Book MAEC 108 - Uttarakhand Open UniversityVaidyanath Committee) bdkbZ& 23- okf.kfT;d cSadka dh Hkwfedk] xj d`f’k xkeh.k foÙk lLFkku 341&353 (Role of Commercial Banks, Non-Agricultural

,e,bZlh&108 (MAEC – 108)

d`f"k vFkZ'kkL= (Agricultural Economics)

mÙkjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] rhuikuh ckbZ ikl jksM] VªkUliksVZ uxj ds ikl] gY}kuh & 263139

Qksu ua- 05946 & 261122] 261123 VkWy Ýh ua- 18001804025

QSDl ua- 05946&264232] bZ&esy [email protected] http://uou.ac.in

ikB~;Øe lfefr

Áks0 fxfjtk Álkn ik.Ms] Áks0 e/kqckyk] funs”kd lekt foKku fo|k”kk[kk] vkpk;Z] vFkZ”kkL= foHkkx] mÙkjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky;] bafnjk xkW/kh eqDr fo”ofo|ky;] gY}kuh] uSuhrky ubZ fnYyh

Áks0 ,e0 ds0 /kMksfy;k] Áks0 vkj0 lh0 feJ vkpk;Z] vFkZ”kkL= foHkkx] funs”kd okf.kT; ,oa ÁcU/k fo|k”kk[kk] o/kZeku egkohj [kqyk fo”ofo|ky;] fo”ks’k vkeaf=r lnL; dksVk] jktLFkku mÙkjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky;] gY}kuh

Áks0 ,l0 ih0 frokjh] MkW0 vfersUæ flag vkpk;Z] vFkZ”kkL= foHkkx] vFkZ”kkL= foHkkx MkW0 vkj0 ,e0 ,y0 vo/k fo”ofo|ky;] mÙkjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky;] QStkckn m0 Á0 gY}kuh] uSuhrky

ikB~;Øe la;kstu ,oa laiknu MkW0 vfersUæ flag vFkZ”kkL= foHkkx

mÙkjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky;] gY}kuh] uSuhrky

bdkbZ ys[kubdkbZ ys[kd bdkbZ la[;k bdkbZ ys[kd bdkbZ la[;k

MkW- foeys'k flag 1,2,3 vflLVsUV izksQslj] vFkZ”kkL= foHkkx] bafnjk xk¡/kh jk’Vªh; tutkrh; fo”ofo|ky;] vejdaVd e-iz-

MkW- vfersUæ flag 4,8 vFkZ”kkL= foHkkx mÙkjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky;] gY}kuh] uSuhrky

MkW- T;ksfr iUr 5,6,7 vflLVsUV izksQslj] vFkZ”kkL= foHkkx] okbZ- Mh--ih-th- dkyst] y[kheiqj [khjh] m-iz-

MkW- jkts'k iky 9,10,11,12 vflLVsUV izksQslj] vFkZ”kkL= foHkkx] egkRek xk¡/kh dk”kh fo|kihB] okjk.klh] m-ç-

MkW- lqjthr flag 13,14,15,16 vflLVsUV izksQslj] vFkZ”kkL= foHkkx] ch-,l-,e-ih-th- dkyst :M+dh] mÙkjk[k.M

MkW- Áhfr vk=s; 17,18,19,20, vfLkLVsaV izksQslj] 21,22,23,24,25 vFkZ”kkL= foHkkx] efgyk egkfo|ky; ih-th- dkWyst] lrhdq.M] du[ky] gfj}kj] mÙkjk[k.M

MkW- lkgc flag 26,27,28,29 vfLkLVsaV izksQslj] vFkZ”kkL= foHkkx] ih-lh-ckxyk ih-th- dkyst] gkFkjl] m-ç-

laLdj.k% 2017 vkbZ-,l-ch-,u-% 978-93-84813-36-9 ÁfrfyI;kf/kdkj ¼dkWihjkbV½% @ mÙkjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; Ádk'kd% dqy lfpo] mÙkjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] gY}kuh] uSuhrky & 263139 email: [email protected]

eqæd%

bl lkexzh ds fdlh Hkh va”k dks mÙkjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky;] gY}kuh dh fyf[kr vuqefr ds fcuk fdlh Hkh :i esa vFkok fefe;ksxzkQh pØeqæ.k }kjk ;k vU;= iqu% çLrqr djus dh vuqefr ugha gSA

mÙkjk[k.M eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] gY}kuh

d`f"k vFkZ'kkL= (Agricultural Economics)

,e,bZlh & 108 (MAEC – 108)

fo"k;&lwph

[k.M& 1- ifjp; (Introduction) i`"B la[;k

bdkbZ& 1- d̀f’k vFkZ”kkL=% vk'k;] izd`fr vkSj {ks= 1&15 (Agricultural Economics: Meaning, Nature and Scope)

bdkbZ& 2- vkfFkZd fodkl esa d`f’k dk egRo vkSj d̀f’k&m|ksx lEcU/k 16&29 (Importance of Agriculture in Economic Development

and Agriculture-Industry Relation) bdkbZ& 3- d̀f’k {ks=& vkdkj] òf) ,oa mRikndrk dh izòfÙk;k¡ 30&43

(Agricultural Sector- Size, Growth and Trends of Productivity)

bdkbZ& 4- Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lq/kkj 44&57 (Land Reforms in India)

[k.M& 2- lrr~ d`f"k ,oa [kk| lqj{kk i`"B la[;k (Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security)

bdkbZ& 5- gfjr ØkfURk vkSj rduhdh ifjorZu 58&71 (Green Revolution and Technical Change)

bdkbZ& 6- Hkkjrh; d̀f’k vkSj e”khuhdj.k 72&83 (Indian Agriculture and Mechanization)

bdkbZ& 7- ck;ks rduhd ,oa vkxZsfxd d̀f’k 84&96 (Bio-Tech and Organic Farming)

bdkbZ& 8- [kk| lqj{kk 97&107 (Food Security)

[k.M& 3- mRiknu Qyu] lEcU/k ,oa fu;e ì"B la[;k (Production Function, Relationship and Rules)

bdkbZ& 9- d̀f’k mRiknu Qyu vkSj vkxr&fuxZr lEcU/k 108&122 (Agricultural Production Function and Input-Output Relationship)

bdkbZ& 10- lk/ku&lk/ku lEcU/k 123&141 (Factor-Factor Relationship)

bdkbZ& 11- mRikn&mRikn LkEcU/k 142&162 (Production-Production Relationship)

bdkbZ& 12- d̀f’k mRiknu fu;e% ifjorZu”khy vuqikr fu;e 163&186 ,oa iSekus ds ÁfrQy (Agricultural Production Rules: Law of Variation Proportions

and Return of Scale)

[k.M& 4- d`f"k fodkl izk:Ik (Agricultural Development Model) i`"B la[;k

bdkbZ& 13- ysfol dk d̀f’k fodkl izk:Ik 187&199 (Lewis’s Agricultural Development Model)

bdkbZ& 14- QkbZ&jsful dk d`f’k fodkl izk:Ik 200&211 (Fei-Ranis Development Model)

bdkbZ& 15- feyj dk d`f’k fodkl izk:Ik 212&220 (Miller’s Agricultural Development Model)

bdkbZ& 16- “kqV~t vkSj cksljst dk d̀f’k fodkl izk:Ik 221&237 (Schultz and Boserup Model of Agricultural Development)

[k.M& 5- d`f"k ewY; uhfr vkSj foi.ku i`"B la[;k (Agricultural Price Policy and Marketing)

bdkbZ& 17- d̀f’k ewY;& ykxr vkSj ewY; esa lEcU/k 238&254 (Agricultural Price- Cost and Price Relationship)

bdkbZ& 18- d̀f’k ewY; uhfr] ewY; vkSj ykxr vk;ksx dk Lo:Ik ,oa Hkwfedk 255&270 (Agricultural Price Policy, Nature and Role of Commission

for Agricultural Costs and Prices)

bdkbZ& 19- d̀f’k ykHk vf/kdredj.k vkSj lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh 271&287 (Agricultural Profit Maximization and Public Distribution System)

bdkbZ& 20- d̀f’k vfrjsd ,oa d`f’k foi.ku O;oLFkk 288&310 (Agricultural Surplus and Agricultural Marketing System)

[k.M& 6- d`f"k foÙk ,oa d`f"k izcU/ku ì"B la[;k (Agricultural Finance and Agricultural Management)

bdkbZ& 21- d̀f’k foÙk ds izdkj] pqukSfr;k¡] lEHkkouk,a ,oa j.kuhfr;k¡ 311&324 (Types, Challenges, Prospects and Strategies of

Agricultural Finance)

bdkbZ& 22- lgdkjh foÙk iz.kkyh] ukckMZ vkSj oS|kukFk lfefr 325&340 (Co-operative Finance System, NABARD and

Vaidyanath Committee)

bdkbZ& 23- okf.kfT;d cSadksa dh Hkwfedk] xSj d`f’k xzkeh.k foÙk laLFkku 341&353 (Role of Commercial Banks, Non-Agricultural Rural

Finance Institute) bdkbZ& 24- d̀f’k izcU/ku& vo/kkj.kk] {ks= vkSj fl)kUr 354&372

(Agricultural Management- Concepts, Areas and Theories)

bdkbZ& 25- d̀f’k izcU/ku dh orZeku izòfÙk;k¡ ,oa d`f’k izcU/ku dh leL;k,a 373&389 (Current Trends and Problems of Agricultural Management)

[k.M& 7- d`f"k vkSj cká {ks= (Agriculture and External Sector) i`"B la[;k

bdkbZ& 26- d̀f’k oLrqvksa dk varjkZ’Vªh; O;kikj 390&402 (International Trade of Agricultural Commodities)

bdkbZ& 27- fo”o O;kikj laxBu dk Hkkjrh; d̀f’k ij izHkko 403&414 (Impact of World Trade Organization on Indian Agriculture)

bdkbZ& 28- mnkjhdj.k dk ?kjsyw ,oa vURkjkZ’Vªh; d`f’k O;kikj ij izHkko 415&426 (Impact of Liberalization on Domestic and International Trade)

bdkbZ& 29- cgqjk’Vªh; fuxeksa Hkwfedk 427&438 (Role of Multinational Corporations)

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108

mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; 1�

bdkbZ&1 d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= vk”k;] izd`fr vkSj {ks= bdkbZ lajpuk 1.1 izLrkouk

1.2 mn~ns';

1.3 d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk fodkl

1.4 d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk vk”k; ,oa ifjHkk’kk,¡

1.5 d`f"k vFkZ”kkL= dh izd`fr

1.6 d`f"k vFkZ”kkL= dk {ks=

1.7 d`f"k vFkZ”kkL= dk vyx v/;;u D;ksa \

1.8 d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk vU; lkekftd foKkuksa ds lkFk lEcU/k

1.9 egROk

1.10 lkjka'k

1.11 'kCnkoyh

1.12 vH;kl iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1.12 lUnHkZ lfgr xzUFk

