdm]y≥ _p¿jzmknbpsS ]XybimkvXw


C¥y≥ cWh¿§Øns‚ ]XybimkvXambnØo¿∂p. B ]Inb-bn¬ kvtImńjv anj\dnbmb AeIvkm≠¿ U^ns‚ ]¶v kp][m-\amWv.

\qdp h¿jw apºv tUm. tPm¿Pv kvanØv cNn®p ]kn≤s∏SpØnb""AeIvkm≠¿ U^v Un. Un. F¬. F¬. Un. bpsS PohnXw'' F∂KŸw \ΩpsS hnZym`ymkkºZmbsØbpw AsXßs\ \ΩpsSD◊sb cq]s∏SpØnsb∂Xns\bpw a\ nem°phm≥ BKln°p-∂h¿ hmbnt°≠XmWv. t]¿Øv Kma¿kvIqfnepw sk‚ v B≥UqkvbqWnthgvkn‰nbnepw ]Tn®p _ncpZw t\Snb U^n\p A°meØpkvtIm´ve≥Un¬ e`n°mhp∂ G‰hpw anI® hnZym`ymkamWpe`n®Xv. Ko°nepw eØo\nepw temPn°nepw \m®pd¬ ntemk^n-bnepw At±lw ]mfinXyw t\Sn. ]ikvX\mb tXmakv Nmtagvkn-s‚ IognemWp U^v ]Tn®Xv. bqWnthgvkn‰nbnse G‰hpw anI®hnZym¿∞nbmbncp∂p U v. hnZym¿∞nbmbncn°ptºmƒ Xs∂ U v,ÃpU‚ v anj\dn skmssk‰n cq]hev°cn®p. AXns‚ sset_dnb≥Bbn.

Hcp I∏e]ISsØ AXnPohn®v U^v 1830˛¬ I¬°´bnseØn.C¥y≥ k¿∆ssk\ym[n]\mbncp∂ U¬lukn]`p, Kh¿W¿ P\-d¬ hneyw _≥dnIv ]`p F∂nh¿°p ]cnNbs∏SpØp∂ IØpIfp-ambmWp U^v h∂Xv. A∂v 24 hb p≠v U^n\v. Zo¿LImb\pwkpapJ\pw Pzen°p∂ \b\ßtfmSp IqSnbh\pw Ahniaamb at\m-t_m≤yØm¬ A\pKrloX\pamb B bphmhns‚ e£yßsf∏‰nPohNcnXImc≥ ]dbp∂p:

""bphmhmb kvtIm´ve≠pImc≥ sslµhaXsØ XI¿°psa∂p]Xn⁄ sNbvXp. CXn\v G‰hpw ]‰nb am¿§w AXns‚ akvXnjv-°Øn¬ ]lctaev]n°pIbmWv. I¬°´bmWp akvXnjvIw. U^vChnsSØs∂ Dd®p\nev°pw.'' U^ns‚ ]h¿Ø\coXn ]uckvXy-aXßsf XI¿°pIbmbncp∂p. Hcn\w Bw•n°≥ InkvXpaXhpw,Cw•ojv `mj, kmlnXyw, aqeyßƒ F∂nh t\cn´p ]Tn∏n°p∂kºZmbhpw kwtbmPn∏n®p≈ kwhn[m\ØneqsS CXp km[n°p-sa∂mbncp∂p U^ns‚ IW°pIq´¬.

A∂p I¬°´m \KcØn¬ AømbncØn¬ Xmsg C¥y≥ Ipń-Iƒ amXta hnZymebßfn¬ t]mbncp∂p≈psh∂v kvanØv ]dbp∂p.Ahcn¬ 500 t]¿ amXta Cw•ojv ]Tn®ncp∂p≈p. A°meØvCw•ojv kwkmcn®ncp∂ ]Kev cpsS Iq´Øn¬ _nójvImcpsS h¿-ØI ]¶mfnbmbncp∂ ZzmcI\mYv SmtKm¿, P∑nbpw AUz°‰pamb]k∂Ipam¿ SmtKm¿ XpSßnbh¿ Dƒs∏ńcp∂p. Hcp hnizmk kº-Zmbhpw PohnXhpw ]pcmX\ \mKcnIXbpw XI¿°m≥ C¥ym°m-c\mb Hcp ]¶mfn U^n\p th≠nbncp∂p. C¥y≥ P\Xsb InkvXp-hn\p th≠n BZmbs∏SpØpIbmbncp∂p At±lØns‚ e£yw.


AeIvkm≠¿ U^v Xs‚ C¥y≥ kl]h¿ØIs\ alm\mbcmPmdmw taml≥ tdmbnbn¬ Is≠Øn. bmYmÿnXnI _m“W-aXsØ FXn¿Ø hnπhImcnbpw _p≤aX°mc\mbn amdnb kmaq-ly]cnjv°¿Ømhpambncp∂p At±lw. tdmbv t]¿jy\pw kwkvIr-Xhpw Cw•ojpw ]Tn®p. en_d¬ Nn¥mKXn°msct∏mse At±lhpwNn¥m°pg∏Ønembn. dmw taml≥ kt¥mj]q¿∆w _nójpImsctkhn®p. Ahsc C¥ybpsS hntamNIcmbn I≠p. AºXmw hb- n¬ At±lw _nójv k¿∆okn¬ \n∂p hncan®tijw 1814˛¬I¬°´bn¬ Xmakam°n. thZm\pkrXamb GIssZhhnizmkhpwsslµhaXØnse BNmchncp≤amb ]cnjv°mcßfpw ASnÿm-\am°n _“kamPw Bcw`n®p. sslµhaXØn\p≈n¬ Cdmkva-kns‚bpw kznw•nbpsSbpw ktΩfnXcq]ambncp∂p dmw taml≥tdmbv.

C¥ym°m¿°p hn⁄m\w ]Icp∂Xn\p≈ G‰hpw sa®s∏ám[yaw Cw•ojv Xs∂bmsW∂v U^nt\msSm∏w tdmbnbpw hniz-kn®p. U^n\p ]kwKn°m≥ _“kamPw hI lmƒ At±lw hn´p-sImSpØp. ]Xnamkw A©p ]h≥ hmSIbv°mWXp \¬InbXv.]nev°meØp kz¥w sNehn¬ _“kamPt£Xw ]Wnbm≥ Ign-™tXmsS hmSIs°ńSw U^ns‚ D]tbmKØn\p \¬Im≥Ign™p. 1830 Pqsse 13˛\v hmSIs°ńSØn¬ U^v Xs‚ ]pXnbkvIqƒ Xpd∂p. DZvLmS\ ktΩf\Øn¬ k∂nlnX\mb tdmbvXs‚ ]kwKØn¬ ss__nƒ hmbn°p∂Xn¬ Hcp A]IShpan-s√∂v _m“W hnZym¿∞nItfmSp ]d™p.

U^ns‚ ]pXnb hnZymebw Hcp henb hnPbambncp∂p. ÿekuIcy°pdhpsIm≠v h¿jwtXmdpw ]ciXw hnZym¿∞nIƒ°v]thi\w \ntj[nt°≠n h∂p. Cw•ojv kmlnXyw, bqtdm]y≥NcnXw (atXXchpw sshZnIhpw), hymIcWw, ss__nƒ, cmjvSobkºZv hyhÿ, BUw kvanØns‚ DZvt_m[\ßƒ Chbmbncp∂p]T\ ]≤Xnbn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnbncp∂Xv.

\ΩpsS hnZym`ymk kºZmbsØ sa°msf ]`phns‚ \ma-tØmSp tN¿Øp]dbpIbmWp km[mcW sNømdp≈Xv. F∂m¬sa°mtf FXamXw U^nt\mSp ISs∏ńcn°p∂psh∂p ]e¿°pwAdn™pIqSm. sa°mtf Hcp henb \nba\n¿ΩmXmhmWv. 1833˛¬CuÃn¥ym Iº\nbpsS Nm¿´¿ \hoIcn°phm≥ tlXp`qXamb1832˛se dnt^mw BIvSv Xømdm°nbXv sa°mtfbmWv. U^ns‚]h¿Ø\amWp C°mcyØn¬ sa°mtfbv°p ]tNmZ\w \¬InbXv._nójv anj\dnIƒ°p kzX¥ambn C¥ybn¬ ]thin°phm\p≈hne°pIƒ Nm¿´¿ \hoIcWØn¬ \o°n°f™p. U^v sa°mtf-tb°mƒ sNdp∏ambncp∂psh¶nepw U^n\v sa°mtfbpsS Kpcpÿm-\ap≠v.


Cw•ojv `mjbpw kwkv°mchpw D]tbmKn°p∂ Bw•nknÃp-IfpsS t\Xmsh∂ \nebn¬ ]uckvXy`mjbpsS D]tbmKwt]m’mln∏n°p∂ Kh¿W¿ P\dens‚ D]tZjvSm°fpsS ta¬U^n\p≠mb hnPbamWv 1835 s^_phcn 2˛\p ]Jym]nXamb"an\p‰v' (Minute) cNnbv°phm≥ sa°mtfbv°p ]tNmZ\w \¬InbXv.sa°mtfbpsS ]kvXpX ]_‘w C¥y≥ hnZym`ymk kºZmb-Øn¬ ]uckvXy`mjmhmZØns‚ (Hmdnb‚enkw) acWaWnapg°-ambn Iemin®p. 150 h¿jw apºv AsXmcp ][m\ kwhmZambncp∂p.C∂sØ C¥y≥ kzXzw ]tXyIn®p \ΩpsS htcWy hn`mKØns‚kzXzw ˛ Bhnjv°cn°p∂Xn¬ AsXmcp \n¿ÆmbI LSIambn.U^ns‚ PohNcnX cNbnXmhv ]uckvXy`mjmhmZnIƒs°XncmbnBw•nknÃpIfpsS ]£w ]nSn°p∂ps≠¶nepw Nne NcnX hkvXpX-Ifpw Dƒ°mgvNIfpw \¬Ip∂p≠v. ][m\ambn aq∂p Kq∏pIsfAt±lw Is≠Øp∂p:

1. Bw•nknÃpIƒ: Cw•ojv `mjbneqsS Cw•ojv kmlnXyhpwimkvXhpw aqeyßfpw ]Tn∏n°pIamXw sNbvXm¬ C¥y≥kaqlØns‚ bmYmÿnXnI ]nt∂m°mhÿ ]cnlcn®v ]ptcmKXn-bnte°pw B[p\nIXbnte°pw \oßm≥ km[n°psa∂v U^v, dmwtaml≥ F∂nhtcmsSm∏w Nn¥n®h¿.

2. ]uckvXy`mjmhmZnIƒ (Hmdnb‚enÃvkv): C¥y≥ kzXzwkwkvIrXØnepw ]menbnepw t]¿jy\nepw A[njvTnXamsW∂phnizkn®h¿. Cu mjIfpsSbpw kmlnXyßfpsSbpw ]T\w ]p\cp-≤cn®p ]ptcmKan∏n°pIbmWv C¥y≥ kzXzØns‚ ioLhf¿®-bv°v Bhiysa∂h¿ IcpXn.

3. Xt±iob `mjmhmZnIƒ (sh¿Wm°pednÃvkv): Hcp sNdnbkwLw Nn¥I∑m¿ (A[nI]¶pw _nójpIm¿) P\ßfpsS mjb-√mØ kwkvIrXhpw t]¿jy\pw Ad_nbpw Cw•ojp t]mse Xs∂\njv]tbmP\amsW∂p hnizkn®p. tUm. am¿jvau≥ (PqWnb¿),_bm≥ F®v. tlmUvPvk¨ F∂nh¿ Cu `mjIƒ (Cw•ojv Dƒ-s∏sS) `cWIqSØns‚ \nKqVXbpsS am‰p h¿≤n∏n°p∂psh∂phnizkn®p. cWIqSØn¬ \n∂p P\ßsf AI‰n \n¿Øm≥ amXtaCXv D]Icn°pIbp≈p F∂h¿ hmZn®p. Xt±iob `mjIsft]m’mln∏nbv°phm\mWv Ah¿ BKln®Xv.

U v, sa°mtf, sa°mtfbpsS kyme\mb Nmƒkv Shney≥ F∂n-hcmWv Bw•nknÃpIfpsS t\Xm°ƒ. Shney≥ \mep h¿jw U¬-lnbn¬ sNehgn®tijw 1931˛¬ I¬°´bnseØpIbpw Cw•ojvhnZym`ymkØneqsS sslµhaXsØ Ańadn°p∂Xn\v U^ns‚]cn]mSnbn¬ apgpIpIbpw sNbvXp.

]t£, A[nImcw ]uckvXy`mjmhmZnIfpsS (Hmdnb‚enÃvkv)


]°embncp∂p. s]mXp hnZym`ymkØn\v hIbncpØnb ]Ww Ah-cpsS \nb¥WØnepw. Bw•nknÃpIƒ Ahsc _m“W ]£-]mXnIsf∂p hnfn®p. Kh¿W¿ P\dens‚ kl]h¿ØI\mbncp∂F®v. tjIvkv]nb¿, Kh¨sa‚ v skI´dnbpw Ad_n ˛ kwkvIrX]finX\pamb F®v. tXm_n ]n≥sk^v, Kh¿W¿ P\d¬ hneyws_‚n°ns‚ skI´dn hneyw tlw amIvt\m´≥, hnZym`ymk hIp∏pskI´dn Sn. kn. kn. kX¿e≥Uv XpSßnbhcmbncp∂p AhcpsSt\Xm°ƒ.

sa°msf "an\p‰v' F∂ ]_‘w (1835) FgpXnbXp ]tXyIe£yw h®mbncp∂p. 1813˛¬ _nójv ]m¿esa‚ v A\phZn® hnZym-`ymk ≠ns‚ \nb¥Ww Hmdnb‚enÃpIm¿°mbncp∂p. ≠ns‚\nb¥Ww Bw•nknÃpIƒ°p ssIamdpI F∂Xmbncp∂p sa°m-sfbpsS e£yw. U^ns‚ PohNcnXImc≥ Cu "an\p‰v' C¥y≥ P\X-°pth≠nbp≈ _p≤nPohnIfpsS kzmX¥yØns‚ H∂mw Nm¿´dm-sW∂p tcJs∏SpØn. ]m¿esa‚dn IΩn‰n apºmsI U^v \¬InbsXfnhns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ tImUoIcn® hnZym`ymk Xo´qcamWvc≠matØXv.

]uckvXy`mjmhmZnIƒ (Hmdnb‚enÃv) ASnÿm\]cambnbmYmÿnXnIcmbncp∂p. PmXnhyhÿ Zambn kwc£n°Wsa∂-h¿ BKln®p. hnZym`ymkw ]mYanIambn _m“W¿°p \¬IW-sa∂mWXn\¿∞w. t\scadn®p Bw•nknÃpIƒ [occmb kmaqly-]cnjv°¿Øm°fmbncp∂p. PmXnhyhÿ ssZhlnXØn\p hncp≤-amsW∂p Nn¥n°p∂ InkvXy≥ anj\dnamcmbncp∂p Ahcn¬]ecpw.

