40
"]mâ€șmXy {]_p-≀X-bpsS amdp∂ apJ-ĂŸÆ’' F∂ hnj-b-sØ-°p-dnÂźv `mjm- t]m-jn-Wn-bnÂŹ h∂ kwhmZw (`mjm-t]m-jn-Wn, 1994, sk]v‰w-_Âż) ]pkvX- I-cq-]-Øn-em°nbXm-Wo {KĆžw. sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS {]_-‘-tØmSv C. Fw. Fkv. XpSßn sI. ]n. A∏≄ hsc-bp≈ tIc-f-Ønse _p≀n-Po-hn-Iƒ {]Xn-I-cn-Âźn-cn-°p-∂Xv {KĆž-Øn-ep≠v. ChnsS B {]Xn-I-c-W-ĂŸÆ’ Hgn-hm- °n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ˛ kÂșm-Z-I≄ D≈-S°w 1. {]_p-≀-X-bpsS {]Imiw 2. ]mâ€șmXy {]_p-≀X-bpsS amdp∂ apJ-ĂŸÆ’ 3. ]mâ€șmXy {]_p-≀X ˛ Hcp hni-Zo-I-cWw ]mâ€șmXy {]_p - ≀X- bpw B[p - \n - tIm- Ø- c- Xbpw ]mâ€șmXy {]_p-≀X-bpw B[p-\n-tIm-Ø-c-Xbpw ]utemkv amÂż {KntKm-dn-tbmkv H∂mw-]-Xn∏v: 1996 \hw-_Âż

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Page 1: Book Final 4 - archive.org

kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 439

"]mâ€șmXy ]_p-≀X-bpsS amdp∂ apJ-ĂŸÆ’' F∂ hnj-b-sØ-°p-dnÂźv mjm-

t]m-jn-Wn-bn¬ h∂ kwhmZw (`mjm-t]m-jn-Wn, 1994, sk]v‰w-_¿) ]pkvX-

I-cq-]-Øn-em°nbXm-Wo KĆžw. saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ]_-‘-tØmSv C.Fw. Fkv. XpSßn sI. ]n. A∏≄ hsc-bp≈ tIc-f-Ønse _p≀n-Po-hn-Iƒ]Xn-I-cn-Âźn-cn-°p-∂Xv KĆž-Øn-ep≠v. ChnsS B ]Xn-I-c-W-ĂŸÆ’ Hgn-hm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. kÂșm-Z-I≄

D≈-S°w

1. ]_p-≀-X-bpsS ]Imiw

2. ]mâ€șmXy ]_p-≀X-bpsS amdp∂ apJ-ĂŸÆ’

3. ]mâ€șmXy ]_p-≀X ˛ Hcp hni-Zo-I-cWw

]mâ€șmXy ]_p-≀X-bpw

B[p-\n-tIm-Ø-c-Xbpw

]mâ€șmXy ]_p-≀X-bpw

B[p-\n-tIm-Ø-c-Xbpw

]utemkv amÂż KntKm-dn-tbmkv

H∂mw-]-Xn∏v: 1996 \hw-_¿

Page 2: Book Final 4 - archive.org

kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX440

1]_p≀XbpsS ]Imiw

bqtdm]y≄ `qJfiØnse ]_p≀XbpsS ImeLÂŽamb ]Xn-s\ÂŽpw ]sØmÂșXpw \q‰m≠pIƒ bqtdm]y≄ kwkv°mcØns‚bpwcmjvSob A[nImcØns‚bpw ]mcayLÂŽw IqSnbmWv. ]_p≀XbpsS]ImiØn\p XncnsImfpØnbhcpsS \o≠ ]ÂŽnIbpw AhcpsS Bi-bßfpw ChnsS ]q¿Æambn \ncØp∂n√.

Cu ImeLÂŽw ItØmen°m anj≄ ]h¿Ø\ßfpsS Xf¿Ÿbp-sSbpw s]m®Ã‚ v anj≄ ]h¿Ø\ßfpsS Act߉Øns‚bpwAhkcw IqSnbmbncp∂p. ItØmen°m anj≄ GjybnsebpwB^n°bnsebpw alnXßfmb kwkv°mcßfpambn kÂș¿°-ØnÂŹ hcnIbp≠mbn. Cu kwkvImcĂŸÆ’ anjs\ sNdpØp\ns∂∂pamXa√, Nne ImcyßfnÂŹ bqtdm]y≄ \mKcnIXtb°mƒ taØc-ambn \nesIm≈pIbpw sNbvXp.

kmwkv°mcnIamb BIaWX„w ]cmPbs∏Spsa∂p I≠vAhÂż kzoIcnÂź kmwkv°mcnIamb HØpXo¿∏v ]cn]mSn bqtdm∏nÂŹGjy≄ hn⁄m\Øns‚ XncnÂźphchn\p Ifsamcp°n. 1775 Bbt∏m-tg°pw ImØenIv anj\pIƒ Xosc ÂŁbnÂźp. kvs]bn\ns‚bpwt]m¿ŽpKens‚bpw kmamPyi‡nbpw Aßs\Xs∂. AhbpsS Ăżm-\w tlmf≠v, Cw‱≠v, P¿Ω\n XpSßnb s]m®Ã‚ v A[nImc-i‡nIƒ ItaW ssI°em°n.

AXn\nSbv°p hyhkmbhnπhw Actßdn. hmWnPy, apXemfnØhyhĂżnXn ÂŁbnÂźpsIm≠ncp∂p. Bw‱n°≄ k`bnÂŹ\n∂p hnL-SnÂźp \n°p∂h¿°p _nÂŽojv ]mÂżesa‚nÂŹ ]thi\w D≠mbncp-∂n√. 1828 hsc B hyhĂż XpS¿∂p. 1779 hsc tdma≄ ItØmen°-¿°p Cw‱≠nÂŹ ]ckyambn Bcm[n°m≄ A\phmZap≠mbncp∂n√.HmIvkvt^mÂżUv, tIw_nUvPv bqWnthgvkn‰nIfnÂŹ Ah¿°p 1871hsc ]thi\hpw \ÂŹInbncp∂n√.

]_p≀XbpsS ⁄m\]Imihpw AXp sIm≠ph∂ kzmX-„yhpw bqtdm]ycpsS CSbnÂŹt]mepw icnbmbn hnXcWw sNĂžs∏-ÂŽn√. F∂mÂŹ kvtIm ve≄UnÂŹ AXp c≠p hgnIfneqsS ]kcn°m≄Ahkcap≠mbn. B≄Uq vsfÂźdns\t∏msebp≈ Nn„I∑mcmbn-cp∂p Hcp amÂżKw. tIm^nlukpIƒ as‰mcp hgnbmbncp∂p. AhnsSHØpIqSnb A`ykvXhnZyÂż \SØnb N¿ŸIƒ AXn\v Ahkcsam-cp°n. tUhnUv lyqans‚ ]e Bibßfpw tIm^n lukpIfnsekw`mjWßfneqsSbmWv DcpØncnℱXpw ]NcnÂźXpw. lyqans‚A`n]mbØnÂŹ k„pjvS\mb a\pjy≄ F∂p ]dbp∂Xp IqÂŽw-

Page 3: Book Final 4 - archive.org

kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 441

tN¿∂p t]mIp∂h\pw a‰p≈hcpsS BibßtfmSp ]XnIcn°p∂-h\pamWv. C°qÂŽÂż PohnX]iv\ĂŸÆ’ ]ckyambn amXa√ kzImcykw`mjWßfnepw N¿Ÿ sNĂžp∂p. tIm^nlukpIfnse A`n]mb-ĂŸÆ’ Kuch]q¿∆w IW°nseSp°m≄ ]mÂżesa‚pIƒ t]mepw \nÂż-_‘nXambn.

s\XÂże≄UnÂŹ tNt°dnb kzX„ Nn„I∑mÂż B cmPyØn\phnes∏® kw`mh\Iƒ \ÂŹIn. ]ntbÂż _bnÂŹ, sUIm¿Žv, tem°v,jm^v‰vkv_dn, sImfn≄kv, e¹¿Iv, _mkv\mKv F∂nhÂż B kwL-ØnÂŹs∏Sp∂p. thmƒsÂŽbÂż, tams≠kvIyq F∂nh¿°p AhnSpsØk”¿i\w C„s∏®p. Ah¿°hnsS \nc]mbw C„ap≈Xp ]kwKn-°m≄ Ignℱp.

C‰menb≄ kwĂżm\ßfnÂŹ t\∏nƒkmbncp∂p apÂșnÂŹ. AhnsSbphsshZnI\mb Bt‚mWntbm Pnt\mshkn A°mZanIv kzmX„y-Øn\pth≠nbpw kmÂșØnI ImcWĂŸÆ’ ap≄\n¿Øn C‰enbpsS]p\xkwtbmP\Øn\pth≠nbpw hmZnÂźp. Pnbm≄ _‰nÃm hnt°m-bpsS "knb≄km\pthmh' (1725), lne≄tlycnbpsS "em knb≄km-U√m', "ePnt
∏ntbmš' (1780) F∂o KĆžĂŸÆ’ C‰enbnse ]_p-≀sc DW¿Ønb KƾßfmWv. _©an≄ ^m¶vfns‚ t]mepwi≀sb Ah ]nSnÂźp]‰n. Cßs\bp≠mb ]_p≀X bp‡n`Zhpw\nKqVhpambn tXm∂msa¶nepw aXhncp≀ambncp∂n√.

C‰enbnepw tIm^nlukpIfmbncp∂p ]_p≀Xm ]Imi\-Øns‚ apJythZn. A∂v BkvSnb≄ `cWØnembncp∂ anem\nÂŹshcn (Verri) ktlmZc∑mÂż XpSßnb tPÂżWÂŹ, ]_p≀Xm ⁄m\-]ImiØns‚ BibĂŸÆ’ ]Ncn∏nÂźp. C‰enbnse ]_p≀Xm]ImiØnÂŹ bp‡nbpsS LSItØ°mƒ Gsd klm\p`qXnbpsSBthiw ap„n\n∂p. kokÂż _°mdnbmbpsS "of crime and punishment'F∂ KĆžw NqS∏wt]mse hn‰gnℱp. \nbahyhĂżbpsS a\p-jyXzcmlnXyhpw a¿±\hpw ]oU\ßfpw ZcnZtcmSp≈ IqcXbpwF√mw AXnÂŹ Xpd∂pImÂŽn. thmÆ’ÂŽbdpw sPdan s_„mapw _°mdn-bmbpsS KƞØn\p bqtdm∏v apgph≄ ]NmcWw \ÂŹIn.

C‰menb≄ ]_p≀X ]cnt]mjn∏n°p∂XnÂŹ sshZnIÂż KWy-amb ]¶phlnÂźp. ^otakšdntbmSpw (Freemasonry) ankv‰nknk-tØmSpw AXn\p _‘ap≠mbncp∂p. HutZymKnIambn AsXmcn-°epw k`bnÂŹ \n∂p hnt—ZnÂźp amdnbn√. Hcp ]pXnb C\w hn⁄m-\Øns‚bpw bp‡nNn„bpsSbpw ASnĂżm\ØnÂŹ k`bv°IØp-Xs∂bp≈ \hoIcW]Ăżm\ambn AXp \nesIm≠p. s^ÂżUn-\m≄tUm Kmenbm\n Ahkm\w hsc `‡\mb Hcp ItØmen°-\mbn PohnÂźp. At±lØns‚ kmÂșØnIimkvX KĆžĂŸÆ’ ImƒamÂżIvkv ]Tn°pIbp≠mbn. hmkvXhw ]dℱmÂŹ a‰mcpsSbpw C‰m-enb≄ KĆžĂŸÆ’ amÂżIvkv i≀nÂźncp∂n√.

Page 4: Book Final 4 - archive.org

kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX442

CΩm\pthÂŹ Im‚ v a\pjykzmX„yØn\pw ""]IzX''bv°pw tI”ÿm\w \ÂŹIn. CXp km[n°m≄ bp‡nNn„bv°p ]ca]m[m\ywIev]nt°≠nbncp∂p. Im‚ v ]dℱp: ""]_p≀X ]Imin∏nÂź Ime-LŽØnemtWm \mw Pohn°p∂sX∂ tNmZyØn\pØcw, A√, ]_p-≀XbpsS ImeLŽØnemsW∂mbncn°pw.'' ]_p≀X a\ nem°m-\p≈ am¿§w, Im‚ns‚ Zr„nbnÂŹ Nn„bntem hnImcXeØntemC—mcwKtØm Hc≀ym]It\m _mlyi‡ntbm Ahiyan√msX hcp-Isb∂XmWv. thZØntem shfn]mSntem aXw A[njvTnXambncn-°p∂nStØmfw Imew a\pjy≄ A]IzPohnbmbncn°pw. hy‡nNn„-bpsS ]cn[n°p≈nÂŹ hcp∂ aXØn\p amXta Abmsf kzX„\m-°m≄ Ignbq. AXmbncn°pw a\pjy]IzXbpsS DcI√v. IebnepwimkvXØnepw a\pjy≄ kzX„\pw ]IzaXnbpambn IgnℱXmbnIm‚ v Nn„nÂźp.

blqZ ZmÂżi\nI\mb tamkkv sa≄UÂŹ tkmWn\v (1729˛1786)a\pjycminbpsS XmXznI hnZym`ymkambncp∂p ]_p≀X. C∂vC„ybnÂŹ i≀n°s∏tS≠ ckIcamb Hcp ]iv\w At±lw D∂-bnÂźp. ]_p≀X Hcn\w hnZym`ymkamsW¶nÂŹ a\pjysc I_fn∏n-°m≄ AXv D]tbmKnÂźpIqtS? ]uc∑mÂż GXphn[ØnÂŹ Nn„n°W-sa∂p cmjvSØn\p Xocpam\n°phm≄ Ignbptam?

Cu ]iv\ØnÂŹ ItØmen°cpw s]m®Ã‚pImcpw n∂m`n]mb-°mcmbncp∂p. CXns‚ eambn P¿Ω\nbnÂŹ c≠n\w ]_p≀Xbp-≠mbn. H∂p ItØmen°m ]_p≀Xbpw as‰m∂p s]m®Ã‚ v ]_p-≀Xbpw. kXyØnte°p≈ am¿§sa∂ \nebnÂŹ bp‡nNn„sb∂BibtØmSp s]m®Ã‚pImÂż s]mXpsh cN\mflIambn ]Xn-IcnÂźp.

]jybnse alm\mb ^UdnIv NIh¿Øn ""a\pjysc I_fn∏n-°p∂Xv ]tbmP\]Ztam?'' F∂ tNmZyØns‚ G‰hpw anIÂź tNmZy-Øns‚ DØcØn\v kΩm\w hmKvZm\w sNbvXpsIm≠p _Âżen≄A°mZanbnÂŹ s]mXpN¿Ÿbv°p XpS°w IpdnÂźp. Hcp ZihÂżj°m-etØ°v AXv P¿Ω≄ _p≀nPohnXØns‚ tI” hmZhnjbambn-Øo¿∂p. Ahkm\w kΩm\w Hcp \ntj[mflIamb DØcØn\pwHcp cN\mflIamb DØcØn\pambn hn`PnÂźpsImSpt°≠n h∂p.

Cu ]iv\w Ct∏mƒ C„ybnÂŹ ]p\chXcn∏nt°≠n h∂ncn-°p∂p. ]cnlcn°m≄ A„y„w hnjatadnb H∂mWXv; C∂v G‰hpwA[nIw ]k‡hpamWXv. Khšsa‚ v FXamXw hnhcw P\-ĂŸÆ’Â°p \ÂŹIWw? FX-amXw cl-ky-am°n hbv°Ww? P\-ĂŸÆ’Â°pshfns∏SpØmØ hnhcßfpsS ASnĂżm\ØnÂŹ ˛ B Xocpam\wP\ßsf kmcambn _m[n°p∂XmIptÂșmƒ ˛ cmjvSØn\p Xocp-am\saSp°m\mIptam?

Page 5: Book Final 4 - archive.org

kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 443

F√m hnhcßfpw ]¶nSWsa∂mWp \ntj[mflI hoÂŁWw.ImcWw ]qÂżWhnhcßfpw hy‡amb bp‡nNn„bpw P\ßfpsScÂŁ Bhiys∏Sp∂p. ]_p≀XbpsS Zpcp]tbmKw a¿°Sap„nbn-te°pw \nÂżaXXzØnte°pw AcmPIXzØnte°pw \bntŸ°m-sa∂p sa≄UÂŹ tkmš bs∏®p. a\pjyhy‡nsb∂ \nebnÂŹ a\p-jy\pw, ]ucs\∂ \nebnÂŹ a\pjy\pw XΩnÂŹ hyXymkaps≠∂vAt±lw hmZnÂźp. a\pjyhy‡nbpsS AhImißfpw I¿ØhyßfpwHcp ]uct‚Xnt\mSp Xpeya√ ˛ Ah ]et∏mgpw Htc XeØnÂŹBsW∂p hcmsa¶nepw. ]_p≀X a\pjyhy‡nbptSXmWv, ]uc-t‚X√.

P¿Ω\nbnÂŹ hmZ]XnhmZw ]finX∑mcptSXmb tPÂżWepIfnÂŹ\n∂v h¿Øam\ ]Xßfnte°p hym]nÂźp. ]_p≀XbpsS Nn„mk-cWn C‰enbnepw kvtIm ve≄Unepw tIm^n lukpIfnepw sNdpInS¹∫pIfnepamWv thcp]nSnÂźsX¶nÂŹ, P¿Ω\nbnÂŹ AXp thcp]nSn-ÂźXp ]X-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]Xn-s\ÂŽmw \q‰m-≠nÂŹ P¿Ω\nbnÂŹUk≄ IW°n\p ]pXnb ]XĂŸÆ’ XpSßn. hm¿ØIƒ \ÂŹIp∂Xn-t\°mƒ IqSpXembn ]_p≀X kw_‘nÂź N¿Ÿ P\ĂŸÆ’Â°v FØn-ÂźpsImSp°pIbmbncp∂p AhbpsS apJyeÂŁyw. hmZ]XnhmZØnÂŹ-\n∂v ]kn≀oIcWhn`mKw apXseSp°pIXs∂ sNbvXp.

s]m®Ã‚ v ssZhimkvX⁄\mb B≄Uokv dow t]cp shfn-s∏SpØmsX ]Xntj[w tcJs∏SpØn. ]_p≀X a\pjy[mcW-bpsS [ockmlknIXbmsW∂p \nÂżhNnÂźpsIm≠v At±lw tNmZn-Âźp: ""]_p≀Xbv°v AXncpIfpt≠m C√tbm? AXp cmjvSØns‚]ptcmKXnsb klmbn°pIbmtWm XS s∏SpØpIbmtWm?''

\evIs∏® DØcw P\e£ßsf ]pdØp\n¿Øns°m≠p≈ HcpHØpXo¿∏mbncp∂p. bYm¿∞]_p≀Xbpw Bt]ÂŁnI ]_p≀-Xbpw apJy]Zßfmbn amdn. kaqlsØ \bn°p∂ ]uc∑m¿°pamXta "]_p≀X' Bhiyap≈p F∂mbn.

P¿Ω≄ ]_p≀XbpsS CSØcw hÂżKkz`mhw ]mâ€șmXyen_den-kØns‚ `qanIbmbnØo¿∂p. AXp `cWm[nImcnIƒ°pw ]`p-IpeØn\pw \bX„ ]Xn\n[nIƒ°pw Hm^okÂżam¿°pw ]finX-∑m¿°pw sshZnI¿°pw IemIc∑m¿°pw AXmbXp ]mYanIambn`cWw \SØp∂h¿°p amXambn ]cnanXam°s∏®p.

P¿Ω\nbnÂŹ ]_p≀X ]kcn∏nÂź tPÂżWepIfpw ]XßfpwapJyambn A`ykvXhnZyscbmWp kzm[o\nÂźXv. hnZym`ymkambn-cp∂p apJy D]m[n. hnZym`ymkw kzX„cm°p∂psh∂p tPmlm≄ssl≄dnJv tabÂż ]dℱp. "kzX„'cpsS hntijm[nImcap≈ cWhÂżKØnte°p kmaqlyambn Ib‰w InÂŽp∂Xn\p≈ tKmhWnbmbnhnZym`ymksØ A`ykvXhn`mKw ]cnKWn°m≄ XpSßn.

Page 6: Book Final 4 - archive.org

kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX444

"]_p≀cpsS eoKv' Bbncn°Ww cWh¿§w. ]_p≀cmbhcnÂŹhfsc IpdÂźp t]Âż amXta aXsØ H∂S¶w \ncmIcnÂźp≈p. P\ßsfIogS°n `cn°p∂Xv P\ĂŸÆ’Â°v \√XmWv. AXv P\ßfmÂŹ BZcn-°s∏SWw. a\pjys‚ kz„w Dt±iyĂŸÆ’Â°v kwXr]vXn \ÂŹIp∂Hcp aXsØ a\pjy\p Xs∂ krjvSn°mhp∂XmWv. AXv A[nI-]¶pw B„cnIhpw B≀ymflnIhpw [¿Ω\njvTbp≈Xpambncn°pw.Cßs\ ]_p≀h¿§Øns‚ A[oiXzØn\p ]n„pW \ÂŹIp∂LSIambnØo¿∂p `‡n\njvT.