1.13 mi;ksxh @ lgk;d xzUFk

1.14 fucU/kkRed iz'u

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


�� izLrkouk

d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ls lEcfU/kr ;g izFke bdkbZ d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= vk”k;] izd`fr vkSj {ks= gSATkSlk fd vki tkurs gS fd vc d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk vyx ls v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd d`f’k {ks= dh leL;k,¡ vU; {ks=ksa tSls m|ksx] C;kikj rFkk O;olk; ls vyx gS A vFkZ”kkL= esa ge v/;;u djrs gS fd dSls vius lhfer lk/kuksa ls vlhfer vko”;drkvksa dh iwfrZ djsa ftlls fd ges vf/kdre lUrqf’V izkIr gks A orZeku le; esaa d`f’k u dsoy Qly mxkus rd lhfer jgh gS] cfYd ofudk rFkk Ik”kqikyu Hkh d`f’k {ks= esa vkrs gS A d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk izkjEHk [ksr esa gksus okys mRiknu ds v/;;u ds :Ik esa gqvk Fkk fdUrq le; ds lkFk&lkFk bldk {ks= C;kid gksrk pyk x;k A d`f’k “kCn dk iz;ksx [kk|kUUk mRiknu ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS ftls [ksrh ckM+h Hkh dgrs gSA d`f’k esa lHkh [kk| mRiknu fØ;k,¡] muds mRiknu] izlaLdj.k] Qlyksa ds fy, [ksrksa dk forj.k ] foi.ku ,oa d`f’k lk[k dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA lHkh fØ;k, d`f’k vkxr dh rjg gS TkSls ,moZjd] lk[k] e”khujh] ifjogu] izlaLdj.k] laxzg.k] RkFkk lsok, d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= esa v/;;u dk ,d vax gSA d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= esaa ge vFkZ”kkL= ds fl)kUrksa dks d`f’k dh leL;kvksa dkss gy djus ds fy, iz;ksx djrs gSA ge vius lhfer lk/kuksa dks vf/kdre d`f’k mRiknu ds fy, iz;ksx djrs gS ftlls fd ge vf/kdre ykHk izkIr dj lds A ge vFkZ”kkL= dh lgk;rk ls fofHkUUk mRiknu lk/kuksa dk bl izdkj ls ,d= djrs gS fd vf/kdre mRiknu izzkIr fd;k tk lds A tc ge d`f’k ls lEcfU/kr dksbZ fu.kZ; ysrs gS rks vFkZ”kkL= ds fl)kUrksa ls ges lh[k feyrh gS fd budk iz;ksx fdl izdkj djs ftlls fd ges vf/kdre d`f’k mRiknu izkIRk gksA

1.2 mnsn~”;

izLRkqr bdkbZ ds v/;;u ckn vki le>k ldsxs dh & 1- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk vk”k; ,oa ifjHkk’kk,a D;k gSA 2- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dh izd`fr D;k gSA 3- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk {ks= D;k gSA 4- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk vyx ls v/;;u D;ksa fd;k tkrk gSA 5- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk vU; lkekftd foKkuksa ds lkFk D;k lEcU/k gSA

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


1.3: d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk fodkl %

izkjfEHkd vFkZ”kkfL=;ksa ds fopkjksa esa d`f’k dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku jgk gSA ;wjksi esa 19oh- “krkCnh ds vkS|ksxhdj.k ls iwoZ dksbZ Hkh vFkZ”kkL=h d`f’k dk mYYks[k fd, fcuk vius fopkj izdV ugh dj ldrk Fkk A tSlk fd CySd dk dguk gS fd d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= fo”ks’khdj.k ds :Ik esa ftruk vFkZ”kkL= ls fodflr gqvk gS mruk gh izkd`frd foKkuksa ,oa rduhdh ls Hkh] fo}kuksa }kjk ohloha “krkCnh ds izkjEHk esa d`f’k ls lEcfU/kr iz”uksa ij /;ku tkus yxk Fkk A 1890 dh vkfFkZd eUnh us d`f’k dks cqjh rjg ls izHkkfor fd;k Fkk A ml le; laxfBr lewgksa us QkeZ dh leL;ksa esa i;kZIr :fp yh A tks izksQslj igys d`f’k jlk;u “kkL=] ,xzkukeh] gkVhZdYpj ,oa lkekU; vFkZ”kkL= TkSls iz”uksa ij gh fopkj djrs Fks] os vc d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ds v/;;u dh vksj vfHkeq[k gq, A QkeZ izcU/k dk loZizFke izksQslj ,UMw;wck¡l dks fu;qDr fd;k x;k A os ml le; ,xzkukeh ds izksQslj Hkh FksA Fkkel ,d-gUV (Thomas F. Hunt ) dks d`f’k dkyst ,oa d`f’k iz;ksx lEcU/kh dk;ksZ dk lw=/kkj ekuk tkrk gSA fe- gUV ,d ,sls d`f’k vFkZ”kkL=h Fks ftUgksaus [ksrh ckM+h ds HkkSfrd] tSfod ,oa vkfFkZd igyqvksa dks igpkuk rFkk vPNs QkeZ izcU/k dh O;oLFkk dks izksRlkfgr djus esa budh vko”;drk dks Lohdkj fd;k A fofy;e ts- fLiyeSu ¼william I. Spillman ½ us 1920 esa la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds d`f’k foHkkx esa QkeZ izcU/k dk dk;Z izkjEHk fd;k rFkk ,d QkeZ ij [ksrh fdruh C;kid gksuh pkfg, rFkk QkeZ fdruk cM+k gksuk pkfg, vkfn ckrkssa ij fopkj fd;k A d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk v/;;u loZizFke vesfjdk ls gh izkjEHk gksrk gSA Fkkel fuDlu dkcZj us 1903 esa ,oa izksQslj ,p- lh- Vsyj ¼Prof. H.C Taylor½us d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= rFkk izks- tktZ ykesu us xzkeh.k vFkZO;koLFkk ¼Rural Economy ½ dk ikB~;Øe izkjEHk fd;k Vsyj us viuh iqLrd Agricultural Economies 1905 esa izdkf”kr dh A izks- dkcZj dh jpuk Principals of Rural Eco nomics 1911 esa izdk”k esa vk;h A izFke fo”o ;q) ds ckn C;kolkf;d [ksrh ckM+h dk izlkj gqvk A

d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ds jk’Vªh; C;wjks rFkk d`f’k dkystksa ds LVkQ us lkekU; foØh dh leL;kvksa] dherksa] fons”kh izfr;ksfxrk] ;krk;kr] mRiknu cktkj]

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


,oa lkaf[;dh; dh leL;kvksa dk v/;;u fd;k A 1920 ls QkeZ dher ,oa vk; uhfr dh leL;kvksa us d`f’k vFkZ”kkfL=;ksa dk /;ku viuh vksj vkdf’kZr fd;k A

C;kolkf;d d`f’k vFkZ”kkfL=;ksa dks mRiknu vFkZ”kkL= ¼Prduction Economics ½] QkeZ izcU/k ¼Earm management ½]d`f’k foi.ku C;OkLFkk ¼Agricaltural Marketing ½ rFkk d`f’k uhfr ¼Agricaltural policy ½ esa oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dh fofHkUUk leL;kvksa us vFkZ”kkfL=;ksa dks fopkj ds fy, izsfjr fd;k gS] lkFk gh orZeku esa ns”kks esaa rks d`f’k iw.kZr% oSKkfud gks x;h gSA

1.4- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk vk”k; ,oa ifjHkk’kk,¡

d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= esa d`f’k rFkk fdlkuksa ls lEcfU/kr vkfFkZd leL;kvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA vusd fo}kuksa us d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dh ifjHkk’kk vius&vius

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


izks- gkokMZ ds vuqlkj **d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= lkekU; vFkZ”kkL= ds fu;eksa dks d`f’k dyk o O;kikj ij ykxw djus okyk “kkL= gSA** According to Prof. Howard, “Agriculture Economics may be defined as the

application of general economics to the crafts and business of agriculture.”

izks- Vsyj ds vuqlkj] **d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= mu fl)kUrksa dk foospu djrk gS tks d`’kd dh bu leL;kvksa D;k mRiknu fd;k tk; vkSj dSls mRiknu fd;k tk,] D;k cspk tk, vkSj dSls cspk tk, dks “kkflr djrs gS ftlls lEiw.kZ lekt ds fgr ds lkFk&lkFk fdlkuksa dks Hkh vf/kd ls vf/kd ykHk gks A** According to Taylor, “Agricultural Economics deals with the principles which

underlie for farmers problems of what to produce, how to produce it, what to sell

and how to sell it, in order to secure the largest net profit for himself consistent

with the best of society as a whole. ��

izks- ,l- ch- ds vuqlkj] ** d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= d`f’k ls lacaf/kr mu fl}kUrksa ,oa lwrzksa dk v/;;u gS ftudh lgk;rk ls de le;kof/k esaa gh mUUkr [ksrh djds le`) ,oa lq[ke; thou O;rhr fd;k tk ldrk gSA** According to A. W. Ashby, “Agricultural Economics is an applied science that is

methodical pursuit off knowledge of results, for the purpose of stabilizing,

adopting or modifying them, if and when necessary of changing their results.”

LuksM xzk¡l ,oa okykl ds vuqlkj] **d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dks lkekftd foKku dk ,d C;kogkfjd igyw ekuk tk ldrk gS ftlesa d`f’k lEcfU/kr leL;kvksaa ds leLr igywvksa dh vkSj /;ku fn;k tkrk gSA** mijksDr ifjHkk’kkvksa ls Li’V gS fd d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= og foKku gS ftlesa vFkZ”kkL= ds fl)kUrksa dk iz;ksx d`f’k {ks= dh fofHkUUk leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS A d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= Ekwy :Ik ls vFkZ”kkL= dh gh ,d “kk[kk gS A d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= esa d`f’k ls euq’; dks /ku dekus vkSj mls O;; djus dh leLr fØ;kvksa ls mRiUUk leL;kvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS A d`f’k D;k gS \ yEcs le; rd d`f’k Qlyksa ds mRiknu ls lEcfU/kr FkkA tSls&tSls vkfFkZd fodkl dh izfØ;k vkxs o

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


le>s tkus yxs gSA dqN vU; d`f’k fØ;k,¡ tSls d`f’k vkxrksa dh iwfrZ] cht] moZjd] _.k] chek] bR;kfn Hkh izLrkouk d`f’k C;olk; ds Hkkx ekus tkrs gSA

1.5 d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dh izd`fr

d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= esa lkekU; vFkZ”kkL= ds fl)kUrksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA izFke iz”u tks lacaf/kr gS og d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ds {ks= ls gSA d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ds vf/kdrj fl)kUr lkekU; vFkZ”kkL= ls fy, x;s gS] rFkk d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dh eq[; lk[kk,a lkekU; vFkZ”kkL= ds lekUk gS] Yksfdu rc ;g iz”u mBrk gS fd ;fn lkekU; vFkZ”kkL= ds fl)kUr d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ds fl)kUr ls vyx ugh gS rks d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dks vyx ls v/;;u dh vko”;drk D;kssaa gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= Eksa lkekU; vFkZ”kkL= ds fl)kUrksa dk iz;ksx izR;{k :Ik ls ugh djrs gS] cfYd lkekU; vFkZ”kkL= ds fl)kUrksa esa lq/kkj djds] d`f’k {ks= dh fo”ks’krkvksa rFkk fLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA 1- D;k d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= O;kogkfjd foKku gS

d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= O;kogkfjd foKku ds ukrs oLrq fLFkfr gekjss lEeq[k j[krk gS A ;g dkj.k rFkk ifj.kkEk ds laca/k dks crkrk gS A mRiknu ds {ks= esa ;g gesa crkrk gS fd fdlh Hkwfe ds VqdMs+ ij T;ksa&T;ksa Je rFkk iw¡th dh bdkb;ka cko nsrk gS fd HkkSfrd foKku rFkk vU; foKkuksa dk iz;ksx ,d fuf”pr fLFkfr esa fdl izdkj fd;k tkrk gSA

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


2 d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= foKku rFkk dyk nksuksa gS %

tSlk fd crk;k tk pqdk gS fd d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dks O;kogkfjd foKku ugh dguk pkfg, cfYd ;g fo”kq) foKku dk ,d fo”ks’k :Ik gSA foKku dh rjg d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= Hkh fofHkUUk vkfFkZd pjks ds chap dkj.k rFkk ifj.kkEk laca/k fdl izdkj dk gSA ;fn ;g laca/k ik;k tkrk gS rks ge bldk iz;ksx ge fofHkUUk vkfFkZd leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, djrs gSA d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ,d dyk Hkh gSA ;g gesa mu mik;ksa rFkk fof/k;ksa dks crkrk gS ftUgsa viukdj d`f’k mRiknu dks c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