_nójv Kh¨sa‚ns‚ alØmb e£yw C¥ybnse P\ßsfbqtdm]y≥ kmlnXyhpw imkvXhpw ]Tn∏n°pIbmsW∂pw hnZym-`ymkØn\p≈ F√m ^≠pIfpw Cw•ojv hnZym`ymkØn\pth≠nD]tbmKn°pIbmsW∂pw 1835 am¿®v Ggn\p Kh¿W¿ P\d¬ \S-Ønb ]Jym]\Øn¬ ]d™p. Cu UnIn Xømdm°nbXpw sa°msfXs∂bmbncp∂p. hfsctbsd ]Ww ]uckvXyIrXnIfpsS ]km[-\Øn\v IΩn‰n sNehn´Xmbn Kh¿W¿ P\dens‚ i≤bn¬s]ńcn-°p∂psh∂pw C\nta¬ ^≠ns‚ Hcwihpw Cu BhiyØn\v D]-tbmKn°m≥ ]mSns√∂v Kh¿W¿ P\dens‚ Iu¨kn¬ A\pimkn-°p∂psh∂pw UnInbn¬ ]d™p.

CsXm∂pw U^ns\ Xr]vX\m°nbn√. UnIn At±lØns‚BZ¿itØmfw Db¿∂ncp∂n√. sa°mtf hnKv ]m¿ń°mc\mbncp∂p.aX\nct]£Xbmbncp∂p sa°mtfbpsS ]_p≤XbpsS ]amWw.X∑qew UnInbn¬ InkvXob t_m[\Øn\p hyhÿbn√. U^vBIs´ InkvXy≥ anj\dnbmbncp∂p. euInIamb HØpXo¿∏n\p-th≠n "InkvXobX' _enIgn°p∂Xv Ip‰IcamsW∂v At±lw


Nn¥n®p. F∂ncn°nepw InkvXpaX]NcWØn\v ]kvXpX UnInD]tbmKn°m≥ At±lw Xømdmbn.

sImtfmWnbenktØmSp≈ C¥ybpsS FXn¿∏v C√mXm°phm≥lnµpaXsØ \in∏n°Wsa∂Xmbncp∂p sa°mtfbpsS Xmev]cyw.InkvXpaXÿm]\Øn\pth≠n lnµpaXsØ \in∏n°Wsa∂mbn-cp∂p U^ns‚ e£yw. kzm`mhnIambpw, sImtfmWnb¬ Kh¨sa‚ vsa°mtfbpsS ]h¿Ø\coXnbv°p ]n¥pW \¬In. F¥mbmepwc≠p t]cptSbpw Dt±iyw Cw•ojv hnZym`ymkØneqsS lnµpaXsØ\in∏n°pIbmbncp∂p.

I¬°´bn¬ 1822˛¬ ÿm]n® Kh¨sa‚ v saUn°¬ ÿm]\-ØneqsS Bbp¿thZsØ ]p\cp≤cn°phm≥ ]uckvXyhmZnIƒ(Hmdnb‚enÃpIƒ) ]cnian®p. hnZym`ymkw Bw•nknÃpIfpsS coXn-bn¬ apt∂dp∂]£w, Ipd™]£w Hcp Hmdnb‚enÃv saUn°¬kºZmbsa¶nepw hfcs´sb∂mbncp∂p AhcpsS Nn¥. U^pwkplrØp°fpw ]Xntj[n®p, ]t£m`w \SØn. 1835 P\phcn 28˛\pKh¿W¿ P\d¬ Cu saUn°¬ ÿm]\w \n¿Øem°n. ]m›mXyHuj[Øn\p ]pXnb tImfPv Bcw`n®p. B ]pXnb tImfPv 1835Pq¨ H∂n\p I¬°´mbn¬ Xpd∂p. Cu ÿm]\w XmaknbmsXtemIØnse G‰hpw henb saUn°¬ hnZymebambn amdn. U^ns‚]NmcW ]h¿Ø\w t_mws_bnepw aZmknepw emtlmdnepwBKbnepw saUn°¬ hnZym`ymkw hym]n°m≥ ImcW`qXambn.

U^ns‚ ]ptcmKmanbmb ]h¿Ø\ßfpsS aq∂masØ taJekmlnXyambncp∂p. C¥y≥ `mjIfnse kmlnXyØn\v Cw•ojvkmlnXyw t_m[\w \¬IWsa∂v At±lw BKln®p. U v Xs‚hnZymebØn¬ Hcp _wKmfn Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Xpd∂p. ]m›mXykXy-hpw Cw•ojpImcpsS HuZmcyhpw ]cKpWImw£bpw C¥ybnseP\e£ßfn¬ FØWsa∂pw AhcpsS amXr`mjbnse kmlnXy-Øn¬ AXp _otPm¬]mZ\Øn\p tlXp`qXamIWsa∂pw U^vZrVamb Xocpam\ØnseØn F∂v tPm¿Pv kvanØv tcJs∏SpØp∂p.

U^ns‚ hn`mh\Øn¬s]´ UnIn F¥p t\Snsb∂p hnebncp-Øp∂Xp ]tbmP\Icambncnbv°pw. hnPbw kºq¿Æambncp∂n-s√∂p hy‡w. F∂ncn°nepw KWyamb t\´w ssIh∂p. ]m›mXykwkv°mcØns‚ BLmXØn¬ C¥ybnse sslµhkwkv°mc-Øn\p Cf°w X´pIXs∂ sNbvXp. F√mbvt∏mgpw kw`hn°p∂Xp-t]mse B BLmXØn\p \ntj[mflIhpw cN\mflIhpamb e-ßfp≠v. Hcp C¥y≥ kmaqly]cnjv°cW ]ÿm\w Bcw`n®Xv\√ êamWv. kXn t]mse ]e a\pjyXzclnXamb BNmcßƒAhkm\n∏n°phm≥ Ign™p.

]m›mXyen_d¬ hnZym`ymkØns‚ kzm[o\Øn¬ C¥ym-


°m¿°p ]pXnb A[nImctkmX v e`yambn. ]hnXsa∂pw sslµ-hthZßfpsS ]n≥_eap≈sX∂pw ]cnKWn®pt]m∂ ]e kn≤m¥-ßtfbpw FXn¿°m\pw D√wLn°m\pw Bhiyamb [ocX P\ßƒ-°v AXn¬\n∂pw e`n®p. BtcmKy]cnc£bpw hnZym`ymkhpw Kh -sa‚môkpIfpw hn]peamb tXmXn¬ P\ßƒ°p ]m]yambn. P\-ßsf AI‰n\n¿Øphm≥ D≠m°nbncp∂ hne°pIƒ CSn®p\nc-Øm≥ am¿§ap≠mbtXmsS P\kº¿°w h¿≤n®p.

U^v, hn’¨, sa°mtf F∂nh¿ \ΩpsS P\ßfnse htcWy-hn`mKØnt∑¬ Cw•ojv hnZym`ymkw ASnt®ev]n®n√mbncp∂psh-¶n¬ sImtfmWnb¬ cWImesØ sFIyw km≤yamIpambncpt∂mF∂ tNmZyw ]k‡amWv. Hmdnb‚enÃv ]£°mcpsS A`n]mba-\pkcn®p t]mbncps∂¶n¬ Cu cmjvSw GXp coXnbnemIpambncp-∂p? C¥y≥ \mjW¬ tIm¨Kkv Cu coXn-bn¬ cq]hev°cn°-s∏Spambncpt∂m. Phl¿em¬ s\lr CXtbsd kap∂Xambÿm\sØØpambncpt∂m? CØcw tNmZyßƒ Hcp]t£ Aek-amb hy¿∞`mh\Ifnte°mhpw \sΩ \bn°pI. ]t£, \ΩpsSC∂sØ \ne a\ nem°phm\pw Hcp cmjvSsa∂ \nebn¬ `mhnIcp∏nSn∏n°m\pw ian°ptºmƒ AXns\√mw kmwKXyhpw ]k‡n-bpaps≠∂Xn¬ X¿°an√.

k¶pNnXhpw AS™Xpamb Cw•ojv hnZym`ymkØneqsS \mwkrjvSn® htcWyhn`mKsØ At]£n®v, IqSpX¬ PohhØpw k¿-§mflIhpw hnhn[ kwkvImcßfn¬ \njvWmXcpamb Hcp kwLwA`ykvXhnZysc krjvSn°m≥ \ap°p Ignbpambncp∂nt√ F∂pNn¥n°mhp∂XmWv.

Aßs\ Cw•ojv hnZym`ymkw AXns‚ e£yw mKnIambn t\Sn;kmwkvImcnIamb \n¿hocyam°eneqsS C¥y°m¿ sImtfmWnb¬`cWtØmSp sas√ A\p`mhap≈hcmbn amdn. hn’s‚bpw U^n-s‚bpw D]tZim\pkcWw sa°mtf ]mInb ssa\pIƒ s]mńsØ-dn®p. ]cºcmKX sslµhmNmcßƒ°v A`ykvXhnZycpsS taep≈kzm[o\w £bn®p. ]m›mXycmPysØ en_depIfpsS ]Xn—mb-bn¬ GXp coXnbnepw sacp°nsbSp°mhp∂ ]cphØnembn C¥y≥P\XbpsS t\XrXzw.

lnµpaXsØbpw lnµp°sfbpw "InkvXp'hn\p apºn¬ ASnbdhp]dbn°Wsa∂p InkvXob anj\dn F∂ \nebn¬ U^v BKln-®ncp∂p. C¥ysb InkvXpaXØn\p hnt[bbm°m≥ sImtfmWn-b¬ `cWm[n]∑msc D]tbmKn°Ww. C°mcyØn¬ U^ns‚e£yw hfsc ]cnanXamb tXmXnse t\Sm≥ Ign™p≈q. InkvXy≥kvIqfpIfnepw tImfPpIfnepw ]Tn®p InkvXob aqeyßƒ BKn-cWw sNbvX bphm°fpw bphXnIfpw hfsctbsdsbm∂pw InkvXp-aXw kzoIcn®Xmbn ImWp∂n√. Npcp°w Nne¿ InkvXym\nIfmbn.


cmPm k¿ almcmPknwKv, cmPIpamcn AarX Iu¿ XpSßnb Nne-cpsS t]cpIƒ InkvXym\nIfmbn aX]cnh¿Ø\w \SØnb t\Xm-°fpsS Iq´Øn¬ Hm¿°m\p≠v. Ch¿ t]mepw ]cºcmKX sslµh-]›mØeØn¬ \n∂p≈hc√. InkvXob hnZymebßfn¬ ]Tn®lnµp°fn¬ `qcn`mKhpw _nójv InkvXpaXØn¬ \n∂pw bqtdm-]y≥ ]_p≤Xm]ImiØn¬ \n∂pw At\Iw aqeyßƒ kzmbØ-am°nsb¶nepw \maamX lnµp°fmbnØs∂ XpScpIbmWp≠mbXv.

\maamX lnµp°fmbncp∂psh∂p ]dbphm≥ ImcWap≠v.t£Xmcm[\, h\Ønse P\]mcmbWw XpSßnb lnµpaXmNmc-ßtfmSv Ahcn¬ ]ecpw bmX ]d™p. Bw•n°≥ kwkv°mcmth-inXcmb Cu lnµp°ƒ kmwkv°mcnIamb lnµp ]mcºcysØA`nam\]q¿∆w Db¿Øn∏nSn®psh¶nepw AhcpsS Nn¥bpw ]Xnkv]-µ\ßfpw ]m›mXy hnZym`ymkØns‚ kzm[o\Øn\p hnt[bambn.lnµp kzXzw kwc£n°p∂tXmsSm∏w Xs∂, s\lr cq]s∏SpØnbHcp "sk°pe¿' kzXztØmSv Ah¿ hnt[bXzw hmKvZm\w sNbvXp.ap…oßfnepw kn°pImcnepw D≈ A`ykvXhnZy¿°pw Cßs\Xs∂kw`hn®p.

Aßs\ C¥ybnse A`ykvXhnZycpsS Bflmhn¬ Hcp kzXz-]Xnk‘n ]e XeapdIfntebv°p XpS¿∂p≠mbn. Cu kwL´\am-Wnt∏mƒ ]e coXnbnep≈ h¿§obXbmbn ads]m°n shfnbn¬ h∂n-´p≈Xv. `qcn]£ sslµh h¿KobXbmWv Ahbn¬ ][m\w.

Cw•ojv hnZym`ymkw ASnt®ev]n® \n¿hocyXbn¬\n∂p kS-IpS™v Fgpt∂‰v hodpw hocyhpw hos≠Sp°Wsa∂p A`ykvXhnZy-cmb lnµp°fn¬ ]ecpw Nn¥n®pXpSßn. B D¬°Sm`nhm©, \n¿-hocyam°s∏´ kzXzØn¬ \n∂v Dbcp∂XmIbm¬, AXp ]e kc-WnIsf Ahew_n°p∂p; Cw•ojns‚ ÿm\Øp lnµn ]XnjvTn-°m\p≈ ]t£m`w, C¥y≥ cmjvSob kºZvhyhÿbn¬ lnµntaJebpsS \nb¥Ww Dd∏m°m\p≈ ]bXv\ßƒ, D]cnπhambHcp lnµpaX \hoIcWØn\p ioLêw \¬Ip∂ am¿§ßƒ Xnc-s™Sp°¬, B¿. Fkv. Fkv. s‚bpw lnµp cmjvSob ]m¿ńIfp-sSbpw cq]hev°cWw XpSßnbh, ]e kcWnIfn¬ NneXmWv.AtXkabw kn°pImcpw InkvXym\nIfpw ap…oßfpw AhchcpsSkzXzw ÿm]n°m≥ hIam¿§ßƒ Ahew_n°p∂p. CsX√mw h¿-§ob kwL´\ßƒ°pw h¿Kob elfIƒ°pw ImcWamIp∂p≠v.

aXsØ cmjvSob e£yßƒ°mbn D]tbmKn°p∂Xn\pw X¬ -eambn h¿Kob kwL´\ßƒ°nSbmIp∂Xn\pw cmjvSob°msc ]gn]dbpI Ffp∏amWv. F∂m¬ sk°pe¿ kzXzw, C¥y≥ kzXzw,h¿Kob kzXzw F∂nh XΩnep≈ kwL´\w \ΩpsS skan\mdpI-fntem tP¿WepIfntem KŸßfntem ssIImcyw sNømsX t]mIp-∂psh∂XmWp ]k‡amb Imcyw. C¥y≥ kzXzØns‚ kz`mhhpw


]cnKW\obamWv. htcWyh¿§Øns‚ kzXzhpw km[mcW P\ß-fpsS kzXzhpw XΩnep≈ kwL´\hpw Aßs\Xs∂.