Hcp `cWm[n]t\m t\Xmthm IqSmsX Hcp cmjvSØn\pw \ne-\nev°m\mhn√. cmjvSamIp∂ I∏en\IØp≈ P\ĂŸÆ’ I∏nØms\A\pkcntÂź aXnbmhpIbp≈p. Abmƒs°Xncmbn AhÂż hnπh-Øn\p apXn¿∂pIqSm. BÂżs°¶nepw I∏¬ CjvSs∏SmsX h∂mÂŹAh¿°v Cdßnt∏mImw. I∏ens\ adnÂźpIqSm.

]_p≀X G‰hpw bs∏® hn]ØmWp "hnπhw.' ]_p≀XbpsS]cnanXnbpw AXp Xs∂. km[mcW°mÂż ]_p≀cmbn°gnℱmÂŹcmjvSw hnπhsa∂ A]ISsØ A`napJoIcnt°≠n hcpw. F„p-h∂mepw AXv Hgnhm°pI Xs∂ thWw.

Aßs\ A`ykvXhÂżKØns‚ ]hnX ktΩf\cwKamb bqWn-thgvkn‰n, hnπhw XSℱp\n¿Øn \nba]me\w kpJIcam°p∂Hcp cmjvSob hyhĂżnXnbpsS imkvXob hnIk\Øn\p≈ apJy-thZnbmbn.

P¿Ω\nbnse ]_p≀cnÂŹ s]m®Ã‚pIm¿°mbncp∂p ap≄Xq°w.ItØmen°cnÂŹ A[nI]¶n\pw ]pXnb hnZym`ymktØmSv IÂșan√m-bncp∂p. F∂mÂŹ ItØmen°cnse Hcp \yq\]ÂŁw, ssk≀m„nI-XbpsSbpw ]Xn\hoIcWØns‚bpw Pkzo‰p sshZnIcpsSbpw B[n-]XysØ sh√phnfn°m≄ sNdnbtXmXnÂŹ iaw \SØn. ]≈n \nÂż-ΩmWØnse hmkvXphnZybnemWnXv BZyw ]tbmKnÂźXv. tKmYnIvssienbnÂŹ \n∂p _mtcm°nte°p≈ am‰w, [mcmfnØtØmSp≈]XnIcWhpw IqsSbmbn.

P¿Ω\nbnse ItØmen°¿ ]_p≀Xbv°p≈ ]tNmZ\w kzoI-cnÂźXv ItØmen°m ^m≄knÂŹ \n∂√, s]m®Ã‚ v P¿Ω\nbnÂŹ\n∂mWv ˛ sse]vknKv tb\, lmse, tKmÂŽnĂŸâ‰„ F∂o bqWnth-gvkn‰nIfnÂŹ \n∂v.

bqtdm∏nse ]_p≀Xbv°v AXphsc kmÂżheuInItam GIo-IrXtam Bb cq]ap≠mbncp∂n√. ^©pIm¿°nSbnÂŹ AXv AcmP-IXzhpw BUw_ctemep]Xbpw kpJmt\zjWhpw hf¿Øn. a\p-jyPoh\pw \ne\nev]pw kw_‘nÂźv ]p\xkwLS\bmbncp∂p AXvAhew_nÂź Hcp am¿§w. _mlybmYm¿∞ysØ ]p\ÂżLS\ sNbvXpHmÂżKm\nIv bqWn‰nbp≈ Hcp kaqlw sIÂŽn∏WnbpIbmbncp∂p

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kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 445

c≠masØ am¿§w. P\m[n]Xy Ăżm]\w, imkvXobhpw kmaqly-hpamb ]ptcmKXn°p hgnsbmcp°, kzmX„yØns‚bpw kln-jvWpXbpsSbpw ssNX\yØnÂŹ a\pjys]cpam‰sØ \nb„n°,A‘Xa ns\ XcWw sNbvXp kpJw Is≠Øm≄ BfpIsf klm-bn° CsXms° c≠mw am¿§ØnÂŹ s]Sp∂p.

`qXImeØnÂŹ \n∂p Xo¿Øpw thdnÂŽp amdp∂Xn\p≈ bXv\am-bncp∂p ^©p ]_p≀XbptSXv. s\lr hn`mh\w sNbvXXpwGXm≠v CXp Xs∂. tkz—m[n]XyØnÂŹ \n∂pw aX`m„nÂŹ \n∂pwkzX„ambXpw, ]_p≀ZmÂżi\nIÂż cq]w \ÂŹIp∂Xpamb Hcp mhnIcp∏nSn∏n°m\p≈ [ockmlknIXbpw AtXmsSm∂nÂźp≠v. Ah-cpsS apZmhmIyw bp‡n, klnjvWpX, am\hnIX F∂mbncp∂p;kzmX„yw, kaXzw, kmtlmZcyw F∂X√. It≠mÂżtkz (Condorcet)]dℱXpt]mse, ^©p ]_p≀X kaqlØns‚ kaK kÂșZv-hyhĂżtaep≈ HcmIaWambncp∂p. F√m kmaqly_‘ßfnepwam‰ap≠m°pI, cmjvSob irwJebpsS Ahkm\IÆn hsc Bg-ØnÂŹ Cdßns¼√pI F∂Xmbncp∂p eÂŁyw.

]e cq]Ønembn bqtdms∏mÂŽp°p ]S¿∂ Cw‱ojv Nn„ ^©p]XybimkvXtØmSp hfsctbsd ISs∏®ncn°p∂p. AXp ]jybn-te°pw djybnte°pw hym]nÂźp. Aßs\ ^©p kwkv°mcw HcpGIoImcI _‘w BbnØo¿∂p. AXns‚ ^eambn Hcp Cw]ocn-benÃv ˛ sImtfmWnbenÃv hnIkt\mZyaØn\p Ifsamcpßn.imkvXØns‚bpw kmt¶XnIhnZybpsSbpw en_dÂŹ ]XybimkvX-Øns‚bpw AIÂșSntbmsS kz„w ta[mi‡n temIØn\p ImWnÂźpsImSp°m≄ bqtdm∏v ]_p≀XbpsS ]XybimkvXsØ D]tbm-Ks∏SpØn.

en_denkw ]_p≀XbpsS k„m\w

en_denkØns‚ tkmX v a\ nem°pI Zpjv°camWv. en_-¿Žn F∂ ]ZØnÂŹ \n∂mWv AXns‚ D€hw. Ko°v em‰n≄ kwkv-°mcØnÂŹ en_¿Žn, kzX„]ucs\ ASnabnÂŹ \n∂p thÂżXncnÂźp\n¿Øp∂ BibamWv. tkmt^mÂąokv en_¿Žnsb kvXpXnÂźv ]mÂŽp-Iƒ cNnÂźnÂŽp≠v. AKÃns‚ Bibw AXtØmfw D∂Xa√. ASn-aØw ]IrXnhncp≀amsW∂v AKÃn≄ kΩXnÂźpsh¶nepwkam[m\]camb Hcp \nbaIaamsW∂mWv At±lw D]tZinÂźXv.At±lw ]dℱp: ""a\pjyÂż kam[m\]camb hyhĂżnXnbnÂŹ ]c-kv]cw hyhlcn°ptÂșmƒ, XmW\ne rXy\p FX I≠p \∑ sNĂžp-∂pshm AXnt\°mƒ IqSpXÂŹ tZmjw Al¶mc\ne bPam\\phcpØnhbv°p∂p.''

en_denksØ∏‰nbp≈ \ΩpsS N¿Ÿ tPmš ÃphmÂżSv kvan-Øns‚ (1806˛1873) "Hmš en_¿Žn' F∂ KƞØnse BibtØmSp

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IqSn Bcw`n°mw. C„ym NcnX cNbnXmhmb Pbnwkv an√ns‚ ]pX-\mbncp∂p tPmš ÃphmÂżSv anÂŹ. CuÃn„ym IÂș\nbnÂŹ DtZymK-Ăż\mbncp∂ At±lw kmÂșØnI imkvX⁄\pw cmjvSob ]hÂż-ØI\pambncp∂p. 1860 ˛Ifnse h\nXm thmÂŽhImi kaqlØns‚ÿm]I t\Xm°fnsemcmfmWp anÂŹ.

en_¿Žn kw_‘nÂź N¿Ÿsb anÂŹ tIhe hnhmZØns‚ Xe-ØnÂŹ \n∂p am‰n s]mfn‰n° Ct°mWanbpsS XeØnÂŹ ]Xn-jvTnÂźp. hy‡nbpsS C—mi‡nbpsS kzmX„ysØ∏‰nb√, kaql-Øns‚ tkmjyÂŹ en_¿Žnsb∏‰nbmWv At±lw kwkmcnÂźXv.]mâ€șmXy Nn„bnse ]ca][m\amb Hcp kw`hhnImkamWnXv.t]mcmÂŽw "kzmX„yhpw' "A[nImchpw' XΩnembn.

Ko°v \mSII¿Øm°ƒ°pw ZmÂżi\nI¿°pw kzmX„ywF∂mÂŹ tkz—m[n]XyØnÂŹ \n∂p kzX„]uc\p≈ kzmX„y-amWv. tkz—m[n]XnbpsS taÂŹ Nne ]cnanXnIƒ Iev]nÂźmWv CXpkm[n°pI. cWm[n]\v Hcp km∑mÂżKnI \nbamhen D≠mbncn°W-sa∂pw kp][m\ Xocpam\ĂŸÆ’ FSp°p∂Xn\p apÂșv kanXntbmSvBtemNn°Wsa∂pw hyhĂż sNbvXncp∂p. tkz—m[n]XnIƒc≠masØ hyhĂż \ncmIcnÂźt∏mƒ, ]mâ€șmXy cmjvSob en_d-enkw c≠masØ hyhĂż \S∏nem°m≄ bXv\n°pIbmWp≠mbXv.

Xmsg]dbp∂ P\m[n]Xy hyhĂżb\pkcn°ptÂșmƒ amXamWpP\Iob t]mcmÂŽw hnPbn°pIsb∂v anÂŹ ]dℱp. cWm[n]∑mscP\ĂŸÆ’ sXcsℱSp°Ww. Ahsc am‰p∂Xpw Aßs\Xs∂. thm -hImihpw DØchmZnXzhpap≈ _lpapJ cWkmcYyXXzw \S∏n-em°Ww. Cßs\bp≈ P\m[n]XyXXzw \ΩpsS cWLS\bpsS`mKamWv. qcn]£Øns‚ tkz—m`cWØns\Xncmbn \yq\]£ß-fpsS AhImi kwcÂŁW kn≀m„w hy‡ambn D]\yknÂźXpw anÂŹXs∂.

an√ns‚ KĆžĂŸÆ’ s\lr FXamXw hmbnÂźnÂŽps≠∂v F\n°v\nâ€șban√. an√ns‚ cN\Iƒ, a\pjykzmX„yw kw_‘nÂź ItØm-en°m s]m®Ã‚ v hoÂŁWßtfmSp≈ t_m[]q¿∆amb ]XnIcW-amWv. Ccpk`IfpsSbpw hoÂŁWßfpsS tkmX v AKÃn\mWv.Ah hn`n∂ coXnIfnemWp hymJm\n°s∏Sp∂Xv. anÂŹ ImÂŹhn\nÃvhoÂŁWsØ H‰s∏SpØn hymJym\n°p∂Xp ImWmw. ImÂŹhns\hnIrXambn NnXoIcnÂźpsIm≠p anÂŹ ]dbp∂p. ""ssZhØns‚ ]c-am[nImcØn\p kzbw ka¿∏n°m\p≈ Ignth a\pjy\p th≠q.at‰sXmcp Ignhv D]tbmKnÂźmepw a\pjy≄ ]m]ØnÂŹ \n]Xn°pw.''

]mâ€șmXy en_denkØnÂŹ hy‡nKXamb en_¿Žn Du∂n∏dbp-∂Xn\p c≠p hißfp≠v. kaqlØns‚bpw ]mcÂșcyØns‚bpwkaKm[n]Xyi‡ns°Xnsc sXmSpØphnÂŽXmWv H∂v. at‰Xv

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ssZhØns‚ C—mi‡ns°Xncmbn \oßp∂ ]m]abamb a\pjys‚C—mi‡n. kzbw hÂżP\w (kzmfl]cnXymKw) F∂ InkvXobmZÂżi-Øn\p ]Icambn anÂŹ \nÂżtZinÂźXv kzbw hnIk\sa∂ bh\m-ZÂżiamWv. aXhncp≀amb kzmflZrVoIcWsa∂p anÂŹ AXns\hnfnÂźp. Aßs\ hy‡nkzmX„yØns‚ DZmc]Jym]\Øn\vInkvXob hncp≀tam, Ipdℱ]ÂŁw AKkvXo\nb hncp≀tam BbHcp Nphbp≠v. AtXmSpIqSn en_denkw sk°pednktØmSvASpØp hcp∂Xmbpw ImWmw.

]oTnIIsf \nÂżhNn°mØ Hcp ]XybimkvXamWp en_denkw.]gbXns\ \ntj[nbv°pI F∂XnÂŹ Ihnsℱm∂pan√. cmjvSo-bamb a¿±\`cWw sImt≠m ssk≀m„nIamb kaKm[n]Xyw-sImt≠m D≈ _mly\nb„WsØ \ntj[n°p∂psh∂Xn\mÂŹAXns‚ ]mYanI`mhw \ntj[mflIamWv. PohnXØn\p Zni \n¿Æ-bn°mt\m, tZiob eÂŁyĂŸÆ’ XncsℱSp°mt\m th≠X ASnØ-dbn√mØ HchĂż.

en_denkw C„ybnte°v

_nŽ≄ C„ybnte°v Cd°paXn sNbvX Ăżm]\ßfnÂŹ G‰hpwIcpØmÂżPnÂźXv hnZym`ymk kÂșZmbamWv. ]mâ€șmXy hnZym`ymkkÂșZmbw ChnsS AhXcn∏nÂźt∏mƒ c≠v hncp≀ hoÂŁWĂŸÆ’D≠mbncp∂p. H∂v, ]K€\mb kÂż hneyw tPmškv \nÂżt±inÂźC≄tUmfPn° (Hmdnb‚enÃv) ĂżnXn \n¿Æbw (Hmdnbt‚j≄).c≠v, Cw‱ojv hnZym`ymkamWv C„ybv°mhiysa∂p≈ sa°mtf]`phns‚ hoÂŁWw. c≠maXp ]dℱXmWv Ahkm\w ChnsSAwKoIcnÂźXv.

BZytØXns‚ Du∂¬ "Âąmkn°' hnZym`ymkØnembncp∂p.AXmbXv t]Âżjy≄, Ad_n, kwkvIrXw F∂nh ]Tn°p∂XnÂŹ.Ah "DXvIrjvS' mjIfmbn ]cnKWn°s∏®ncp∂p. bqtdm]y≄ ]_p-≀XbptSbpw en_denkØns‚bpw aqeyĂŸÆ’ kÂż hneyw tPmš-kns\ (1746 1794) akvXnjvI ]ÂŁmf\w sNbvXncp∂nsöp hy‡w.`cWhÂżKØnÂŹ s]ÂŽ Cw‱ojpImÂż Cu `mjIƒ ]TnÂźncn°Wsa-∂mWv tPmškns‚ \nÂżt±iw.

cmPmdmw taml≄ tdmbnbpsS t\XrXzØnÂŹ taÂŹPmXn°mÂż Cw‱o-jvhnZym`ymkw XncsℱSpØp. KWnXimkvXw, \mÂźpdÂŹ ^ntem-k^n, sIankvSn, A\m‰an XpSßnb ]tbmP\]Zamb imkvXĂŸÆ’C„y°msc ]Tn∏n°m≄ ]mfinXyhpw hmk\bpap≈ bqtdm]y≄am\y∑msc _nÂŽojpImÂż ChnsS \ntbmKn°Wsa∂mbncp∂p tdmbn-bpsS \ne]mSv. kwkvIrX]T\w bpha\ pIsf `mcs∏SpØpItb-bp≈psh∂pw hymIcWkw_‘hpw XXz⁄m\]chpamb Nn√dhyXymkßsf∏‰nbp≈ kqÂŁva]T\w kaqlØn\p Imcyamb

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]tbmP\sam∂pw sNĂžnsöpw tdmbv Nn„nÂźp. KWnXimkvXw,\mÂźpdÂŹ ntemk^n, sIankvSn, A\m‰an XpSßn ]tbmP\IcambimkvXßsf Dƒs°m≈p∂, en_depw ]_p≀hpamb Hcp hnZym-`ymk kÂșZmbw ChnsS GÂżs∏SpØWsa∂v 1823˛¬ KhÂżWÂż P\-dÂŹ BwtlgvÃv ]`phn\p ka¿∏nÂź satΩmdnbÂŹ AU nÂŹ tdmbnA`y¿∞n°pIbp≠mbn.

]_p≀amb en_denkØns‚ _pÂżjzm ]XybimkvXamWvC„ybnse _qÂżjzmkn Bhiys∏®Xv. AhcpsS amXrI hnPbio-emfnXcmb bqtdm]ycmbncp∂p. F„n\v Cw‱ojvImsctbm ]mhwtXmakv _m_nwKvSš sa°msftbm Ip‰w ]dbp∂p? \ΩpsS htc-WyhÂżKw A∂Xv Bhiys∏®p. 1947˛¬ AhÂż AXpXs∂ Bh-iys∏®p. C∂pw \ΩpsS htcWyhn`mKØn\p AXpamXw aXn. \Ωp-sS ss]XrIw \njv]tbmP\amsW∂p cmPmdmw taml≄ tdmbntbm-sSm∏w Ahcpw Nn„n°p∂p.

sa°mtfbpsS hn[nXo¿∏v cmPmdmw taml≄ tdmbnbpsS A`n]mb-Øn\v ASnhcbnSpIbmWv sNĂžp∂Xv. ]uckvXy hoÂŁW°mcpsSHc`n]mbtØmSp sa°mtf tbmPn∏p ]ISn∏nÂźp. sa°mtf ]dbp∂p:

""]cnanXamb \ΩpsS hn`hĂŸÆ’ hÂźpsIm≠v C„ybnse P\k-©bsØ apgph≄ hnZyb`ykn∏n°m≄ \sΩs°m≠v km≀yasövF\n°p tXm∂p∂p. \ap°pw \mw cn°p∂ etÂŁm]eÂŁw P\ĂŸÆ’-°panSbnÂŹ ]cn`mjIcmbn h¿Øn°m≄ Ignbp∂ Hcp kwLw Bfp-Isf cq]hev°cn°m≄ \mw ]camh[n bXv\n°Ww. c‡Ønepw\ndØnepw C„ym°mcpw, F∂mÂŹ A`ncpNnIfnepw A`n]mbß-fnepw km∑m¿§nI \nebnepw _p≀ni‡nbnepw Cw‱ojpImcpambHcp kwLw BfpIƒ. cmPysØ \mÂŽp`mjIƒ kwkv°cn°pI,]mâ€șmXy\mSpIfnÂŹ \n∂p ISwsIm≠ imkvX\maßfmÂŹ \mÂŽp`mj-Isf kÂș∂am°pI, ItaW P\eÂŁĂŸÆ’Â°p hn⁄m\w FØnÂźpsImSp°p∂Xn\v Ahsc DNnXhml\ßfm°n cq]m„cs∏SpØpIF∂o NpaXeIƒ Ct∏mƒ \mw ]cnioen∏n°p∂ Cu P\hn`mK-Øn\v hnÂŽpsImSp°Ww.''

sa°mtfbpsS Cu \ne]mSv Xo¿Øpw icnbmWv. icnsb∂ptXm∂nbX\pkcnÂźv At±lw ]h¿ØnÂźp. At±lØns‚ klm-btØmsS ]SÂźphnÂŽ hÂżKamWp \ΩpsS ss]XrIw. s\lr B hÂżK-ØnÂŹ s]Sp∂p. AtX hÂżKamWv C∂p \ΩpsS cmjvSsØ \bn°p-∂Xv. ""c‡Ønepw \ndØnepw C„ym°mÂż; AtXkabw A`ncp-NnIfnepw A`n]mbßfnepw km∑m¿§nIXbnepw _p≀ni‡nbnepwCw‱ojpImÂż.''

]_p≀Xm]Imiw bqtdm∏nÂŹ ]NcnÂźv Hcp Xeapd IgnℱmWvC„ybnseØnbXv. bqtdm]y≄ _pÂżjzmknbpsS ]XybimkvXw

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C„y≄ cWh¿§Øns‚ ]XybimkvXambnØo¿∂p. B ]Inb-bnÂŹ kvtImÂŽnjv anj\dnbmb AeIvkm≠¿ U^ns‚ ]¶v kp][m-\amWv.