C;f’VXkr rFkk lef’VXkr n`f’V ls Hkh o.kZu fd;k tkrk gSA d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ds vUrxZr d`f’k leL;k,a rFkk muds lek/kku ds mik;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA izks- dsl ds vuqlkj] **d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ds vUrxZr dk;Z izcU/k] foi.ku] lgdkfjrk] Hkw&/kkj.k i)fr;ka] xzkeh.k d`f’k lk[k] d`f‘k uhfr] d`f’k ewY;ksa dk fo”ys’k.k rFkk bfrgkl vkfn dks lfEEkfyr fd;k tkrk gSA d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= esa ge u dsoy vkfFkZd rF;ksa dk gh v/;;u djrs gS] cfYd d`f’k leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, O;kogkfjd lq>ko Hkh izLrqr djrs gSA vU; “kCnksa esa ge dg ldrs gS fd d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= esa fdlku D;k iSnk djs] fdruk iSnk djss] mls dgka rFkk fdlds }kjk csps] vk; dks c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


dqN fuf”pr jhfr&fjokt d`f’k ls tqMs gq, gSA dqN esys rFkk R;ksgkj Qlyksa dh cqvkbZ rFkk dVkbZ ds le; euk;s tkrs gSA bl izdkj lkekftd jhfr &fjokt d`f’k mRiknu dks izHkkfor djrs gS] tcfd vkS|ksfxd {ks= esa budk dksbZ izHkko ugh iM+rk gSA 2- vkRe fuHkZjrk %& cgqr lh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa d`’kd viuh vko”;drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus ds fy, Qlyksa dk mRiknu djrk gSA cgqr lh fLFkfr;ksa esa og ykHk dekus ds fy, Qlyksa dk mRiknu djrk gSA

3- la;qDr mRikn%& d`f’k esa cgqr lh oLRkq,a la;qDRk mRikn dk mRiknu djrh gS A tSls xsgw¡ rFkk Hkw¡lk ;k ekal rFkk Åu bR;kfnA bl izdkj dh oLrqvksa ds mRiknu ykxr dh x.kuk djuk dfBu gks tkrk gS] tcfd m|ksxksa esa mRiknu ykxr dh x.kuk djuk vklku gksrk gSA

4- mRiknu ij de fu;a=.k %& d`f’k {ks= esa d`’kdksa dk mRiknu dks c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


dbZ ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk,a d`f’k dh n”kk dksa izHkkfor djrh gSA d`f’k O;olk; dh lQyrk rFkk d`f’k O;olk; dh vlQyrk Hkh d`f’k dks izHkkfor djrh gSA 1789 dh Ýkal ØkfUr d`f’k esa yxs gq, xjhc turk dh [kjkc n”kk dk ifj.kke Fkk A ml le; d`f’k ,d eq[; O;olk; FkkA Bhd blh rjg cgqr ls ?kVuk,a d`f’k dh vPNh rFkk cqjh n”kk dk ifj.kke Fkh A vkfFkZd bfrgkl bfrgkl dh vkfFkZd Hkkx dk fgLlk gSA tSlk dh ge bfrgkl esa jktuSfrd] HkkSxksfyd] vFkZ”kkL= bR;fn ?kVukvksa ds fjdkMZ dk v/;;u djrs gSA blfy, vFkZ”kkL= rFkk bfrgkl dk lkFk&lkFk v/;;u djrs gSA baXyS.M esa d`f’k ØkfUr gh vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr dk eq[; dkj.k Fkhs] blfy, bfrgkl rFkk d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk cgqr fudV dk lEcU/k gSA 2- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= rFkk Hkwxksy d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= esa ge ;g v/;;u djrs gS fd lhfer lk/kuksa ls fdl izdkj vf/kdre mRiknu izkIr djsA d`f’k mRiknu eq[; :i ls HkkSxksfyd lalk/kuksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA moZjk Hkwfe] osgrj ty lalk/ku] taxy] [kfut lalk/ku bR;kfn vFkZO;oLFkk dh mRikndrk dks izHkkfor djrs gSA ;fn gekjs ikl vPNs lalk/ku gS rks ge vf/kd mRiknu izkIr dj ldrs gSA vkLVsªfy;k esa vPNh HkkSxksfyd lalk/ku mldh vFkZO;oLFkk dks vuqdwy :i ls izHkkfor djrh gSA ty lalk/kuksa dk osgrj iz;ksx vPNh vkfFkZd fLFkfr ij fuHkZj djrh gS rFkk budk lkFk&lkFk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA vkfFkZd Hkwxksy vFkZ”kkL= fo’k; dk ,d Hkkx gSA 3- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= rFkk lkaf[;dh; %

lkaf[;dh; d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ds osgrj v/;;u esa lgk;rk gksrk gSA fofHkUUk d`f’k vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dk lkaf[;dh; dh lgk;rk ls rqyuk djuk vklku gksrk gSA d`f’k mRiknu] dk;Z{kerk] dher ;k vk; dks lkaf[;dh; dh lgk;rk ls x.kuk dh tk ldrh gSA lkaf[;dh; vkdM+s fdlh {ks= fo”ks’k ds fiNMkiu dks bafxr djrs gS rFkk bu vkdM+kss ds vk/kkj ij vFkZ”kkL=h ml {ks= fo”ks’k dh leL;kvksa dks nwj djus ds fy, lq>ko ns ldrs gSA lkaf[;dh; vkdM+s igys ls ykxw dh x;h ;kstukvksa dk ifj.kkEk tkuus ds fy, ykHknk;d gksrh gSA vkSlr] lg&lEcU/k] ek/;] ekf/;dk] rFkk vU; lkaf[;dh; mik; fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk dh vkfFkZd n”kk dks vPNs rjhds ls le>us esa lgk;d gksrk gSA

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


blfy, d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= rFkk lkaf[;dh; dk ,d lkFk v/;;u vko”;d gksrk gSA 4- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= rFkk lekt”kkL=

lekt”kkL= ,d lekt dk v/;;u gS A lekt ds fofHkUUk vk;ke tSls vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd ] /kkfeZd] dkuwuh bR;kfn lekt”kkL= esa v/;;u fd;s tkrs gSA vFkZ”kkL= lekt”kkL= ds v/;;u dk ,d Hkkx gS A lkekftd rRo vkfFkZd n”kk dks izHkkfor djrs gSA laxfBr ifjokj rFkk tkfr i)fr dk VwVuk lekt”kkL= ds v/;;u dk fo’k; gS ] ysfdu ;s RkRo d`f’k RkFkk vkS|ksfxd mRiknu dks izHkkfor djrs gS rFkk , Jfedksa dh dk;Z{kerk rFkk xfr”khyrk dks Hkh izHkkfor djrs gSA nwljh rjQ vkfFkZd n”kk Hkh lekt dks cgqr vf/kd izHkkfor djrk gSA ns”k dh lEiUUkrk rFkk osgrj vkfFkZd n”kk dqN lkekftd cqjkb;ksa tSls pksjh] MdSrh bR;kfn dks nwj djus esa lgk;d gksrs gSA dkyk cktkjh ;k LEkxfyax bR;kfn dks vlkekftd cqjkbZ;ka ekuk tkrk gSA /kuh rFkk xjhc lekt esa lkekftd i)fr fHkUUk&fHkUUk gks ldrh gSA vr% bu nkuksas fo’k;ksa dk lkFk&lkFk v/;;u vko”;d gSA 5- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= rFkk U;k;”kkL= U;k;“kkL= dkuwuh iz.kkyh dk v/;;u gSA fofHkUUk dkuwu rFkk muds iz;ksx dk v/;;u U;k;”kkL= esa fd;k tkrk gSA d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dh lHkh fØ;kvksa dks U;kf;d lhek ds vUrxZr dk;Z djuk vko”;d gksrk gSA

dkuwu ds fo:) dksbZ xfrfof/k vkfFkZd fØ;k ugh gks ldrh gSA fofHkUUk dkuwu vFkZO;oLFkk dks vuqdwy :i ls izHkkfor fd;k gSA [ksrksa dh pdcUnh Hkh tehu ds iz;ksx ds izHkkfor djrs gSA blh izdkj tehu vf/kdkj rFkk d`’kd dkuwu bR;kfn Hkh d`f’k mRiknu rFkk vFkZO;oLFkk dks izHkkfor djrs gSA fdlh ns”k dh cqjh vPNh vkfFkZd fLFkfr Hkh ml ns”k U;kf;d i)fr dks izHkkfor djrh gSA fdlh ns”k dk dkuwu ml ns”k dh lEiUUkrk rFkk vkfFkZd fLFkfr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA blfy, ;g vko”;d gks tkrk gS fd bu nksuks fo’k;ksa dk lkFk&lkFk v/;;u fd;k tk; A

1.9 egROk

vkt d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk fodkl gksus ds lkFk&lkFk d`f’k mRiknu esa ubZ&ubZ laHkkouk,a iSnk gks x;h gSA d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= fdlkuksa ds fy, bl u;s Kku dks vklku cukdj muesa izsj.kk dk lapkj djrk gSA d`f’k vFkZ”kkL=] d`f’k

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


vuqla/kku rFkk rduhfd fodkl dks izksRlkgu nsrk gSA vUrjkZ’Vªh; C;kikj esa d`f’k dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gks tkus ds dkj.k d`f’k mRiknksa dk C;OkfLFkr kSrs djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gSA

1.10 lkjka'k

d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= og foKku gS ftlesa vFkZ”kkL= ds fl)kUrksa dk iz;ksx d`f’k {ks= dh fofHkUUk leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS A d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= Ekwy :Ik ls vFkZ”kkL= dh gh ,d “kk[kk gS A d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= esa euq’; /ku dekus vkSj mls O;; djus dh leLr fØ;kvksa ls mRiUUk leL;kvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS A d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= O;kogkfjd foKku vkSj vkn”kZ foKku ds lkFk&lkFk dyk Hkh gSA d`f’k iwjh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, egRoiw.kZ {ks= gksrk gSA d`f’k {ks= dk fodkl nwljs {ks= ds fodkl ds fy, vko”;d gSA lkekU; vFkZ”kkL= ds yxHkx lHkh ;U=ksa dk iz;ksx d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= esa gksrk gSA mRiknu miHkksx] forj.k] foi.ku]foRRk] ;kstuk ,oa uhfr fuEkkZ.k vkfn d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dh eq[; “kk[kk,a gSA d`f’k {ks= dk ge C;f’VXkr rFkk lef’VXkr n`f’V ls Hkh o.kZu fd;k tkrk gSA d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ds vUrxZr d`f’k leL;k,a rFkk muds lek/kku ds mik;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= esa fdlku D;k iSnk djs] fdruk iSnk djss] mls dgka rFkk fdlds }kjk csps] vk; dks c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