Bw•nknÃpIfpw \ΩpsS tZiob t\Xm°fpw Xmtemen®pt]m∂BibamWv `qXImehpambp≈ kºq¿Æ hnt—Zw. C¥y≥ kzXz-Øns‚ ]›mØeØn¬ Cu \ne]mSv ]p\x]cntim[\ A¿ln-°p∂p. kzmX¥y]t£m`WtØmSpIqSn Bcw`n°p∂ `mcX Ncn-XØn¬ B kzXzw A[njvTnXambn°qSm.

Cu ]iv\w B¿j`mcXØnte°mƒ IqSpXembn, \mkvXnI-sa∂p ]Jym]nXamb tkmhnb‰v bqWnb\n¬ AwKoIcn°s∏Sp∂p-s≠∂Xp hnNnXambntØm∂mw. Ac\q‰m≠p apºv Ãmens‚ cW-ImeØmWp tkmhnb‰v bqWnb≥ BZyambn Cu ]iv\w A`napJoI-cn®Xv. \mknIfpsS BIaW ImeØv. BIaWw XpSßptºmƒt_mƒsjhnIv hnπhw Xo¿∂n´p IjvSn®p 25 h¿jamIp∂tXbp≈p.[otcmNnXamb Hcp sNdpØp\nev]p kwLSn∏n°m≥ B NpcpßnbImeNcnXw ]cym]vXambn√. Sm¿´mdpIfpsSbpw awtKmfnIfpsSbpwBIaWsØ FXn¿Øp\n∂ djybpsS NcnX]kn≤amb ]Xntcm-[Øns‚ NcnXsØ°pdn®p≈ Aht_m[w Ãmen\v P\ßsft_m≤ys∏SptØ≠n h∂p. djy≥ Hm¿ØtUmIvkv k`sbbpwk\ymkmiaßsfbpw _nj∏pamscbpw Np‰n∏‰nbp≈ sNdpØp-\nev]mbncp∂p AXv. kmlnXyw, _mse, \mSIw, Ne®nXw F∂n-hbneqsS Cu Hm¿ΩIsf kPohambn ]p\chXcn∏n°p∂Xn\p \mkv-XnIKh¨sa‚pw ]m¿ńbpw InW™p]cnian®p. ka¿∞amb HcptPmenbmWv A∂h¿ \n¿hln®Xv. Cu ]Inbbn¬ P\ßfpsS]n¥pW t\Sm≥ ssIkvXh k`sbt∏mepw ]gb tkmhnb‰v bqWn-b\v D]tbmKnt°≠nh∂p. tamkvt°m ]mXnb¿°okv AeIvknkv,ln‰vetdmSp≈ FXn¿Øp\nev]ns‚ [oc t\XmhmbnØocpIbpwsNbvXp.

s]cnkvtSmbn°bpsS Imcyhpw hyXykvXa√. djybpw a‰pw hntZ-iobmIaWØns‚ òjWnbnes√¶nepw apXemfnØØns‚bpwkmamPyXzØns‚bpw i‡nIfn¬\n∂p IqSpX¬ hn]¬°cambòjWnIfmWv B cmPyßƒ t\cnSp∂Xv. cmPysØ sR°nsRcp-°p∂ Cu hn]Øns\ t\cnSp∂Xn\p≈ apJyam¿Kw Cu cmPyßsfkmºØnIambpw kmwkv°mcnIambpw i‡am°pIbmWv. kºZv-hyhÿsb ]p\xkwLSn∏n®p _ehØm°p∂Xnepw cmjvSØns‚kmwkv°mcnI ssNX\yw ]p\xÿm]n°p∂Xnepw ][m\ÿm\whln°p∂ LSIw am\hnI LSIhpw P\ßfpsS kzXzhpamsW∂hkvXpX C∂p s]mXpth a\ nem°n hcp∂p≠v.

C¥ybn¬ qXImehpambp≈ _‘w kºq¿Æ-ambn hnt—Zn®XvCw•ojv hnZym`ymktØmSpIqSnbmWv. ]t£, ]nev°meØv Iq´p-]ncn™ `qXImeNcnXsØ ]p\xkrjvSnt°≠Xns‚ BhiyI-


Xbpw \mw a\ nem°n. Aßs\ ]p\xkrjvSn°s∏´ `qXImeØn-s‚ A[nI]¶pw ap≥hn[n Ie¿∂Xpw ]ds™gpXn®XpamWv. AXm-Wn∂v \ΩpsS kvIqfpIfnepw bqWnthgvkn‰nIfnepw C¥ymNcn-XØns‚ cq]Øn¬ ]Tn∏n°p∂Xv.

aXØnepw kwkv°mcØnepw F°meØpw mcXw sslµhambn-cps∂∂ [mcW ]ISn∏n°m≥ \ΩpsS _p≤aX ss]XrIhpw ssP\aX ss]XrIhpw A[nI]¶pw \mw NhpńsaXn®p. at≤yjy, ]›n-tajy, Kokv F∂nhnSßfnse \mKcnIXItfmSpw kwkv°mcß-tfmSpw \ap°p≈ IS∏mSv Xpd∂p kΩXn°p∂Xnepw \mw A[nI-]¶pw ]cmPbs∏´p.

C¥y≥ kzXzw DtØPn∏n°p∂Xnepw ]p\xÿm]n°p∂Xnepwaq∂p LSIßƒ AXy¥mt]£nXßfmbn tXm∂p∂p. \ΩpsS qX-Imew kw_‘n® IqSpX¬ kXyk‘amb hnebncpØ¬, \ΩpsSkm¿hP\o\hpw km¿htZiobhpamb kº¿°ßsf∏‰n IqSpX¬k¥penXamb Aht_m[w, Bwt•m Atacn°≥ kwkv°mcßƒHgn®p≈ a‰p kwkv°mcßfnte°p IqSpX¬ EPphmb ]thi\wF∂nhbmWo LSIßƒ.

(Enlightenment East and West (Published by Indian Institute of Advanced Stud-ies, Shimla, 1991) F∂ KŸ-Ønse ]Ømw A≤ym-b-Øns‚ kwKlw.]cn-`m-j-I≥: Fw. Ipcy≥)

tUm. Koh¿Kokv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbm-kn-s\m∏w


2]m›mXy ]_p-≤X-bpsS

amdp∂ apJ-ßƒB[p-\nIw (Modern), B[p\ntIm-Øcw (Post - Modern), LS-\m-

hmZw (Structuralism), A-]-\n¿am-Ww -F-∂n-ßs\ ]m›mXy kmln-Xy-Ønepw Z¿i-\-Ønepw DS-se-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Bi-b-ßsf \mw ae-bm-fo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ Cu BibßfpsS NcnX]›mØesØ Ah-KWn®mWp ]et∏mgpw \mw AXp sNøp∂Xv. ]m›mXycoXnIsf`mKnIambns´¶nepw A\p[mh\w sNøpI-sb∂Xp `mcXØnseF√m Nn¥mkcWnI-fnepw ImWs∏Sp∂ Hcp ]hWXbmWv.

`mcXob Nn¥mhn`mKßsf°pdn®p mcXob¿°p≈ Adnhv an°-t∏mgpw ]cnanXamWv. AXnt\°mƒ IqSpX¬ D]tbmKn®p ]cnNb-ap≈Xv ]m›mXyNn¥mhn`mKßfmWv (Categories of thought).

]m›mXyNn¥ amXa√, ]m›mXy kwkvImcw Xs∂ C∂v kp]-[m\amb Hcp hgnØncnhnseØn, Ftßm´p XncnbWsa∂dnbmsXA‘mfn®p \n¬°pIbmWv. B A‘mfn∏n¬ \n∂pZn®XmWv C∂pImWp∂ ]e Nn¥mkcWnIfpw. Ccp∂qdn¬]cw h¿jßfmbnBtKmfkzm[o\w sNepØns°m≠ncn-°p∂ ]m›m-Xy\mK-cn-I-X-bv°v ASnÿm\]camb Aafn Bcw-`-Øn¬Øs∂ ]‰nbn´ps≠∂Imcyw CubnsS amXamWv A[nIw t]cpsSbpw Nn¥bv°p hnjb-ambn´p≈Xv. Cu ASnÿm\]camb Aafnsb-∏‰n tIcfob Nn¥-Icpw t_m[hm∑mcmtI≠Xv hfsc Ahiyw Xs∂. ]t£, AXn\p-th-≠p∂ NcnX-⁄m\hpw Zm¿i\nIt_m[hpap≈ Nn¥Itcm tIc-fØn¬ hfsc hncfhpw.

BwKekmlnXyØns‚ NphSp ]nSn®mWp aebmf kmlnXyhpw`mcXob Z¿i\hpw ]ptcmKan°m≥ ian°p∂sX∂p ]et∏mgpwtXm∂nt∏mIpw. BwKe kwkvImcsa∂p ]d™m¬, Cw•≠nepwAtacn°-bnepw D≈hcpsSbpw AXpt]mse Cw•ojv `mj A`ykn-®n´p≈ a‰p a\pjycpsSbpw kwkvImcw. ]t£ B kwkvImcØns‚Xs∂ NcnX]›mØesØ∏‰n ]Tn-°phm\p≈ Ahkcw \ΩpsSkmlnXyImc∑m-cn¬ hfsc°pd®pt]¿°p amXta D≠mbn´p≈p. B]›mØeØnte°v A¬]w shfn®w hoipIbpw AXn¬ \n∂pcp-Øncn™n´p≈ kmln-Xy- -Z¿i-\ kcWn-Isf B ]›m-ØeØn¬a\ nem°phm≥ klm-bn°pIbpamWv Cu teJ\w sIm≠pt±-in°p∂Xv.

B[p\nI ]_p≤X

]_p≤X F∂ ]Zw XnI®pw `mcXobamWv. _p≤[¿ΩØnse


tIµBibamWv ]_p≤X AYhm t_m[n (Enlightenment). CutemI-Ønep≈ H∂n\pw AXn-t‚-Xmb kz`mhans√-∂pw, a\p-jy-a\ pw AXns\ A`napJoIcn°p∂ as‰mcp ]Xn`mkhpw XΩn¬]ckv]ckº¿°ap≠mIptºmƒ, Nne ]tXyI kmlN-cyß-fn¬DZn-®pbcp∂ Cu temIhpw Cu Alhpw kXy-hp-a-√, Ak-Xyhp-a√, bYm¿∞-hpa-√, AbYm¿∞-hpa√ "]XoXykapXv]∂w' amX-amWv F∂pw Adnhp≠mIptºmƒ F√m I¿Øm, I¿Ωhnjb-hnthN\-ßƒ°paXoXambn Nn¥bv°pw ]⁄bv°pw A∏pdØpa\pjy]⁄bpsS AXncn‡]Xn`mkambn \n¿hmWw AYhmkayIvkwt_m[nbp≠mIp∂p. AXn\mWp _p≤`Khms‚ injy∑m¿t_m[n F∂ t]cp sImSpØXv.

Cu ]_p≤Xm]ZØn\p mcXob ]mcºcyØn¬ \n∂p XnI®pwhyXykvX-amb as‰mc¿∞amWv ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m≠nse B[p\nI]m›mXy]_p≤X (Modern Western Enlightenment) \¬InbXv._p≤[¿Ω-Ønse t_m[n k¿∆sØbpw H∂mbn°mWp∂p.]m›mXyt_m[n \nco£I-s\bpw \nco£nXsØbpw c≠mbn-Øs∂ ImWp∂p. temIsØ Xs∂ AXp ImWp∂Xv AXns‚ _lp-kz`mhØns‚ ASnÿm\-ØnemWv. _p≤t_m[nbnse GIXzwAXp ImWpt∂bn√. _p≤t_m[nbpsS êw IcpWbpw ùXnI-aqeyßtfmSp≈ sshcmKyhpw k¿∆krjvSnItfmSpap≈ ssaXnbpwBsW-¶n¬, ]m›m-Xy-t_m-[n-bn¬ \n∂p-≠mIp∂Xv k¿hsØbpwhnjbh¬°cn®v, Adn™v, \nb¥n®v, A[o\am°n, kzmbØam-°phm\p≈ hyK-XbmWv.

]Xns\´mw iXm_vZØn¬ Xg®phf¿∂ Cu at\m-`m-h-Øns‚]cym-b-]-Z-ß-fmWv "B[p-\n-I-Xbpw', "]_p-≤-Xb-pw.' B[p\nIXsb\n¿hNn°Wsa¶n¬ Cu ]_p≤XbpsS hniIe\Øns‚ ]›m-ØeØnte km[n°q.

]m›mXycpsS Cu B[p\nI ]_p≤XbpsS e£Wßƒ \m-emWv.

a\p-jy-kzm-X¥yw

H∂maXp a\pjykzmX¥yØnt∑-ep≈ Du∂¬. "F¥mWp]_p≤X?' F∂ io¿jIØn¬ s_¿eo-\nsj tamWm‰vkvjv-dn^v‰vF∂ amkn-IbpsS 1784 Unkw-_¿ e°-Øn¬ CΩm\ph¬ Im‚ v]_p≤X-bpsS AYhm ⁄mt\m-±o]\Øns‚ \n¿hN\w \¬Ip-∂Xv Cu hn[ØnemWv:

""a\p-jy≥ Xs‚ krjvSnbmb A]IzXbpsS XS-hn¬\n∂p hnap-‡n]m]n®p ]pd-Øndßp∂XmWv ]_p-≤X. A\y\n¿tZiØn\pIogvs∏SmsX kz¥w t_m[Øn\\pk-cn®p Pohn°phm\p≈ Dƒ-°cpØn√mbva-bmWv Cu A]-IzX F∂p ]dbp∂Xv. CsXmcp


kzbm¿÷n-Xamb A]IzX Xs∂. bp‡nNn¥ (reason) bv°vAekXbpw •m\nbpw `hn-®ncn°p∂Xv KlW⁄m\i‡nbpsSIpdhpsIm≠√, ]XypX as‰mcm-fpsS \n¿t±iw IqSmsX Ah-\-hs\-Øs∂ tkhn-°p-hm\p≈ Xocp-am-\i-‡nbpw ss[cyhpw C√msXt]mhp-∂XpsIm≠m-Wv. kss[cyw Nn¥n°q (SAPERE AUDE), kz¥wKlW-i-‡n°\p-kcn®p Pohn°phm\p≈ ss[cyw IønseSp°q.Dd°Øn¬ \n∂v DW-cq. CXmWp ]_p≤X-bpsS apZmhmIyw.''

CXmWv B[p\nIXbpsSbpw ]m›mXy]_p≤XbpsSbpw H∂m-asØ e£-Ww. shdpw a\pjykzmX-¥ya√ ChnsS kqNn∏n°p∂Xv.C∂sehsc am\knI ASnaØØn¬ ab-ßn°nS∂ncp∂ a\pjy≥DW¿s∂-gpt∂-‰n- v, X\n°p bPam-\\mbn Cuizct\m, aX-tam, shfn-]mtSm ]mcºcytam C√. Rm≥ Xs∂-bmWv Fs‚ A[n]≥ F∂p¬-tLmjn°p∂ ]Inb-bv°mWp kzmX¥yw F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. BkzmX-¥yamWv B[p\nIXbpsSbpw ]m›m-Xy ]_p≤-XbpsSbpwapJapZ.