\qdp hÂżjw apÂșv tUm. tPmÂżPv kvanØv cNnÂźp ]kn≀s∏SpØnb""AeIvkm≠¿ U^v Un. Un. FÂŹ. FÂŹ. Un. bpsS PohnXw'' F∂KĆžw \ΩpsS hnZym`ymkkÂșZmbsØbpw AsXßs\ \ΩpsSD◊sb cq]s∏SpØnsb∂Xns\bpw a\ nem°phm≄ BKln°p-∂hÂż hmbnt°≠XmWv. t]¿Øv KmaÂżkvIqfnepw sk‚ v B≄UqkvbqWnthgvkn‰nbnepw ]TnÂźp _ncpZw t\Snb U^n\p A°meØpkvtImÂŽve≄UnÂŹ e`n°mhp∂ G‰hpw anIÂź hnZym`ymkamWpe`nÂźXv. Ko°nepw eØo\nepw temPn°nepw \mÂźpdÂŹ ntemk^n-bnepw At±lw ]mfinXyw t\Sn. ]ikvX\mb tXmakv Nmtagvkn-s‚ IognemWp U^v ]TnÂźXv. bqWnthgvkn‰nbnse G‰hpw anIÂźhnZym¿∞nbmbncp∂p U v. hnZym¿∞nbmbncn°ptÂșmƒ Xs∂ U v,ÃpU‚ v anj\dn skmssk‰n cq]hev°cnÂźp. AXns‚ sset_dnb≄Bbn.

Hcp I∏e]ISsØ AXnPohnÂźv U^v 1830˛¬ I°ŽbnseØn.C„y≄ k¿∆ssk\ym[n]\mbncp∂ UÂŹlukn]`p, KhÂżWÂż P\-dÂŹ hneyw _≄dnIv ]`p F∂nh¿°p ]cnNbs∏SpØp∂ IØpIfp-ambmWp U^v h∂Xv. A∂v 24 hb p≠v U^n\v. ZoÂżLImb\pwkpapJ\pw Pzen°p∂ \b\ßtfmSp IqSnbh\pw Ahniaamb at\m-t_m≀yØmÂŹ A\pKrloX\pamb B bphmhns‚ eÂŁyßsf∏‰nPohNcnXImc≄ ]dbp∂p:

""bphmhmb kvtImÂŽve≠pImc≄ ssl”haXsØ XI¿°psa∂p]Xn⁄ sNbvXp. CXn\v G‰hpw ]‰nb am¿§w AXns‚ akvXnjv-°ØnÂŹ ]lctaev]n°pIbmWv. I°ŽbmWp akvXnjvIw. U^vChnsSØs∂ DdÂźp\nev°pw.'' U^ns‚ ]h¿Ø\coXn ]uckvXy-aXßsf XI¿°pIbmbncp∂p. Hcn\w Bw‱n°≄ InkvXpaXhpw,Cw‱ojv `mj, kmlnXyw, aqeyĂŸÆ’ F∂nh t\cnÂŽp ]Tn∏n°p∂kÂșZmbhpw kwtbmPn∏nÂźp≈ kwhn[m\ØneqsS CXp km[n°p-sa∂mbncp∂p U^ns‚ IW°pIqÂŽÂŹ.

A∂p I°Žm \KcØnÂŹ AĂžmbncØnÂŹ Xmsg C„y≄ IpÂŽn-Iƒ amXta hnZymebßfnÂŹ t]mbncp∂p≈psh∂v kvanØv ]dbp∂p.AhcnÂŹ 500 t]Âż amXta Cw‱ojv ]TnÂźncp∂p≈p. A°meØvCw‱ojv kwkmcnÂźncp∂ ]Kev cpsS IqŽØnÂŹ _nÂŽojvImcpsS hÂż-ØI ]¶mfnbmbncp∂ ZzmcI\mYv SmtKmÂż, P∑nbpw AUz°‰pamb]k∂IpamÂż SmtKmÂż XpSßnbhÂż Dƒs∏®ncp∂p. Hcp hnizmk kÂș-Zmbhpw PohnXhpw ]pcmX\ \mKcnIXbpw XI¿°m≄ C„ym°m-c\mb Hcp ]¶mfn U^n\p th≠nbncp∂p. C„y≄ P\Xsb InkvXp-hn\p th≠n BZmbs∏SpØpIbmbncp∂p At±lØns‚ eÂŁyw.

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AeIvkm≠¿ U^v Xs‚ C„y≄ kl]h¿ØIs\ alm\mbcmPmdmw taml≄ tdmbnbnÂŹ Is≠Øn. bmYmĂżnXnI _m“W-aXsØ FXn¿Ø hnπhImcnbpw _p≀aX°mc\mbn amdnb kmaq-ly]cnjv°¿Ømhpambncp∂p At±lw. tdmbv t]Âżjy\pw kwkvIr-Xhpw Cw‱ojpw ]TnÂźp. en_dÂŹ Nn„mKXn°msct∏mse At±lhpwNn„m°pg∏Ønembn. dmw taml≄ kt„mj]q¿∆w _nÂŽojpImsctkhnÂźp. Ahsc C„ybpsS hntamNIcmbn I≠p. AÂșXmw hb- nÂŹ At±lw _nÂŽojv k¿∆oknÂŹ \n∂p hncanÂźtijw 1814˛¬I°ŽbnÂŹ Xmakam°n. thZm\pkrXamb GIssZhhnizmkhpwssl”haXØnse BNmchncp≀amb ]cnjv°mcßfpw ASnĂżm-\am°n _“kamPw Bcw`nÂźp. ssl”haXØn\p≈nÂŹ Cdmkva-kns‚bpw kznw‱nbpsSbpw ktΩfnXcq]ambncp∂p dmw taml≄tdmbv.

C„ym°m¿°p hn⁄m\w ]Icp∂Xn\p≈ G‰hpw saÂźs∏®am[yaw Cw‱ojv Xs∂bmsW∂v U^nt\msSm∏w tdmbnbpw hniz-knÂźp. U^n\p ]kwKn°m≄ _“kamPw hI lmƒ At±lw hnÂŽp-sImSpØp. ]Xnamkw A©p ]h≄ hmSIbv°mWXp \ÂŹInbXv.]nev°meØp kz„w sNehnÂŹ _“kamPtÂŁXw ]Wnbm≄ Ign-ℱtXmsS hmSIs°ŽnSw U^ns‚ D]tbmKØn\p \ÂŹIm≄Ignℱp. 1830 Pqsse 13˛\v hmSIs°ŽnSØnÂŹ U^v Xs‚ ]pXnbkvIqƒ Xpd∂p. DZvLmS\ ktΩf\ØnÂŹ k∂nlnX\mb tdmbvXs‚ ]kwKØnÂŹ ss__nƒ hmbn°p∂XnÂŹ Hcp A]IShpan-söv _m“W hnZym¿∞nItfmSp ]dℱp.

U^ns‚ ]pXnb hnZymebw Hcp henb hnPbambncp∂p. ĂżekuIcy°pdhpsIm≠v hÂżjwtXmdpw ]ciXw hnZym¿∞nIƒ°v]thi\w \ntj[nt°≠n h∂p. Cw‱ojv kmlnXyw, bqtdm]y≄NcnXw (atXXchpw sshZnIhpw), hymIcWw, ss__nƒ, cmjvSobkÂșZv hyhĂż, BUw kvanØns‚ DZvt_m[\ĂŸÆ’ Chbmbncp∂p]T\ ]≀XnbnÂŹ Dƒs∏SpØnbncp∂Xv.

\ΩpsS hnZym`ymk kÂșZmbsØ sa°msf ]`phns‚ \ma-tØmSp tN¿Øp]dbpIbmWp km[mcW sNĂžmdp≈Xv. F∂mÂŹsa°mtf FXamXw U^nt\mSp ISs∏®ncn°p∂psh∂p ]e¿°pwAdnℱpIqSm. sa°mtf Hcp henb \nba\n¿ΩmXmhmWv. 1833˛¬CuÃn„ym IÂș\nbpsS Nm¿Ž¿ \hoIcn°phm≄ tlXp`qXamb1832˛se dnt^mw BIvSv XĂžmdm°nbXv sa°mtfbmWv. U^ns‚]h¿Ø\amWp C°mcyØnÂŹ sa°mtfbv°p ]tNmZ\w \ÂŹInbXv._nÂŽojv anj\dnIƒ°p kzX„ambn C„ybnÂŹ ]thin°phm\p≈hne°pIƒ Nm¿Ž¿ \hoIcWØnÂŹ \o°n°fℱp. U^v sa°mtf-tb°mƒ sNdp∏ambncp∂psh¶nepw U^n\v sa°mtfbpsS KpcpĂżm-\ap≠v.

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Cw‱ojv `mjbpw kwkv°mchpw D]tbmKn°p∂ Bw‱nknÃp-IfpsS t\Xmsh∂ \nebnÂŹ ]uckvXy`mjbpsS D]tbmKwt]m’mln∏n°p∂ KhÂżWÂż P\dens‚ D]tZjvSm°fpsS taÂŹU^n\p≠mb hnPbamWv 1835 s^_phcn 2˛\p ]Jym]nXamb"an\p‰v' (Minute) cNnbv°phm≄ sa°mtfbv°p ]tNmZ\w \ÂŹInbXv.sa°mtfbpsS ]kvXpX ]_‘w C„y≄ hnZym`ymk kÂșZmb-ØnÂŹ ]uckvXy`mjmhmZØns‚ (Hmdnb‚enkw) acWaWnapg°-ambn IeminÂźp. 150 hÂżjw apÂșv AsXmcp ][m\ kwhmZambncp∂p.C∂sØ C„y≄ kzXzw ]tXyInÂźp \ΩpsS htcWy hn`mKØns‚kzXzw ˛ Bhnjv°cn°p∂XnÂŹ AsXmcp \n¿ÆmbI LSIambn.U^ns‚ PohNcnX cNbnXmhv ]uckvXy`mjmhmZnIƒs°XncmbnBw‱nknÃpIfpsS ]ÂŁw ]nSn°p∂ps≠¶nepw Nne NcnX hkvXpX-Ifpw Dƒ°mgvNIfpw \ÂŹIp∂p≠v. ][m\ambn aq∂p Kq∏pIsfAt±lw Is≠Øp∂p:

1. Bw‱nknÃpIƒ: Cw‱ojv `mjbneqsS Cw‱ojv kmlnXyhpwimkvXhpw aqeyßfpw ]Tn∏n°pIamXw sNbvXmÂŹ C„y≄kaqlØns‚ bmYmĂżnXnI ]nt∂m°mhĂż ]cnlcnÂźv ]ptcmKXn-bnte°pw B[p\nIXbnte°pw \oßm≄ km[n°psa∂v U^v, dmwtaml≄ F∂nhtcmsSm∏w Nn„nÂźhÂż.

2. ]uckvXy`mjmhmZnIƒ (Hmdnb‚enÃvkv): C„y≄ kzXzwkwkvIrXØnepw ]menbnepw t]Âżjy\nepw A[njvTnXamsW∂phnizknÂźhÂż. Cu mjIfpsSbpw kmlnXyßfpsSbpw ]T\w ]p\cp-≀cnÂźp ]ptcmKan∏n°pIbmWv C„y≄ kzXzØns‚ ioLhf¿Ÿ-bv°v Bhiysa∂hÂż IcpXn.

3. Xt±iob `mjmhmZnIƒ (shÂżWm°pednÃvkv): Hcp sNdnbkwLw Nn„I∑mÂż (A[nI]¶pw _nÂŽojpImÂż) P\ßfpsS mjb-√mØ kwkvIrXhpw t]Âżjy\pw Ad_nbpw Cw‱ojp t]mse Xs∂\njv]tbmP\amsW∂p hnizknÂźp. tUm. amÂżjvau≄ (PqWnbÂż),_bm≄ FÂźv. tlmUvPvkš F∂nhÂż Cu `mjIƒ (Cw‱ojv Dƒ-s∏sS) `cWIqSØns‚ \nKqVXbpsS am‰p h¿≀n∏n°p∂psh∂phnizknÂźp. cWIqSØnÂŹ \n∂p P\ßsf AI‰n \n¿Øm≄ amXtaCXv D]Icn°pIbp≈p F∂hÂż hmZnÂźp. Xt±iob `mjIsft]m’mln∏nbv°phm\mWv AhÂż BKlnÂźXv.

U v, sa°mtf, sa°mtfbpsS kyme\mb Nmƒkv Shney≄ F∂n-hcmWv Bw‱nknÃpIfpsS t\Xm°ƒ. Shney≄ \mep hÂżjw UÂŹ-lnbnÂŹ sNehgnÂźtijw 1931˛¬ I°ŽbnseØpIbpw Cw‱ojvhnZym`ymkØneqsS ssl”haXsØ AÂŽnadn°p∂Xn\v U^ns‚]cn]mSnbnÂŹ apgpIpIbpw sNbvXp.

]t£, A[nImcw ]uckvXy`mjmhmZnIfpsS (Hmdnb‚enÃvkv)

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]°embncp∂p. s]mXp hnZym`ymkØn\v hIbncpØnb ]Ww Ah-cpsS \nb„WØnepw. Bw‱nknÃpIƒ Ahsc _m“W ]ÂŁ-]mXnIsf∂p hnfnÂźp. KhÂżWÂż P\dens‚ kl]h¿ØI\mbncp∂FÂźv. tjIvkv]nbÂż, Khšsa‚ v skIÂŽdnbpw Ad_n ˛ kwkvIrX]finX\pamb FÂźv. tXm_n ]n≄sk^v, KhÂżWÂż P\dÂŹ hneyws_‚n°ns‚ skIÂŽdn hneyw tlw amIvt\mŽ≄, hnZym`ymk hIp∏pskIÂŽdn Sn. kn. kn. kXÂże≄Uv XpSßnbhcmbncp∂p AhcpsSt\Xm°ƒ.

sa°msf "an\p‰v' F∂ ]_‘w (1835) FgpXnbXp ]tXyIeÂŁyw hÂźmbncp∂p. 1813˛¬ _nÂŽojv ]mÂżesa‚ v A\phZnÂź hnZym-`ymk ≠ns‚ \nb„Ww Hmdnb‚enÃpIm¿°mbncp∂p. ≠ns‚\nb„Ww Bw‱nknÃpIƒ°p ssIamdpI F∂Xmbncp∂p sa°m-sfbpsS eÂŁyw. U^ns‚ PohNcnXImc≄ Cu "an\p‰v' C„y≄ P\X-°pth≠nbp≈ _p≀nPohnIfpsS kzmX„yØns‚ H∂mw Nm¿Ždm-sW∂p tcJs∏SpØn. ]mÂżesa‚dn IΩn‰n apÂșmsI U^v \ÂŹInbsXfnhns‚ ASnĂżm\ØnÂŹ tImUoIcnÂź hnZym`ymk XoÂŽqcamWvc≠matØXv.

]uckvXy`mjmhmZnIƒ (Hmdnb‚enÃv) ASnĂżm\]cambnbmYmĂżnXnIcmbncp∂p. PmXnhyhĂż Zambn kwcÂŁn°Wsa∂-hÂż BKlnÂźp. hnZym`ymkw ]mYanIambn _m“W¿°p \ÂŹIW-sa∂mWXn\¿∞w. t\scadnÂźp Bw‱nknÃpIƒ [occmb kmaqly-]cnjv°¿Øm°fmbncp∂p. PmXnhyhĂż ssZhlnXØn\p hncp≀-amsW∂p Nn„n°p∂ InkvXy≄ anj\dnamcmbncp∂p AhcnÂŹ]ecpw.

_nÂŽojv Khšsa‚ns‚ alØmb eÂŁyw C„ybnse P\ßsfbqtdm]y≄ kmlnXyhpw imkvXhpw ]Tn∏n°pIbmsW∂pw hnZym-`ymkØn\p≈ F√m ^≠pIfpw Cw‱ojv hnZym`ymkØn\pth≠nD]tbmKn°pIbmsW∂pw 1835 am¿Ÿv Ggn\p KhÂżWÂż P\dÂŹ \S-Ønb ]Jym]\ØnÂŹ ]dℱp. Cu UnIn XĂžmdm°nbXpw sa°msfXs∂bmbncp∂p. hfsctbsd ]Ww ]uckvXyIrXnIfpsS ]km[-\Øn\v IΩn‰n sNehnÂŽXmbn KhÂżWÂż P\dens‚ i≀bnÂŹs]ÂŽncn-°p∂psh∂pw C\ntaÂŹ ^≠ns‚ Hcwihpw Cu BhiyØn\v D]-tbmKn°m≄ ]mSnsöv KhÂżWÂż P\dens‚ IušknÂŹ A\pimkn-°p∂psh∂pw UnInbnÂŹ ]dℱp.

CsXm∂pw U^ns\ Xr]vX\m°nbn√. UnIn At±lØns‚BZÂżitØmfw Db¿∂ncp∂n√. sa°mtf hnKv ]m¿Žn°mc\mbncp∂p.aX\nct]ÂŁXbmbncp∂p sa°mtfbpsS ]_p≀XbpsS ]amWw.X∑qew UnInbnÂŹ InkvXob t_m[\Øn\p hyhĂżbn√. U^vBIsÂŽ InkvXy≄ anj\dnbmbncp∂p. euInIamb HØpXo¿∏n\p-th≠n "InkvXobX' _enIgn°p∂Xv Ip‰IcamsW∂v At±lw

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Nn„nÂźp. F∂ncn°nepw InkvXpaX]NcWØn\v ]kvXpX UnInD]tbmKn°m≄ At±lw XĂžmdmbn.

sImtfmWnbenktØmSp≈ C„ybpsS FXn¿∏v C√mXm°phm≄ln”paXsØ \in∏n°Wsa∂Xmbncp∂p sa°mtfbpsS Xmev]cyw.InkvXpaXĂżm]\Øn\pth≠n ln”paXsØ \in∏n°Wsa∂mbn-cp∂p U^ns‚ eÂŁyw. kzm`mhnIambpw, sImtfmWnbÂŹ Khšsa‚ vsa°mtfbpsS ]h¿Ø\coXnbv°p ]n„pW \ÂŹIn. F„mbmepwc≠p t]cptSbpw Dt±iyw Cw‱ojv hnZym`ymkØneqsS ln”paXsØ\in∏n°pIbmbncp∂p.

I°ŽbnÂŹ 1822˛¬ Ăżm]nÂź Khšsa‚ v saUn° Ăżm]\-ØneqsS BbpÂżthZsØ ]p\cp≀cn°phm≄ ]uckvXyhmZnIƒ(Hmdnb‚enÃpIƒ) ]cnianÂźp. hnZym`ymkw Bw‱nknÃpIfpsS coXn-bnÂŹ apt∂dp∂]ÂŁw, Ipdℱ]ÂŁw Hcp Hmdnb‚enÃv saUn°kÂșZmbsa¶nepw hfcsÂŽsb∂mbncp∂p AhcpsS Nn„. U^pwkplrØp°fpw ]Xntj[nÂźp, ]tÂŁm`w \SØn. 1835 P\phcn 28˛\pKhÂżWÂż P\dÂŹ Cu saUn° Ăżm]\w \n¿Øem°n. ]mâ€șmXyHuj[Øn\p ]pXnb tImfPv Bcw`nÂźp. B ]pXnb tImfPv 1835Pqš H∂n\p I°ŽmbnÂŹ Xpd∂p. Cu Ăżm]\w XmaknbmsXtemIØnse G‰hpw henb saUn° hnZymebambn amdn. U^ns‚]NmcW ]h¿Ø\w t_mws_bnepw aZmknepw emtlmdnepwBKbnepw saUn° hnZym`ymkw hym]n°m≄ ImcW`qXambn.

U^ns‚ ]ptcmKmanbmb ]h¿Ø\ßfpsS aq∂masØ taJekmlnXyambncp∂p. C„y≄ `mjIfnse kmlnXyØn\v Cw‱ojvkmlnXyw t_m[\w \ÂŹIWsa∂v At±lw BKlnÂźp. U v Xs‚hnZymebØnÂŹ Hcp _wKmfn Un∏m¿Žvsa‚ v Xpd∂p. ]mâ€șmXykXy-hpw Cw‱ojpImcpsS HuZmcyhpw ]cKpWImwÂŁbpw C„ybnseP\e£ßfnÂŹ FØWsa∂pw AhcpsS amXr`mjbnse kmlnXy-ØnÂŹ AXp _otPmÂŹ]mZ\Øn\p tlXp`qXamIWsa∂pw U^vZrVamb Xocpam\ØnseØn F∂v tPmÂżPv kvanØv tcJs∏SpØp∂p.