¼4½ d`f’k mRiknu vf/kdrj tehu dh fLFkfr] vkdkj rFkk xq.k ij vk/kkfjr ugha gksrk gSA ¼lR;@vlR;½ ¼5½ d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ds vf/kdrj fl)kUr lkekU; vFkZ”kkL= ls fy, x;s gS] rFkk d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dh eq[; Lkk[kk,a lkekU; vFkZ”kkL= ds leku gSA ¼lR;@vlR; ½ ¼6½ d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= C;kogkfjd foKku vkSj vkn”kZ foKku ds lkFk&lkFk dyk Hkh gS A ¼lR;@vlR;½ ¼7½ d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk v/;;u loZizFke vesfjdk ls izkjEHk ugh gksrk gSA ¼lR;@vlR;½ mÙkj& ¼1½ lR; ¼2½ lR; ¼3½ vlR; ¼4½ vlR; ¼5½ lR; ¼6½ lR; ¼7½ vlR; vH;kl iz”uksa ds mRRkj % ¼c½ ¼1½ Qlyks dk fodkl rFkk vU; fØ;k,a fdl&fdl n”kkvksa ls T;knk izHkkfor gksrh gSA ¼2½ d`f’k esa mRiknu dk egRoiw.kZ lk/ku D;k gksrk gSA ¼3½ fdlh Hkwfe ds VwdM+s ij T;ksa&T;ksa Je rFkk iw¡th dh bdkb;k¡ c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


2. S.S. china “Agricultural Economics and India Agriculture”

3. xkSjo nRRk ,oa ds-ih- ,e- lqUnje 66 **Hkkjrh; vFkZC;oLFkk**

4. ,l- ds- feJ ,oa oh-ds- iqjh **Hkkjrh; vFkZC;oLFkk ** 5. C.P. Dutt and B.M. Pugh, “Principles and Practices of Crop Production” 6. Naidu and Narsinham, “Economics of Indian Agriculture” Vol. 1

7. R.D. Tiwari, “Indian Agriculture”

8. J.P. Bhattacharjee, “Studies in Indian Agricultural Economics”

9. Ramesh chand, S.S Raju and L.M. Pandey “Growth crisis in Agriculture” EPW, June 30, 2007

1-14 mi;ksxh / lgk;d xzUFk % 1. Robbins L. (1946), “An essay on the Nature and significance of Economic

Review” Ed. Londan, Macmillan company

�� Taylor, H.C. (1949), “Outlines ��

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1.15: fucU/kkRed iz”u %

1- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dh /kkj.kk dks ifjHkkf’kr dhft, rFkk bldh izd`fr vkSj {ks= dks Li’V dhft, A

2- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ds {ks= dh C;k[;k dhft, A 3- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ds vyx v/;;u ds egRo dks crkb, A 4- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= D;k gS \ d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk vyx ls v/;;u D;ksa fd;k tkrk gSA

5- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dks ifjHkkf’kr dhft, A d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= lkekU; vFkZ”kkL= ls fdl izdkj vyx gSA

6- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dks ifjHkkf’kr dhft, A vU; lkekftd foKku ds lkFk bldk fdl izdkj dk lEcU/k gSA

7- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dh fo’k; lkexzh rF; bldh izd`fr dk o.kZu dhft, 8- d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= dk fofHkUUk lkekftd foKkuksa ds lkFk D;k lEcU/k gS] bldh foLr`r C;k[;k dhft, A

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


bdkbZ & 2 vkfFkZd fodkl esa d`f"k dk egRo vkSj d`f"k m|ksx lEcU/k

bdkbZ lajpuk

2.1 izLrkouk

2.2 mn~ns';

2.3 vkfFkZd fodkl esa d`f"k fdl izdkj lgk;d gksrk gS

2.4 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa d`f"k dk egRo

2.5 d`f"k rFkk m|ksx esa vUrj

2.6 d`f"k rFkk m|ksx ds chp vUrZlaca/k

2.7 vkS|ksfxd {ks= dk d`f"k {ks= dks va'knku

2.8 d`f"k {ks= dk vkS|ksfxd {ks= dks va'knku

2.9 lkjka'k

2.10 'kCnkoyh

2.11 vH;kl iz'uksa ds mÙkj

2.12 lUnHkZ lfgr xzUFk

2.13 mi;ksxh@lgk;d xzUFk


�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


2-1 izLrkouk

vki fiNys v/;k; esa d`f"k vFkZ'kkL= vk'k;] izd`fr vkSj {ks= ds ckjs esa v/;;u dj pqds gSA bl v/;k; esa vki ^^vkfFkZd fodkl esa d`f"k dk egRo vkSj d`f"k m|ksx lEcU/k** ds ckjs esa v/;;u djsxsaA tSlk fd vki tkurs gS fdlh ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa d`f"k {ks= dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA Hkkjr vkt ds fodflr ns'kksa ls Hkh iqjkuk ns'k gS] bldh d`f"k cgqr igys gh ifjiDork dh fLFkfr esa igqWp pqdh Fkh vkSj ml le; ns'k esa d`f"k rFkk m|ksx esa lUrqyu Fkk] ftlls fdlkuksa dh n'kk mruh [kjkc ugha Fkh ftruh dh vkt gSA vaxsztksa ds vkus ds ckn d`f"k dh fLFkfr cgqr gh [kjkc gks x;h rFkk d`f"k rFkk m|ksx esa tks lg;ksx Fkk og Hkh lekIr gks x;kA ysfdu Lora=rk ds ckn fLFkfr esa dqN ifjorZu vk;k gS vkSj dqN fdlkuksa us bls O;kolkf;d vk/kkj ij viuk;kA vxj ge fofHkUu ns'kksa ds vkfFkZd fodkl ds bfrgkl dks ns[ks rks ;g irk pyrk gS fd fodflr ns'kksa ds vkfFkZd le`f) esa d`f"k {ks= dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gS rFkk fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fy, bldh Hkwfedk vkSj vf/kd c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


2-3 vkfFkZd fodkl esa d`f"k fdl izdkj lgk;d gksrk gS fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl eas d`f"k dk cgqr egRoiw.kZ LFkku gksrk gSA d`f"k vFkZO;oLFkk dh jh

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


6- fons'kh eqnzk dh izkfIr %& d`f"k iz/kku ns'kksa es vkS|ksfxd oLrq,aW vUrjkZ"Vªh; cktkj esa izfr;ksfxrk ugha dj ikrh gS] D;ksafd vkS|ksfxd oLrq,W ?kfV;k fdLe dh gksrh gSA vr% d`f"k oLrq,W gh ,slh gS tks fd vUrZjk"Vªh; cktkj esa izfr;ksfxrk dk lkeuk dj ldrh gS rFkk fons'kh eqnzk izkIr dj ldrh gSA

2-4 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa d`f"k dk egRo fiNys dbZ n'kdksa ls Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa d`f"k dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku cuk gqvk gSA 1- jk"Vªh; vk; esa d`f"k dk fgLlk %& Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; vk; esa d`f"k dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku

jgk gSA 1950&51 esa ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ¼th-Mh-ih-½ esa d`f"k dk fgLlk 56-5

izfr'kr FkkA tSls&tSls fodkl dh izfØ;k rst gqbZ] f}rh;d rFkk rr̀h;d {ks=ksa ds fodkl ds dkj.k d`f"k dk fgLlk yxkrkj de gksrk x;k vkSj ;g 2011&12 esa 13-3

izfr'kr fuEu Lrj ij igWqp x;kA vxj ge fodflr ns'kksa dks ns[ks rks jk"Vªh; vk; esa fgLlk cgqr gh de gSA tSls vesfjdk rFkk baXyS.M esa jk"Vªh; vk; esa d`f"k dk

fgLlk dsoy 2 izfr'kr gSA Ýkal esa ;g vuqikr 7 izfr'kr rFkk vkLVªsfy;k esa 6 izfr'kr gSA bl izdkj ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd tSls & tSls dksbZ ns'k fodkl djrk gS] jk"Vªh; vk; esa d`f"k dk fgLlk de gksrk tkrk gSA

Rkkfydk & 1lk/ku ij ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ¼th-Mh-ih-½ esa d`f"k {ks= dk Hkkx

o"kZ ¼1999&2000 dh dherksa ij½

ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ¼th-Mh-ih-½ esa d`f"k {ks= dk Hkkx

1950&51 56.5% 1970&71 45.9% 1990&91 34.0% 1999&2000 25.0% ¼2004&05 dh dherksa ij½

2008&09 15.7% 2009&10 14.7% 2010&11 14.5% 2011&12 13.9% 2012&13 13.8

2- jkstxkj dh n`f"V ls d`f"k dk egRo %& vYi fodflr ;k fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa d`f"k

dh bruh vf/kd iz/kkurk gksrh gS fd dk;Zdkjh tula[;k dk cgqr vf/kd Hkkx jkstxkj ds fy, bl ij vkfJr gksrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ ;g feJ esa 42 izfr'kr] ckaXykns'k esa 50 izfr'kr] b.Mksusf'k;k esa 52 izfr'kr o phu esa 68 izfr'kr gSA

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


1951 esa dk;Zdkjh tula[;k dk yxHkx 70 izfr'kr d`f"k ,oa lEc) fØ;kvksa esa dk;Zjr Fkk] ogh 2001 esa ;g fgLlk fxjdj 59 izfr'kr gks x;kA vFkkZr~ 2001 esa d`f"k esa 23-5 djksM+ O;fDr;ksa dks jkstxkj izkIr gSA 2005&06 esa d`f"k esa Je'kfDr dk 57 izfr'kr jkstxkj izkIr djrk gS rFkk ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa d`f"k {ks= dk fgLlk 2005&06 esa 21-7 izfr'kr FkhA bldk vFkZ gqvk fd d`f"k dk izfr O;fDr ldy ?ksjyw mRikn xSj d`f"k O;olk; esa dke djus okys Jfedksa dh rqyuk esa dsoy ikapok Hkkx gS vkSj blesa yxkrkj fxjkoV gksrh tk jgh gSA d`f"k rFkk xSj d`f"k O;olk; esa dke djus okys Jfedksa dh vkSlr vk; esa vUrj c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


d`f"k }kjk phuh] pk;] lwrh oL= vkSj iVlu ouLifr rsy] [kk| inkFkksZ] lkcqu rFkk vU; d`f"k ij vk/kkfjr m|ksxksa ds fy, dPpk eky miyC/k djk;k tkrk gSA 5- vUrZjk"Vªh; O;kikj ds {ks= esa d`f"k dk egRo %& vUrZjk"Vªh; O;kikj ds {ks= esa Hkh d`f"k dk cgqr vf/kd egRo gSA cgqr vf/kd le; rd rhu d`f"k oLrqvksa ¼pk;] iVlu rFkk lwrh oL=½ dk fu;kZr vk; esa fgLlk 50 izfr'kr ls vf/kd jgkA ;fn ge vU; d`f"k oLrqvksa tSls dkQh] rEckdw] dktw] ouLifr rsy] phuh bR;kfn dks Hkh 'kkfey dj fy;k tk; rks ;g 70 ls 75 izfr'kr rd igqWp tkrk gSA df̀"k ij bruh vf/kd fuHkZjrk Hkkjr ds vYifodkl dks n'kkZrh gSA fiNys nks n'kdksa ds nkSjku fu;kZr ds fofo/khdj.k ds dkj.k dqy fu;kZr esa d`f"k dk fgLlk de gqvk gS vkSj ;g 2010&11 esa de gksdj 9-9 izfr'kr gks x;k gSA 1991 esa vFkZO;oLFkk ds mnkjhdj.k ds i'pkr~ d`f"k vk;kr esa o`f) gqbZ gS vkSj blesa [kk| rsyksa dk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku gSA 6-iwath fuekZ.k esa lg;ksx %& tSlk fd vki tkurs gS fd vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, iwath fuekZ.k cgqr vf/kd vko';d gSA Hkkjr esa d`f"k {ks= vFkZO;oLFkk dk ,d cM+k {ks= gSA vr% iwath fuekZ.k esa bldk lg;ksx vko';d gSA ;fn ;g {ks= ,slk dj ikus esa vlQy gksxk rks blls vkfFkZd fodkl dh izfØ;k vo:) gksxhA 7- xjhch fuokj.k esa Hkwfedk %& Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa d`f"k dk fgLlk vc ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk 15 izfr'kr ls Hkh de gSA rFkk vHkh Hkh vk/ks ls vf/kd Je'kfDr d`f"k {ks= esa dk;Zjr gSA blds vykok ,d vke vkneh viuh vk; dk ,d cM+k Hkkx Hkkstu ij [kpZ djrk gSA D;ksafd d`f"k de vk; okys o fu/kZu O;fDr;ksa dk thou vk/kkj gS rFkk [kk| lqj{kk dk eq[; vL= gS] blfy, xjhch fuokj.k esa bldh Hkwfedk Lor% fl) gSA