Cu kzmX¥y ]Jym-]\w kIehn[amb _mlym[nImcßƒ-°psaXncmbp≈ hnπ-hamWv. bqtdm-∏n¬ ]`pXzw ÿm]n®v a\pjy-a\ ns\ A]IzXbpsS NßeIƒ sIm≠p _‘n®nńcp∂saUoh¬ ItØm-en°mk`bpsS amX-a-√, \hoIcW]ÿm-\-Øn¬IqsS t]m -Ã‚ v InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS thZ-]p-kvX-IØns‚ A[nImcwIqSn hens®dnbpIbmbncp∂p bqtdm∏n¬ ]_p≤X sNbvXXv. H‰-bSn°p ssZhimkvXØn (theology) s‚bpw k`mt\Xr-Xz-Øn-s‚bpwXncp-sh-gp-Øp-I-fpsSbpw shfn]m-Sp-I-fpsSbpw amX-a√, kIe]mNo\ ]mcº-cy-ßfpsSbpw \ncm-IcWamWp ]m›mXy]_p≤XAYhm B[p\nI-X.

]cam[nImcw

c≠matØXp hn[nhnt[b-bp‡n-bpsS ]cam[nImcamWv. _mlym-[nImcßsf√mw FSpsØdn™p Ignbptºmƒ Ahtijn°p∂Xva\pjys‚ bp‡n amXam-Wv. B bp‡n°p ]cnanXnIfps≠¶nepwB ]cnanXnIƒ°p≈n¬ Hmtcmhn[ bp‡n°pap≈ N -ßf\pk-cn®paptºm´pt]mbm¬ hgnsX‰pIbn√ F∂mbncp∂p CΩm\pth¬ Im‚n-s‚ hmZw. ip≤bp‡n (Pure Reason), ]mtbmKnI bp‡n (PrecticalReason), BkzmZ\ hnthN\bp‡n (Judgement) Cßs\ aq∂mbna\pjya\- ns‚ ]h¿Ø-\ßsf Im‚ v th¿Xn-cn-®p. ip≤-bp-‡n-sIm≠p hkvXp-°-sfbpw hnj-b-ß-sfbpw Adnbmw. ]mtbmKnI-bp‡n sIm≠p ]h¿Øn°phm≥ ]‰nbtXsX∂p ÿm]n°mw.BkzmZ\hnthN\ bp‡n sIm≠p IemhkvXp°sfbpw kmlnXy-IrXnI-sfbpw a‰pw hnebncpØmw. BZytØXv Nn¥bv°p \nbawkrjvSn°p∂p. c≠matØXv C—mi‡n°v; aq∂matØXp kzmZn\vAYhm hnthN\Øn\v.


Xnhn[bp‡nsIm≠p t\Sp∂ GXdnhpw Ft∏mgpw ho≠pwtNmZyw sNøm≥ bp‡n°p km[n°pw. \n›nX am¿§Øn¬ IqSn-bmtWm Hcp ]tXyI Adnhp≠mbXv F∂p ]cntim[n°phm≥bp‡nb√msX a‰p-cI√n√. bp‡nsIm≠p≠mIp∂ Adnshm∂pw ]c-a-a-√. tNmZyw sNøm\mh-mØXpa√. ]t£, tNmZyw sNøm≥ bp‡n-°√msX a‰m¿°pw A[nImcan√. bp‡nbpsS F√mhn[nbpw hn[nhnt[bamWv. CXmWp hn[nhn-t[bbp‡n-sb∂p Rm≥ hnh-£n°p∂"In‰n°¬ dok¨.' bp‡nsb \nb¥n°phmt\m tNmZyw sNømt\mkm[n°p∂ GIi‡n bp‡n Xs∂.

]m›mXy ]_p-≤-X-bpsS auenIXØz-ß-fn¬ AXn-]m-[m\y-ap≈-XmWv Cu hn[n-hnt[b-bp-‡n. B[p-\nIw F∂p ]d-bp∂ kao-]\coXn-bnepw hn[n-hn-t[b bp‡n°p tIµo-Ir-X-amb ÿm\-ap-≠v.]cm-ibw As√-¶n¬ ]c-\n-b-¥Ww (heteronomy) C√mØ, kz¥-\n-b-a-hn-t[-b-amb (autonomous) AkvXn-Xz-Øn¬ a\p-jy≥ hf-c-W-sa-¶n¬ ]mc-º-cyw, aX-hn-izmkw apX-emb ⁄mt\m-]m-[n-Isf \ntcm-[n-®v, Ah-\-hs‚ hn[n-hn-t[b bp‡nsb amXw Bi-bn®p Pohn-°m-\m-h-Ww.

B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS As√-¶n¬ ]m›mXy ˛ ]_p-≤-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm\]amW-ß-fn¬ aq∂m-atØXv B[p-\nIimkvX (Modern sci-ence) sØ amXw bYm¿∞ ⁄m\-ambn kzoI-cn®v AXn¬ A[n-jvTnXamb kmt¶-XnI hn⁄m\w D]tbmKn®v Hcp \mKcnIXsIń∏Sp°pIsb∂XmWv. Ign™ Ccp\q‰m≠pIfn¬ B[p-\nIimkvXØn\pw kmt¶-XnIhn⁄m-\-Øn\pw D≠mbn´p≈ t\ -ßƒA`qX-]q¿hßfpw B›cyIc-ßfpw Xs∂. kwi-b-sam-∂p-an-√.Fs¥√mw A‘hn-izm-k-ßsf Im‰n¬ ]d-∏n-°p-hm≥ imkvX-Øn\pkm[n-®n´p-≠v. a\p-jys‚ BtcmKysØ A]ISØnem-°p∂ GsX-√mw tcmKßsfbpw _m[Isfbpw \mamhti-jam°n! FX ku[-ßfpw AW-s°-´pIfpw ]meßfpw b¥ßfpw B[p\nI kmt¶-XnIXbpsS k¿Ki-‡n°p km£yw hln°p∂p. BImik©m-chpw thKØnep≈ hm¿Ømhn\n-abhpw kmt¶-Xn-IXbt√ \ap°p\njv]-bmkam°nØo¿ØXv.

a\pjykzmX-¥yw, hn[n-hn-t[bbp‡n-, imkvXkmt¶XnIXF∂o aq∂p ][m\ XqWpIfnt∑emWv ]m›mXy kwkvIm-chpw,AXn\p \nZm\amb ]_p≤Xbpw B[p\nIXbpw \ne\n¬°p∂Xv.\memasØ XqWv skIype¿ tÃ‰v BWv. temIsaßpw hym]n®vhnizsØ GIh¬°cn°m≥ Cu ]_p≤Xbv°p km[n®p. aX\nc-t]£amb Cu skIype¿ \mKcnIX a‰p≈hsct∏mse mcXobcpwkzmbØam°n.

B ]_p-≤-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWp \ΩpsS c-W-ÿm-]-\-ßfpw hnZym-`ymk kº-Zm-bhpw NnIn’mcoXnbpw hm¿Ømhn\n-


abam[yaßfpw kmlnXyhpw Z¿i\hpsams° ]ptcmKan®psIm≠n-cn°p∂Xv.

s\lvdp

]gb ]mcºcyw ]ptcmKa\Øn\p hneßpXSnbmWv, ]q¿h-Imehpambn Hcp ]q¿Æhnt—Z\w (a clean break with the past) BWvkzX¥`mcXØn\mhiyw F∂mbncp∂p mcXcmjvS in¬∏nIfn¬]apJ\mb ]fin‰v s\lvdphns‚bpw A`n]mbw. `qXImesØhnkvacn®v mhnsb amXw em°m°n aptºm´p t]mI-Wsa∂p tIw_n-UvPn¬ ]Tn®XmWv Phl¿em¬ s\lvdp ChnsSbpw \S∏m°phm≥ian®Xv. ]m›mXy ]_p≤XbpsS DØa k¥m\amb s\lvdpa\pjykvt\lnbmbncp-∂p. ]t£,- ]ptcmKa\Øn\p \√ am¿§-ambnAt±lw I≠Xv mc-Xob ]mc-º-cy-ßsf \ncm-I-cn®p ]m›mXy ]_p-≤-X-bnse ]pXnb Bi-b-ßsf `mc-X-Ønepw \S-∏n¬hcp-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. B ]m›mXy]_p-≤-X-bpsS c≠p IrXn-I-fmb am¿Ivkn-k-Øn¬ \n∂pw en_-d-en-k-Øn¬ \n∂pw GSp-Iƒ ]dn-s®-Sp-ØmWp\ΩpsS cmjvS-Øns‚ `mhn Icp-∏n-Sn-∏n-°p-hm≥ At±lw DZy-an-®-Xv.alm-flm-Km-‘n-bp-sSbpw SmtKm-dn-s‚bpw hniz-Z¿i-\-ßƒ s\lvdp-hn\p kzoIm-cy-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p. cmPmdmw taml≥tdmbnsbt∏mse Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdphpw Cw•o-jn-ep≈ ]Øp ]pkvXIw hmbn-°p-∂XpkwkvIr-X-Ønepw mc-Xob`mj-I-fn-ep-ap≈ \qdp ]pkvX-I-ßƒ hmbn-°p-∂-Xnt\-°mƒ ]tbm-P-\-I-c-ambn I≠p.

skIyp-e¿ tÃ‰v

\mem-a-tØXp skIyp-e¿ tÃ‰m-Wv. mcXØn¬ ]m›mXy]_p-≤Xbv°p ]Ÿmhp sXfn® s\lvdp-hn¬IqSnbmWv C∂p \nehnep≈]e \√ Bibßfpw \ΩpsS CSbn¬ IS∂p h∂Xv. hockh¿-°dns‚bpw lnµpalmk`bpsSbpw Nn¥bn-ep≈ Hcp sslµhcm-jvSamWv s\lvdp G‰hpw IqSpXembn bs∏´Xv. A∂t±lhpw IqsS-bp≈ Ipsdt∏cpw lnµpcmjvSe£ysØ kss[cyw sNdpØn√m-bncp∂psh¶n¬ \mw FhnsSs®∂p \n¬°pambncp-∂p F∂p Nn¥n-®pt\m°q. kwL]cnhmcØns‚ t\XrXzØn¬ C∂p ImWp∂ ]h-W-X-Iƒ 1947-˛¬ ]m_-eyØn¬ h∂ncps∂¶n¬ `mcXØns‚ C∂-sØ Ahÿ F¥mbncn°pambncp∂p?

]t£, lnµp-cm-jvS-Øn\p ]Icw At±lw hn`m-h\w sNbvXXvHcp `mc-Xob `mj-bnepw hnh¿Ø\w sNøm-s\m°mØ "skIyq-e¿tÃ‰v' Bbn-cp-∂p. skIype¿ F∂ Cw•ojv ]ZØns‚ ]cn`mj"]m]-©nIw', "sFlnI-w', "temImbXw' Fs∂ms°bmWv. ]t£,s\lvdp hn`mh\w sNbvXXv Hcp "]m]©nI cmjvSt-am, "sFlnI-cmjvStam', "temIm-bX-cm-jvStam' A√m-bncp∂t√m. A¿∞-an-√mØ]Z-]tbmKßft√ Ah? "aX\nct]£ cmjvS'sat∂m, "atXXc-


cmjvS'sat∂m D≈ ]Z-]-tbm-Khpw A¿∞-]pjvS-a-√. hSt° C¥y-bn¬ "aXw' F∂ ]ZtØ°mƒ "[¿Ωw' F∂ ]ZamWp \mw "dnen-Py≥' F∂ t]¿ ]dbp∂ bmYm¿∞yØn\p X¬kaw. ]t£, "[¿Ω-\nct]£w' F∂p `mcXob`mjIfn¬ X¿÷a sNbvXm¬ "A[¿-Ωmt]£nXw' F∂¿∞w h∂pt]mImw.

"skIyp-e¿ tÃ‰v' Ipg∏ap≈ ]Z]tbmKamsW∂p s\lvdphn\vAdnbmambncp∂p. ]t£, ]m°nÿm≥ Hcp C…manI cmjvSambnkzbw ]Jym]n°ptºmƒ `mcXw Hcp sslµh cmjvSambn°cpXm-\p≈ ]hW-Xsb sNdp°m≥ ]‰nb Hcp ]ZØns‚ A`mhØnemWps\lvdp Cu hntijWw sXcs™SpØXv. alm-fl-PnbpsS FXn¿-hmZßsfm∂pw hnet∏mbn√. 1931˛¬ tIm¨K- ns‚ "skIype¿tÃ‰v' ]tabw ]mkm-bn. F√m aXØn\pw hnizmkØn\pw ]q¿ÆkzmX¥yap≈ Hcp kzX¥ skIyp-e¿ tÃ‰mWv \mw ]Wn-Xp-b¿Øp-∂Xv F∂v A∂p Xs∂ At±lw ]d-™p.

B[p-\nI ]m›mXy ]_p-≤XbpsS \memasØ ][m\BibamWv Cu "skIype¿ tÃ‰v.' bqtdm-∏n¬ ItØmen°cpw t]m -Ã‚pImcpw XΩn¬ Gsd\mƒ bp≤w sNbvXv Ahkm\w 1648-˛¬shÃvt -enbm DSºSn sIm≠p kam[m\w ÿm]n®t∏mƒ D≠m°nbXØzamWv cmPmhns‚ aXw P\-ßfpw kzoIcn°-W-sa∂Xv. BXØzØns‚ \ntj[amWv ^©phnπhØn¬ \n∂p≠mb skIyp-e¿ ]n≥kn∏nƒ. AXm-bXp cmjvShpw aXhpw XΩn¬ _‘an√.Hcp cmPysØ ]uc\mbXp sIm≠v B cmPyØp ]m_eyØn¬\n¬°p∂ aXw Hcmƒ kzoIcn®psIm≈Wsa∂n√. Hcp hy‡nbpsSaXw Abm-fpsS Xocpam\Øn¬s∏´-XmWv F∂ Cu XXzw Hcfhp-hsc \oXnIcn°msa¶nepw hfsc Npcp°w hy‡nIƒ amXta XßƒC∂p ]n¥pScp∂ aXw kzbw sXcs™SpØhcmbp≈p. A[nIw-t]¿°pw GsX¶nepw Hcp ]tXyI aXtØm-Sp≈ _‘w NcnX-kmlNcyßƒ sIm≠p≠mbn´p≈XmWv.

aXhncp≤w]t£, aXw F∂p≈Xp hy‡nkzmX¥yØn\p hn´psImSpØp

Ignbptºmƒ, a\pjys‚ kmaqlnI s]mXp-PohnXØn¬ aXØn\pÿm\tam kmwKXytam C√ F∂p hcp∂p.