U^ns‚ hn`mh\ØnÂŹs]ÂŽ UnIn F„p t\Snsb∂p hnebncp-Øp∂Xp ]tbmP\Icambncnbv°pw. hnPbw kÂșq¿Æambncp∂n-söp hy‡w. F∂ncn°nepw KWyamb t\ÂŽw ssIh∂p. ]mâ€șmXykwkv°mcØns‚ BLmXØnÂŹ C„ybnse ssl”hkwkv°mc-Øn\p Cf°w XÂŽpIXs∂ sNbvXp. F√mbvt∏mgpw kw`hn°p∂Xp-t]mse B BLmXØn\p \ntj[mflIhpw cN\mflIhpamb e-ßfp≠v. Hcp C„y≄ kmaqly]cnjv°cW ]Ăżm\w Bcw`nÂźXv\√ ^eamWv. kXn t]mse ]e a\pjyXzclnXamb BNmcĂŸÆ’Ahkm\n∏n°phm≄ Ignℱp.

]mâ€șmXyen_dÂŹ hnZym`ymkØns‚ kzm[o\ØnÂŹ C„ym-

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°m¿°p ]pXnb A[nImctkmX v e`yambn. ]hnXsa∂pw ssl”-hthZßfpsS ]n≄_eap≈sX∂pw ]cnKWnÂźpt]m∂ ]e kn≀m„-ßtfbpw FXn¿°m\pw D√wLn°m\pw Bhiyamb [ocX P\ĂŸÆ’-°v AXnÂŹ\n∂pw e`nÂźp. BtcmKy]cncÂŁbpw hnZym`ymkhpw Kh -sa‚m^okpIfpw hn]peamb tXmXnÂŹ P\ĂŸÆ’Â°p ]m]yambn. P\-ßsf AI‰n\n¿Øphm≄ D≠m°nbncp∂ hne°pIƒ CSnÂźp\nc-Øm≄ am¿§ap≠mbtXmsS P\kÂș¿°w h¿≀nÂźp.

U^v, hn’¹, sa°mtf F∂nhÂż \ΩpsS P\ßfnse htcWy-hn`mKØnt∑¬ Cw‱ojv hnZym`ymkw ASntÂźev]nÂźn√mbncp∂psh-¶nÂŹ sImtfmWnbÂŹ cWImesØ sFIyw km≀yamIpambncpt∂mF∂ tNmZyw ]k‡amWv. Hmdnb‚enÃv ]£°mcpsS A`n]mba-\pkcnÂźp t]mbncps∂¶nÂŹ Cu cmjvSw GXp coXnbnemIpambncp-∂p? C„y≄ \mjWÂŹ tImšKkv Cu coXn-bnÂŹ cq]hev°cn°-s∏Spambncpt∂m. PhlÂżemÂŹ s\lr CXtbsd kap∂XambĂżm\sØØpambncpt∂m? CØcw tNmZyĂŸÆ’ Hcp]tÂŁ Aek-amb hy¿∞`mh\Ifnte°mhpw \sΩ \bn°pI. ]tÂŁ, \ΩpsSC∂sØ \ne a\ nem°phm\pw Hcp cmjvSsa∂ \nebnÂŹ `mhnIcp∏nSn∏n°m\pw ian°ptÂșmƒ AXns\√mw kmwKXyhpw ]k‡n-bpaps≠∂XnÂŹ X¿°an√.

k¶pNnXhpw ASℱXpamb Cw‱ojv hnZym`ymkØneqsS \mwkrjvSnÂź htcWyhn`mKsØ At]ÂŁnÂźv, IqSpXÂŹ PohhØpw kÂż-§mflIhpw hnhn[ kwkvImcßfnÂŹ \njvWmXcpamb Hcp kwLwA`ykvXhnZysc krjvSn°m≄ \ap°p Ignbpambncp∂nt√ F∂pNn„n°mhp∂XmWv.

Aßs\ Cw‱ojv hnZym`ymkw AXns‚ eÂŁyw mKnIambn t\Sn;kmwkvImcnIamb \nÂżhocyam°eneqsS C„y°mÂż sImtfmWnbÂŹ`cWtØmSp sas√ A\p`mhap≈hcmbn amdn. hn’s‚bpw U^n-s‚bpw D]tZim\pkcWw sa°mtf ]mInb ssa\pIƒ s]mÂŽnsØ-dnÂźp. ]cÂșcmKX ssl”hmNmcĂŸÆ’Â°v A`ykvXhnZycpsS taep≈kzm[o\w ÂŁbnÂźp. ]mâ€șmXycmPysØ en_depIfpsS ]Xn—mb-bnÂŹ GXp coXnbnepw sacp°nsbSp°mhp∂ ]cphØnembn C„y≄P\XbpsS t\XrXzw.

ln”paXsØbpw ln”p°sfbpw "InkvXp'hn\p apÂșnÂŹ ASnbdhp]dbn°Wsa∂p InkvXob anj\dn F∂ \nebnÂŹ U^v BKln-Âźncp∂p. C„ysb InkvXpaXØn\p hnt[bbm°m≄ sImtfmWn-bÂŹ `cWm[n]∑msc D]tbmKn°Ww. C°mcyØnÂŹ U^ns‚eÂŁyw hfsc ]cnanXamb tXmXnse t\Sm≄ Ignℱp≈q. InkvXy≄kvIqfpIfnepw tImfPpIfnepw ]TnÂźp InkvXob aqeyĂŸÆ’ BKn-cWw sNbvX bphm°fpw bphXnIfpw hfsctbsdsbm∂pw InkvXp-aXw kzoIcnÂźXmbn ImWp∂n√. Npcp°w NneÂż InkvXym\nIfmbn.

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cmPm kÂż almcmPknwKv, cmPIpamcn AarX IuÂż XpSßnb Nne-cpsS t]cpIƒ InkvXym\nIfmbn aX]cnh¿Ø\w \SØnb t\Xm-°fpsS IqŽØnÂŹ Hm¿°m\p≠v. ChÂż t]mepw ]cÂșcmKX ssl”h-]â€șmØeØnÂŹ \n∂p≈hc√. InkvXob hnZymebßfnÂŹ ]TnÂźln”p°fnÂŹ `qcn`mKhpw _nÂŽojv InkvXpaXØnÂŹ \n∂pw bqtdm-]y≄ ]_p≀Xm]ImiØnÂŹ \n∂pw At\Iw aqeyĂŸÆ’ kzmbØ-am°nsb¶nepw \maamX ln”p°fmbnØs∂ XpScpIbmWp≠mbXv.

\maamX ln”p°fmbncp∂psh∂p ]dbphm≄ ImcWap≠v.tÂŁXmcm[\, h\Ønse P\]mcmbWw XpSßnb ln”paXmNmc-ßtfmSv AhcnÂŹ ]ecpw bmX ]dℱp. Bw‱n°≄ kwkv°mcmth-inXcmb Cu ln”p°ƒ kmwkv°mcnIamb ln”p ]mcÂșcysØA`nam\]q¿∆w Db¿Øn∏nSnÂźpsh¶nepw AhcpsS Nn„bpw ]Xnkv]-”\ßfpw ]mâ€șmXy hnZym`ymkØns‚ kzm[o\Øn\p hnt[bambn.ln”p kzXzw kwcÂŁn°p∂tXmsSm∏w Xs∂, s\lr cq]s∏SpØnbHcp "sk°peÂż' kzXztØmSv AhÂż hnt[bXzw hmKvZm\w sNbvXp.ap
oßfnepw kn°pImcnepw D≈ A`ykvXhnZy¿°pw Cßs\Xs∂kw`hnÂźp.

Aßs\ C„ybnse A`ykvXhnZycpsS BflmhnÂŹ Hcp kzXz-]Xnk‘n ]e XeapdIfntebv°p XpS¿∂p≠mbn. Cu kwLÂŽ\am-Wnt∏mƒ ]e coXnbnep≈ h¿§obXbmbn ads]m°n shfnbnÂŹ h∂n-ÂŽp≈Xv. `qcn]ÂŁ ssl”h hÂżKobXbmWv AhbnÂŹ ][m\w.

Cw‱ojv hnZym`ymkw ASntÂźev]nÂź \nÂżhocyXbnÂŹ\n∂p kS-IpSℱv Fgpt∂‰v hodpw hocyhpw hos≠Sp°Wsa∂p A`ykvXhnZy-cmb ln”p°fnÂŹ ]ecpw Nn„nÂźpXpSßn. B D°Sm`nhm©, \nÂż-hocyam°s∏® kzXzØnÂŹ \n∂v Dbcp∂XmIbmÂŹ, AXp ]e kc-WnIsf Ahew_n°p∂p; Cw‱ojns‚ Ăżm\Øp ln”n ]XnjvTn-°m\p≈ ]tÂŁm`w, C„y≄ cmjvSob kÂșZvhyhĂżbnÂŹ ln”ntaJebpsS \nb„Ww Dd∏m°m\p≈ ]bXv\ĂŸÆ’, D]cnπhambHcp ln”paX \hoIcWØn\p ioL^ew \ÂŹIp∂ amÂżÂ§ĂŸÆ’ Xnc-sℱSp°, BÂż. Fkv. Fkv. s‚bpw ln”p cmjvSob ]m¿ŽnIfp-sSbpw cq]hev°cWw XpSßnbh, ]e kcWnIfnÂŹ NneXmWv.AtXkabw kn°pImcpw InkvXym\nIfpw ap
oßfpw AhchcpsSkzXzw Ăżm]n°m≄ hIamÂżÂ§ĂŸÆ’ Ahew_n°p∂p. CsX√mw hÂż-§ob kwLÂŽ\ĂŸÆ’Â°pw hÂżKob elfIƒ°pw ImcWamIp∂p≠v.

aXsØ cmjvSob eÂŁyĂŸÆ’Â°mbn D]tbmKn°p∂Xn\pw XÂŹ -eambn hÂżKob kwLÂŽ\ĂŸÆ’Â°nSbmIp∂Xn\pw cmjvSob°msc ]gn]dbpI Ffp∏amWv. F∂mÂŹ sk°peÂż kzXzw, C„y≄ kzXzw,hÂżKob kzXzw F∂nh XΩnep≈ kwLÂŽ\w \ΩpsS skan\mdpI-fntem tPÂżWepIfntem Kƾßfntem ssIImcyw sNĂžmsX t]mIp-∂psh∂XmWp ]k‡amb Imcyw. C„y≄ kzXzØns‚ kz`mhhpw

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kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX456

]cnKW\obamWv. htcWyh¿§Øns‚ kzXzhpw km[mcW P\ß-fpsS kzXzhpw XΩnep≈ kwLÂŽ\hpw Aßs\Xs∂.

Bw‱nknÃpIfpw \ΩpsS tZiob t\Xm°fpw XmtemenÂźpt]m∂BibamWv `qXImehpambp≈ kÂșq¿Æ hnt—Zw. C„y≄ kzXz-Øns‚ ]â€șmØeØnÂŹ Cu \ne]mSv ]p\x]cntim[\ AÂżln-°p∂p. kzmX„y]tÂŁm`WtØmSpIqSn Bcw`n°p∂ `mcX Ncn-XØnÂŹ B kzXzw A[njvTnXambn°qSm.

Cu ]iv\w BÂżj`mcXØnte°mƒ IqSpXembn, \mkvXnI-sa∂p ]Jym]nXamb tkmhnb‰v bqWnb\nÂŹ AwKoIcn°s∏Sp∂p-s≠∂Xp hnNnXambntØm∂mw. Ac\q‰m≠p apÂșv Ãmens‚ cW-ImeØmWp tkmhnb‰v bqWnb≄ BZyambn Cu ]iv\w A`napJoI-cnÂźXv. \mknIfpsS BIaW ImeØv. BIaWw XpSßptÂșmƒt_mƒsjhnIv hnπhw Xo¿∂nÂŽp IjvSnÂźp 25 hÂżjamIp∂tXbp≈p.[otcmNnXamb Hcp sNdpØp\nev]p kwLSn∏n°m≄ B NpcpßnbImeNcnXw ]cym]vXambn√. Sm¿ŽmdpIfpsSbpw awtKmfnIfpsSbpwBIaWsØ FXn¿Øp\n∂ djybpsS NcnX]kn≀amb ]Xntcm-[Øns‚ NcnXsØ°pdnÂźp≈ Aht_m[w Ãmen\v P\ßsft_m≀ys∏SptØ≠n h∂p. djy≄ Hm¿ØtUmIvkv k`sbbpwk\ymkmiaßsfbpw _nj∏pamscbpw Np‰n∏‰nbp≈ sNdpØp-\nev]mbncp∂p AXv. kmlnXyw, _mse, \mSIw, NeÂźnXw F∂n-hbneqsS Cu Hm¿ΩIsf kPohambn ]p\chXcn∏n°p∂Xn\p \mkv-XnIKhšsa‚pw ]m¿Žnbpw InWℱp]cnianÂźp. ka¿∞amb HcptPmenbmWv A∂hÂż \nÂżhlnÂźXv. Cu ]InbbnÂŹ P\ßfpsS]n„pW t\Sm≄ ssIkvXh k`sbt∏mepw ]gb tkmhnb‰v bqWn-b\v D]tbmKnt°≠nh∂p. tamkvt°m ]mXnb¿°okv AeIvknkv,ln‰vetdmSp≈ FXn¿Øp\nev]ns‚ [oc t\XmhmbnØocpIbpwsNbvXp.

s]cnkvtSmbn°bpsS Imcyhpw hyXykvXa√. djybpw a‰pw hntZ-iobmIaWØns‚ `ojWnbnesænepw apXemfnØØns‚bpwkmamPyXzØns‚bpw i‡nIfnÂŹ\n∂p IqSpXÂŹ hn]°camb`ojWnIfmWv B cmPyĂŸÆ’ t\cnSp∂Xv. cmPysØ sR°nsRcp-°p∂ Cu hn]Øns\ t\cnSp∂Xn\p≈ apJyamÂżKw Cu cmPyßsfkmÂșØnIambpw kmwkv°mcnIambpw i‡am°pIbmWv. kÂșZv-hyhĂżsb ]p\xkwLSn∏nÂźp _ehØm°p∂Xnepw cmjvSØns‚kmwkv°mcnI ssNX\yw ]p\xĂżm]n°p∂Xnepw ][m\Ăżm\whln°p∂ LSIw am\hnI LSIhpw P\ßfpsS kzXzhpamsW∂hkvXpX C∂p s]mXpth a\ nem°n hcp∂p≠v.

C„ybnÂŹ qXImehpambp≈ _‘w kÂșq¿Æ-ambn hnt—ZnÂźXvCw‱ojv hnZym`ymktØmSpIqSnbmWv. ]tÂŁ, ]nev°meØv IqÂŽp-]ncnℱ `qXImeNcnXsØ ]p\xkrjvSnt°≠Xns‚ BhiyI-

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kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 457

Xbpw \mw a\ nem°n. Aßs\ ]p\xkrjvSn°s∏® `qXImeØn-s‚ A[nI]¶pw ap≄hn[n Ie¿∂Xpw ]dsℱgpXnÂźXpamWv. AXm-Wn∂v \ΩpsS kvIqfpIfnepw bqWnthgvkn‰nIfnepw C„ymNcn-XØns‚ cq]ØnÂŹ ]Tn∏n°p∂Xv.

aXØnepw kwkv°mcØnepw F°meØpw mcXw ssl”hambn-cps∂∂ [mcW ]ISn∏n°m≄ \ΩpsS _p≀aX ss]XrIhpw ssP\aX ss]XrIhpw A[nI]¶pw \mw NhpÂŽnsaXnÂźp. at≀yjy, ]â€șn-tajy, Kokv F∂nhnSßfnse \mKcnIXItfmSpw kwkv°mcß-tfmSpw \ap°p≈ IS∏mSv Xpd∂p kΩXn°p∂Xnepw \mw A[nI-]¶pw ]cmPbs∏®p.

C„y≄ kzXzw DtØPn∏n°p∂Xnepw ]p\xĂżm]n°p∂Xnepwaq∂p LSIĂŸÆ’ AXy„mt]ÂŁnXßfmbn tXm∂p∂p. \ΩpsS qX-Imew kw_‘nÂź IqSpXÂŹ kXyk‘amb hnebncp؏, \ΩpsSkmÂżhP\o\hpw kmÂżhtZiobhpamb kÂș¿°ßsf∏‰n IqSpXÂŹk„penXamb Aht_m[w, Bwt‱m Atacn°≄ kwkv°mcĂŸÆ’HgnÂźp≈ a‰p kwkv°mcßfnte°p IqSpXÂŹ EPphmb ]thi\wF∂nhbmWo LSIĂŸÆ’.

(Enlightenment East and West (Published by Indian Institute of Advanced Stud-ies, Shimla, 1991) F∂ KĆž-Ønse ]Ømw A≀ym-b-Øns‚ kwKlw.]cn-`m-j-I≄: Fw. Ipcy≄)

tUm. Koh¿Kokv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbm-kn-s\m∏w

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2]mâ€șmXy ]_p-≀X-bpsS

amdp∂ apJ-ĂŸÆ’B[p-\nIw (Modern), B[p\ntIm-Øcw (Post - Modern), LS-\m-

hmZw (Structuralism), A-]-\nÂżam-Ww -F-∂n-ßs\ ]mâ€șmXy kmln-Xy-Ønepw ZÂżi-\-Ønepw DS-se-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Bi-b-ßsf \mw ae-bm-fo-I-cn-°p-tÂșmƒ Cu BibßfpsS NcnX]â€șmØesØ Ah-KWnÂźmWp ]et∏mgpw \mw AXp sNĂžp∂Xv. ]mâ€șmXycoXnIsf`mKnIambnsŽ¶nepw A\p[mh\w sNĂžpI-sb∂Xp `mcXØnseF√m Nn„mkcWnI-fnepw ImWs∏Sp∂ Hcp ]hWXbmWv.

`mcXob Nn„mhn`mKßsf°pdnÂźp mcXob¿°p≈ Adnhv an°-t∏mgpw ]cnanXamWv. AXnt\°mƒ IqSpXÂŹ D]tbmKnÂźp ]cnNb-ap≈Xv ]mâ€șmXyNn„mhn`mKßfmWv (Categories of thought).

]mâ€șmXyNn„ amXa√, ]mâ€șmXy kwkvImcw Xs∂ C∂v kp]-[m\amb Hcp hgnØncnhnseØn, FtßmÂŽp XncnbWsa∂dnbmsXA‘mfnÂźp \n°pIbmWv. B A‘mfn∏nÂŹ \n∂pZnÂźXmWv C∂pImWp∂ ]e Nn„mkcWnIfpw. Ccp∂qdnÂŹ]cw hÂżjßfmbnBtKmfkzm[o\w sNepØns°m≠ncn-°p∂ ]mâ€șm-Xy\mK-cn-I-X-bv°v ASnĂżm\]camb Aafn Bcw-`-ØnØs∂ ]‰nbnÂŽps≠∂Imcyw CubnsS amXamWv A[nIw t]cpsSbpw Nn„bv°p hnjb-ambnÂŽp≈Xv. Cu ASnĂżm\]camb Aafnsb-∏‰n tIcfob Nn„-Icpw t_m[hm∑mcmtI≠Xv hfsc Ahiyw Xs∂. ]tÂŁ, AXn\p-th-≠p∂ NcnX-⁄m\hpw ZmÂżi\nIt_m[hpap≈ Nn„Itcm tIc-fØnÂŹ hfsc hncfhpw.

BwKekmlnXyØns‚ NphSp ]nSnÂźmWp aebmf kmlnXyhpw`mcXob ZÂżi\hpw ]ptcmKan°m≄ ian°p∂sX∂p ]et∏mgpwtXm∂nt∏mIpw. BwKe kwkvImcsa∂p ]dℱmÂŹ, Cw‱≠nepwAtacn°-bnepw D≈hcpsSbpw AXpt]mse Cw‱ojv `mj A`ykn-ÂźnÂŽp≈ a‰p a\pjycpsSbpw kwkvImcw. ]tÂŁ B kwkvImcØns‚Xs∂ NcnX]â€șmØesØ∏‰n ]Tn-°phm\p≈ Ahkcw \ΩpsSkmlnXyImc∑m-cnÂŹ hfsc°pdÂźpt]¿°p amXta D≠mbnÂŽp≈p. B]â€șmØeØnte°v AÂŹ]w shfnÂźw hoipIbpw AXnÂŹ \n∂pcp-ØncnℱnÂŽp≈ kmln-Xy- -ZÂżi-\ kcWn-Isf B ]â€șm-ØeØnÂŹa\ nem°phm≄ klm-bn°pIbpamWv Cu teJ\w sIm≠pt±-in°p∂Xv.