2-5 d`f"k rFkk m|ksx esa vUrj fdlh Hkh O;olk; dh lQyrk lqfuf'pr cukbZ x;h ;kstuk ds dk;kZUo;u ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ;kstuk Åij ls rks vPNh fn[kkbZ nsrh gS ijUrq dbZ ckj O;olk; dh fo'ks"krk,W ;kstuk dks ykxw djus ls igys th ifjfLFkfrvksa dks cny nsrh gSA d`f"k {ks= esa fu.kZ; ysus okys vk/kkj Hkwr rRo m|ksxksa ls fHkUu gksrs gS ftudk o.kZu vkxs fd;k x;k gSA 1- ekWx i{k%& ekWx i{k dks ns[ks rks d`f"k oLrqvksa dh ekWx de ykspnkj gksrh gSA ;fn

[kk| oLrqvksa dh dherksa esa deh gksrh gS rks yksx mldh T;knk ekWx ugha djrs gSA [kk| oLrqvksa dh ekWx thou ds fy, vko';d gS ysfdu mudh dherksa ds de ;k T;knk gksus ij mudh ekWx ij T;knk izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA ysfdu nwljh rjQ vkS|ksfxd oLrqvksa dh ekWx T;knk ykspnkj gksrh gSA vkS|ksfxd oLrqvksa dh dherksa ds de gksus ij yksx T;knk ls T;knk [kjhnuk pkgrs gSA

2- iwfrZ i{k%& d`f"k oLrqvksa dh iwfrZ Hkh de ykspnkj gksrh gS] rFkk ;g izkd`frd n'kk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA d`f"k mRiknu dks T;knk vkxrksa dk iz;ksx djds ;k _rqvksa ds

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


foijhr fLFkfr esa T;knk c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


rFkk iwath dh vfrfjDr bdkbZ yxk;h tkrh gS rks mRiknu de vuqikr dh nj ls c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


2-7 vkS|ksfxd {ks= dk d`f"k {ks= dks va'knku dqN le; i'pkr~ d`f"k {ks= dh vkS|ksfxd {ks= ij fuHkZjrk c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


1- m|ksxksa dks dPps eky dh vkiwfrZ%& m|ksxksa esa iz;ksx gksus okyk dPpk eky d`f"k {ks= ls gh izkIr gksrk gSA tc d`f"k {ks= dk fodkl gksrk gS rks vkS|ksfxd {ks= dk Hkh fodkl gksrk gS D;ksafd vkS|ksfxd {ks= dks dPps eky dh vkiwfrZ vf/kd gksrh gSA

2- [kk|kUuksa dh vkiwfrZ%& tc [kk|kUu cktkj esa igqWprk gS rks xSj d`f"k {ks= dks izkIr gSA

3- d`f"k rFkk fons'kh O;kikj%& ;|fi Lora=rk ds ckn Hkkjr vukt dk vk;kr djrk Fkk] fQj Hkh ;gkW ls d`f"k vk/kkfjr m|ksxksa dks d`f"k mRiknksa dk fu;kZr Hkh djrk jgk gSA bl izdkj ns'k dks vfuok;Z fons'kh fofue; Hkh iznku djrk jgk gS ftldh otg ls iawthxr oLrqvksa dk vk;kr fd;k tkrk gSA

4- vkS|ksfxd {ks= ds cktkj dk foLrkj%& d`f"k dk fodkl gksus ij d"̀kdksa dh vk; esa o`f) gksrh gS ftldh otg ls bu d`"kdksa dh vkS|ksfxd oLrqvksa dh ekax esa foLrkj gksrk gSA

5- xSj d`f"k {ks= dks Je rFkk iwath dh vkiwfrZ%& fodkl dh izkjfEHkd voLFkk esa d`f"k {ks= gh Je rFkk iwath dk ,d ek= Jksr gksrk gS blfy, bls vkS|ksfxd {ks= dk laj{kd Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bXyS.M rFkk tkiku esa cgqr ls m|ksx fdlkuksa }kjk lq: fd, x;s FksA Hkkjr esa Hkh lwrh oL= m|ksx vf/kdrj fdlkuksa }kjk lq: fd, x;s FksA

bl izdkj mijksDr dFku ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyk tk ldrk gS fd d`f"k {ks= dk fodkl gksus ls vkS|ksfxd {ks= dk fodkl gksrk gS vkSj vkS|ksfxd {ks= dk fodkl gksus ls d`f"k {ks= dk fodkl gksrk gSA bl izdkj nksuksa {ks=ksa dk fodkl gksuk pkfg,A ,d {ks= dh xfrghurk nwljs {ks= dks Hkh xfrghu cuk nsrh gSA ifj.kke Lo:i lEiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl :d tkrk gSA

vH;kl iz”u v- lR;@vlR;

1- fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa tula[;k cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA ¼lR;@vlR;½ 2- fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa izfr O;fDr okLrfod vk; cgqr gh de gksrh gSA

¼lR;@vlR;½ 3- d`f"k rFkk m|ksx ,d nwljs ds iwjd ugha gSA ¼lR;@vlR;½ 4- vkfFkZd fodkl dh izkjfEHkd voLFkk esa tula[;k dk vf/kdrj Hkkx d`f"k esa

dk;Zjr gksrk gSA ¼lR;@vlR;½ 5- tSls&tSls fodkl dh izfØ;k rst gksrh gS oSls&oSls ns'k dh jk"Vªh; vk; esa d`f"k

dk fgLlk c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


8- d`f"k oLrqvksa dh ekWx de ykspnkj gksrh gSA ¼lR;@vlR;½ 9- vkS|ksfxd oLrqvksa dh ekWx T;knk ykspnkj gksrh gSA ¼lR;@vlR;½ 10-ftl o"kZ tyok;q vuqdwy jgrk gS] ml o"kZ d`f"k mRiknu de gksrk gSA

¼lR;@vlR;½ 11-d`f"k {ks= dk fodkl gksus ij d`"kdksa dh vk; esa o`f) gksrh gSA ¼lR;@vlR;½ 12-d`f"k oLrqvksa dh iwfrZ de ykspnkj gksrh gSA ¼lR;@vlR;½ 13-vkS|ksfxd oLrqvksa dh iwfrZ vf/kd ykspnkj gksrh gSA ¼lR;@vlR;½

c- ,d “kCn esa mRrj nhft, 1- fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk dks eq[;r% fdrus {ks=ksa esa ckVk tk ldrk gSA 2- izkFkfed {ks= esa fdudksa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA 3- f}rh;d {ks= esa fdudksa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA 4- rr̀h;d {ks= esa fdudksa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA 5- Hkkjr ds ldy ?ksjyw mRikn ¼th-Mh-ih-½ eas d`f"k dk fgLlk 1950&51 fdruk

FkkA 6- Hkkjr ds ldy ?ksjyw mRikn ¼th-Mh-ih-½ esa d`f"k dk fgLlk 2011&12 esa fdruk

FkkA 7- fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa dk;Zdkjh tula[;k dk cgqr vf/kd Hkkx fdl ij fuHkZj

gksrk gSA 8- 2001 esa Hkkjr dh dk;Zdkjh tula[;k dk fdruk izfr'kr d`f"k ,oa lEc)

fØ;kvksa esa dk;Zjr FkkA 9- Hkkjr dh dwy fu;kZr esa df̀"k dk fgLlk 2010&11 esa fdruk FkkA

2-9 lkjka'k mijksDr bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds ckn ;g ckr Li"V gS fd fdlh Hkh ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa d`f"k dk cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ LFkku gksrk gSA d`f"k vFkZO;oLFkk dh jh

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


tula[;k ds ikl Ø;'kfDr ugha gksxh rFkk cktkj dk foLrkj Hkh ugha gksrkA vr% ;g ckr Hkh lR; gS fd fcuk vkS|ksfxdj.k ds d`f"k fodkl Hkh lEHko ugha gSA vr% d`f"k rFkk vkS|ksfxd {ks= dk lkFk&LkkFk fodkl gksuk pkfg,A

2-10 “kCnkoyh vkfFkZd fodkl % vkfFkZd fodkl dh /kkj.kk] vkfFkZd lao`f) dh /kkj.kk ls vf/kd C;kid gSA vkfFkZd lao`f) mRiknu dh o`f) ls lEcfU/kr gS tcfd vkfFkZd fodkl lkekftd] vkfFkZd] xq.kkRed ,oa ifjek.kkRed lHkh ifjorZuksa ls lEcfU/kr gSA tgka vkfFkZd laOk`f) ifjek.kkRed ifjorZuksa ls lEcfU/kr gS rFkk vkfFkZd fodkl ifjek.kkRed ,oa Xkq.kkRed nksuksa izdkj ds ifjorZuksa ls lEcfU/kr gS vFkkZr jk’Vªh; mRikn rFkk lkFk gh thou dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj A vkfFkZd lao`f) % vkfFkZd lao`f) ls vfHkizk; fdlh le;kof/k esa fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk esa gksus okyh okLrfod vk; dh o`f) ls gS A lkekU;r;k ;fn ldy jk’Vªh; mRikn] ldy ?kjsyw mRikn RkFkk izfrO;fDr vk; esa o`f) gks jgh gS rks ge dgrs gS fd vkfFkZd lao`f) gks jgh gSA vkxr % vkxr fdlh Hkh mRiknu izfØ;k esa mRiknu ds lk/ku gksrs gS tSls tehu] Je] iw¡th rFkk m|eA fuxZr % fuxZr mRiknu izfØ;k esa lHkh mRiknu ds lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx djus ds ckn mRikfnr vfUre oLrq,¡ rFkk lsok;s gSA izkFkfed {ks= % izkFkfed {ks= esa eq[;r% d`f’k ¼okfudh ,oa Ik”kqikyu ½] [kUku rFkk eNyh O;olk; dks “kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA f}rh;d {ks= % f}rh;d {ks= esa lHkh izdkj ds m|ksx vkrs gSA r`rh;d {ks= % r`rh;d {ks= esa lsok,a tSls cSafdx] ifjokgu] O;kikj bR;kfn dks “kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA iw¡th fuekZ.k % O;fDr;ksa ,oa ?kjsyw {ks= dh cprksa dks O;olkf;d {ks= esa fuos”k fd;k tkrk gSA ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ¼th- Mh-ih-½ % fdlh ns”k dh ?kjsyw lhek ds Hkhrj fLFkr fuoklh mRiknd rFkk xSj fuoklh mRiknd bdkb;ksa }kjk mRikfnr vfUre oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa ds dqy ewY; dk ;ksx gksrk gSA mRiknu % mRiknu dk lEcU/k fdlh {ks= esa mRiknu dh dqy ek=k ls gS A mRikndrk % mRikndrk dk lEcU/k Ikzfr bdkbZ Hkwfe esa dqy mRiknu ls gSA de ykspnkj ek¡x % tc ,d oLrq dh ek¡x esa vkuqikfrd ifjorZu dher esa vkuqikfrd ifjorZu dh vis{kk de gksrk gS rks bls de ykspnkj ek¡x dgrs gSA de ykspnkj ek¡x % tc ,d oLrq dh ek¡x esa vkuqikfrd ifjorZu dher esa vkuqikfrd ifjorZu dh vis{kk de gksrh gS] rks bls de ykspnkj ek¡x dgrs gSA vf/kd ykspnkj ek¡x % tc ,d oLrq dh ek¡x esa vkuqikfrd ifjorZu dher esa vkuqikfrd ifjorZu dh vis{kk T;knk gksrk gS rks bls vf/kd ykspnkj ek¡x dgrs gSA