]m›mXy ]_p≤X ASnÿm\]cambnØs∂ aXhncp≤amWv(Cuizc\ntj[amWv). imkvXØn¬ "Cuizc≥' Hcp Bhiyan√mØk¶-ev]w (unnecessary hypothesis) AYhm "A\mhiy]-Xn⁄-'bmbnAh-ti-jn°p∂p. Z¿i-\-Øn¬ Cuiz-c\p ÿm\sam∂pan√. hnZym-`ymkØnepan√ Cuizcs‚bmhiyw. NnIn’mimkvXhpw Cuiz-c-\n-c-t]-£-am-Wv. cmjvSob-Øn¬ Cuiz-c\p ÿm\w sImSp-°m-\m-hn-√. kmt¶-XnI hn⁄m-\-Øn\pw hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab am[y-a-ßƒ°pwCuiz-c-s‚-bm-h-iy-sam∂p-an-√.


Cuiz-c≥ C√ F∂p imkvXw sXfnbn-°m≥ ian-°p-∂n-s√-¶nepwASn-ÿm-\-]c-ambn \nco-iz-c-am-Wv imkvX-Øns‚ Nn¥m-k-c-Wn-Iƒ.

skIyp-e-dnkw F∂v C∂p \ΩpsS tIm¨Kkv ]am-Wn-IfpwCS-Xp-]-£-°mcpw sNm√n-s°m≠p\S-°p∂ Cu "Ckw' Zm¿i-\n-I-ambn \oXo-I-cn-°m-\m-hm-Ø-Xm-Wv. "kwL-]-cn-hm-c-'tØmSp ]S-sh-´p-hm≥ amXw klm-bn-°p∂ ap\-bn-√mØ Hcp "Ip¥w' BW-Xv. \ΩpsSkwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ][m\ iXp-hmb PmXn-hn-th-N-\-tØmSp t]mcm-Sp-hm≥ Cu "Ckw' H´pw klm-bn-°p-∂n√ Xm\pw.

Aafn

]m›mXy ]_p-≤X-bnse \Sp-Øq-WpI-fmb \men\pw bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ASnÿm-\-an√ F∂-XmWp ]m›mXy kwkvImcw ]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂ ZmcpWbmYm¿∞yw. \men-s\-°p-dn®pw ka-K-ambn ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-hm≥ Cu lkz-te-J\w sIm≠p km[n-°p-I-bn-√. B hna¿i\wFs‚ A©mdp ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-embn Rm≥ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xv]m›mXy ]_p-≤-X-bn¬ A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb \ΩpsS _p≤n-Po-hn-Iƒ°p hf-sc-sbm∂pw kzoIm-cy-am-Im≥ hgn-bn-√.

GXm-bmepw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb Aa-fn-sb-∏‰n hmZn-°p-∂-bmƒRm≥ amX-a-√. BwK-e-`mjm Nn¥-I-tc-°mƒ IqSp-X-embn P¿Ω-\n-bnepw ^m≥kn-ep-amWv Cu Nn¥-Iƒ Db¿∂ph∂n-´p-≈-Xv. Ipd®p-t]cpsS t]cp- amXw ChnsS FSpØp]d-b-s´.

1. am¿ń≥ sslU-§¿

B[p-\nI imkvXhpw kmt¶-XnI hn⁄m-\-hp-amWp ]m›mXykwkvIm-c-Øns‚ bYm¿∞kz`mhw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ c≠p ]Xn-`m-k-ß-sf∂p sslU-§¿ hmZn-°p-∂p. a\p-jy\v Ahs\ Np‰n\n¬°p∂ a‰v AkvXn-Xz-ß-sf-°p-dn®p KmV-amb BImw£ (Anxi-ety) D≠v. Xs‚ AkvXn-Xz-Øn\p klm-b-I-ambn Ahsb ]cn-h¿Ø\w sNbvXn-s√-¶n¬ B AkvXn-XzsØ Ah A]-I-S-Øn-em-°p-sa-∂mWv BImw-£. Cu Bi-¶-bn¬ \n∂mWp imkvXhpwkmt¶-Xn-I-Xbpw DZn-°p-∂-Xv. hkvXp-°sf Adn-bp-∂Xv Adn-hn-\p-th-≠n amX-am-sW∂p imkvXw ]e-t∏mgpw ]d-bp-∂p-s≠-¶nepwbYm¿∞-Øn¬ imkvX-Øns‚ Dt±iyw F¥mWv F∂p-≈-Xv, AXn¬\n∂v Df-hm-Ip∂ kmt¶-XnIhn⁄m-\o-b-Øn¬ IqSn-bmWp shfn-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. A\y-h-kvXp-°sf kz¥ Dt±-iy-ßƒ°mbn ssIImcywsNbvXv Ah-bp-sS-ta¬ Xs‚ A[n-Im-chpw i‡nbpw ÿm]n-°p-I-bmWp kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-⁄m-\-Øns‚ ][m\ ]hr-Øn. imkvX-Øns‚Cu KqtVm-t±iyw Cßs\ kmt¶-Xn-I-X-bn¬ IqSn shfn-s∏-Sp-∂p.Cu BImw-£-bp-sSbpw hyK-X-bp-sSbpw ]nd-In¬InS-°p-∂Xp ]m›m-Xy a\p-jy\p kw`-hn-®n-cn-°p∂ "DäbpsS adhn' (Forgetfullness ofBeing) BWv. Däsb-¥m-sW∂v Adn-bm-hp-∂Xp ad-∂n´v, Däsb


a\pjys‚ ASn-a-bm°pIbmWp imkvXØns‚bpw kmt¶-Xn-I-XbpsSbpw ]mY-an-tImt±iyw. ]IrXnbpsSta¬ B[n]Xyw t\Sna\pjybp‡nbpsS Adnhn\pw ssIImcyØn\pw hnt[bam°m\p≈DZya-Øn¬ a\pjy≥ kzbw \jvS-s∏-SpØp-∂p. kXyØn¬ \n∂phyXn-Nen°p∂p. kz¥w t\´ß-fpsS alØzØn¬ abßn kz¥wkz`m-hsØ ad-°p-∂p. Xs‚ imkvX-h-e-bv°IØp Ipcp-ßp-∂XpamX-amWv "kXyw' F∂ amc-I- am-b-bn¬ sN∂phogp-∂p. imkvX-Øn\p Nn¥n-°mt\ Adnbn√. imkvXw F¥msW∂p imkvXØn\pimkvXobambn ÿm]n-°ms\m°ptam?

imkvXhpw kmt¶XnIXbpw krjvSn°p∂ Cu temIamtWmkXyw? BsW∂p \sΩ sX‰n≤cn∏n®v, imkvXØn\∏pdap≈ kXy-sØ tXSp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂p \sΩ hnap-J-cm-°p-I-bmWp imkvXw sNøp-∂Xv F∂v sslU§¿ ]dbp∂p.

a\p-jy-km-êyw

F¥mWo kXyw? kXyw a‰v DäIsft∏mse "D≈' H∂-√. AXv"D≈Xv' Hcp ]tXyI coXnbnemWv. a‰p hkvXp°ƒ "D≠v' F∂p\mw ]dbptºmƒ ÿeImeßfnsehnsStbm Ds≠∂mWp \ΩpsShnh£. ]t£, Aß-s\bp≈ "Dä'Ifn¬ Ht∂m, Ah-bn¬ \n∂phyXy-kvX-amb at‰-sXmt∂m A√, "kXyw.' kXyw Hcmiba√. Hcp]Xn`mk-a√. Hcp hnjbw A√. F√m hnjbßfpsSbpw ]Xn`mk-ßfpsSbpw Bibß-fp-sSbpw \nZm\amWXv. ASn ImWmØ ASn-ÿm\w. Nn¥ sIm≠v AXns\ tXSn∏nSn°m\mhn√. BZnbpa¥hp-an√mØ B kXyw kvt\lamWv. kvt\l-Øn¬ kzbw Hgp°ns°m-Sp°p∂, kzbw ]cnXym-KnbmWp kXyw. B kXyØn\p a\p-jy≥Xs∂Øs∂ Hcp b⁄ambn _enb¿∏n°p∂XmWp a\pjykm-êyw. AXp imkvXØnepw kmt¶-Xn-IXbnepw IqSn kwkn≤am-Ibn√. a\pjys‚ bp‡n°v AXns\ tXSn∏nSn°m≥ H°p-I-bn-√.Cu kXy-Øn¬ \n∂p hyXn-cn-‡-amb a\pjykzmX¥yw I]SamWvFs∂ms° sslU-§¿ hmZn°ptºmƒ ]m›mXy ]_p≤XbpsSXqWpIƒ CfIp∂p. ]m›mXyNn¥mku[w Ipep-ßp∂p. hna¿i-I¿ sslU§sd XmgvØns°´p∂p.

2. antj¬ ^qt°mbpw Iq´pImcpw

B[p\ntImØcXbpsS ][m\ Dƒ°mgvNXs∂ B[p\nIXbv°vAYhm ]m›mXy ]_p≤Xbv°v ASnÿm\]camb Aafn ]‰n-sb∂pw AXns‚ Zm¿i\nImSnÿm\w XnI®pw Zp¿_eamsW∂pap-≈XmWv.

kzbw ]IminXsa∂p \Sn°p∂ F√m Nn¥mhyhÿnXnIfpwtNmZyw sNøpIbmWp bYm¿∞ kzmX-¥yØns‚ Bcw`sa∂phmZn® ^©pImcn¬ ]Ya\mWp antj¬ ^qt°m. hyhÿm]nX


Nn¥ Xs∂ Akm≤yamsW∂pw Zm¿i\nImSnÿm\ap≈ Hcp lyqa-\nkw km≤yas√∂pw Xs‚ "Z¿i\Øns‚ kzmX¥yw' (The Free-dom of Philosophy, 1985) F∂ KŸØn¬ ^qt°m hmZn®p.

F√m‰ns\°pdn®pw FgpXmw; ]Xn]mZn°mw. ]t£ H∂pwZm¿i\nImSnÿm\Øn¬ sXfnbn°m\mhn-√. FgpXWw. kmlnXy-ØnemWp ]Xym-ibp≈Xv; Z¿i-\Øne-√. F√m ]iv\ßsf-°pdn®pw FgpXns°m-≈q. Ip‰-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw ssewKn-I-X-sb-°p-dn®pwam\-kn-I-tcm-K-sØ-°p-dn®pw qt°m [mcmfw Fgp-Xn. ]ecpw hmbn-®p.- ^qt°msb Nne¿ AcmPIXzhmZnsb∂p hnfn-®p. LS\m-hm-Zn(Structuralist) F∂pw LS-\m\¥c-hmZn (Post structuralist) bp‡n-cm-lnXyhmZn (Irrationalist) iq\yXmhmZn (nihilist) Fs∂ms° t]¿ hnfn®p.AtXmsS Hcp Iq´w ]pXnb ^©v kmlnXyImc∑m¿ DZn®pb¿∂p.sdmfmw-Kv _m¿Øv, jmIveIm≥, jmIv sUdoUm F∂nhcmWp ]ap-J¿. ChcpsS hmZßƒ A[nIhpw hna¿i-\amWv. ^qt°m tXSn-bXv Hcp ]_p-≤Xm\¥c kwkvImcw (Post enlightenment culture) BWv.]m›mXy ]_p≤X A_≤m[njvTnXhpw Akzo-Im-cy-hpam-Wv. B[p-\nIXbpsS ASn-ÿm\m_≤ß-fn¬ H∂v `mj-bmWv kIe Nn¥-bp-sSbpw aqe-sa-∂p≈ ap≥hn-[n-b-tX. mjmZ¿i-\Øn\p mjbpsSkz`mhsØ hni-I-e\w sNøm-\p≈ hyK-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]t£,`mjbv°pw kmlnXyØn\pw kXysØ tXSn∏nSn°m≥ Ignhns√∂phy‡ambn. A\p`hØns‚ ]cnanXn-Isf ]Z¿in∏n°pItbkmlnXyØn\p km[n°q. a\pjykz`mhw (Human Nature) Fs∂m-∂n√. [m¿Ωn-IX km≤ya√. imkvXambncp∂p ]m›mXy ]_p≤-XbpsS ASnÿm\w. ]t£, imkvXØn\v ASnÿm-\ans√∂v C∂phy‡-am-Wv. imkvXwsIm≠pw, kmlnXywsIm≠pw Adnshm∂pap-≠mIbn-√. B[p\nIX-bpsS \nZm\w imkvX-am-sW-¶n¬, B[p\n-Im\-¥cX (Post modernity) bpsS Pnlz kmlnXyamWv. kmlnXyØn¬IqSnbmWp ]_p≤Xm\¥c \mKcn-IX kwkrjvSam°ms\m°p∂XvFs∂ms° ^qt°m hmZn®p.

A]\n¿amWw

sUdnUm a‰p≈hsc°mƒ Zm¿i\nIambn Nn¥n°p∂bmƒ Xs∂.1967-˛¬ ]kn≤oIcn® "seIvdn‰q¿ G eUn ^dm‚ v (Writing andDifferance, 1978), ""Of Grammatology” (Eng. tr. 1976), i_vZhpw ]Xn`mkhpw(Speech and Phenomena, 1973) Cßs\ At\IKŸ-ßƒ cNn®v \ne-hn-en-cp∂ sehn- ˛ -kvtSm-kn-s‚bpw s^¿Un-\m≥Uv Un tkmkq-dn-s‚bpw LS-\m-hm-ZsØ XI¿Øp. FgpØp shdpw Nn”w, kw⁄As√-¶n¬ enwKw amX-am-Wv. tπt‰m ]d-™Xpt]mse cN\ (writ-ing) shdp-samcp hy`n-Nm-c-k-¥Xn (Bastard) BWv. `mjbpw cN-\bpwc≠m-Wv. cN\ \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xp `mj-bv°p-th≠n amX-am-Wv. cN-\sb a\p-jy-i-_vZ-hp-ambn Iqń-°p-g-bv°-cp-Xv. ]t£, a\p-jy-i-_vZ-


Øns‚ ]nd-In¬ "A¿∞w' (Meaning sign) D≠v. a\p-jys‚ F√m A\p-`-hhpw Cu A¿∞-Øns‚ A\p-`-h-am-Wv. Cu A¿∞w `mj-bn¬\n∂pw `mjsb cN-\-bm-°p∂ Nn”-hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pwXnI®pw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. GXp cN-\-sb-Sp-Ømepw AXn¬ BZywImWp∂ A\p-]-Zm¿∞-Øns‚ ]nd-In¬ t]mbn BZym¿∞sØAt\z-jn-°p-∂p. Cßs\ t]mIp∂p sUdn-Um-bpsS A]-\n¿ΩmW(Deconstruction) Nn¥.