B[p\nI ]_p≀X

]_p≀X F∂ ]Zw XnIÂźpw `mcXobamWv. _p≀[¿ΩØnse

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tI”BibamWv ]_p≀X AYhm t_m[n (Enlightenment). CutemI-Ønep≈ H∂n\pw AXn-t‚-Xmb kz`mhans√-∂pw, a\p-jy-a\ pw AXns\ A`napJoIcn°p∂ as‰mcp ]Xn`mkhpw XΩnÂŹ]ckv]ckÂș¿°ap≠mIptÂșmƒ, Nne ]tXyI kmlN-cyß-fnÂŹDZn-Âźpbcp∂ Cu temIhpw Cu Alhpw kXy-hp-a-√, Ak-Xyhp-a√, bYm¿∞-hpa-√, AbYm¿∞-hpa√ "]XoXykapXv]∂w' amX-amWv F∂pw Adnhp≠mIptÂșmƒ F√m I¿Øm, I¿Ωhnjb-hnthN\-ĂŸÆ’Â°paXoXambn Nn„bv°pw ]⁄bv°pw A∏pdØpa\pjy]⁄bpsS AXncn‡]Xn`mkambn \nÂżhmWw AYhmkayIvkwt_m[nbp≠mIp∂p. AXn\mWp _p≀`Khms‚ injy∑mÂżt_m[n F∂ t]cp sImSpØXv.

Cu ]_p≀Xm]ZØn\p mcXob ]mcÂșcyØnÂŹ \n∂p XnIÂźpwhyXykvX-amb as‰mc¿∞amWv ]Xn-s\ÂŽmw \q‰m≠nse B[p\nI]mâ€șmXy]_p≀X (Modern Western Enlightenment) \ÂŹInbXv._p≀[¿Ω-Ønse t_m[n k¿∆sØbpw H∂mbn°mWp∂p.]mâ€șmXyt_m[n \ncoÂŁI-s\bpw \ncoÂŁnXsØbpw c≠mbn-Øs∂ ImWp∂p. temIsØ Xs∂ AXp ImWp∂Xv AXns‚ _lp-kz`mhØns‚ ASnĂżm\-ØnemWv. _p≀t_m[nbnse GIXzwAXp ImWpt∂bn√. _p≀t_m[nbpsS ^ew IcpWbpw `uXnI-aqeyßtfmSp≈ sshcmKyhpw k¿∆krjvSnItfmSpap≈ ssaXnbpwBsW-¶nÂŹ, ]mâ€șm-Xy-t_m-[n-bnÂŹ \n∂p-≠mIp∂Xv kÂżhsØbpwhnjbh°cnÂźv, Adnℱv, \nb„nÂźv, A[o\am°n, kzmbØam-°phm\p≈ hyK-XbmWv.

]Xns\ÂŽmw iXm_vZØnÂŹ XgÂźphf¿∂ Cu at\m-`m-h-Øns‚]cym-b-]-Z-ß-fmWv "B[p-\n-I-Xbpw', "]_p-≀-Xb-pw.' B[p\nIXsb\nÂżhNn°Wsa¶nÂŹ Cu ]_p≀XbpsS hniIe\Øns‚ ]â€șm-ØeØnte km[n°q.

]mâ€șmXycpsS Cu B[p\nI ]_p≀XbpsS eÂŁWĂŸÆ’ \m-emWv.

a\p-jy-kzm-X„yw

H∂maXp a\pjykzmX„yØnt∑-ep≈ Du∂¬. "F„mWp]_p≀X?' F∂ ioÂżjIØnÂŹ s_Âżeo-\nsj tamWm‰vkvjv-dn^v‰vF∂ amkn-IbpsS 1784 Unkw-_Âż e°-ØnÂŹ CΩm\phÂŹ Im‚ v]_p≀X-bpsS AYhm ⁄mt\m-±o]\Øns‚ \nÂżhN\w \ÂŹIp-∂Xv Cu hn[ØnemWv:

""a\p-jy≄ Xs‚ krjvSnbmb A]IzXbpsS XS-hnÂŹ\n∂p hnap-‡n]m]nÂźp ]pd-Øndßp∂XmWv ]_p-≀X. A\y\nÂżtZiØn\pIogvs∏SmsX kz„w t_m[Øn\\pk-cnÂźp Pohn°phm\p≈ Dƒ-°cpØn√mbva-bmWv Cu A]-IzX F∂p ]dbp∂Xv. CsXmcp

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kzbm¿÷n-Xamb A]IzX Xs∂. bp‡nNn„ (reason) bv°vAekXbpw ‱m\nbpw `hn-Âźncn°p∂Xv KlW⁄m\i‡nbpsSIpdhpsIm≠√, ]XypX as‰mcm-fpsS \nÂżt±iw IqSmsX Ah-\-hs\-Øs∂ tkhn-°p-hm\p≈ Xocp-am-\i-‡nbpw ss[cyhpw C√msXt]mhp-∂XpsIm≠m-Wv. kss[cyw Nn„n°q (SAPERE AUDE), kz„wKlW-i-‡n°\p-kcnÂźp Pohn°phm\p≈ ss[cyw IĂžnseSp°q.Dd°ØnÂŹ \n∂v DW-cq. CXmWp ]_p≀X-bpsS apZmhmIyw.''

CXmWv B[p\nIXbpsSbpw ]mâ€șmXy]_p≀XbpsSbpw H∂m-asØ eÂŁ-Ww. shdpw a\pjykzmX-„ya√ ChnsS kqNn∏n°p∂Xv.C∂sehsc am\knI ASnaØØnÂŹ ab-ßn°nS∂ncp∂ a\pjy≄DWÂżs∂-gpt∂-‰n- v, X\n°p bPam-\\mbn Cuizct\m, aX-tam, shfn-]mtSm ]mcÂșcytam C√. Rm≄ Xs∂-bmWv Fs‚ A[n]≄ F∂pÂŹ-tLmjn°p∂ ]Inb-bv°mWp kzmX„yw F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. BkzmX-„yamWv B[p\nIXbpsSbpw ]mâ€șm-Xy ]_p≀-XbpsSbpwapJapZ.

Cu kzmX„y ]Jym-]\w kIehn[amb _mlym[nImcĂŸÆ’-°psaXncmbp≈ hnπ-hamWv. bqtdm-∏nÂŹ ]`pXzw Ăżm]nÂźv a\pjy-a\ ns\ A]IzXbpsS NßeIƒ sIm≠p _‘nÂźnÂŽncp∂saUohÂŹ ItØm-en°mk`bpsS amX-a-√, \hoIcW]Ăżm-\-ØnÂŹIqsS t]m - v InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS thZ-]p-kvX-IØns‚ A[nImcwIqSn hensÂźdnbpIbmbncp∂p bqtdm∏nÂŹ ]_p≀X sNbvXXv. H‰-bSn°p ssZhimkvXØn (theology) s‚bpw k`mt\Xr-Xz-Øn-s‚bpwXncp-sh-gp-Øp-I-fpsSbpw shfn]m-Sp-I-fpsSbpw amX-a√, kIe]mNo\ ]mcÂș-cy-ßfpsSbpw \ncm-IcWamWp ]mâ€șmXy]_p≀XAYhm B[p\nI-X.

]cam[nImcw

c≠matØXp hn[nhnt[b-bp‡n-bpsS ]cam[nImcamWv. _mlym-[nImcßsf√mw FSpsØdnℱp IgnbptÂșmƒ Ahtijn°p∂Xva\pjys‚ bp‡n amXam-Wv. B bp‡n°p ]cnanXnIfps≠¶nepwB ]cnanXnIƒ°p≈nÂŹ Hmtcmhn[ bp‡n°pap≈ N -ßf\pk-cnÂźpaptÂșmÂŽpt]mbmÂŹ hgnsX‰pIbn√ F∂mbncp∂p CΩm\pthÂŹ Im‚n-s‚ hmZw. ip≀bp‡n (Pure Reason), ]mtbmKnI bp‡n (PrecticalReason), BkzmZ\ hnthN\bp‡n (Judgement) Cßs\ aq∂mbna\pjya\- ns‚ ]h¿Ø-\ßsf Im‚ v thÂżXn-cn-Âźp. ip≀-bp-‡n-sIm≠p hkvXp-°-sfbpw hnj-b-ß-sfbpw Adnbmw. ]mtbmKnI-bp‡n sIm≠p ]h¿Øn°phm≄ ]‰nbtXsX∂p Ăżm]n°mw.BkzmZ\hnthN\ bp‡n sIm≠p IemhkvXp°sfbpw kmlnXy-IrXnI-sfbpw a‰pw hnebncpØmw. BZytØXv Nn„bv°p \nbawkrjvSn°p∂p. c≠matØXv C—mi‡n°v; aq∂matØXp kzmZn\vAYhm hnthN\Øn\v.

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Xnhn[bp‡nsIm≠p t\Sp∂ GXdnhpw Ft∏mgpw ho≠pwtNmZyw sNĂžm≄ bp‡n°p km[n°pw. \nâ€șnX am¿§ØnÂŹ IqSn-bmtWm Hcp ]tXyI Adnhp≠mbXv F∂p ]cntim[n°phm≄bp‡nb√msX a‰p-cI√n√. bp‡nsIm≠p≠mIp∂ Adnshm∂pw ]c-a-a-√. tNmZyw sNĂžm\mh-mØXpa√. ]tÂŁ, tNmZyw sNĂžm≄ bp‡n-°√msX a‰m¿°pw A[nImcan√. bp‡nbpsS F√mhn[nbpw hn[nhnt[bamWv. CXmWp hn[nhn-t[bbp‡n-sb∂p Rm≄ hnh-ÂŁn°p∂"In‰n° dokš.' bp‡nsb \nb„n°phmt\m tNmZyw sNĂžmt\mkm[n°p∂ GIi‡n bp‡n Xs∂.

]mâ€șmXy ]_p-≀-X-bpsS auenIXØz-ß-fnÂŹ AXn-]m-[m\y-ap≈-XmWv Cu hn[n-hnt[b-bp-‡n. B[p-\nIw F∂p ]d-bp∂ kao-]\coXn-bnepw hn[n-hn-t[b bp‡n°p tI”o-Ir-X-amb Ăżm\-ap-≠v.]cm-ibw As√-¶nÂŹ ]c-\n-b-„Ww (heteronomy) C√mØ, kz„-\n-b-a-hn-t[-b-amb (autonomous) AkvXn-Xz-ØnÂŹ a\p-jy≄ hf-c-W-sa-¶nÂŹ ]mc-Âș-cyw, aX-hn-izmkw apX-emb ⁄mt\m-]m-[n-Isf \ntcm-[n-Âźv, Ah-\-hs‚ hn[n-hn-t[b bp‡nsb amXw Bi-bnÂźp Pohn-°m-\m-h-Ww.

B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS As√-¶nÂŹ ]mâ€șmXy ˛ ]_p-≀-X-bpsS ASn-Ăżm\]amW-ß-fnÂŹ aq∂m-atØXv B[p-\nIimkvX (Modern sci-ence) sØ amXw bYm¿∞ ⁄m\-ambn kzoI-cnÂźv AXnÂŹ A[n-jvTnXamb kmt¶-XnI hn⁄m\w D]tbmKnÂźv Hcp \mKcnIXsIÂŽn∏Sp°pIsb∂XmWv. Ignℱ Ccp\q‰m≠pIfnÂŹ B[p-\nIimkvXØn\pw kmt¶-XnIhn⁄m-\-Øn\pw D≠mbnÂŽp≈ t\ -ĂŸÆ’A`qX-]qÂżhßfpw Bâ€șcyIc-ßfpw Xs∂. kwi-b-sam-∂p-an-√.Fs„√mw A‘hn-izm-k-ßsf Im‰nÂŹ ]d-∏n-°p-hm≄ imkvX-Øn\pkm[n-ÂźnÂŽp-≠v. a\p-jys‚ BtcmKysØ A]ISØnem-°p∂ GsX-√mw tcmKßsfbpw _m[Isfbpw \mamhti-jam°n! FX ku[-ßfpw AW-s°-ÂŽpIfpw ]meßfpw bÂ„ĂŸfpw B[p\nI kmt¶-XnIXbpsS kÂżKi-‡n°p kmÂŁyw hln°p∂p. BImik©m-chpw thKØnep≈ hm¿Ømhn\n-abhpw kmt¶-Xn-IXbt√ \ap°p\njv]-bmkam°nØo¿ØXv.

a\pjykzmX-„yw, hn[n-hn-t[bbp‡n-, imkvXkmt¶XnIXF∂o aq∂p ][m\ XqWpIfnt∑emWv ]mâ€șmXy kwkvIm-chpw,AXn\p \nZm\amb ]_p≀Xbpw B[p\nIXbpw \ne\n°p∂Xv.\memasØ XqWv skIypeÂż tÉv BWv. temIsaßpw hym]nÂźvhnizsØ GIh°cn°m≄ Cu ]_p≀Xbv°p km[nÂźp. aX\nc-t]ÂŁamb Cu skIypeÂż \mKcnIX a‰p≈hsct∏mse mcXobcpwkzmbØam°n.

B ]_p-≀-X-bpsS ASn-Ăżm-\-Øn-emWp \ΩpsS c-W-Ăżm-]-\-ßfpw hnZym-`ymk kÂș-Zm-bhpw NnIn’mcoXnbpw hm¿Ømhn\n-

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kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX462

abam[yaßfpw kmlnXyhpw Z¿i\hpsams° ]ptcmKan¼psIm≠n-cn°p∂Xv.

s\lvdp

]gb ]mcÂșcyw ]ptcmKa\Øn\p hneßpXSnbmWv, ]qÂżh-Imehpambn Hcp ]q¿Æhnt—Z\w (a clean break with the past) BWvkzX„`mcXØn\mhiyw F∂mbncp∂p mcXcmjvS in¸nIfnÂŹ]apJ\mb ]fin‰v s\lvdphns‚bpw A`n]mbw. `qXImesØhnkvacnÂźv mhnsb amXw em°m°n aptÂșmÂŽp t]mI-Wsa∂p tIw_n-UvPnÂŹ ]TnÂźXmWv PhlÂżemÂŹ s\lvdp ChnsSbpw \S∏m°phm≄ianÂźXv. ]mâ€șmXy ]_p≀XbpsS DØa k„m\amb s\lvdpa\pjykvt\lnbmbncp-∂p. ]tÂŁ,- ]ptcmKa\Øn\p \√ am¿§-ambnAt±lw I≠Xv mc-Xob ]mc-Âș-cy-ßsf \ncm-I-cnÂźp ]mâ€șmXy ]_p-≀-X-bnse ]pXnb Bi-b-ßsf `mc-X-Ønepw \S-∏nÂŹhcp-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. B ]mâ€șmXy]_p-≀-X-bpsS c≠p IrXn-I-fmb amÂżIvkn-k-ØnÂŹ \n∂pw en_-d-en-k-ØnÂŹ \n∂pw GSp-Iƒ ]dn-sÂź-Sp-ØmWp\ΩpsS cmjvS-Øns‚ `mhn Icp-∏n-Sn-∏n-°p-hm≄ At±lw DZy-an-Âź-Xv.alm-flm-Km-‘n-bp-sSbpw SmtKm-dn-s‚bpw hniz-ZÂżi-\-ĂŸÆ’ s\lvdp-hn\p kzoIm-cy-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p. cmPmdmw taml≄tdmbnsbt∏mse Ph-lÂżemÂŹ s\lvdphpw Cw‱o-jn-ep≈ ]Øp ]pkvXIw hmbn-°p-∂XpkwkvIr-X-Ønepw mc-Xob`mj-I-fn-ep-ap≈ \qdp ]pkvX-I-ĂŸÆ’ hmbn-°p-∂-Xnt\-°mƒ ]tbm-P-\-I-c-ambn I≠p.

skIyp-e¿ tÉv

\mem-a-tØXp skIyp-eÂż tÉm-Wv. mcXØnÂŹ ]mâ€șmXy]_p-≀Xbv°p ]Ćžmhp sXfnÂź s\lvdp-hnÂŹIqSnbmWv C∂p \nehnep≈]e \√ Bibßfpw \ΩpsS CSbnÂŹ IS∂p h∂Xv. hockhÂż-°dns‚bpw ln”palmk`bpsSbpw Nn„bn-ep≈ Hcp ssl”hcm-jvSamWv s\lvdp G‰hpw IqSpXembn bs∏®Xv. A∂t±lhpw IqsS-bp≈ Ipsdt∏cpw ln”pcmjvSeÂŁysØ kss[cyw sNdpØn√m-bncp∂psh¶nÂŹ \mw FhnsSs¼∂p \n°pambncp-∂p F∂p Nn„n-Âźpt\m°q. kwL]cnhmcØns‚ t\XrXzØnÂŹ C∂p ImWp∂ ]h-W-X-Iƒ 1947-˛¬ ]m_-eyØnÂŹ h∂ncps∂¶nÂŹ `mcXØns‚ C∂-sØ AhĂż F„mbncn°pambncp∂p?

]tÂŁ, ln”p-cm-jvS-Øn\p ]Icw At±lw hn`m-h\w sNbvXXvHcp `mc-Xob `mj-bnepw hnh¿Ø\w sNĂžm-s\m°mØ "skIyq-eÂżtÉv' Bbn-cp-∂p. skIypeÂż F∂ Cw‱ojv ]ZØns‚ ]cn`mj"]m]-©nIw', "sFlnI-w', "temImbXw' Fs∂ms°bmWv. ]tÂŁ,s\lvdp hn`mh\w sNbvXXv Hcp "]m]©nI cmjvSt-am, "sFlnI-cmjvStam', "temIm-bX-cm-jvStam' A√m-bncp∂t√m. A¿∞-an-√mØ]Z-]tbmKßft√ Ah? "aX\nct]ÂŁ cmjvS'sat∂m, "atXXc-

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cmjvS'sat∂m D≈ ]Z-]-tbm-Khpw A¿∞-]pjvS-a-√. hSt° C„y-bnÂŹ "aXw' F∂ ]ZtØ°mƒ "[¿Ωw' F∂ ]ZamWp \mw "dnen-Py≄' F∂ t]Âż ]dbp∂ bmYm¿∞yØn\p XÂŹkaw. ]tÂŁ, "[¿Ω-\nct]ÂŁw' F∂p `mcXob`mjIfnÂŹ X¿÷a sNbvXmÂŹ "A[Âż-Ωmt]ÂŁnXw' F∂¿∞w h∂pt]mImw.

"skIyp-eÂż tÉv' Ipg∏ap≈ ]Z]tbmKamsW∂p s\lvdphn\vAdnbmambncp∂p. ]tÂŁ, ]m°nĂżm≄ Hcp C
manI cmjvSambnkzbw ]Jym]n°ptÂșmƒ `mcXw Hcp ssl”h cmjvSambn°cpXm-\p≈ ]hW-Xsb sNdp°m≄ ]‰nb Hcp ]ZØns‚ A`mhØnemWps\lvdp Cu hntijWw sXcsℱSpØXv. alm-fl-PnbpsS FXnÂż-hmZßsfm∂pw hnet∏mbn√. 1931˛¬ tImšK- ns‚ "skIypeÂżtÉv' ]tabw ]mkm-bn. F√m aXØn\pw hnizmkØn\pw ]q¿ÆkzmX„yap≈ Hcp kzX„ skIyp-eÂż tÉmWv \mw ]Wn-Xp-b¿Øp-∂Xv F∂v A∂p Xs∂ At±lw ]d-ℱp.

B[p-\nI ]mâ€șmXy ]_p-≀XbpsS \memasØ ][m\BibamWv Cu "skIypeÂż tÉv.' bqtdm-∏nÂŹ ItØmen°cpw t]m -ÂpImcpw XΩnÂŹ Gsd\mƒ bp≀w sNbvXv Ahkm\w 1648-˛¬shÃvt -enbm DSÂșSn sIm≠p kam[m\w Ăżm]nÂźt∏mƒ D≠m°nbXØzamWv cmPmhns‚ aXw P\-ßfpw kzoIcn°-W-sa∂Xv. BXØzØns‚ \ntj[amWv ^©phnπhØnÂŹ \n∂p≠mb skIyp-eÂż ]n≄kn∏nƒ. AXm-bXp cmjvShpw aXhpw XΩnÂŹ _‘an√.Hcp cmPysØ ]uc\mbXp sIm≠v B cmPyØp ]m_eyØnÂŹ\n°p∂ aXw Hcmƒ kzoIcnÂźpsIm≈Wsa∂n√. Hcp hy‡nbpsSaXw Abm-fpsS Xocpam\ØnÂŹs∏®-XmWv F∂ Cu XXzw Hcfhp-hsc \oXnIcn°msa¶nepw hfsc Npcp°w hy‡nIƒ amXta XĂŸÆ’C∂p ]n„pScp∂ aXw kzbw sXcsℱSpØhcmbp≈p. A[nIw-t]¿°pw GsX¶nepw Hcp ]tXyI aXtØm-Sp≈ _‘w NcnX-kmlNcyĂŸÆ’ sIm≠p≠mbnÂŽp≈XmWv.

aXhncp≀w]tÂŁ, aXw F∂p≈Xp hy‡nkzmX„yØn\p hnÂŽpsImSpØp

IgnbptÂșmƒ, a\pjys‚ kmaqlnI s]mXp-PohnXØnÂŹ aXØn\pĂżm\tam kmwKXytam C√ F∂p hcp∂p.