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


v/kkslajpuk % ,d ns”k dh vkUrfjd lqfo/kk tks fd C;olkf;d fØ;kvksa dks lEHko cukrh gS tSls fd nwjlapkj] ifjogu] foRRkh; laLFkk,] mtkZ iwfrZ bR;kfn lsok,a A ?kVrs izfrQy dk fu;e % ;fn lk/kuksa dks ftl vuqikr esa c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


4- Carl Eicher and Lawrence with (Ed.) Agriculture in Economic Development�

5- R. cohen The Economics of Agriculture�

6- A.P. Thiralwal Growth and Development�

7- John W. Mellor The Economics of Agricultural Development�


1- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa d`f"k ds egRo dk mYys[k dhft,A 2- d`f"k rFkk m|ksx dh iwjdrk dk mYys[k dhft,A 3- ,d fodklksUeq[k ns'k esa vkfFkZd fodkl dh nj rhoz djus esa d`f"k tks Hkwfedk

fuHkkrh gS mldh foospuk dhft,A 4- d`f"k vkfFkZd fodkl dk batu gSA bl dFku dh leh{kk dhft,A 5- ,d vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl esa d`f"k ds egRo dk mYys[k dhft,A 6- d`f"k rFkk m|ksxksa esa vUrj Li"V dhft,A 7- d`f"k rFkk m|ksx ds chp vUrZlaca/k dh C;k[;k dhft,A 8- d`f"k {ks= dk vkS|ksfxd {ks= dks rFkk vkS|ksfxd {ks= dk d`f"k {ks= dks va'knku dk

o.kZu dhft,A

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


bdkbZ & 3 d`f’k {ks= dk vkdkj] o`f) ,oa mRikndrk dh izo`fRRk;ka

bdkbZ lajpuk 3.1 izLrkouk

3.2 mn~ns';

3.3 d`f’k {ks= ds vkdkj esa o`f) dh izo`fRRk

3.4 d`f’k mRiknu esa o`f) dh izo`fRRk

3.5 d`f’k mRikndrk esa o`f) dh izo`fRRk

3.6 os lk/ku ftu ij mRikndrk fuHkZj djrh gSA

3.7 d`f’k mRiknu ,oa mRikndrk ds de gksus ds dkj.k

3.8 d`f’k mRiknu ,oa mRikndrk dks c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


3-1- izLrkouk

d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ls lEcfU/kr ;g rr̀h; bdkbZ gS blds igys dh f}rh; bdkbZ esas vki vkfFkZd fodkl esa d`f’k dk egRo vkSj d`f’k m|ksx lEcU/k dh lkekU; tkudkjh izkIr dj pqds gSA

Hkkjr tSls fodkl“khy ns”k esa d`f’k gh thfodk dk eq[; Lkk/ku gSA Hkkjr dh 65%

turk d`f’k ij fuHkZj gSA ysfdu Hkkjr esa [ksrks esa Qlyksa dh iSnkokj ekulwu ij fuHkZj

gSA d`f’k dk yxHkx 60% {ks= o’kkZ ij fuHkZj gS blfy, Hkkjrh; d`f’k dks *ekulwu dk

tqvk* dgk tkrk gSA Lorarzrk ls iwoZ d`f’k dh fLFkfr Bhsd ugh FkhA fczfV”k “kkldks dh vkSifuosf”kd uhfr ds QyLo#i bl ns”k esa d`f’k dk dksbZ fodkl ugha gqvk A mRiknu ,oa mRikndrk dk Lrj cgqr gh de Fkk A ysfdu LorU=rk izkfIr ds Ik”pkr fo”ks’kdj gfjr ØkfUr ds ckn dh vof/k ls d`f’k esa u;h rduhdh ds iz;ksx ls d`f’k mRiknu ,oa mRikndrk esa dkQh o`f) gqbZ gSA 1965&66 rFkk 1966&67 esa ns”k esa Hk;adj lw[kk iM+k vkSj Hkw[kejh ls cpus ds fy, 1 djksM+ 90 yk[k Vu [kk|kUuksa dk vk;r djuk iM+k A bl izdkj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k d`f’k fodkl ;qfDr ij iquZfopkj djus dh t:jr eglwl dh x;h rFkk d`f’k mRiknu o mRikndrk dks c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


e”khujh bR;kfn d`f’k {ks= ds vkdkj ij gh fuHkZj djrk gSA lkekU;r;k ;fn d`f’k {ks= dk vkdkj cM+k gS rks ge bls cM+s iSekus dh [ksrh dgrs gS] ;fn vkdkj NksVk gS rks ge bls NksVs iSekus dh [ksrh dgsxsaA

Rkkfydk-01 LorU=rk ds ckn eq[; Qlyksa ds {ksa=Qy esa o`f) ¼yk[k gsDVsvj½

1945&50 1964&65 2008&09 ¼1½ lHkh [kk|kUUk ftles pkoy xsgwa eksVs vukt nkys ¼2½ lHkh v[kk|kUUk ftles frygu xUuk #bZ vkyw

990 300 100 390 200 230 50 16 30 2

1180 360 130 400 240 330 115 26 84 4

1238 456 277 283 230 433 277 44 45 16 lHkh Qlysa 1220 1510 1671

Lkzksr % Hkkjr ljdkj vkfFkZd leh{kk fofHkUUk vad LorU=rk ds ckn d`f’k {ks= ds vkdj esa o`f) ds lkFk&lkFk izfr gsDVsvj mRiknu esa o`f) ds ifj.kke Lo#i yxHkx lHkh Qlyksa ds dwy mRiknu esa o`f) dh izof̀RRk ik;h x;h gS LorU=rk ds i”pkr eq[; Qlyksa ds {ks=Qy esa o`f) dks uhps rkfydk esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA

vxj ge LorU=rk ds ckn ds vkdM+ks dks ns[ks rks lHkh Qlyksa ds v/khu {ks=Qy esa o`f) gqbZ gS LorU=rk ds ckn dh vof/k esa vfrfjDr Hkwfe ij Hkh [ksrh dh tkus yxh vkSj flpkbZ lqfo/kkvksa ds foLrkj ds ifj.kke Lo#i catj Hkwfe ij Hkh [ksrh dh tkus yxh A dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa bls C;FkZ Hkwfe;ksa vkSj ou v/khu Hkwfe;ksa esa Hkh c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


v/khu {ks=Qy esa o`f) dk eq[; dkj.k u;h rduhd] moZjd bR;kfn dk iz;ksx Fkk] ijUrq xsgw ds v/khu {ks=Qy esa ;g o`f) eksVs vuktksa ,oa nkyksa dh dher ij FkkA vxj mijksDr rkfydk dks ge ns[ks rks ;g Li’V gksrk gS fd gfjr ØkfUr ds ckn dh vof/k esaa d`f’k {ks= ds vkdkj esa o`f) cgqr gh de jgh gSA

3-4 d`f’k mRiknu esa o`f) dh izo`fRRk d`f’k mRiknu dks eq[; #i ls nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tkrk gS& ¼1½ [kk|kUUk ¼2½ v[kk|kUUk dwy mRiknu esa [kk|kUUkksa dk fgLlk nks frgkbZ ls FkksM+k de gSA [kk|kUUkksa esa lcls egROkiw.kZ LFkku pkoy rFkk xsgw¡ dk gS] tcfd v[kk|kUUkksa esa [kk| rsyksa dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA dqy [kk|kUUkksa dk mRiknu 1950&51 esa 508 yk[k Vu Fkk tks fd 2011&12 c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


dikl dk mRiknu fofHkUUk ;kstukvksa esa yxkrkj c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


d`f’k

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


• nkyksa dh mRikndrk esa cgqr gh de o`f) gqbZ gSAnkyksa dh mRikndrk 1950&51 esa 441 fdyksxzke izfr gsDVsvj Fkh tks fd 2010&11 esa 689 fdyksxzke izfr gsDVvj gks x;hA

• nkyksa dk mRikndrk ?kjsyw mi;ksx dh vis{kk dkQh de gS] blfy, ns”k dks cM+s iSekus ij nkyksa dk vk;kr djuk iM+rk gSA fryguksa dh mRikndrk 1950&51 esa 481 fdyksxzke izfr gsDVsvj Fkh tks fd 2010&11 esa c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


mijksDr rkfydk esa Hkkjr dh pkoy esa mRikndrk feJ dh rqyuk esa ,d frgkbZ ls Hkh de gS] tcfd phu rFkk tkiku dh rqyuk esa yxHkx vk/kh gSA blh izdkj xsg¡w] eDdk] xUUkk rFkk ew¡xQyh dh mRikndrk Hkh Hkkjr esa cgqr gh de gSA

3-6 os lk/ku ftu ij mRikndrk fuHkZj djrh gSS d`f’k dh mRikndrk ftu egRoiw.kZ lk/kuksa ij fuHkZj djrh gS osa fuEu gS& ¼1½ tehu dh moZjrk %& tehu ds dqN VqdM+ksa dh moZjrk nwljs dh rqyuk esa T;knk gksrh gS] vr% T;knk moZjk tehu esa T;knk mRiknu djuk vklku gksrk gSA ¼2½ [ksrh djus dh fof/k %& d`f’k dh mRikndrk [ksrh djus dh fof/k ij Hkh fuHkZj djrh gSA [ksrh dh iqjkuh fof/k rFkk iqjkuh rduhdh T;knk mRiknu izkIr djus ds jkLrs esa ck¡/kk gSA tcfd [ksrh dh u;h fof/k vkSj rduhdh T;knk mRiknu rFkk mRikndrk izkIr djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA ¼3½ Qlyksa dh izd`fr %& dqN Qly fdlh {ks= ds fy, mi;qDr gkssrh gS rks dqN Qly vU; {ks= ds fy,A ;fn Qlyksa dks {ksrz dh mi;qDrdrk ds vk/kkj ij cks;k tk; rks blls mRiknu ,oa mRikndrk dks c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


¼aaA½ lkekU; dkj.k % ¼1½ mRiknd fuos”k esa deh % dqf’k {ks= esa yksx de fuos”k djrs gS] D;ksafd d`f’k {ks= esa izfrQy dh nj vU; {ks=ksa dh vis{kk cgqr de gksrh gSA vRk% fuos”k dks c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


igy gksuh pkfg, A ;fn d`f’k fuos”k dh ek=k c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


3- Hkwfe lq/kkjksa dk dk;kZUo;u %& Lora=Rkk ds ckn e/;LFkksa ds mUewyu ds fy,] dk”rdkjksa dh n”kkvksa esas lq/kkj ds fy,] Hkwfe ij vf/kdre lhek fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, rFkk d`f’k ds iquxZBu ds fy, dne mBk;sa x;s ysfdu lQyrk cgqr gh de fey ik;h gSA Hkwfe lq/kkj dkuwuksa ds dkjxj dk;kZUo;u ds fy, ljdkj dks izHkkoh dne mBkus pkfg, rkfd Hkwfe ml dk”rdkj dks fey lds tks ml ij okLro esa [ksrh djrk gSA tc rd ,slk ugh gksxk rc rd Hkwfe esa fuos”k djus dh izsj.kk ugh gksxh vkSj mRikndrk de jgsxhA

4- Hkwfe ij tula[;k ds ncko dks de djuk %&Hkwfe ij tula[;k ds ncko dks de djus dh vko”;drk gSA vU; {ks=ksa esa jkstxkj c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