(sU-dn-Um-bpsS enJn-X-imkvXw (Of Grammatology) Cw•o-jn-te°p]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv Hcp C¥y-m°m-cn-bmWv- KmbXn NI-h¿Ønkv]nhm°v; B ]cn-`m-j-bpsS C¥y≥ FUn-j≥ Cu G]n¬ amk-Øn¬ U¬ln-bnse tamØn-em¬ _\m¿-kn-Zmkv ]kn≤w sNbvXn-´p-≠v). hn[nhnt[b-bp‡nbpsSbpw ]m›mXy ]_p-≤-X-bp-sSbpwB[p-\n-I-X-bpsS-bp-sams° A¥yw Ipdn-°p∂ kp]-[m\ IrXn-bm-Wn-sX-∂-Xn\p kwi-b-an-√. aptºm´p hgnImWn-°m≥ A]-\n¿ΩmW]ÿm-\-Øn\p km[n-°p-tam-sb∂p kwi-b-am-Wv. a‰v A]-\n¿ΩmWNn¥-I¿ A]-\n¿ΩmWsØ AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ \nl-\n-°m-\mWpkm≤y-X.

3. kwkr-jvS-bm-Ym¿∞y-hmZw (Constructive Realism)imkvXØns‚ ASnÿm\ _elo\XbmWv AXns‚ ANn¥nX

bmYm¿∞y-hmZw (naive realism). hkvXp-°ƒ°p \mw ImWp∂ cq]-Øn¬Øs∂ \ΩpsS t]£bnepw D]e-_v[nbnepw Bibn°mØkz¥w-A-kvXnXzaps≠∂p≈ Aim-kvXobhmZambn-cp∂p imkvX-Øns‚ BZnbnse ASn-ÿm-\w. B[p\nI ùXnI imkvXØn¬(Modern Physics) hy‡-am°p∂Xv t]£I\nct]£amb AkvXnXzwbmsXm∂n\pw I¬∏n-°m\mhn√ F∂p Xs∂bmWv.

ANn¥nX bmYm¿∞yhmZw ]t≠ XI¿∂XmsW¶nepw imkvX-⁄∑mcn¬ ]ecpw AXdnbmsX B hmZsØØs∂ apdpsI∏n-Sn°pIbmWv. ⁄m\sa∂ \nebn¬ imkvXØn\p≈ ÿm\w C∂pkwibm-kv]Zambn-°-gn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. t]£-I-\n-c-t]-£-I-am-b,Bfl-\n-jvT-a-√m-Ø, hkvXp-\n-jvT-X-sb-tØSn tπt‰m-bpsS Imew-apX¬ C∂phscbp≈ ]m›mXycpsS At\zjWw ]cmPbs∏ńcn-°pIbmWv.

^n‰vkv hmƒ\¿

F∂m¬ \miØn¬\n∂p imkvXsØ hos≠SpØv, ]m›mXykwkvImcØns‚ ]cam[nImcØ Dd-∏n®p \n¿Øm\p≈ Hcp iawNne ]m›m-Xy-Zm¿i\nI¿ C°gn™ am¿®v amkØn¬ U¬ln k¿-hIem-imebnse Hcp skan-\mdneqsS \S-Øn. ANn¥nX bmYm¿-∞yhmZØns‚ ÿm\Øp krjvSn]camb bmYm¿∞yhmZsØ ]N-cn∏n°m\mbn-cp∂p AhcpsS iaw. hnb∂m k¿h-Iem-imebnse


^n‰vkv hmƒ\¿ F∂ Zm¿i\nI\mbncp∂p Cu kwLØns‚][m\ h‡m-hv.

B[p\nIimkvXw bYm¿∞⁄m\amsW∂p≈ hmZsØ Zm¿-i\nIambn ÿm]n°phm≥ km≤ya√. AXpsIm≠p imkvXw⁄m\amsW∂p≈ AhImihmZw Dt]£n°Ww F∂mWp hmƒ-\¿ ]dbp∂Xv. Däbn¬ D≈ Hcp bmYm¿∞ysØ D≈Xpt]msehnh-cn∏m≥ imkvXØn\p Ignhn√. A\p`hØns‚bpw Nn¥bp-sSbpw ASnÿm\Øn¬ Hcp ]pXnb bmYm¿∞ysØ krjvSn°pIamX-amWv imkvXØn\p Ign-bp-∂-Xv. Cu krjvSn ]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-Wv. ⁄m\-a-√, a\p-jys‚ a\ psIm≠p krjvSn-°p∂ Cu bmYm¿-∞y-amWp kwkrjvSbmYm¿∞yw. AXmWp imkvXw. Cßs\t]mIp∂p kwkrjvS bmYm¿∞yhmZw.

Ipsdsbms° A\pIºtbmsSbmWp Rm≥ Cu Ik¿Øns\ho£n-°p∂Xv. a\p-jy-a-kvXnjvI \n¿ΩnX-amb bmYm¿∞yw amX-amWv imkvXw. AXp-sIm≠p ]tbm-P\ap≠v. AXp aXn-sb∂v C∂v1994-˛¬ hmZn°p∂ P¿Ω≥Imc\mb Nn¥Is‚ inipklPamb CuIfn, ]Xns\´mw iXm_vZØn¬Øs∂ ]m›m-Xy¿ ]mb]q¿Ønbn-seØn F∂p hmZn® CΩm\ph¬ Im‚ns‚ hmZ-tØ-°mƒ bp‡n-bp-‡ambn tXm∂p∂p. ]m›m-Xy¿ Xs‚ "kwkrjvS' bmYm¿∞yhpw-sIm≠p Ipsd-\mƒ IqSn \S°s´. hf-cp∂Xphsc.

\mKcnIX

B[p\nIXbpsS F√m N´ßsfbpw tNmZyw sNøp∂psh∂mWvB[p\ntImØcs‚ AhImihmZw. B[p\ntImØcXbpsS Zm¿-i\nImSnÿm\w B[p\nIXbptS-Xnt\°mƒ Zp¿_eamWv. AXn¬-\n∂p a\p-jy\v Bflobambpw _p≤n]cambpw `£n°m≥ hepXm-bns´m∂pw In´pIbn√. aptº ]d™Xpt]mse A]\n¿ΩmWw kzbw\njvLSn-∏n®p \in°m\mWp km≤yX. ]pXnb Hcp \mKcnIXbpsSASnÿm\w sIń-∏Sp°phm≥ B[p-\nI-Xbvt°m LS\mhmZØn-t\m, B[p-\n-tIm-ØcX-bvt°m, A]\n¿Ωm-WØnt\m Ign-hn-√.

]mcºcyw \¬Ip∂ shfn®an√msX kXyØnte°p≈ hgnImWphm≥ km≤ya√ F∂p≈Xv ]m›m-Xy¿°v Cubn-sS-bmWv a\- n-em-bXv. AtXmsS ]m›mXy ]_p-≤-X-bpsS ASn-Ød XI¿∂p.]t£, hymJym-\hmZw AYhm sl¿sΩ\yqńIvkv F∂ ]pXnb Pme-hnZy sIm≠p XI¿∂ ASnÿm\w \∂m°nsbSp-°m\mWv P¿Ω\n-bnse lm≥kv- -tKtbm¿Kv KmUa¿, ^m≥knse ]mƒdnt°¿ apXem-bh¿ ian°p∂Xv. ]mcºcyan√msX kXy]Imi\an√ F∂h¿kΩXn°p∂psh∂p amX-a√, ]mcºcyw hymJym\Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\inebmbn Ah¿ ImWp∂p. Bfl\njvTa√mØ hkvXp\n-jvTX km≤yas√∂v Ah¿ kΩXn-°p∂p. Hmtcm a\pjys‚bpw


]tXyI N-cnXw Ahs‚ ZrjvSnsbØs∂ Icp∏nSn∏n°p∂psh∂pwHtc ]Xn- mksØ, XßfpsS ]⁄bpsS ]tXyI-X-bnep≈ hyXym-kwsIm≠p ]ecpw ]e-Xmbn°mWp∂psh∂pw Ah¿ kΩ-Xn°p∂p.]t£, Cu hymJym\-hmZØn\pw Hcp ]pXnb \mKcnIXbv°Sn-ÿm\-amIp∂ aqey-kwlnXsb°pdn®p hn[n I¬∏n°m\p≈ D]m[nIsfm-∂pan√.

]pXnb \mK-cn-I-Xbv°v ASn-ÿm\w Xocp-am-\n-°p-hm≥ B¿°m-W-[n-Imcw? km[m-cW P\-ßƒ°p Xs∂. ]finX∑m¿°v Ahscklmbn°mw. hgn ]d™p sImSp°mw. ]t£, Xocpam-\n°phm\p≈A[nImcw P\ßƒ°p Xs∂. ]finX∑mcpw P\ßfpw HsØmcp-an®p Nn¥n-s®-¶nte Cß-s\-sbmcp aqey-kw-ln-Xbv°p cq]w sImSp-°ms\m°pIbp≈p.

]mcºcyw

Aßs\ sNøWsa¶n¬, P\-ßƒ, GsX¶nepw hntZiob]mc-ºcysØ AtX-]Sn kzoI-cn°p∂Xp \√-X-√. hntZi]mcºcyßƒ\nco£n®p]Tn°Ww. Xt±iob ]mcºcyw hntZi]mcºcyØns‚thentb‰-Øn¬ apßnt∏mbn´ps≠-¶n¬, AXns\ s]m°nsbSpØp\nco£n°Ww.

`mcXobsc kw_‘n®nStØmfw `mcXØn¬ Xs∂bp≈ ]mc-ºcysshhn-[ysØ th≠X FSpØpImWn°phm≥ \ΩpsS Fgp-ØpIm¿°pw Zm¿i-\nI¿°pw hfsc ]cn-anXambn amXta km[n®n-´p≈p. Ah-KWn°s∏´pInS°p∂ ]e ]mcºcyßfpw ]p\cp-≤cnt°≠Xp≠v. DZmlcWw BZnhmkn ]mcºcyw, ia-W]mcº-cyw, ssP\]mcº-cyw, _p≤]mcºcyw. tIcfØn¬ lnµpaXØns‚hnPbap≠mIp∂Xphsc Cu \mep ]mcºcyßfmWp ][m\ambnD≠mbncp-∂Xv. _m“WaXw ioi¶cs‚ ImeØn\p ap∂qdph¿jwapºp amX-amWv Ipds®ms° ]m_-eyØn¬ h∂-Xv. AXn-\papºp Xs∂ -blqZ]mcºcyhpw ssIkvXh ]mcºcyhpw tIcf-Øn¬ thcq∂n°gn™ncp∂p. iocmam\pPs‚ ImeØn\p apºp-Xs∂ Ad_n°®hS°mcn¬ \n∂pw e`n® apkvenw ]mcºcyhpwtIcfØns‚ kz¥]m-c-ºcyßfn-sem-∂mbn Ign-™ncp-∂p. CsX√mwIgn™v HSp-hn¬ ]d-¶n-I-fp-sSbpw Cw•o-jpIm-cp-sSbpw ]m›m-Xy-kwkvImchpw AXpt]mseØs∂ Cu iXm_vZØn¬ am¿Ivkn-khpw \ΩpsS cmPyØp hfscb[nIw kzm[o\w sNepØn.

Cu ]mcºcyßsfsb√mw Xs∂ XßfptSXmbn tIcfobcpw`mcXobcpw IW°nseSp°Ww, ]Tn-°-Ww, Kln°-Ww. CXn-emWp]fin-X-∑m¿°pw Fgp-ØpIm¿°pw kn\n-am sSen-hn-j≥ tdUntbmcwKØp ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h¿°psams° hf-scb-[nIw sNøp-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv.


Cu ]mc-º-cysØ hos≠-Sp-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ tIc-fØnse BZn-hm-kn-Ifpw lnµp-°fpw ap…oßfpw am¿Ivkn-Ãp-Ifpw ssIkvX-h-cpsams° kl-Icn®p ]h¿Øn-°-Ww.

CsX√mw IqSmsX \mw Xosc i≤ sNep-ØmØ a‰p ]e ]mc-º-cy-ßfpw Cu temI-Øn-ep-≠v. Ah-bn¬ G‰hpw ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂h c≠m-Wv. H∂v B^n°bnepw Ata-cn-°-bnepw HmkvtS-en-b-bnepw Gjy-bn-epw Hs°bp≈ BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS ]mc-º-cyw. c≠m-aXp P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ G‰hpw anI®p\n¬°p∂ ssN\-bnse Umthm-˛- I¨^yq-j≥ -˛ -_p-≤-aX ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ. ssN\-bnse _p≤-aXwC¥y-bn¬\n∂p h∂-Xm-sW-¶nepw ssN\okv kwkvImcw AXn\p]tXyIw cq]-ßƒ sImSp-Øp. Om≥, sS≥Um-bn, lzmsb≥ F∂oaq∂p ][m-\-cq-]-ßƒ \mw ]Tn-°-Ww.

Cßs\ Cu ]mc-º-cyß-sf-sbms° \mw kzmb-Ø-am-°n-°-gn-bp-tºmƒ \ΩpsS kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ Hcp \thm-∞m-\-ap -≠m-Ipw.AXn¬\nt∂ ]pXnb \mK-cn-I-X-bv°p≈ ]pXnb aqey-ßƒ DcpØn-cn-bm≥ hgn-bp-≈p.

(`mjm-t]m-jn-Wn, 1994, sk]v‰w-_¿)


3]m›mXy ]_p≤X ˛

Hcp hniZoIcWw

]m›mXy ]_p≤Xsb∏‰n mjmt]mjnWnbpsS 1994 sk]v‰w_¿e°Øn¬ Rm≥ FgpXnbhXcn∏n® ]_‘w Ipsd Nn¥m°pg∏-Øn\v hgn sXfn®n´p≠v. ]ecpw AXnse apJymibsØ ssIImcywsNømsX ANn¥nXßfmb hn[nsbgpØpIfnte°mWv NmSn hoW-sX∂p tXm∂p∂p.

DZmlcWambn Fs‚ kplrØmb io. ]ctaizc≥ D∂bn°p∂hmZw InkvXpaXamtWm _m“WaXamtWm tIcfØn¬ BZywDSseSpØsX∂Xns\°pdn®mbncp∂p. a‰p Nne¿ F∂n¬ Btcm]n-°p∂Xv kwkv°mc sshhn≤yßfpsS BsIXpItbbmWv Rm≥A`nejn°p∂sX∂tX.

GXmbmepw Hcp k¿hkwkv°mc ka\zbw A√ Fs‚ ][m\Dt±iyw. `mcXØnset∏mse AXpey kwkv°mc kw]pjvSnbp≈Hcp ]mcºcysØ sslµh[¿Ωsat∂m k\mX\[¿Ωsat∂m D≈Htc NcSn¬ tIm¿ØnW°n, _p≤Z¿i\sØbpw ssP\Z¿i\sØ-bpw AXn\v ap≥t]bp≈ kmwJytbmKZ¿i\ßsfbpw Hs° shdpw"A∏≥UnIvkp'Ifm°nØo¿°m\p≈ DZyatØmSmsW\ns°Xn¿∏p-≈Xv.