]mâ€șmXy ]_p≀X ASnĂżm\]cambnØs∂ aXhncp≀amWv(Cuizc\ntj[amWv). imkvXØnÂŹ "Cuizc≄' Hcp Bhiyan√mØk¶-ev]w (unnecessary hypothesis) AYhm "A\mhiy]-Xn⁄-'bmbnAh-ti-jn°p∂p. ZÂżi-\-ØnÂŹ Cuiz-c\p Ăżm\sam∂pan√. hnZym-`ymkØnepan√ Cuizcs‚bmhiyw. NnIn’mimkvXhpw Cuiz-c-\n-c-t]-ÂŁ-am-Wv. cmjvSob-ØnÂŹ Cuiz-c\p Ăżm\w sImSp-°m-\m-hn-√. kmt¶-XnI hn⁄m-\-Øn\pw hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab am[y-a-ĂŸÆ’Â°pwCuiz-c-s‚-bm-h-iy-sam∂p-an-√.

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Cuiz-c≄ C√ F∂p imkvXw sXfnbn-°m≄ ian-°p-∂n-s√-¶nepwASn-Ăżm-\-]c-ambn \nco-iz-c-am-Wv imkvX-Øns‚ Nn„m-k-c-Wn-Iƒ.

skIyp-e-dnkw F∂v C∂p \ΩpsS tImšKkv ]am-Wn-IfpwCS-Xp-]-ÂŁ-°mcpw sNm√n-s°m≠p\S-°p∂ Cu "Ckw' ZmÂżi-\n-I-ambn \oXo-I-cn-°m-\m-hm-Ø-Xm-Wv. "kwL-]-cn-hm-c-'tØmSp ]S-sh-ÂŽp-hm≄ amXw klm-bn-°p∂ ap\-bn-√mØ Hcp "Ip„w' BW-Xv. \ΩpsSkwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ][m\ iXp-hmb PmXn-hn-th-N-\-tØmSp t]mcm-Sp-hm≄ Cu "Ckw' HÂŽpw klm-bn-°p-∂n√ Xm\pw.

Aafn

]mâ€șmXy ]_p-≀X-bnse \Sp-Øq-WpI-fmb \men\pw bYm¿∞-ØnÂŹ ASnĂżm-\-an√ F∂-XmWp ]mâ€șmXy kwkvImcw ]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂ ZmcpWbmYm¿∞yw. \men-s\-°p-dnÂźpw ka-K-ambn ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-hm≄ Cu lkz-te-J\w sIm≠p km[n-°p-I-bn-√. B hnaÂżi\wFs‚ A©mdp ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-embn Rm≄ Ah-X-cn-∏n-Âźn-ÂŽp-≈Xv]mâ€șmXy ]_p-≀-X-bnÂŹ A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb \ΩpsS _p≀n-Po-hn-Iƒ°p hf-sc-sbm∂pw kzoIm-cy-am-Im≄ hgn-bn-√.

GXm-bmepw ASn-Ăżm-\-]-c-amb Aa-fn-sb-∏‰n hmZn-°p-∂-bmƒRm≄ amX-a-√. BwK-e-`mjm Nn„-I-tc-°mƒ IqSp-X-embn P¿Ω-\n-bnepw ^m≄kn-ep-amWv Cu Nn„-Iƒ Db¿∂ph∂n-ÂŽp-≈-Xv. IpdÂźp-t]cpsS t]cp- amXw ChnsS FSpØp]d-b-sÂŽ.

1. am¿Žn≄ sslU-§¿

B[p-\nI imkvXhpw kmt¶-XnI hn⁄m-\-hp-amWp ]mâ€șmXykwkvIm-c-Øns‚ bYm¿∞kz`mhw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ c≠p ]Xn-`m-k-ß-sf∂p sslU-§¿ hmZn-°p-∂p. a\p-jy\v Ahs\ Np‰n\n°p∂ a‰v AkvXn-Xz-ß-sf-°p-dnÂźp KmV-amb BImwÂŁ (Anxi-ety) D≠v. Xs‚ AkvXn-Xz-Øn\p klm-b-I-ambn Ahsb ]cn-h¿Ø\w sNbvXn-s√-¶nÂŹ B AkvXn-XzsØ Ah A]-I-S-Øn-em-°p-sa-∂mWv BImw-ÂŁ. Cu Bi-¶-bnÂŹ \n∂mWp imkvXhpwkmt¶-Xn-I-Xbpw DZn-°p-∂-Xv. hkvXp-°sf Adn-bp-∂Xv Adn-hn-\p-th-≠n amX-am-sW∂p imkvXw ]e-t∏mgpw ]d-bp-∂p-s≠-¶nepwbYm¿∞-ØnÂŹ imkvX-Øns‚ Dt±iyw F„mWv F∂p-≈-Xv, AXnÂŹ\n∂v Df-hm-Ip∂ kmt¶-XnIhn⁄m-\o-b-ØnÂŹ IqSn-bmWp shfn-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. A\y-h-kvXp-°sf kz„ Dt±-iy-ĂŸÆ’Â°mbn ssIImcywsNbvXv Ah-bp-sS-taÂŹ Xs‚ A[n-Im-chpw i‡nbpw Ăżm]n-°p-I-bmWp kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-⁄m-\-Øns‚ ][m\ ]hr-Øn. imkvX-Øns‚Cu KqtVm-t±iyw Cßs\ kmt¶-Xn-I-X-bnÂŹ IqSn shfn-s∏-Sp-∂p.Cu BImw-ÂŁ-bp-sSbpw hyK-X-bp-sSbpw ]nd-InÂŹInS-°p-∂Xp ]mâ€șm-Xy a\p-jy\p kw`-hn-Âźn-cn-°p∂ "DšabpsS adhn' (Forgetfullness ofBeing) BWv. Dšasb-„m-sW∂v Adn-bm-hp-∂Xp ad-∂nÂŽv, Dšasb

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a\pjys‚ ASn-a-bm°pIbmWp imkvXØns‚bpw kmt¶-Xn-I-XbpsSbpw ]mY-an-tImt±iyw. ]IrXnbpsStaÂŹ B[n]Xyw t\Sna\pjybp‡nbpsS Adnhn\pw ssIImcyØn\pw hnt[bam°m\p≈DZya-ØnÂŹ a\pjy≄ kzbw \jvS-s∏-SpØp-∂p. kXyØnÂŹ \n∂phyXn-Nen°p∂p. kz„w t\®ß-fpsS alØzØnÂŹ abßn kz„wkz`m-hsØ ad-°p-∂p. Xs‚ imkvX-h-e-bv°IØp Ipcp-ßp-∂XpamX-amWv "kXyw' F∂ amc-I- am-b-bnÂŹ sN∂phogp-∂p. imkvX-Øn\p Nn„n-°mt\ Adnbn√. imkvXw F„msW∂p imkvXØn\pimkvXobambn Ăżm]n-°ms\m°ptam?

imkvXhpw kmt¶XnIXbpw krjvSn°p∂ Cu temIamtWmkXyw? BsW∂p \sΩ sX‰n≀cn∏nÂźv, imkvXØn\∏pdap≈ kXy-sØ tXSp-∂-XnÂŹ \n∂p \sΩ hnap-J-cm-°p-I-bmWp imkvXw sNĂžp-∂Xv F∂v sslU§¿ ]dbp∂p.

a\p-jy-km-^eyw

F„mWo kXyw? kXyw a‰v DšaIsft∏mse "D≈' H∂-√. AXv"D≈Xv' Hcp ]tXyI coXnbnemWv. a‰p hkvXp°ƒ "D≠v' F∂p\mw ]dbptÂșmƒ ĂżeImeßfnsehnsStbm Ds≠∂mWp \ΩpsShnhÂŁ. ]tÂŁ, Aß-s\bp≈ "Dša'IfnÂŹ Ht∂m, Ah-bnÂŹ \n∂phyXy-kvX-amb at‰-sXmt∂m A√, "kXyw.' kXyw Hcmiba√. Hcp]Xn`mk-a√. Hcp hnjbw A√. F√m hnjbßfpsSbpw ]Xn`mk-ßfpsSbpw Bibß-fp-sSbpw \nZm\amWXv. ASn ImWmØ ASn-Ăżm\w. Nn„ sIm≠v AXns\ tXSn∏nSn°m\mhn√. BZnbpa„hp-an√mØ B kXyw kvt\lamWv. kvt\l-ØnÂŹ kzbw Hgp°ns°m-Sp°p∂, kzbw ]cnXym-KnbmWp kXyw. B kXyØn\p a\p-jy≄Xs∂Øs∂ Hcp b⁄ambn _enb¿∏n°p∂XmWp a\pjykm-^eyw. AXp imkvXØnepw kmt¶-Xn-IXbnepw IqSn kwkn≀am-Ibn√. a\pjys‚ bp‡n°v AXns\ tXSn∏nSn°m≄ H°p-I-bn-√.Cu kXy-ØnÂŹ \n∂p hyXn-cn-‡-amb a\pjykzmX„yw I]SamWvFs∂ms° sslU-§¿ hmZn°ptÂșmƒ ]mâ€șmXy ]_p≀XbpsSXqWpIƒ CfIp∂p. ]mâ€șmXyNn„mku[w Ipep-ßp∂p. hnaÂżi-IÂż sslU§sd XmgvØns°Žp∂p.

2. antj ^qt°mbpw IqŽpImcpw

B[p\ntImØcXbpsS ][m\ Dƒ°mgvNXs∂ B[p\nIXbv°vAYhm ]mâ€șmXy ]_p≀Xbv°v ASnĂżm\]camb Aafn ]‰n-sb∂pw AXns‚ ZmÂżi\nImSnĂżm\w XnIÂźpw ZpÂż_eamsW∂pap-≈XmWv.

kzbw ]IminXsa∂p \Sn°p∂ F√m Nn„mhyhĂżnXnIfpwtNmZyw sNĂžpIbmWp bYm¿∞ kzmX-„yØns‚ Bcw`sa∂phmZnÂź ^©pImcnÂŹ ]Ya\mWp antjÂŹ ^qt°m. hyhĂżm]nX

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kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX466

Nn„ Xs∂ Akm≀yamsW∂pw ZmÂżi\nImSnĂżm\ap≈ Hcp lyqa-\nkw km≀yasöpw Xs‚ "ZÂżi\Øns‚ kzmX„yw' (The Free-dom of Philosophy, 1985) F∂ KƞØnÂŹ ^qt°m hmZnÂźp.

F√m‰ns\°pdnÂźpw FgpXmw; ]Xn]mZn°mw. ]tÂŁ H∂pwZmÂżi\nImSnĂżm\ØnÂŹ sXfnbn°m\mhn-√. FgpXWw. kmlnXy-ØnemWp ]Xym-ibp≈Xv; ZÂżi-\Øne-√. F√m ]iv\ßsf-°pdnÂźpw FgpXns°m-≈q. Ip‰-ß-sf-°p-dnÂźpw ssewKn-I-X-sb-°p-dnÂźpwam\-kn-I-tcm-K-sØ-°p-dnÂźpw qt°m [mcmfw Fgp-Xn. ]ecpw hmbn-Âźp.- ^qt°msb NneÂż AcmPIXzhmZnsb∂p hnfn-Âźp. LS\m-hm-Zn(Structuralist) F∂pw LS-\m\„c-hmZn (Post structuralist) bp‡n-cm-lnXyhmZn (Irrationalist) iq\yXmhmZn (nihilist) Fs∂ms° t]Âż hnfnÂźp.AtXmsS Hcp IqÂŽw ]pXnb ^©v kmlnXyImc∑mÂż DZnÂźpb¿∂p.sdmfmw-Kv _m¿Øv, jmIveIm≄, jmIv sUdoUm F∂nhcmWp ]ap-JÂż. ChcpsS hmZĂŸÆ’ A[nIhpw hnaÂżi-\amWv. ^qt°m tXSn-bXv Hcp ]_p-≀Xm\„c kwkvImcw (Post enlightenment culture) BWv.]mâ€șmXy ]_p≀X A_≀m[njvTnXhpw Akzo-Im-cy-hpam-Wv. B[p-\nIXbpsS ASn-Ăżm\m_â‰€ĂŸ-fnÂŹ H∂v `mj-bmWv kIe Nn„-bp-sSbpw aqe-sa-∂p≈ ap≄hn-[n-b-tX. mjmZÂżi-\Øn\p mjbpsSkz`mhsØ hni-I-e\w sNĂžm-\p≈ hyK-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]tÂŁ,`mjbv°pw kmlnXyØn\pw kXysØ tXSn∏nSn°m≄ Ignhnsöphy‡ambn. A\p`hØns‚ ]cnanXn-Isf ]ZÂżin∏n°pItbkmlnXyØn\p km[n°q. a\pjykz`mhw (Human Nature) Fs∂m-∂n√. [m¿Ωn-IX km≀ya√. imkvXambncp∂p ]mâ€șmXy ]_p≀-XbpsS ASnĂżm\w. ]tÂŁ, imkvXØn\v ASnĂżm-\ansöv C∂phy‡-am-Wv. imkvXwsIm≠pw, kmlnXywsIm≠pw Adnshm∂pap-≠mIbn-√. B[p\nIX-bpsS \nZm\w imkvX-am-sW-¶nÂŹ, B[p\n-Im\-„cX (Post modernity) bpsS Pnlz kmlnXyamWv. kmlnXyØnÂŹIqSnbmWp ]_p≀Xm\„c \mKcn-IX kwkrjvSam°ms\m°p∂XvFs∂ms° ^qt°m hmZnÂźp.

A]\nÂżamWw

sUdnUm a‰p≈hsc°mƒ ZmÂżi\nIambn Nn„n°p∂bmƒ Xs∂.1967-˛¬ ]kn≀oIcnÂź "seIvdn‰qÂż G eUn ^dm‚ v (Writing andDifferance, 1978), ""Of Grammatology” (Eng. tr. 1976), i_vZhpw ]Xn`mkhpw(Speech and Phenomena, 1973) Cßs\ At\IKĆž-ĂŸÆ’ cNnÂźv \ne-hn-en-cp∂ sehn- ˛ -kvtSm-kn-s‚bpw s^ÂżUn-\m≄Uv Un tkmkq-dn-s‚bpw LS-\m-hm-ZsØ XI¿Øp. FgpØp shdpw Nn”w, kw⁄As√-¶nÂŹ enwKw amX-am-Wv. tπt‰m ]d-ℱXpt]mse cN\ (writ-ing) shdp-samcp hy`n-Nm-c-k-„Xn (Bastard) BWv. `mjbpw cN-\bpwc≠m-Wv. cN\ \ne-\n°p-∂Xp `mj-bv°p-th≠n amX-am-Wv. cN-\sb a\p-jy-i-_vZ-hp-ambn IqÂŽn-°p-g-bv°-cp-Xv. ]tÂŁ, a\p-jy-i-_vZ-

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kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX 467

Øns‚ ]nd-InÂŹ "A¿∞w' (Meaning sign) D≠v. a\p-jys‚ F√m A\p-`-hhpw Cu A¿∞-Øns‚ A\p-`-h-am-Wv. Cu A¿∞w `mj-bnÂŹ\n∂pw `mjsb cN-\-bm-°p∂ Nn”-hy-h-Ăżn-Xn-bnÂŹ \n∂pwXnIÂźpw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. GXp cN-\-sb-Sp-Ømepw AXnÂŹ BZywImWp∂ A\p-]-Zm¿∞-Øns‚ ]nd-InÂŹ t]mbn BZym¿∞sØAt\z-jn-°p-∂p. Cßs\ t]mIp∂p sUdn-Um-bpsS A]-\n¿ΩmW(Deconstruction) Nn„.

(sU-dn-Um-bpsS enJn-X-imkvXw (Of Grammatology) Cw‱o-jn-te°p]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv Hcp C„y-m°m-cn-bmWv- KmbXn NI-h¿Ønkv]nhm°v; B ]cn-`m-j-bpsS C„y≄ FUn-j≄ Cu G]nÂŹ amk-ØnÂŹ UÂŹln-bnse tamØn-emÂŹ _\mÂż-kn-Zmkv ]kn≀w sNbvXn-ÂŽp-≠v). hn[nhnt[b-bp‡nbpsSbpw ]mâ€șmXy ]_p-≀-X-bp-sSbpwB[p-\n-I-X-bpsS-bp-sams° A„yw Ipdn-°p∂ kp]-[m\ IrXn-bm-Wn-sX-∂-Xn\p kwi-b-an-√. aptÂșmÂŽp hgnImWn-°m≄ A]-\n¿ΩmW]Ăżm-\-Øn\p km[n-°p-tam-sb∂p kwi-b-am-Wv. a‰v A]-\n¿ΩmWNn„-IÂż A]-\n¿ΩmWsØ AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ \nl-\n-°m-\mWpkm≀y-X.

3. kwkr-jvS-bm-Ym¿∞y-hmZw (Constructive Realism)imkvXØns‚ ASnĂżm\ _elo\XbmWv AXns‚ ANn„nX

bmYm¿∞y-hmZw (naive realism). hkvXp-°ƒ°p \mw ImWp∂ cq]-ØnØs∂ \ΩpsS t]ÂŁbnepw D]e-_v[nbnepw Bibn°mØkz„w-A-kvXnXzaps≠∂p≈ Aim-kvXobhmZambn-cp∂p imkvX-Øns‚ BZnbnse ASn-Ăżm-\w. B[p\nI `uXnI imkvXØnÂŹ(Modern Physics) hy‡-am°p∂Xv t]ÂŁI\nct]ÂŁamb AkvXnXzwbmsXm∂n\pw I¸n-°m\mhn√ F∂p Xs∂bmWv.

ANn„nX bmYm¿∞yhmZw ]t≠ XI¿∂XmsW¶nepw imkvX-⁄∑mcnÂŹ ]ecpw AXdnbmsX B hmZsØØs∂ apdpsI∏n-Sn°pIbmWv. ⁄m\sa∂ \nebnÂŹ imkvXØn\p≈ Ăżm\w C∂pkwibm-kv]Zambn-°-gn-ℱn-cn-°p-∂p. t]ÂŁ-I-\n-c-t]-ÂŁ-I-am-b,Bfl-\n-jvT-a-√m-Ø, hkvXp-\n-jvT-X-sb-tØSn tπt‰m-bpsS Imew-apXÂŹ C∂phscbp≈ ]mâ€șmXycpsS At\zjWw ]cmPbs∏®ncn-°pIbmWv.

^n‰vkv hmƒ\Âż

F∂mÂŹ \miØnÂŹ\n∂p imkvXsØ hos≠SpØv, ]mâ€șmXykwkvImcØns‚ ]cam[nImcØ Dd-∏nÂźp \n¿Øm\p≈ Hcp iawNne ]mâ€șm-Xy-ZmÂżi\nIÂż C°gnℱ am¿Ÿv amkØnÂŹ UÂŹln kÂż-hIem-imebnse Hcp skan-\mdneqsS \S-Øn. ANn„nX bmYmÂż-∞yhmZØns‚ Ăżm\Øp krjvSn]camb bmYm¿∞yhmZsØ ]N-cn∏n°m\mbn-cp∂p AhcpsS iaw. hnb∂m kÂżh-Iem-imebnse

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^n‰vkv hmƒ\Âż F∂ ZmÂżi\nI\mbncp∂p Cu kwLØns‚][m\ h‡m-hv.

B[p\nIimkvXw bYm¿∞⁄m\amsW∂p≈ hmZsØ ZmÂż-i\nIambn Ăżm]n°phm≄ km≀ya√. AXpsIm≠p imkvXw⁄m\amsW∂p≈ AhImihmZw Dt]ÂŁn°Ww F∂mWp hmƒ-\Âż ]dbp∂Xv. DšabnÂŹ D≈ Hcp bmYm¿∞ysØ D≈Xpt]msehnh-cn∏m≄ imkvXØn\p Ignhn√. A\p`hØns‚bpw Nn„bp-sSbpw ASnĂżm\ØnÂŹ Hcp ]pXnb bmYm¿∞ysØ krjvSn°pIamX-amWv imkvXØn\p Ign-bp-∂-Xv. Cu krjvSn ]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-Wv. ⁄m\-a-√, a\p-jys‚ a\ psIm≠p krjvSn-°p∂ Cu bmYmÂż-∞y-amWp kwkrjvSbmYm¿∞yw. AXmWp imkvXw. Cßs\t]mIp∂p kwkrjvS bmYm¿∞yhmZw.

Ipsdsbms° A\pIÂștbmsSbmWp Rm≄ Cu Ik¿Øns\hoÂŁn-°p∂Xv. a\p-jy-a-kvXnjvI \n¿ΩnX-amb bmYm¿∞yw amX-amWv imkvXw. AXp-sIm≠p ]tbm-P\ap≠v. AXp aXn-sb∂v C∂v1994-˛¬ hmZn°p∂ P¿Ω≄Imc\mb Nn„Is‚ inipklPamb CuIfn, ]Xns\ÂŽmw iXm_vZØnØs∂ ]mâ€șm-XyÂż ]mb]q¿Ønbn-seØn F∂p hmZnÂź CΩm\phÂŹ Im‚ns‚ hmZ-tØ-°mƒ bp‡n-bp-‡ambn tXm∂p∂p. ]mâ€șm-XyÂż Xs‚ "kwkrjvS' bmYm¿∞yhpw-sIm≠p Ipsd-\mƒ IqSn \S°sÂŽ. hf-cp∂Xphsc.