3-9 egRo Hkkjrh; vFkZC;oLFkk esa d`f’k dk cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA d`f’k {ks= esa mRiknu ,oa mRikndrk c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


vkfFkZd vkf/kD; % dwy mRiknu rFkk miHkksx dk vUrj A vkxr % mRiknu fØ;k esa tks lk/ku iz;ksx gksrs gSA cM+s iSekus dh [ksrh % tc [ksr ds cM+s vkdkj ij [ksrh dh tkrh gS] rks bls cM+s iSekus dh [ksrh dgrs gSA NksVs iSekus dh [ksrh % tc [ksr ds NksVs vkdkj ij [ksrh dh tkrh gS rks bls NksVs iSekus dh [ksrh dgrs gSA laLFkkxr _.k % tc dksbZ _.k laLFkkxr lzksrks ls izkIr izkIr fd;k tkrk gS rks bls laLFkkxr _.k dgrs gS] TkSls cSad bR;kfn ls izkIr _.k A Je xgu [ksrh % tc d`f’k mRiknu fØ;k esa Je dk T;knk iz;ksx djrs gS rks bls Je xgu [ksrh dgk¡ gSA Ik¡wth xgu [ksrh % tc d`f’k mRiknu fØ;k esa i¡wth dk T;knk iz;ksx djrs gS] rks bls i¡wth xgu [ksrh dgrs gSA

3-12 vH;kl iz”uksa ds mRRkj

(A)

¼1½ Hkkjr esa dwy tula[;k dk fdruk fgLlk d`f’k ij fuHkZj gSA ¼2½ Hkkjr esa d`f’k dk yxHkx fdruk izfr”kr fgLlk o’kkZ ij fuHkZj gSA ¼3½ LorU=rk ds ckn d`f’k v/khu {ks=Qy esa fdl izdkj ifjorZu gqvk A ¼4½ LorU=rk ds ckn fdl Qly ds v/khu {ks=Qy esa lclsa vf/kd o`f) gqbZ gSA ¼5½ dqy mRiknu esa [kk|kUUkksa dk fgLlk fdruk gS A ¼6½ gfjr ØkfUr ds ckn dh vof/k esa fdl [kk|kUUk ds mRikndrk esa lcls vf/kd Ok`f) gqbZ gSA ¼7½ [kk|kUUkksa esa lcls egRoiw.kZ LFkku fdldk gSA ¼8½ gfjr ØkfUr dh izfØ;k dc lq# gqbZ A ¼9½ v[kk|kUUkksa esa lcls egRoiw.kZ LFkku fdldk gSA ¼10½ gfjr ØkfUr ds ckn dh vof/k esa [kk|kUUkksa esa ifjorZu cuh D;k izo`fRRk jgh gSA ¼11½ Lora=Rkk ds ckn dqy [kk|kUUkksa ds mRiknu esa yxHkx fdrus xquk o`f) gqbZ gSA ¼12½ fdl ;kstuk ds ckn dh vof/k dks gfjr ØkfUr dk dky dgk tkrk gSA mRRkj %& ¼1½ 65 izfr”kr ¼2½ 60 izfr”kr ¼3½ o`f) gqbZ gSA ¼4½ vkyw esa ¼5½ nks frgkbZ ls FkksM+k de ¼6½ xsg¡w esa ¼7½ pkoy RkFkk xsg¡w dk ¼8½ 1965&66 esa ¼9½ [kk| rsyksa dk ¼10½ o`f) gqbZ gSA ¼11½ 5 xquk ¼12½ rhljh ;kstuk

(B)

¼1½ Hkkjr TkSls fodkl“khy ns”kksa esa d`f’k gh thfodk dk eq[; lk/ku gSA ¼lR; @vlR;½ ¼2½ gfjr ØkfUr ds ckn dh vof/k esa d`f’k mRiknu ,oa mRikndrk esa o`f) gqbZ gSA ¼lR; @vlR;½ ¼3½ mRikndrk dk vFkZ izfr bdkbZ Hkwfe esa dqy mRiknu ls gSA ¼lR; @vlR;½ ¼4½ Lora=rk ds i”pkr d`f’k {ks= ds vkdkj esa fujarj fxjkoV vk;h gSA ¼lR; @vlR;½

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


¼5½ vkyw dhs [ksrh ds v/khu {ks=Qy esa 1949&50 esa nks yk[k gsDVs;j ls c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


�� 4- �� म� ��

+,-. /0123-

4.1 ��तावना

4.2 उ�ेय

4.3 भूिम �यव�था

4.4 89:; /?@

4.4.1. भूिम सधुार के उ�ेय

4.4.2. भूिम सधुार क� आवयकता

4.5 भूिम सधुार� का �व�प

4.5.1 जंमीदारी तथा म"य�थ� का उ#मलून

4.5.2 जोतो क� उ&चतम सीमा का िनधा(रण

4.5.2.1. उ&चतम जोत सीमा िनधा(रण के लाभ

4.5.3.2. उ&चतम जोत सीमा िनधा(रण से हािन

4.5.3. कातकारी �यव�था म+ सधुार

4.5.3.1. BC-3 ,- :3@;3

4.5.3.2. 89 -धारण क� सरु,ा

4.5.3.3 कातकार� का पुन-(हण

4.5.3.4 भूिमहीन कामगारो को भूिम �दा3 ,13-

4.5.4. कृिष का पुन(गठन

4.5.4.1. चकब#दी

4.5.4.2 भूिम के �ंबधन म+ सधुार

4.5.4.2 /E,-1F ,G :H

4.6 भूिम सधुार काय(3म� का आलोचना4मक मू5यांकन

4.6.1 भूिम सधुार काय(3म� का �भाव

4.6.2 भूिम सधुार काय(3म� क� किमयाँ

4.6.3 भूिम सधुार काय(3म� क� सफलता के िलए सझुाव

4.7 /-01-?

4.8 श;दावली

4.9 अ=यास �>� के उ?र

4.10 स#दभ( -#थ सचूी

4.11 /E-@, /उपयोगी पाठ्य साम-ी

4.12 िनबंधा4मक �>

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


4.1 ��तावना

fiNyh bdkbZ esa —f"k {ks= vkdkj] o`f) ,oa mRikndrk dh ço`fÙk;k¡ dk foLrkj ls v/;;u fd;kA bl bdkbZ esa ge Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lqèkkj dk v/;;u djsaxsA bl bdkbZ esa vki izkphu dky esa dSlh Hkwfe O;oLFkk Fkh ls tkudkjh izkIr djrs gq, LorU=rk&izkfIr ds le; Hkkjr esa Hkwfe O;oLFkk dh tkudkjh izkIr djsxsaA Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dk Lo:i ds vUrxZr taehnkjh rFkk eè;LFkksa dk mUewyu ]tksrks dh mPpre lhek dk fuèkkZj.k vkSj dk'rdkjh O;oLFkk esa lqèkkj çfØ;k dk vè;;u djsxsaA izLrqr bdkbZ ds v/;;u ls vki Hkwfe O;oLFkk ds çeq[k izdkj ] Hkwfe lqèkkj ls D;k vk'k; ,oa blds vUrZxr D;k & D;k dne mBk;sa x;ss vkSj Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dk Lo:i dh iw.kZ tkudkjh izkIr dj ldsxsaA

4.2 उे�य

bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds ckn vki fuEu mÌs”;ksa dh izkfIr esa lQy gksaxs fd&

• Hkwfe O;oLFkk ds çeq[k izdkj dks tku ik;sxsaA

• Hkwfe lqèkkj ls D;k vk'k; ,oa blds vUrZxr D;k D;k & D;k dne mBk;sa x;s bldks tku ldsxsaA

• Hkwfe lqèkkj izfdz;k viukus ds m}s'; ls voxr gks ldsxsaA

• Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dk Lo:i dh iw.kZ tkudkjh izkIr dj ldsxsaA

• dk'rdkjh O;oLFkk D;k D;k& D;k lqèkkj fd, x;sa A

• —f"k dk iquZxBu ls voxr gks ik;sxsaA

4-3 Hkwfe O;oLFkk izkphu Hkkjr esa xk¡o gh ns'k dh vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd xqByh Fkk vkSj bl xk¡o dh okLrfod O;oLFkk xzke leqnk; }kjk dh tkrh Fkh tks iapk;rks ds }kjk fdlkuksa ds vf/kdkjkssa dks iz'kkflr djrk Fkk vkSj ?kkl ds eSnkuksa] pjkxkgksa] rkykcksa rFkk flapkbZ lk/kuksa ij viuk vizR;{k LokfeRo cuk;s j[krk FkkA bu lkewfgd vf/kdkjksa dk fdlh }kjk ys'k&ek= vfrØe.k Hkh xzke lHkk }kjk cqjk ekuk tkrk Fkk vkSj mls nafMr fd;k tkrk FkkA bl dky esa Hkwfe ij vf/kdkj xzke leqnk; dk Fkk u fd jktk dk vkSj xzke leqnk; gh Hkw&jktLo dk fu/kkZj.k rFkk ladyu djrk FkkA euq ds vuqlkj fgUnw dky esa Hkw&jktLo esa jktk dk ijEijk vFkok :f

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


fd;k x;kA ;g O;oLFkk lu~ 1765 rd] tc 'kkg vkye us bZLV bafM;k dEiuh dks nhokuh iznku ugha dj nh izpfyr FkhA bZLV bafM;k dEiuh us Hkwfe&jktLo iz.kkyh dks n`

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


¼2½ vkfFkZd vlekurk dks lekIr djuk Fkk] ftlls lkekftd lekurk dks izkIr dj yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh LFkkiuk gks ldsA ¼3½ d`f"k mRiknu esa o`f) dj vkRe fuHkZjrk izkIr djukA ¼4½ xjhch mUewyu ,ao yksxks esa lkekU; ekU;rk,¡ iznku djukA 4-4-2- Hkwfe lq/kkj dh vko';drk Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lq/kkjksa dh vko';drk fuEu dkj.kksa ls eglwl dh xbZ FkhA ¼1½ Lora=rk ds le; ns'k esa d`f"k inkFkksZ dh Hkkjh deh FkhA vr% d`f"k mRiknu c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


IV. Hkwfeghu dkedkjksa dks Hkwfe iznku djuk ¼4½ d`f"k dk iquxZBu

I. pdcanh

II. Hkwfe ds izca/ku esa lq/kkj

III. lgdkjh d`f"k 4-5-1 taehnkjh rFkk e/;LFkksa dk mUewyu Hkwfe lq/kkj O;oLFkk dk loZizeq[k dk;Z taehnkjh ;k e/;LFkksa dk mUewyu FkkA mRrj izns'k taehnkjh mUewyu dkuwu dk ikyu djus esa vxz.kh jkT; Fkk tgk¡ ,d fo/ks;d 7 twykbZ 1949dks izLrqr fd;k x;k tks 16 tuojh 1951 dks ikl gks x;kA Øe'k cEcbZ o gSnjkckn esa 1949&50] e0iz0 o vle esa 1951]iatkc] jktLFkku o mMhlk esa 1952 rFkk fgekpy dukZVd o if'peh caxky esa 1954&55 esa vf/kfu;e ikfjr fd, x,A ns'k ds yxHkx lHkh jkT;ksa esa taehnkj ]tkxhjnkj ,¡o uke.knkj tSls e/;LFkksa ds Hkwfe vf/kdkjksa dks lekIr fd;k x;kA bu e/;LFkksa ds ikl ns'k dh yxHkx 40 izfr'kr ls vf/kd d`f"k Hkwfe ij vf/kdkj FkkA budh lekfIr ls ns'k ds yxHkx nks djksM+ ls vf/kd fdlkuksa dks ykHk igq¡pk gS vkSj mUgsa Hkwfe esa LFkkbZ rFkk iSrd̀ vf/kdkj iznku fd;k x;kA