`mcXob kwkv°mcw \nch[n Xeßfp≈ H∂mWv. AXns‚sshhn≤yhpw kw]Zmb khntijXIfpw \mw ad°cpXv. InkvXp-hn\v apºv Bdmw iXIØn¬ _m“WaXØnse BflhmZtØmSpwarK_enbn¬ A[njvTnXamb I¿ΩaoamwktbmSpw adpXen®v _m“-WaXØnse ][m\ aqeyßfmb Bfl≥, _“≥ F∂o Bib-ßsf Xs∂ D]tbmKn°msX Hcp ]pXnb Nn¥mcoXnbpw PohnXssienbpamWv _p≤`Khm≥ Bhnjv°cn®Xv.

Bbnc°W°n\v ][m\ KŸßƒ _p≤aXw `mcXØn¬ cNn-®p. Nneh ssN\okv mjbntem Sn_‰≥ mjbntem ]mNo\ ]men]mIrX`mjIfntem \n∂pw kwkvIrXØnem°m≥ \ap°n∂pwIgn™nń√. _p≤aXØn¬ Xs∂ ]Xns\ńe[nIw kºZmbßƒDSseSpØp. Ahsb√mw IqsS k\mX\ [¿ΩØns‚ Hcp ^p´vt\m-´mbn FgpXnØ≈p∂Xnt\mSmsW\ns°Xn¿∏v.

Cu ]mcºcyßsf√mwIqsS \mw F¥n\v ]Tnbv°Ww? AhbpsSF√mw IqsS kamlmcamb Hcp ]pXnb `mcXob ]mcºcyw krjvSn-bv°m\mWv Rm≥ DZyanbv°p∂sX∂v Fs‚ \ncq]Icn¬ ]ecpwsX‰n≤cnbv°p∂p.


Rm≥ Fs‚ kz¥ A\p`hsØ ASnÿm\am°n Nne ImcyßƒChnsS FSpØp]dbs´. \mev]Xv h¿jw apºv ioi¶cs‚ AssZzXthZm¥hpw io cmam\pPs‚ hninjvSmssZzXhpw io. am[zmNmcy-cpsS ssZzXhmZhpw Ipsdsbms° Icfnem°n, AhbmWv mcXZ¿i\]mcºcyØns‚ ][m\ `mKßƒ F∂v \ncq]n®ncp∂ HcmfmWvRm≥. ]n∂oSmWv t_m≤yw h∂Xv temImNmcy∑msc∂v \mw hnh£n-°p∂ Cu i¶cs‚bpw cmam\pPs‚bpw am[zs‚bpw Nn¥ apgph≥IqSn Iqńbm¬ `mcX]mcºcyØnse Hcp saUoh¬ ^ntemk^namXta BIp∂p≈psh∂pw _p≤Z¿i\hpw ssP\Z¿i\hpsams°kapZw t]mse hym]n®p InS°p∂ henb Hcp Nn¥mt£XamsW-∂pw.

`mcX]mcºcysa¥msW∂v kaKambn hnhcn∏m≥ C∂pw F\n°vIgnthm Adnthm C√. ]t£, B ]mcºcyØnse Dt]£n®p X≈n-bncn°p∂ ]e mKßsf°pdn®v C∂v Rm≥ Aev]wIqsS t_m[hm-\msW∂p amXw.

kwkvIrXØnep≈ F√m KŸßsfbpw Hcpans®SpØm¬ AXn-t\°mƒ IqSpX¬ ]tbmP\w ]m›mXy kmlnXyØnse Hscm‰KŸw sIm≠mWp≠mIp∂Xv F∂v dmPmdmw taml≥tdmbn ]d™-Xmbn FhnsStbm hmbn®t∏mƒ Rm≥ £p`nX\mbn, Ip]nX\mbn.dmw taml≥ tdmbv kwkvIrXhpw t]¿jy≥ kmlnXyhpw D¿±pkmln-Xyhpw Ipsdsbms° Adnbmhp∂ Bfmbncp∂p. B A`n]mbtØ-°mƒ IqSpX¬ Cs∂s∂ t£m`n∏nbv°p∂Xv `mcXob kwkv°mc-kmKcØns‚ Hcp ap°p t]mepw I≠nń√mØ Nne C¥y≥ _p≤n-PohnIƒ B kwkv°mcsØ Xosc AhKWnbv°p∂Xp ImWptºm-gmWv.

Rm≥ ]dbp∂Xv kaKamb ]pcmX\ `mcXob ]mcºcysØAtX]Sn ]p\cp÷ohn∏nbv°pIbmWn∂v IcWobw F∂√. ]m›m-XyZ¿i\Øn¬ C∂sebp≠mb B[p\nIXsbbpw B[p\ntImØ-cXtbbpw sk°pednksØbpsams° amXw ASnÿm\am°nChnsS Hcp \mKcnIX sIń∏Sp°phm≥ D≈ DZyasØbmWv Rm≥tNmZyw sNøp∂Xv.

Cu `mc-Xob ]mcºcykmKcØn¬ H∂v apßn°pfn®m¬ ]m›m-Xy]mcºcyw \ΩpsS at\mêIØn¬ Hcp \q‰m≠psIm≠v hc®ptX®ncn°p∂ sNfn Ipsdsb¶nepw IgpIn°fbms\m°psa∂mWvFs‚ A\p`hw.

am¿IvknÃv kplrØp°fpw ]m›mXy ]mcºcyØnse Hcp kp]-[m\ Nn¥mcoXnbmb am¿Ivknb≥ hniIe\sØ amXw Ahew-_n®p Nn¥n®pw ]h¿Øn®pwsIm≠ncnbv°p∂Xns\∏‰nbmWv F\n-bv°v ]cmXn. tZho]kmZv NtXm]m≤ymbsbbpw lnc¨ ap°¿Pn-


tbbpw t]mse `mcXob ]mcºcyw ]Tn-®n-´p-≈-h¿ am¿Ivkn-Ãp-Im-cpsS CS-bnepw D≠v. ]t£ Ah¿ `mc-Xob ]mcºcysØ Af∂dn-bphm≥ ian®Xv am¿Ivknb≥ hniIe\Øns‚ AfhptIm¬ amXwD]tbmKn®mbncp∂p F∂XpsIm≠v B ]mcºcyØns‚ AKm[Xb-dnbphm≥ Ah¿°v km[n®n√ F∂p≈XmWv hkvXpX.

Rm\o ]dbp∂Xns‚ Npcp°w Hcnbv°¬ IqSn AhXcn∏nbv°s´.B[p\nI ]m›mXy Nn¥mcoXnbpsS c≠v ][m\ mKßfmWv en_d-enkhpw am¿Ivknkhpw. c≠pw 18˛mw iXm_vZØnep≠mb ]m›mXy]_p≤X (western enlightenment) bn¬ \n∂pcpØncn™XmWv. c≠n-epw Hcpt]mse ImWp∂Xv a\pjybp‡nbpsS knwlmk\mtcmlW-amWv. a\pjybp‡nsIm≠v ]cklmbw IqSmsX ]nSns®Sp°mhp-∂Xv amXamWv bmYm¿∞yw F∂ Nn¥ B[p\nI imkvXØnse-∂t]mse en_denkØnepw am¿IvknkØnepw ImWp∂p≠v.AXns‚ Hcp ]Xn`mkw amXamWv am¿IvknÃpImc√mØh¿ t]mepwC∂v kl¿jw AwKoIcnbv°p∂ sk°pe¿ lyqa\nkw. AXn\v\nZm\ambncn°p∂ am\hnIXm Z¿i\ (Anthropological vision) tØbmWvRm\n∂v tNmZyw sNøp∂Xv.

a\pjys‚ am\Zfiw a\pjy≥ Xs∂bmsW∂pw a\pjy\Xncn-‡ambn am\hnIXbpsS hnIk\sØ \nb¥n°p∂ bmsXm∂pans√-∂pap≈ hmZßƒ, am¿IvknkØnepw en_denkØnepw ImWp-∂p≠v. CXn\v imkvXobambn bmsXmcp ASnÿm\hpan√. am¿-IvknkØn¬ NcnXsØ Nnet∏msgms° am\hnIXm hnIk\-Øns‚ \nbmaI i‡nbmbn hn`mh\w sNømdp≠v. F∂m¬ CXvtlKens‚ aXZ¿i\Øn¬\n∂p am¿Ivkv ˛ GwK’v AS¿Ønsb-SpØ Hcp hnizmksa∂√msX AXns\ imkvXm[njvTnXambn\oXoIcnbv°ms\m°pIbn√.

am\hnIXmhmZw (humanism), sk°pednkw, tkmjyenkw Chaq∂pw C∂v am¿IvknkØnse∂t]mse en_denkØnepw ][m\XXzßfmWt√m. ]m›mXy]_p≤XbnemWv aq∂ns‚bpw DZbw. Ch-bpsS thcpIƒ `mcXob ]mcºcyØn¬ tXSnbm¬ ImWpIbn√.

`mcXob ]mcºcyØns‚ ASnÿm\ Dƒ°mgvNItfhbmWv? CutNmZyØns‚ kam[m\Øn¬ \mw AhKWn®pIqSmØ aq∂p hi-ßƒ Nq≠n°mWnbv°pItb ChnsS km≤yambn´p≈p.

`mcXob ]mcºcyØns‚ G‰hpw ImXemb ASnÿm\w BZnhm-knIfpsS bmYm¿∞yZ¿i\hpw PohnX kao]\hpamWv. AXv Fgp-Xnh®n´p≈ Hcp Z¿i\ kwlnXb√. AXn\v ÿm]I Z¿iI∑mcn√,enJnX thZßfpan√. ]t£ kaKamb Hcp ho£WamWXn\p≈Xv.a\pjy≥ F∂p ]dbp∂ Hcp ]Xn`mksØ `qantbmSpw BImi-tØmSpw aetbmSpw \ZntbmSpw arKPmeßtfmSpw ]£nhrµß-


tfmSpw hmbphnt\mSpw PetØmSpw Hcpan®pw Ahsb Bibn®pwamXw klPohnbv°p∂ Hcp ]Xn`mkambn´mWv Cu ho£Ww hnh-£nbv°p∂Xv. F∂m¬ sk°pednkw ˛ en_denkØnse auenINn¥ CXn\v ISIhncp≤amWv. temIw a\pjy]⁄bv°v ]pdØm-sW∂pw temIØn¬ \n∂pw amdn\nev°p∂, temI\nco£I\pw\nbmaI\pamb Hcp k_vsPIvSmbn \nesIm≠v, temIsØ HcpH_vPIvSm°n AXns\ hkvXp\njvSambn imkvXw aptJ\ Adn-bphm\pw kmt¶XnI hn⁄m\obw sIm≠v a\pjylnXØn\\pk-cn®v temIsØ Icp∏nSn∏nbv°m\pw km≤yamsW∂p≈ an∞ymt_m-[amWv sk°pednkw ˛ en_denkØn\p≈Xv. imkvXhpw kmt¶-XnI hn⁄m\obXbpwsIm≠v _mlytemIsØ a\pjylnXØn\-\pkcn®v cq]s∏SpØphm≥ a\pjys‚ bp‡nbv°v km≤yamsW-∂p≈ Hcp hymtamlw C∂v \n¿ÆmbIamb Hcp ]Xnk‘nbnse-Ønbncnt° B sk°pednkw ˛ en_denksØ \ΩpsS auenIZ¿i\am°n kzoIcnbv°phm≥ Rm≥ aSnbv°p∂p.

C°mcyØn¬ am¿IvknÃv Z¿i\w Ipsd°qsS bmYm¿∞ytØmSv\nc°p∂XmWv. a\pjy]Xn`mkw ]IrXnbn¬ \n∂v hyXncn‡a-s√∂pw a\pjy\pw ]IrXnbpw XΩnep≈ sa‰mt_mfnkw AYhmhkvXphn\nabwsIm≠p amXamWv a\pjy≥ F∂ ]Xn`mkw cq]wsIm≈p∂sX∂pamWv am¿IvknÃpIm¿ (Adnbmhp∂h¿) ]Tn∏nbv°p-∂Xv. AXpsIm≠v kmaqly kwLSnX ]bXv\w (socially organisedLabour) a\pjy]Xn`mkØns‚ kjvSmhmbnØs∂ Ah¿ Icp-Xp∂p. BZnhmknIfpsS Nn¥ AXnt\°mƒ Aev]w IqSn ]uV-amWv. ]ckv]c hkvXphn\nabtØ°mƒ ]IrXnbpw a\pjy\pwXΩnep≈ kvt\lka\znXamb _lpam\]q¿∆ap≈ klPohnXXz-Øn\pw ]ckv]c kmtlmZcyØn\pw BZnhmknIƒ ]mamWyw\¬In.

`mcXob ]mcºcyØns‚ c≠masØ ASnØd, _p≤aXhpwssP\aXhpsams° th¿Xncnbp∂Xn\v aptº `mcXØnep≈XpwAXns‚ D]tZißƒ KhZvKoXbnepw alm`mcXØnepw s]mXpshD]\njØpIfnepw amXa√ AiztLmjs‚ _p≤NcnXØnepwssP\IrXnIfnepsams° ]Xnên®pImWp∂Xpamb kmwJyZ¿-i\amWv. A¿∞kw]pjvSamb Cu Z¿i\Øns‚bpw BZyenJnX-ßƒ \ap°v \jvSs∏ńcnbv°p∂p. _m“WaXØne√ kmwJyZ¿-i\Øns‚ DZbw F∂mWv ]finXm`n]mbw. dn®m¿Uv Km¿t_ ]d-bp∂X\pkcn®v kmwJyw Hcp £Xnb Z¿i\ambncp∂tX.

KplmhmknIfmbn kmwJytbmKw ioenbv°p∂ k\ymknamcpsSHcmiaw C∂pw _olmdnse a[p]pc F∂ \KcØnep≠v. ]gbkmwJy Z¿i\sØ∏‰n AhcpsS ]kn≤oIcWßfpap≠v. F∂m¬I]ne, Bkqcn, ]©inJ apXemb ][m\mNmcy∑mcpsS enJnX-


ßƒ \ΩpsS ssIbnen√. I]nemNmcys‚ 23 t«mIßfSßnb""XXzkamkw'' t]mepw \ap°v \jvSambncn°p∂p. 60 t«mIßfp≈]pcmX\ ""jjvSnX¥w'' c≠mw iXm_vZØn¬ CuizcIrjvWs‚ssIbn¬ Inńbn´v AXns\ 70 B°n ]p\x]km[\w sNbvX""kmwJymImcnI''bmWv C∂v \ap°v Bibw. tkzizckmwJyhpw\ncoizckmwJyhpw c≠pw Hcpan®p hf¿∂p hnIkn®p.

hfscb[nIw B¥cnI sshhn≤yßƒ Dƒs°m≈p∂ CukmwJy Z¿i\Øn¬\n∂v C∂v \ap°v ]eXpw ]Tnbv°m\p≠v.cs≠Æw FSpØp ]dbs´.