\mKcnIX

B[p\nIXbpsS F√m N®ßsfbpw tNmZyw sNĂžp∂psh∂mWvB[p\ntImØcs‚ AhImihmZw. B[p\ntImØcXbpsS ZmÂż-i\nImSnĂżm\w B[p\nIXbptS-Xnt\°mƒ ZpÂż_eamWv. AXnÂŹ-\n∂p a\p-jy\v Bflobambpw _p≀n]cambpw `ÂŁn°m≄ hepXm-bnsÂŽm∂pw InÂŽpIbn√. aptÂș ]dℱXpt]mse A]\n¿ΩmWw kzbw\njvLSn-∏nÂźp \in°m\mWp km≀yX. ]pXnb Hcp \mKcnIXbpsSASnĂżm\w sIÂŽn-∏Sp°phm≄ B[p-\nI-Xbvt°m LS\mhmZØn-t\m, B[p-\n-tIm-ØcX-bvt°m, A]\n¿Ωm-WØnt\m Ign-hn-√.

]mcÂșcyw \ÂŹIp∂ shfnÂźan√msX kXyØnte°p≈ hgnImWphm≄ km≀ya√ F∂p≈Xv ]mâ€șm-Xy¿°v Cubn-sS-bmWv a\- n-em-bXv. AtXmsS ]mâ€șmXy ]_p-≀-X-bpsS ASn-Ød XI¿∂p.]tÂŁ, hymJym-\hmZw AYhm slÂżsΩ\yqÂŽnIvkv F∂ ]pXnb Pme-hnZy sIm≠p XI¿∂ ASnĂżm\w \∂m°nsbSp-°m\mWv P¿Ω\n-bnse lm≄kv- -tKtbmÂżKv KmUaÂż, ^m≄knse ]mƒdnt°¿ apXem-bhÂż ian°p∂Xv. ]mcÂșcyan√msX kXy]Imi\an√ F∂hÂżkΩXn°p∂psh∂p amX-a√, ]mcÂșcyw hymJym\Øns‚ ASn-Ăżm\inebmbn AhÂż ImWp∂p. Bfl\njvTa√mØ hkvXp\n-jvTX km≀yasöv AhÂż kΩXn-°p∂p. Hmtcm a\pjys‚bpw

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]tXyI N-cnXw Ahs‚ ZrjvSnsbØs∂ Icp∏nSn∏n°p∂psh∂pwHtc ]Xn- mksØ, XßfpsS ]⁄bpsS ]tXyI-X-bnep≈ hyXym-kwsIm≠p ]ecpw ]e-Xmbn°mWp∂psh∂pw AhÂż kΩ-Xn°p∂p.]tÂŁ, Cu hymJym\-hmZØn\pw Hcp ]pXnb \mKcnIXbv°Sn-Ăżm\-amIp∂ aqey-kwlnXsb°pdnÂźp hn[n I¸n°m\p≈ D]m[nIsfm-∂pan√.

]pXnb \mK-cn-I-Xbv°v ASn-Ăżm\w Xocp-am-\n-°p-hm≄ B¿°m-W-[n-Imcw? km[m-cW P\-ĂŸÆ’Â°p Xs∂. ]finX∑m¿°v Ahscklmbn°mw. hgn ]dℱp sImSp°mw. ]tÂŁ, Xocpam-\n°phm\p≈A[nImcw P\ĂŸÆ’Â°p Xs∂. ]finX∑mcpw P\ßfpw HsØmcp-anÂźp Nn„n-sÂź-¶nte Cß-s\-sbmcp aqey-kw-ln-Xbv°p cq]w sImSp-°ms\m°pIbp≈p.

]mcÂșcyw

Aßs\ sNĂžWsa¶nÂŹ, P\-ĂŸÆ’, GsX¶nepw hntZiob]mc-ÂșcysØ AtX-]Sn kzoI-cn°p∂Xp \√-X-√. hntZi]mcÂșcyĂŸÆ’\ncoÂŁnÂźp]Tn°Ww. Xt±iob ]mcÂșcyw hntZi]mcÂșcyØns‚thentb‰-ØnÂŹ apßnt∏mbnÂŽps≠-¶nÂŹ, AXns\ s]m°nsbSpØp\ncoÂŁn°Ww.

`mcXobsc kw_‘nÂźnStØmfw `mcXØnÂŹ Xs∂bp≈ ]mc-Âșcysshhn-[ysØ th≠X FSpØpImWn°phm≄ \ΩpsS Fgp-ØpIm¿°pw ZmÂżi-\nI¿°pw hfsc ]cn-anXambn amXta km[nÂźn-ÂŽp≈p. Ah-KWn°s∏®pInS°p∂ ]e ]mcÂșcyßfpw ]p\cp-≀cnt°≠Xp≠v. DZmlcWw BZnhmkn ]mcÂșcyw, ia-W]mcÂș-cyw, ssP\]mcÂș-cyw, _p≀]mcÂșcyw. tIcfØnÂŹ ln”paXØns‚hnPbap≠mIp∂Xphsc Cu \mep ]mcÂșcyßfmWp ][m\ambnD≠mbncp-∂Xv. _m“WaXw ioi¶cs‚ ImeØn\p ap∂qdphÂżjwapÂșp amX-amWv IpdsÂźms° ]m_-eyØnÂŹ h∂-Xv. AXn-\papÂșp Xs∂ -blqZ]mcÂșcyhpw ssIkvXh ]mcÂșcyhpw tIcf-ØnÂŹ thcq∂n°gnℱncp∂p. iocmam\pPs‚ ImeØn\p apÂșp-Xs∂ Ad_n°ŸhS°mcnÂŹ \n∂pw e`nÂź apkvenw ]mcÂșcyhpwtIcfØns‚ kz„]m-c-Âșcyßfn-sem-∂mbn Ign-ℱncp-∂p. CsX√mwIgnℱv HSp-hnÂŹ ]d-¶n-I-fp-sSbpw Cw‱o-jpIm-cp-sSbpw ]mâ€șm-Xy-kwkvImchpw AXpt]mseØs∂ Cu iXm_vZØnÂŹ amÂżIvkn-khpw \ΩpsS cmPyØp hfscb[nIw kzm[o\w sNepØn.

Cu ]mcÂșcyßsfsb√mw Xs∂ XßfptSXmbn tIcfobcpw`mcXobcpw IW°nseSp°Ww, ]Tn-°-Ww, Kln°-Ww. CXn-emWp]fin-X-∑m¿°pw Fgp-ØpIm¿°pw kn\n-am sSen-hn-j≄ tdUntbmcwKØp ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h¿°psams° hf-scb-[nIw sNĂžp-hm≄ Ign-bp-∂-Xv.

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kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX470

Cu ]mc-Âș-cysØ hos≠-Sp-°p∂ Imcy-ØnÂŹ tIc-fØnse BZn-hm-kn-Ifpw ln”p-°fpw ap
oßfpw amÂżIvkn-Ãp-Ifpw ssIkvX-h-cpsams° kl-IcnÂźp ]h¿Øn-°-Ww.

CsX√mw IqSmsX \mw Xosc i≀ sNep-ØmØ a‰p ]e ]mc-Âș-cy-ßfpw Cu temI-Øn-ep-≠v. Ah-bnÂŹ G‰hpw ]m[m-\y-aÂżln-°p-∂h c≠m-Wv. H∂v B^n°bnepw Ata-cn-°-bnepw HmkvtS-en-b-bnepw Gjy-bn-epw Hs°bp≈ BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS ]mc-Âș-cyw. c≠m-aXp P\-kw-Jy-bnÂŹ G‰hpw anIÂźp\n°p∂ ssN\-bnse Umthm-˛- Iš^yq-j≄ -˛ -_p-≀-aX ]mc-Âș-cy-ĂŸÆ’. ssN\-bnse _p≀-aXwC„y-bnÂŹ\n∂p h∂-Xm-sW-¶nepw ssN\okv kwkvImcw AXn\p]tXyIw cq]-ĂŸÆ’ sImSp-Øp. Om≄, sS≄Um-bn, lzmsb≄ F∂oaq∂p ][m-\-cq-]-ĂŸÆ’ \mw ]Tn-°-Ww.

Cßs\ Cu ]mc-Âș-cyß-sf-sbms° \mw kzmb-Ø-am-°n-°-gn-bp-tÂșmƒ \ΩpsS kwkvIm-c-ØnÂŹ Hcp \thm-∞m-\-ap -≠m-Ipw.AXnÂŹ\nt∂ ]pXnb \mK-cn-I-X-bv°p≈ ]pXnb aqey-ĂŸÆ’ DcpØn-cn-bm≄ hgn-bp-≈p.

(`mjm-t]m-jn-Wn, 1994, sk]v‰w-_¿)

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3]mâ€șmXy ]_p≀X ˛

Hcp hniZoIcWw

]mâ€șmXy ]_p≀Xsb∏‰n mjmt]mjnWnbpsS 1994 sk]v‰w_Âże°ØnÂŹ Rm≄ FgpXnbhXcn∏nÂź ]_‘w Ipsd Nn„m°pg∏-Øn\v hgn sXfnÂźnÂŽp≠v. ]ecpw AXnse apJymibsØ ssIImcywsNĂžmsX ANn„nXßfmb hn[nsbgpØpIfnte°mWv NmSn hoW-sX∂p tXm∂p∂p.

DZmlcWambn Fs‚ kplrØmb io. ]ctaizc≄ D∂bn°p∂hmZw InkvXpaXamtWm _m“WaXamtWm tIcfØnÂŹ BZywDSseSpØsX∂Xns\°pdnÂźmbncp∂p. a‰p NneÂż F∂nÂŹ Btcm]n-°p∂Xv kwkv°mc sshhn≀yßfpsS BsIXpItbbmWv Rm≄A`nejn°p∂sX∂tX.

GXmbmepw Hcp kÂżhkwkv°mc ka\zbw A√ Fs‚ ][m\Dt±iyw. `mcXØnset∏mse AXpey kwkv°mc kw]pjvSnbp≈Hcp ]mcÂșcysØ ssl”h[¿Ωsat∂m k\mX\[¿Ωsat∂m D≈Htc NcSnÂŹ tIm¿ØnW°n, _p≀ZÂżi\sØbpw ssP\ZÂżi\sØ-bpw AXn\v ap≄t]bp≈ kmwJytbmKZÂżi\ßsfbpw Hs° shdpw"A∏≄UnIvkp'Ifm°nØo¿°m\p≈ DZyatØmSmsW\ns°Xn¿∏p-≈Xv.

`mcXob kwkv°mcw \nch[n Xeßfp≈ H∂mWv. AXns‚sshhn≀yhpw kw]Zmb khntijXIfpw \mw ad°cpXv. InkvXp-hn\v apÂșv Bdmw iXIØnÂŹ _m“WaXØnse BflhmZtØmSpwarK_enbnÂŹ A[njvTnXamb I¿ΩaoamwktbmSpw adpXenÂźv _m“-WaXØnse ][m\ aqeyßfmb Bfl≄, _“≄ F∂o Bib-ßsf Xs∂ D]tbmKn°msX Hcp ]pXnb Nn„mcoXnbpw PohnXssienbpamWv _p≀`Khm≄ Bhnjv°cnÂźXv.

Bbnc°W°n\v ][m\ KĆžĂŸÆ’ _p≀aXw `mcXØnÂŹ cNn-Âźp. Nneh ssN\okv mjbntem Sn_‰≄ mjbntem ]mNo\ ]men]mIrX`mjIfntem \n∂pw kwkvIrXØnem°m≄ \ap°n∂pwIgnℱnÂŽn√. _p≀aXØnÂŹ Xs∂ ]Xns\ÂŽne[nIw kÂșZmbĂŸÆ’DSseSpØp. Ahsb√mw IqsS k\mX\ [¿ΩØns‚ Hcp ^pÂŽvt\m-ÂŽmbn FgpXnØ≈p∂Xnt\mSmsW\ns°Xn¿∏v.

Cu ]mcÂșcyßsf√mwIqsS \mw F„n\v ]Tnbv°Ww? AhbpsSF√mw IqsS kamlmcamb Hcp ]pXnb `mcXob ]mcÂșcyw krjvSn-bv°m\mWv Rm≄ DZyanbv°p∂sX∂v Fs‚ \ncq]IcnÂŹ ]ecpwsX‰n≀cnbv°p∂p.

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Rm≄ Fs‚ kz„ A\p`hsØ ASnĂżm\am°n Nne ImcyĂŸÆ’ChnsS FSpØp]dbsÂŽ. \mev]Xv hÂżjw apÂșv ioi¶cs‚ AssZzXthZm„hpw io cmam\pPs‚ hninjvSmssZzXhpw io. am[zmNmcy-cpsS ssZzXhmZhpw Ipsdsbms° Icfnem°n, AhbmWv mcXZÂżi\]mcÂșcyØns‚ ][m\ `mKĂŸÆ’ F∂v \ncq]nÂźncp∂ HcmfmWvRm≄. ]n∂oSmWv t_m≀yw h∂Xv temImNmcy∑msc∂v \mw hnhÂŁn-°p∂ Cu i¶cs‚bpw cmam\pPs‚bpw am[zs‚bpw Nn„ apgph≄IqSn IqÂŽnbmÂŹ `mcX]mcÂșcyØnse Hcp saUohÂŹ ^ntemk^namXta BIp∂p≈psh∂pw _p≀ZÂżi\hpw ssP\ZÂżi\hpsams°kapZw t]mse hym]nÂźp InS°p∂ henb Hcp Nn„mtÂŁXamsW-∂pw.

`mcX]mcÂșcysa„msW∂v kaKambn hnhcn∏m≄ C∂pw F\n°vIgnthm Adnthm C√. ]tÂŁ, B ]mcÂșcyØnse Dt]ÂŁnÂźp X≈n-bncn°p∂ ]e mKßsf°pdnÂźv C∂v Rm≄ Aev]wIqsS t_m[hm-\msW∂p amXw.

kwkvIrXØnep≈ F√m Kƾßsfbpw HcpansÂźSpØmÂŹ AXn-t\°mƒ IqSpXÂŹ ]tbmP\w ]mâ€șmXy kmlnXyØnse Hscm‰KĆžw sIm≠mWp≠mIp∂Xv F∂v dmPmdmw taml≄tdmbn ]dℱ-Xmbn FhnsStbm hmbnÂźt∏mƒ Rm≄ ÂŁp`nX\mbn, Ip]nX\mbn.dmw taml≄ tdmbv kwkvIrXhpw t]Âżjy≄ kmlnXyhpw D¿±pkmln-Xyhpw Ipsdsbms° Adnbmhp∂ Bfmbncp∂p. B A`n]mbtØ-°mƒ IqSpXÂŹ Cs∂s∂ tÂŁm`n∏nbv°p∂Xv `mcXob kwkv°mc-kmKcØns‚ Hcp ap°p t]mepw I≠nÂŽn√mØ Nne C„y≄ _p≀n-PohnIƒ B kwkv°mcsØ Xosc AhKWnbv°p∂Xp ImWptÂșm-gmWv.

Rm≄ ]dbp∂Xv kaKamb ]pcmX\ `mcXob ]mcÂșcysØAtX]Sn ]p\cpĂ·ohn∏nbv°pIbmWn∂v IcWobw F∂√. ]mâ€șm-XyZÂżi\ØnÂŹ C∂sebp≠mb B[p\nIXsbbpw B[p\ntImØ-cXtbbpw sk°pednksØbpsams° amXw ASnĂżm\am°nChnsS Hcp \mKcnIX sIÂŽn∏Sp°phm≄ D≈ DZyasØbmWv Rm≄tNmZyw sNĂžp∂Xv.

Cu `mc-Xob ]mcÂșcykmKcØnÂŹ H∂v apßn°pfnÂźmÂŹ ]mâ€șm-Xy]mcÂșcyw \ΩpsS at\m^eIØnÂŹ Hcp \q‰m≠psIm≠v hcÂźptXÂźncn°p∂ sNfn Ipsdsb¶nepw IgpIn°fbms\m°psa∂mWvFs‚ A\p`hw.

amÂżIvknÃv kplrØp°fpw ]mâ€șmXy ]mcÂșcyØnse Hcp kp]-[m\ Nn„mcoXnbmb amÂżIvknb≄ hniIe\sØ amXw Ahew-_nÂźp Nn„nÂźpw ]h¿ØnÂźpwsIm≠ncnbv°p∂Xns\∏‰nbmWv F\n-bv°v ]cmXn. tZho]kmZv NtXm]m≀ymbsbbpw lncš ap°¿Pn-

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tbbpw t]mse `mcXob ]mcÂșcyw ]Tn-Âźn-ÂŽp-≈-hÂż amÂżIvkn-Ãp-Im-cpsS CS-bnepw D≠v. ]tÂŁ AhÂż `mc-Xob ]mcÂșcysØ Af∂dn-bphm≄ ianÂźXv amÂżIvknb≄ hniIe\Øns‚ AfhptImÂŹ amXwD]tbmKnÂźmbncp∂p F∂XpsIm≠v B ]mcÂșcyØns‚ AKm[Xb-dnbphm≄ Ah¿°v km[nÂźn√ F∂p≈XmWv hkvXpX.

Rm\o ]dbp∂Xns‚ Npcp°w Hcnbv° IqSn AhXcn∏nbv°sÂŽ.B[p\nI ]mâ€șmXy Nn„mcoXnbpsS c≠v ][m\ mKßfmWv en_d-enkhpw amÂżIvknkhpw. c≠pw 18˛mw iXm_vZØnep≠mb ]mâ€șmXy]_p≀X (western enlightenment) bnÂŹ \n∂pcpØncnℱXmWv. c≠n-epw Hcpt]mse ImWp∂Xv a\pjybp‡nbpsS knwlmk\mtcmlW-amWv. a\pjybp‡nsIm≠v ]cklmbw IqSmsX ]nSnsÂźSp°mhp-∂Xv amXamWv bmYm¿∞yw F∂ Nn„ B[p\nI imkvXØnse-∂t]mse en_denkØnepw amÂżIvknkØnepw ImWp∂p≠v.AXns‚ Hcp ]Xn`mkw amXamWv amÂżIvknÃpImc√mØhÂż t]mepwC∂v klÂżjw AwKoIcnbv°p∂ sk°peÂż lyqa\nkw. AXn\v\nZm\ambncn°p∂ am\hnIXm ZÂżi\ (Anthropological vision) tØbmWvRm\n∂v tNmZyw sNĂžp∂Xv.

a\pjys‚ am\Zfiw a\pjy≄ Xs∂bmsW∂pw a\pjy\Xncn-‡ambn am\hnIXbpsS hnIk\sØ \nb„n°p∂ bmsXm∂pans√-∂pap≈ hmZĂŸÆ’, amÂżIvknkØnepw en_denkØnepw ImWp-∂p≠v. CXn\v imkvXobambn bmsXmcp ASnĂżm\hpan√. amÂż-IvknkØnÂŹ NcnXsØ Nnet∏msgms° am\hnIXm hnIk\-Øns‚ \nbmaI i‡nbmbn hn`mh\w sNĂžmdp≠v. F∂mÂŹ CXvtlKens‚ aXZÂżi\ØnÂŹ\n∂p amÂżIvkv ˛ GwK’v AS¿Ønsb-SpØ Hcp hnizmksa∂√msX AXns\ imkvXm[njvTnXambn\oXoIcnbv°ms\m°pIbn√.

am\hnIXmhmZw (humanism), sk°pednkw, tkmjyenkw Chaq∂pw C∂v amÂżIvknkØnse∂t]mse en_denkØnepw ][m\XXzßfmWt√m. ]mâ€șmXy]_p≀XbnemWv aq∂ns‚bpw DZbw. Ch-bpsS thcpIƒ `mcXob ]mcÂșcyØnÂŹ tXSnbmÂŹ ImWpIbn√.

`mcXob ]mcÂșcyØns‚ ASnĂżm\ Dƒ°mgvNItfhbmWv? CutNmZyØns‚ kam[m\ØnÂŹ \mw AhKWnÂźpIqSmØ aq∂p hi-ĂŸÆ’ Nq≠n°mWnbv°pItb ChnsS km≀yambnÂŽp≈p.