H∂maXv ZrjvSambXns\√mw ASn-ÿm\w AZrjvSambXmWv.ZrjvS]]©w AXn¬ Xs∂ ASnÿm\ap≈X√. hy‡ (manifest)ambXv Ahy‡Øn¬ (unmanifest) A[njvSnXamWv. aqe]IrXnsb∂v]dbp∂Xv thcv apIfnepw sImºpIƒ Xmsgbpambn \nesIm≈p∂Hcp almhr£amWv. AXns‚ sImºpIfpw CeIfpw amXta CuZrjvS]]©ambn \ΩpsS Cµnbßƒ°v tKmNcamIp∂p≈p. CµnbtKmNcambXn\v AXn¬Xs∂ \nesIm≈m≥ km[ya√. CµnbtKmN-ca√mØ Hcp Ahy‡ (unmanifest) bmYm¿∞yØn¬ Bibn®p \n¬-°p∂ H∂mWv \ΩpsS CµnbtKmNctemIw.

Cu A`n]mbØn\v t\sc adn®mWv sk°pednkØns‚ hnizm-kw. CµnbtKmNcamIp∂Xv F√mw AXn¬Xs∂ AkvXnXz-ap≈XmWv F∂p≈ ANn¥nX bmYm¿∞yhmZamWv (naive - realism)sk°pednkØn¬ ImWp∂Xv. B ASnÿm\ØnemWv imkvXhpwkmt¶XnI hn⁄m\obhpw hf¿∂ph∂Xv. C∂v AXns\ imkvXZm¿i\nI∑m¿ AXXs∂ Du∂n∏dbp∂n√. ANn¥nX bmYm¿∞y-hmZØns‚ ÿm\Øv kwkrjvSbmYm¿∞yhmZw (constructive realism)Fs∂mcp Zm¿i\nI ASnÿm\w krjvSn®v B[p\nI imkvX-tØbpw kmt¶XnI hn⁄m\sØbpw Cu kwkrjvSbmYm¿∞y-hmZØn¬ Dd∏n°m\mWv Ahcn¬ ]ecpw ian°p∂Xv.

imkvXØnse hn⁄m\w D◊sb∏‰nbp≈ Adnshm∂pas√∂pwF∂m¬ a\pjy\p ]tbmP\Icambn a\pjy≥Xs∂ krjvSn°p∂Hcp bmYm¿∞yamsW∂pw Ah¿ hmZn°p∂p. C∂sehsc imkvX-Øn¬ amXamWv bmYm¿∞ysa∂v hmZn®h¿ Xs∂bmWv C∂vCßs\ ISIhncp≤ambn ]dbp∂Xv.

Cßs\bp≈ D◊bn¬ ASnÿm\an√mØ Hcp imkvXhn⁄m-\obØnt∑¬ `mcXob \mKcnIX ]SpØpd∏n°p∂Xnt\mSmWvF\n°v FXn¿∏v. kmwJyZ¿i\Ønse ZrjvSambXn\Snÿm\am-bp≈ AZrjvSsØ°pdn®p≈ `mh\ `mcXob ]mcºcyØns‚ aqe-°√msW∂p Rm≥ IcpXp∂p. AXpsIm≠mWv sk°pednkw F∂-t∏mep≈h¿°v A\`nImayambn tXm∂p∂Xv. kmwJyZ¿i\Øn¬


ImWp∂ c≠masØ ][m\ Dƒ°mgvN ""Alw'', ""_p≤n'' F∂nhc≠pw Ahy‡bmYm¿∞yw hy‡ambn cq]wsIm≈p∂tXmSpIqsSD≠mIp∂ XnKpW kwkrjvSamb ""alXv'' F∂ ]Xn`mkØn¬D≠mIp∂ Nne cq]mhn¿`mhßfmsW∂pw Ahbv°p c≠n\pw \nXm-¥amb ASnÿm\sam∂pans√∂pap≈XmWv. ]m›mXy]_p≤X-bn¬ Alw AYhm experiencing subject, _p≤n AYhm conciousness,]⁄ F∂nh c≠ns\bpw a\pjy≥ F∂ ]Xn`mkØns‚ ]apJhißfmbn FSpØv a\pjy_p≤nbn¬IqSn bmYm¿∞ysØ kzmwio-Icn°phm\mWv DZyan°p∂Xv. CXv Hcn°epw hnPbn°mØ DZya-amsW∂mWv CXphscbp≈ a\pjys‚ A\p`hw sIm≠p ImWp-∂Xv. AlsØbpw _p≤ntbbpw A¥nabmYm¿∞yambn IcpXmsXAhsb Hcp amXbv°p≈n¬ a\ nem°m\p≈ kmwJyØns‚ DZyawsk°pednkØnse a\pjy_p≤nsIm≠v D◊sb ]nSns®Sp°mwF∂ hymtamltØ°mƒ A`nImayambn F\n°p tXm∂p∂p.

BZnhmkn ]mcºcysamgn®m¬ mcXkwkvImcØns‚ s]mXpsh-bp≈ ASnØdbmb kmwJyZ¿i\Ønse c≠v auenI Dƒ°mgvN-Iƒ \ntj[n°p∂coXnbn¬ D≈XmWv ]m›mXy ]_p≤X. AX-I≠v B ]_p≤X A_≤PUneamsW∂v Rm≥ IcpXp∂p.

_p≤aXØnepw ssP\aXØnepw lnµpaXØnepw Hcpt]mseImWp∂Xpw Ahbv°p aq∂n\pw ASnÿm\ambXpw Bb kmwJyZ¿-i\sØ c≠p ImcWßƒsIm≠v io i¶c≥ \ncmIcn®p. kmwJy-Ønse ASnÿm\]camb ]pcpj\pw ]IrXnbpw F∂ ZzµmflIXzwAssZzXhmZnbmbncp∂ io i¶c\v kzoImcya√mbncp∂p. CXv Hcp][m\ ]iv\w Xs∂bmWv. AXp ssIImcyw sNøm≥ ChnsSÿean√. c≠maXv kmwJyØn¬ ]Xy£w, A\pam\w F∂ c≠p]amWßsf D≈qsh∂pw ChsIm≠pamXw _“km£mXv°mcwkm≤yas√∂pw At±lw hmZn®p. _“s\ AdnbWsa¶n¬ ]Xy£-Ønepw A\pam\Ønepw kn≤n°p∂ Adnhn\v AXncn‡ambn Hcp]cmhn⁄m\w thWsa∂pw AXp thZØn¬IqsSbpw BKaØn¬-IqsSbpw B]vXhN\Øn¬IqsSbpw amXta kwkn≤amIq F∂pwAt±lw hmZn®p. AXpw C∂v kwKXamb Hcp hnhmZhnjbamWv.]t£ ÿe®pcp°wsIm≠v AXnte°p IS°p∂n√.

kmwJyw t]mse Xs∂ ]pcmX\ambXpw _m“WaXw, _p≤-aXw, ssP\aXw F∂nhbv°p apºp Xs∂ `mcX]mcºcyØnse][m\ apJßfnsem∂mbnØo¿∂ncp∂Xpamb tbmKZ¿i\w aq∂paXßfpw [mcmfw ]I¿Øn FSpØn´p≠v. Cu aq∂p aXßfpsSbpwB≤ymflnIX tbmKZ¿i\Øn¬ A[njvSnXamsW∂p ]dbmw.

hn]peamb tbmKZ¿i\Ønse Hcp Dƒ°mgvN amXta Rm\nhnsSFSpØp ImWn°p∂p≈p. a\pjy≥ F∂ ]Xn`mkw AXn¬Xs∂A]q¿WamsW∂pw B ]Xn`mkØns‚ ASnØdbmb Hcp \nXy-


bmYm¿∞yhpambp≈ XmZmflywsIm≠p amXta a\pjy≥ ]q¿WX]m]n°p∂p≈p F∂pw tbmKZ¿i\w hmZn°p∂p. CXns\XncmWvsk°pednkØns‚ Dƒ°mgvN. a\pjy≥ Ah\n¬Xs∂ ]q¿Æ\m-sW∂pw a\pjy\p]cnbmbn Hcp AXncn‡bmYm¿∞yhpw Cs√∂pwsk°pednkw ]Tn∏n°p∂Xv tbmKZ¿i\Ønse Dƒ°mgvNbv°p IS-Ihncp≤amWv. Hcp `mcXob\mb Rm≥ sk°pednkØns‚ a\p-jy≥ Ah\n¬Xs∂ ]q¿Æ\msW∂p≈ Dƒ°mgvNsb \ntj[n-°p∂p. a\pjy≥ Hcp BbnØocen\v (Becoming) hnt[b\mWv, F∂pwBbnØocens‚ eambn Ah\nep≈ AhnZy \oßptºmƒ Ah≥]q¿ÆX ]m]n°p∂p F∂pap≈ tbmKZ¿i\Øns‚ Dƒ°mgvNsbRm≥ AtX]Sn kzoIcn°p∂ns√¶nepw AsX\n°v ]tNmZ\w\¬Ip∂p.

`mcXob ]mcºcyØns‚ ASnØdbn¬ InS°p∂ BZnhmkn Z¿-i\w, kmwJyZ¿i\w, tbmKZ¿i\w F∂nh aq∂pw _m“WaXtØ-°mƒ ]pcmX\hpw F√m aXßƒ°pw ASnÿm\amtI≠Xpw BWv.

`mcX kwkv°mcØns‚ ASnØdbn¬ D≈ AXnhn]peambas‰mcp Z¿i\amWv _p≤Z¿i\w. _lpapJßfmb A`n]mb sshhn-≤yßtfbpw kºZmb _lpeXsbbpw Dƒs°m≈p∂ Cu _p≤-Z¿i\kmKcØn¬\n∂v ]ckv]c_≤ßfmb c≠v Dƒ°mgvNIsfamXw Rm≥ ChnsS FSpØpImWn°s´. H∂maXv ""]XoXykap-Zv]∂hmZw.'' c≠maXv ""iq\yXmhmZw.'' Cu c≠p ]Zßsfbpw ka-Kambn hniIe\w sNøm≥ ChnsS ÿean√. F∂m¬ \ΩpsS Cµn-bßƒ°p tKmNcamIp∂ temIØns‚ ÿnXnsb°pdn®v ambmhmZ-tØ°mƒ B[p\nINn¥tbmSp \nc°p∂Xpw A`nImayambnF\n°p tXm∂p∂Xpw Bb Hcp Dƒ°mgvNbmWv "]XoXykapZv-]∂hmZw.' CµnbtKmNcamIp∂ temIw anYybpa√, kXyhpa√,c≠pwIqsSbp≈ Hcp k¶e\hpw A√. ]XypX a\pjya\ ns\-t∏mep≈ Hcp ]Xn`mkw CµnbtKmNcamIp∂ Hcp temIsØ A`n-apJoIcn°ptºmƒ, \ΩpsS a\ ns‚ LS\bpw AXns\ A`nap-JoIcn°p∂ bmYm¿∞yØns‚ Nne apJßfpw Hcpan®v Nne ]tXyIkmlNcyßfn¬ D¬∏mZnXamIp∂ Hcp bmYm¿∞yw amXamWv \ap-°\p`hamIp∂ temIsa∂p≈ _p≤aXØnse Dƒ°mgvN sk°p-ednkØnse naive realism, constructive realism F∂nhtb°mƒ t\cn-\p\nc°p∂Xpw A`nImayhpamb H∂mbn Rm≥ IcpXp∂p.

iq\yXmhmZw AXnKl\hpw sX‰n≤cn°m≥ Ffp∏ap≈XpamWv.AkvXnXzap≈ bmsXm∂n\pw AXnt‚Xmb \nXykz`mhw Cs√∂pwAhy‡Xbn¬\n∂pw hy‡Xbnte°p hcptºmƒ, cq]w ]m]n°p∂-Xpaqeap≈ XmXvImenI bmYm¿∞yw amXta D≈q F∂pw, cq]]m-]vXn°p apºp≈Xv cq]clnXamb iq\yXbmsW∂pw iq\yXmhmZw]Tn∏n°p∂p. F\n°v hfsc ]nb¶camb Hcp Dƒ°mgvNbmWnXpw.


]m›mXyZ¿i\Ønse A\pZn\hyXnbm\ßsf A\p[mh\wsNøp∂Xnt\mSv F\n°p hntcm[sam∂pan√. ]t£ AXns‚ IpSp°p-Ifn¬ s]´v AXn¬ \n∂pw ]pdØndßm≥ hnjan°p∂ ]m›mXya\pjys\ t]mse `mcXobcpw BbnØoccpsX∂pw ]m›mXy¿Xs∂ Cu IpSp°pIfn¬ \n∂pw c£s]SWsa∂pamWv Fs‚BKlw. io. sI. ]n. A∏≥ ]dbp∂Xpt]mse ]m›mXykmlnXyw\ap°v A\\yas√∂√ Fs‚ hmZw. kw]q¿W am\hnIXbpsS kzcwtIƒ°m≥ th≠n en_denkØnepw am¿IvknkØnepw sNepØp∂i≤ `mcX]mcºcyØnepw sNepØWsat∂ F\n°v hmZap≈p.]m›mXy ]mcºcysØ ]Tn°p∂hsc√mw AXns\ ASnaIfmbnA\p[mh\w sNøp∂p F∂pw F\n°v hnh£bn√. ]t£, `mcX-Ønse _p≤nPohnIfpsS i≤bpsS henb ]¶v ]nSn®p]‰nbXv]m›mXy ]_p≤XbmsW∂pw B i≤ `mcX ]mcºcyØnte°vIpds®ms° Xncn®phnSWsa∂pta F\n°v BKlap≈p.

""ImeØns‚ DZmcamb c£''bn¬ F\n°v hnizmkan√. Imew]eXpw ]pdØpsIm≠phcpw. ]t£, Ahsb hnthNn®dn™v a\p-jys‚ ]tbmP\Øn\mbn D]tbmKn°m\p≈ NpaXe a\pjy\n¬Xs∂bmWv \n£n]vXambn´p≈Xv.

AlsØbpw _p≤ntbbpw CXhfsc Bibn°msX, ]sØm-ºXmw iXIØn\p apºp≈ ]m›mXyNn¥sbbpw ]uckvXy Nn¥-sbbpw AhKWnbv°msX, C∂tØbv°pXIp∂ Hcp kaKho£-Ww krjvSn°m≥ mcXob¿t° Ignhp≈p F∂mWv Fs‚ hnizmkw.CXp \mw XmgvatbmSpw _p≤ntbmSpwIqsS sNbvXm¬ mcXw amXa√a\pjycmin apgph≥ [\yamIpw.

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