`mcXob ]mcÂșcyØns‚ G‰hpw ImXemb ASnĂżm\w BZnhm-knIfpsS bmYm¿∞yZÂżi\hpw PohnX kao]\hpamWv. AXv Fgp-XnhÂźnÂŽp≈ Hcp ZÂżi\ kwlnXb√. AXn\v Ăżm]I ZÂżiI∑mcn√,enJnX thZßfpan√. ]tÂŁ kaKamb Hcp hoÂŁWamWXn\p≈Xv.a\pjy≄ F∂p ]dbp∂ Hcp ]Xn`mksØ `qantbmSpw BImi-tØmSpw aetbmSpw \ZntbmSpw arKPmeßtfmSpw ]ÂŁnhrÂ”ĂŸ-

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tfmSpw hmbphnt\mSpw PetØmSpw HcpanÂźpw Ahsb BibnÂźpwamXw klPohnbv°p∂ Hcp ]Xn`mkambnÂŽmWv Cu hoÂŁWw hnh-ÂŁnbv°p∂Xv. F∂mÂŹ sk°pednkw ˛ en_denkØnse auenINn„ CXn\v ISIhncp≀amWv. temIw a\pjy]⁄bv°v ]pdØm-sW∂pw temIØnÂŹ \n∂pw amdn\nev°p∂, temI\ncoÂŁI\pw\nbmaI\pamb Hcp k_vsPIvSmbn \nesIm≠v, temIsØ HcpH_vPIvSm°n AXns\ hkvXp\njvSambn imkvXw aptJ\ Adn-bphm\pw kmt¶XnI hn⁄m\obw sIm≠v a\pjylnXØn\\pk-cnÂźv temIsØ Icp∏nSn∏nbv°m\pw km≀yamsW∂p≈ an∞ymt_m-[amWv sk°pednkw ˛ en_denkØn\p≈Xv. imkvXhpw kmt¶-XnI hn⁄m\obXbpwsIm≠v _mlytemIsØ a\pjylnXØn\-\pkcnÂźv cq]s∏SpØphm≄ a\pjys‚ bp‡nbv°v km≀yamsW-∂p≈ Hcp hymtamlw C∂v \n¿ÆmbIamb Hcp ]Xnk‘nbnse-Ønbncnt° B sk°pednkw ˛ en_denksØ \ΩpsS auenIZÂżi\am°n kzoIcnbv°phm≄ Rm≄ aSnbv°p∂p.

C°mcyØnÂŹ amÂżIvknÃv ZÂżi\w Ipsd°qsS bmYm¿∞ytØmSv\nc°p∂XmWv. a\pjy]Xn`mkw ]IrXnbnÂŹ \n∂v hyXncn‡a-söpw a\pjy\pw ]IrXnbpw XΩnep≈ sa‰mt_mfnkw AYhmhkvXphn\nabwsIm≠p amXamWv a\pjy≄ F∂ ]Xn`mkw cq]wsIm≈p∂sX∂pamWv amÂżIvknÃpImÂż (Adnbmhp∂hÂż) ]Tn∏nbv°p-∂Xv. AXpsIm≠v kmaqly kwLSnX ]bXv\w (socially organisedLabour) a\pjy]Xn`mkØns‚ kjvSmhmbnØs∂ AhÂż Icp-Xp∂p. BZnhmknIfpsS Nn„ AXnt\°mƒ Aev]w IqSn ]uV-amWv. ]ckv]c hkvXphn\nabtØ°mƒ ]IrXnbpw a\pjy\pwXΩnep≈ kvt\lka\znXamb _lpam\]q¿∆ap≈ klPohnXXz-Øn\pw ]ckv]c kmtlmZcyØn\pw BZnhmknIƒ ]mamWyw\ÂŹIn.

`mcXob ]mcÂșcyØns‚ c≠masØ ASnØd, _p≀aXhpwssP\aXhpsams° thÂżXncnbp∂Xn\v aptÂș `mcXØnep≈XpwAXns‚ D]tZiĂŸÆ’ KhZvKoXbnepw alm`mcXØnepw s]mXpshD]\njØpIfnepw amXa√ AiztLmjs‚ _p≀NcnXØnepwssP\IrXnIfnepsams° ]Xn^enÂźpImWp∂Xpamb kmwJyZÂż-i\amWv. A¿∞kw]pjvSamb Cu ZÂżi\Øns‚bpw BZyenJnX-ĂŸÆ’ \ap°v \jvSs∏®ncnbv°p∂p. _m“WaXØne√ kmwJyZÂż-i\Øns‚ DZbw F∂mWv ]finXm`n]mbw. dnÂźmÂżUv KmÂżt_ ]d-bp∂X\pkcnÂźv kmwJyw Hcp ÂŁXnb ZÂżi\ambncp∂tX.

KplmhmknIfmbn kmwJytbmKw ioenbv°p∂ k\ymknamcpsSHcmiaw C∂pw _olmdnse a[p]pc F∂ \KcØnep≠v. ]gbkmwJy ZÂżi\sØ∏‰n AhcpsS ]kn≀oIcWßfpap≠v. F∂mÂŹI]ne, Bkqcn, ]©inJ apXemb ][m\mNmcy∑mcpsS enJnX-

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ĂŸÆ’ \ΩpsS ssIbnen√. I]nemNmcys‚ 23 t«mIßfSßnb""XXzkamkw'' t]mepw \ap°v \jvSambncn°p∂p. 60 t«mIßfp≈]pcmX\ ""jjvSnX„w'' c≠mw iXm_vZØnÂŹ CuizcIrjvWs‚ssIbnÂŹ InÂŽnbnÂŽv AXns\ 70 B°n ]p\x]km[\w sNbvX""kmwJymImcnI''bmWv C∂v \ap°v Bibw. tkzizckmwJyhpw\ncoizckmwJyhpw c≠pw HcpanÂźp hf¿∂p hnIknÂźp.

hfscb[nIw B„cnI sshhn≀yĂŸÆ’ Dƒs°m≈p∂ CukmwJy ZÂżi\ØnÂŹ\n∂v C∂v \ap°v ]eXpw ]Tnbv°m\p≠v.cs≠Æw FSpØp ]dbsÂŽ.

H∂maXv ZrjvSambXns\√mw ASn-Ăżm\w AZrjvSambXmWv.ZrjvS]]©w AXnÂŹ Xs∂ ASnĂżm\ap≈X√. hy‡ (manifest)ambXv Ahy‡ØnÂŹ (unmanifest) A[njvSnXamWv. aqe]IrXnsb∂v]dbp∂Xv thcv apIfnepw sImÂșpIƒ Xmsgbpambn \nesIm≈p∂Hcp almhrÂŁamWv. AXns‚ sImÂșpIfpw CeIfpw amXta CuZrjvS]]©ambn \ΩpsS C”nbĂŸÆ’Â°v tKmNcamIp∂p≈p. C”nbtKmNcambXn\v AXnÂŹXs∂ \nesIm≈m≄ km[ya√. C”nbtKmN-ca√mØ Hcp Ahy‡ (unmanifest) bmYm¿∞yØnÂŹ BibnÂźp \nÂŹ-°p∂ H∂mWv \ΩpsS C”nbtKmNctemIw.

Cu A`n]mbØn\v t\sc adnÂźmWv sk°pednkØns‚ hnizm-kw. C”nbtKmNcamIp∂Xv F√mw AXnÂŹXs∂ AkvXnXz-ap≈XmWv F∂p≈ ANn„nX bmYm¿∞yhmZamWv (naive - realism)sk°pednkØnÂŹ ImWp∂Xv. B ASnĂżm\ØnemWv imkvXhpwkmt¶XnI hn⁄m\obhpw hf¿∂ph∂Xv. C∂v AXns\ imkvXZmÂżi\nI∑mÂż AXXs∂ Du∂n∏dbp∂n√. ANn„nX bmYm¿∞y-hmZØns‚ Ăżm\Øv kwkrjvSbmYm¿∞yhmZw (constructive realism)Fs∂mcp ZmÂżi\nI ASnĂżm\w krjvSnÂźv B[p\nI imkvX-tØbpw kmt¶XnI hn⁄m\sØbpw Cu kwkrjvSbmYm¿∞y-hmZØnÂŹ Dd∏n°m\mWv AhcnÂŹ ]ecpw ian°p∂Xv.

imkvXØnse hn⁄m\w D◊sb∏‰nbp≈ Adnshm∂pasöpwF∂mÂŹ a\pjy\p ]tbmP\Icambn a\pjy≄Xs∂ krjvSn°p∂Hcp bmYm¿∞yamsW∂pw AhÂż hmZn°p∂p. C∂sehsc imkvX-ØnÂŹ amXamWv bmYm¿∞ysa∂v hmZnÂźhÂż Xs∂bmWv C∂vCßs\ ISIhncp≀ambn ]dbp∂Xv.

Cßs\bp≈ D◊bnÂŹ ASnĂżm\an√mØ Hcp imkvXhn⁄m-\obØnt∑¬ `mcXob \mKcnIX ]SpØpd∏n°p∂Xnt\mSmWvF\n°v FXn¿∏v. kmwJyZÂżi\Ønse ZrjvSambXn\SnĂżm\am-bp≈ AZrjvSsØ°pdnÂźp≈ `mh\ `mcXob ]mcÂșcyØns‚ aqe-°√msW∂p Rm≄ IcpXp∂p. AXpsIm≠mWv sk°pednkw F∂-t∏mep≈h¿°v A\`nImayambn tXm∂p∂Xv. kmwJyZÂżi\ØnÂŹ

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ImWp∂ c≠masØ ][m\ Dƒ°mgvN ""Alw'', ""_p≀n'' F∂nhc≠pw Ahy‡bmYm¿∞yw hy‡ambn cq]wsIm≈p∂tXmSpIqsSD≠mIp∂ XnKpW kwkrjvSamb ""alXv'' F∂ ]Xn`mkØnÂŹD≠mIp∂ Nne cq]mhnÂż`mhßfmsW∂pw Ahbv°p c≠n\pw \nXm-„amb ASnĂżm\sam∂pansöpap≈XmWv. ]mâ€șmXy]_p≀X-bnÂŹ Alw AYhm experiencing subject, _p≀n AYhm conciousness,]⁄ F∂nh c≠ns\bpw a\pjy≄ F∂ ]Xn`mkØns‚ ]apJhißfmbn FSpØv a\pjy_p≀nbnÂŹIqSn bmYm¿∞ysØ kzmwio-Icn°phm\mWv DZyan°p∂Xv. CXv Hcn°epw hnPbn°mØ DZya-amsW∂mWv CXphscbp≈ a\pjys‚ A\p`hw sIm≠p ImWp-∂Xv. AlsØbpw _p≀ntbbpw A„nabmYm¿∞yambn IcpXmsXAhsb Hcp amXbv°p≈nÂŹ a\ nem°m\p≈ kmwJyØns‚ DZyawsk°pednkØnse a\pjy_p≀nsIm≠v D◊sb ]nSnsÂźSp°mwF∂ hymtamltØ°mƒ A`nImayambn F\n°p tXm∂p∂p.

BZnhmkn ]mcÂșcysamgnÂźmÂŹ mcXkwkvImcØns‚ s]mXpsh-bp≈ ASnØdbmb kmwJyZÂżi\Ønse c≠v auenI Dƒ°mgvN-Iƒ \ntj[n°p∂coXnbnÂŹ D≈XmWv ]mâ€șmXy ]_p≀X. AX-I≠v B ]_p≀X A_≀PUneamsW∂v Rm≄ IcpXp∂p.

_p≀aXØnepw ssP\aXØnepw ln”paXØnepw Hcpt]mseImWp∂Xpw Ahbv°p aq∂n\pw ASnĂżm\ambXpw Bb kmwJyZÂż-i\sØ c≠p ImcWĂŸÆ’sIm≠v io i¶c≄ \ncmIcnÂźp. kmwJy-Ønse ASnĂżm\]camb ]pcpj\pw ]IrXnbpw F∂ Zz”mflIXzwAssZzXhmZnbmbncp∂ io i¶c\v kzoImcya√mbncp∂p. CXv Hcp][m\ ]iv\w Xs∂bmWv. AXp ssIImcyw sNĂžm≄ ChnsSĂżean√. c≠maXv kmwJyØnÂŹ ]XyÂŁw, A\pam\w F∂ c≠p]amWßsf D≈qsh∂pw ChsIm≠pamXw _“kmÂŁmXv°mcwkm≀yasöpw At±lw hmZnÂźp. _“s\ AdnbWsa¶nÂŹ ]XyÂŁ-Ønepw A\pam\Ønepw kn≀n°p∂ Adnhn\v AXncn‡ambn Hcp]cmhn⁄m\w thWsa∂pw AXp thZØnÂŹIqsSbpw BKaØnÂŹ-IqsSbpw B]vXhN\ØnÂŹIqsSbpw amXta kwkn≀amIq F∂pwAt±lw hmZnÂźp. AXpw C∂v kwKXamb Hcp hnhmZhnjbamWv.]tÂŁ ĂżeÂźpcp°wsIm≠v AXnte°p IS°p∂n√.

kmwJyw t]mse Xs∂ ]pcmX\ambXpw _m“WaXw, _p≀-aXw, ssP\aXw F∂nhbv°p apÂșp Xs∂ `mcX]mcÂșcyØnse][m\ apJßfnsem∂mbnØo¿∂ncp∂Xpamb tbmKZÂżi\w aq∂paXßfpw [mcmfw ]I¿Øn FSpØnÂŽp≠v. Cu aq∂p aXßfpsSbpwB≀ymflnIX tbmKZÂżi\ØnÂŹ A[njvSnXamsW∂p ]dbmw.

hn]peamb tbmKZÂżi\Ønse Hcp Dƒ°mgvN amXta Rm\nhnsSFSpØp ImWn°p∂p≈p. a\pjy≄ F∂ ]Xn`mkw AXnÂŹXs∂A]qÂżWamsW∂pw B ]Xn`mkØns‚ ASnØdbmb Hcp \nXy-

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bmYm¿∞yhpambp≈ XmZmflywsIm≠p amXta a\pjy≄ ]qÂżWX]m]n°p∂p≈p F∂pw tbmKZÂżi\w hmZn°p∂p. CXns\XncmWvsk°pednkØns‚ Dƒ°mgvN. a\pjy≄ Ah\nÂŹXs∂ ]q¿Æ\m-sW∂pw a\pjy\p]cnbmbn Hcp AXncn‡bmYm¿∞yhpw Csöpwsk°pednkw ]Tn∏n°p∂Xv tbmKZÂżi\Ønse Dƒ°mgvNbv°p IS-Ihncp≀amWv. Hcp `mcXob\mb Rm≄ sk°pednkØns‚ a\p-jy≄ Ah\nÂŹXs∂ ]q¿Æ\msW∂p≈ Dƒ°mgvNsb \ntj[n-°p∂p. a\pjy≄ Hcp BbnØocen\v (Becoming) hnt[b\mWv, F∂pwBbnØocens‚ eambn Ah\nep≈ AhnZy \oßptÂșmƒ Ah≄]q¿ÆX ]m]n°p∂p F∂pap≈ tbmKZÂżi\Øns‚ Dƒ°mgvNsbRm≄ AtX]Sn kzoIcn°p∂nsænepw AsX\n°v ]tNmZ\w\ÂŹIp∂p.

`mcXob ]mcÂșcyØns‚ ASnØdbnÂŹ InS°p∂ BZnhmkn ZÂż-i\w, kmwJyZÂżi\w, tbmKZÂżi\w F∂nh aq∂pw _m“WaXtØ-°mƒ ]pcmX\hpw F√m aXĂŸÆ’Â°pw ASnĂżm\amtI≠Xpw BWv.

`mcX kwkv°mcØns‚ ASnØdbnÂŹ D≈ AXnhn]peambas‰mcp ZÂżi\amWv _p≀ZÂżi\w. _lpapJßfmb A`n]mb sshhn-≀yßtfbpw kÂșZmb _lpeXsbbpw Dƒs°m≈p∂ Cu _p≀-ZÂżi\kmKcØnÂŹ\n∂v ]ckv]c_â‰€ĂŸfmb c≠v Dƒ°mgvNIsfamXw Rm≄ ChnsS FSpØpImWn°sÂŽ. H∂maXv ""]XoXykap-Zv]∂hmZw.'' c≠maXv ""iq\yXmhmZw.'' Cu c≠p ]Zßsfbpw ka-Kambn hniIe\w sNĂžm≄ ChnsS Ăżean√. F∂mÂŹ \ΩpsS C”n-bĂŸÆ’Â°p tKmNcamIp∂ temIØns‚ ĂżnXnsb°pdnÂźv ambmhmZ-tØ°mƒ B[p\nINn„tbmSp \nc°p∂Xpw A`nImayambnF\n°p tXm∂p∂Xpw Bb Hcp Dƒ°mgvNbmWv "]XoXykapZv-]∂hmZw.' C”nbtKmNcamIp∂ temIw anYybpa√, kXyhpa√,c≠pwIqsSbp≈ Hcp k¶e\hpw A√. ]XypX a\pjya\ ns\-t∏mep≈ Hcp ]Xn`mkw C”nbtKmNcamIp∂ Hcp temIsØ A`n-apJoIcn°ptÂșmƒ, \ΩpsS a\ ns‚ LS\bpw AXns\ A`nap-JoIcn°p∂ bmYm¿∞yØns‚ Nne apJßfpw HcpanÂźv Nne ]tXyIkmlNcyßfnÂŹ D¸mZnXamIp∂ Hcp bmYm¿∞yw amXamWv \ap-°\p`hamIp∂ temIsa∂p≈ _p≀aXØnse Dƒ°mgvN sk°p-ednkØnse naive realism, constructive realism F∂nhtb°mƒ t\cn-\p\nc°p∂Xpw A`nImayhpamb H∂mbn Rm≄ IcpXp∂p.

iq\yXmhmZw AXnKl\hpw sX‰n≀cn°m≄ Ffp∏ap≈XpamWv.AkvXnXzap≈ bmsXm∂n\pw AXnt‚Xmb \nXykz`mhw CsöpwAhy‡XbnÂŹ\n∂pw hy‡Xbnte°p hcptÂșmƒ, cq]w ]m]n°p∂-Xpaqeap≈ XmXvImenI bmYm¿∞yw amXta D≈q F∂pw, cq]]m-]vXn°p apÂșp≈Xv cq]clnXamb iq\yXbmsW∂pw iq\yXmhmZw]Tn∏n°p∂p. F\n°v hfsc ]nb¶camb Hcp Dƒ°mgvNbmWnXpw.

Page 40: Book Final 4 - archive.org

kvt\lw kzmX„yw ]pXnb am\-hn-IX478

]mâ€șmXyZÂżi\Ønse A\pZn\hyXnbm\ßsf A\p[mh\wsNĂžp∂Xnt\mSv F\n°p hntcm[sam∂pan√. ]tÂŁ AXns‚ IpSp°p-IfnÂŹ s]ÂŽv AXnÂŹ \n∂pw ]pdØndßm≄ hnjan°p∂ ]mâ€șmXya\pjys\ t]mse `mcXobcpw BbnØoccpsX∂pw ]mâ€șmXyÂżXs∂ Cu IpSp°pIfnÂŹ \n∂pw cÂŁs]SWsa∂pamWv Fs‚BKlw. io. sI. ]n. A∏≄ ]dbp∂Xpt]mse ]mâ€șmXykmlnXyw\ap°v A\\yas√∂√ Fs‚ hmZw. kw]qÂżW am\hnIXbpsS kzcwtIƒ°m≄ th≠n en_denkØnepw amÂżIvknkØnepw sNepØp∂i≀ `mcX]mcÂșcyØnepw sNepØWsat∂ F\n°v hmZap≈p.]mâ€șmXy ]mcÂșcysØ ]Tn°p∂hsc√mw AXns\ ASnaIfmbnA\p[mh\w sNĂžp∂p F∂pw F\n°v hnhÂŁbn√. ]tÂŁ, `mcX-Ønse _p≀nPohnIfpsS i≀bpsS henb ]¶v ]nSnÂźp]‰nbXv]mâ€șmXy ]_p≀XbmsW∂pw B i≀ `mcX ]mcÂșcyØnte°vIpdsÂźms° XncnÂźphnSWsa∂pta F\n°v BKlap≈p.

""ImeØns‚ DZmcamb c£''bn¬ F\n°v hnizmkan√. Imew]eXpw ]pdØpsIm≠phcpw. ]t£, Ahsb hnthNn¼dnℱv a\p-jys‚ ]tbmP\Øn\mbn D]tbmKn°m\p≈ NpaXe a\pjy\n¬Xs∂bmWv \n£n]vXambn®p≈Xv.

AlsØbpw _p≀ntbbpw CXhfsc Bibn°msX, ]sØm-ÂșXmw iXIØn\p apÂșp≈ ]mâ€șmXyNn„sbbpw ]uckvXy Nn„-sbbpw AhKWnbv°msX, C∂tØbv°pXIp∂ Hcp kaKhoÂŁ-Ww krjvSn°m≄ mcXobÂżt° Ignhp≈p F∂mWv Fs‚ hnizmkw.CXp \mw XmgvatbmSpw _p≀ntbmSpwIqsS sNbvXmÂŹ mcXw amXa√a\pjycmin apgph≄ [\yamIpw.