4-5-2 tksrks dh mPpre lhek dk fu/kkZj.k

Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dk izeq[k /;s; esa tksrks dh mPpre lhek dk fu/kkZj.k FkkA bl dk;Z dks djus dh vko';d dk dkj.k izFke :i esa Hkfo"; esa tksrksa ds vkdkj esa o`f) dks jksduk Fkk ,ao nwljk cM+h tksrksa ds vfrfjDr Hkw&Hkkx dks ysdj mudks Hkwfeghuksa esa forfjr dj lekftd U;k; djuk FkkA rkfydk 4-1 vf/kdre tksr dk vkdkj gsDVs;j esa

jkT; )Qlyh flafpr Hkwfe

,d Qlyh flafpr Hkwfe

“kq’d Hkwfe {ks=

vkU/kz izns”k 4-05 ls 7-28 6-07 ls 10-93 14-16 ls 21-85

vklke 6-74 6-74 6-74

fcgkj 6-07 ls 7-28 10-12 12-14 ls 18-21

Xkqtjkr 4-05 ls 7-29 10-12 8-09 ls 21-85

gfj;k.kk 7-25 10-90 21-80

fgekpy izns”k 4-05 6-07 12-14 ls 28-33

tEew&d”ehj 3-60 ls 5-06 & 5-95 ls 9-20

dukZVd 4-05 ls 8-10 10-12 ls 12-14 21-85

dsjy 4-86 ls 6-07 4-86 ls 6-07 4-86 ls 6-07

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


Ek0iz0 7-28 10-93 21-85

Ekgkjk’Vª 7-28 10-93 21-85

Ekf.kiqj 5-00 5-00 6-00

mMhlk 4-05 6-07 12-14 ls 18-21

Ikatkc 7-00 11-00 20-50

jktLFkku 7-28 10-93 21-85 ls 70-82

rfeyukMq 4-86 12-14 24-28

flfDde 5-06 & 20-23

f=iqjk 4-00 4-00 12-00

m0iz0 7-30 10-95 18-25

Ika0caxky 5-00 5-00 7-00

dsUnz ds

funsZ”kkuqlkj¼1972esa½

4-05 ls 7-28 10-93 21-85

Lkzks= %&Agricultural Statistics at a Glance , 2001,Directorate of Economics &

Statistics Dept. of Agril Cooperation Page 230

mPpre tksr lhek dk fu/kkZj.k dk vk/kkj fHkUu&fHkUu jkT;ksa esa vyx&vyx ekuk x;kA mPpre tksrks dh d`f"k Hkwfe dks flafpr o vflafpr esa ck¡Vk] iqu flafpr {kss= esa ,d Qlyh ,oa f}Qlyh esa ck¡Vdj fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa tksrks dh vyx&vyx mPpre lhek,¡ fu'fpr dh xbZ tSlk rkfydk 4-1 esa fn;k x;k gSA ukxkyS.M+] es|ky;] fetksje vkSj v:.kkpy izns'k esa Hkwfe ds lkeqnkf;d LokfeRo ds dkj.k tksrks dh lhek fu/kkZfjr ugha dh xbZ 4-5-2-1- mPpre tksr lhek fu/kkZj.k ds ykHk mPpre tksr lhek fu/kkZj.k ds fuEuor ykHk bafxr gS&

1- mPpre tksr dh lhek fu/kkZj.k ls Hkwfe ds vleku forj.k dks ,df=r dj oafpr yksxksa esa ckaVk x;kA

2- Hkwfe vf/kdkj dh izkfIr ls jktuhfrd tkx`fr ,oa lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fuekZ.k esa lcyrk izkIr gqbZA

3- e/; ,oa NksVh tksrks dh LFkkiuk ls yksxksa esa lekurk dk okrkoj.k curk gS tks lgdkjh d`f"k dk vk/kkj curk gSA

4- e/; ,oa NksVs tksrs Je iz/kku gksrs gS tks e'khuhdj.k ij vadq'k yxkdj jkstxkj esa o`f} dh |ksrd gSA

5- mPpre tksr dh lhek O;fDr ds ikl Hkwfe dh miyC/krk dks de djrk gSA ftl dkj.k xgu d`f"k dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA

6- mPpre tksr dh lhek dsUnzh;dj.k dh izo`fr dks grksRlkfgr djrh gSA

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


7- mPpre tksr lhek dk lcls cM+k ykHk d`f"k Hkwfe ds viO;; dks jksduk gS cM+h tksr esa dqN u dqN Hkwfe d`f"k dk;Z ls fojr jg tkrh gS] tcfd NksVh tksr dh lEiw.kZ Hkwfe dk mi;ksx gks tkrk gSA

4-5-2-2 mPpre tksr lhek fu/kkZj.k ls gkfu mPpre tksr lhek fu/kkZj.k ds foi{k esa tks rdZ fn, tkrs gS] os gh blds voxq.k ;k gkfu gS] tks fuEuor gS%&

1- d`f"k dk o`gn :i esa mi;ksx u gks ikuk] ftl dkj.k e'khuhdj.k vkSj mPp rduhdh Kku dk ykHk ugha fey ikrk gSA

2- 'kgjh {ks= esa Hkwfe dh mPpre lhek ugha gksuk vkSj d`f"k esa Hkwfe dh mPpre lhek fo"kerk dks iSnk djrk gSA

3- Hkwfe dh moZjrk ,oa flapkbZ dh fHkUurk ds lkFk mldh dksfV Hkh dbZ izdkj dh gS] bl dkj.k lHkh {ks=ksa esa d`f"k Hkwfe dh ,d lh mPpre lhek fu/kkZj.k O;kogfjd :i esa lgh ugha gSA

4- ,slh vk'kk Fkh fd Hkwfeghu yksxks ds ,df=r Hkwfe dk forj.k dj lkekftd U;k; dh LFkkiuk dh tk,xh] tcfd ,df=r Hkwfe dh ek= de ,oa visf{kr yksxks dh vf/kd la[;k ds dkj.k mudh leL;k dk mfpr lek/kku ugha fd;k tk ldk gSA tSlk rfydk 4-2 esa fn;k gSA

5- d`f"k ds vk/kqfudhdj.k NksVh tksr esa ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

rfydk 4-2 jkT; orZeku rFkk Hkkoh

tksr dh lhek;sa ¼ ,dM½

Lkhek es vf/kd Hkqfe ftl ij ljdkj }kjk fu;a=.k fd;k x;k ¼gtkj gsDVs;j ½

forfjr dh xbZ Hkwfe ¼gtkj gsDVs;j ½

vklke 24 27 0-4 fcgkj 20 ls 60 & & Xkqtjkr 19 ls 132 20 10 gfj;k.kk 27 ls 100 73 22 tEew&d”ehj 22-75 180 180 dsjy 12 ls 15 2 2 Ek0iz0 25 ls 75 34 7 rfeyukMq 12 ls 60 11 9 Ekgkjk’Vª 18 ls 126 152 47 mMhlk 20 ls 80 & & Ikatkc 27 ls 100 71 25 jktLFkku 27 ls 336 24 5 Ika0caxky 12-4 ls 17-3 354 140

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


4-5-3 dk'rdkjh O;oLFkk esa lq/kkj %& dk'rdkjh O;oLFkk esa Hkwfe dk Lokeh Loa; d`f"k u dj vU; fdlkuksa dks iV`s ij nsrk FkkA izfrQy esa fdjk;k ;k yxku ysrk FkkA iV`snkj fdlku Hkh dgha&dgha vkxs bls vU; fdlkuksa dks iVs̀ ij ns nsrs FksA dk'rdkjks dk fuEu Lo:i ml le; esa fn[kkbZ iM+rk FkkA LFkk;h dk'rdkj& LFkk;h dk'rdkj og Fks ftUgsa Hkwfe ls csn[ky ughsa fd;k tk ldrk FkkA ijUrq taehnkj ykxu esa o`f} dj ldrk FkkA ,sfPNd dk'rdkj& ;s dk'rdkj Fks ftUgsa taehnkj dHkh Hkh Hkwfe ls csn[ky dj ldrk FkkA midk'rdkj& dk'rdkj fdlku ftu fdlkuksa dks iV`s ij Hkwfe nsrs Fks mUgs midk'rdkj dgrs FksA budh fLFkr vR;Ur n;uh; Fkh bUgs rks dHkh&dHkh yxku mit dk nks frgkbZ rd nsuk gksrk FkkA dk'rdkjh O;oLFkk esa lq/kkj dk eq[; mÌs';ksa dk'rdkjksa dks Hkwfe ij dkuwuh :i esa LFkk;h vf/kdkj iznku djuk Fkk] lkFk gh chekj] viax] fo/kok vleZFk vkSj lSfud vkfn tks Loa; [ksrh ugha dj ldrs gS iVs̀ ij iznku djus dh NwV nsuk FkkA 'kks"k.kkRed dk;ksZ ij jksd gsrq taehnkjh vf/kfu;e esaa dk'rdkjh O;oLFkk esa fuEu lq/kkj fd, x,& 4-5-3-1- yxku dk fu;eu& yxku fu;eu dkuwu ykxw gksus ls iwoZ iV`snkj dqy mit dk vk/ks ls vf/kd Hkkx Hkwfe Lokeh dks yxku ds :i esa nsrs FksA izFke ;kstuk esa gh bl lUnHkZ esa fu;eu cuk;k x;k tks lkekU; rFkk 20 ls 25 izfr'kr ls vf/kd u gks tSlkfd rfydk esa fofHkUu jkT;ksa ds lUnHkZ esa flafpr vkSj vflafpr ,oa 'kq"d Hkwfe ds fy;k bafxr gSA 4-5-3-2- Hkw&/kkj.k dh lqj{kk& dk'rdkjh O;oLFkk esa egRoiw.kZ dk;Z iV`snkjksa dks iV`s dh lqj{kk iznku djus ds lUnHkZ esa mBk;k x;kA cMs+ iSekus ij iV`snkjksa dh csn[kyh ij jksd yxkbZ x;hA Hkwfe dh ,d U;wure lhek iV`snkjksa ds ikl vo'; jgus nh xbZA dqN jkT;ksa esa iVs̀nkjksa dks vU;= Hkwfe fnykus dk mRrjnkf;Ro fn;k x;kA 4-5-3-3 dk'rdkjksa dks Hkwfe dk LokfeRo rhu izdkj ls fn;k x;k

1- tks dk'rdkj nwljksa dh Hkwfe tksr jgs Fks os Loa; dks Hkwfe dk Lokeh ?kksf"kr dj fn, x,A buesa tehu ds ekfyd dks eqvkous nsus dks dgk x;kA u nsus ij ljdkj us olwyh dk nkf;Ro fy;kA ;g O;oLFkk& xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª] e/; izns'k vkSj jktLFkku esa dh xbZA

2- ljdkj us Loa; Hkwfe dk eqvkotk ekfydksa dks iznku fd;k rFkk dk'rdkjksa ls ckn esa fdLrksa esa fy;k x;kA ;g O;oLFkk fnYyh esa dh xbZA

3- ljdkj us dk'rdkjksa ls lh/kk lEidZ cuk;k x;k vkSj mUgsa nks fodYi fn, x;s izFke og Hkwfe dk iwjk ewY; nsdj LokfeRo ds vf/kdkj dks izkIr djs f}rh; ljdkj dks yxku nsrs jgsaA bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk dsjy ,oa m0iz0 esa dh xbZA

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


4-5-3-4 dk'rdkjksa dk iquxzZg.k& lHkh jkT;ksa esa dk'rdkjksa dks Hkw&/kkj.k vf/kdkj iznku djus ds fy, dkuwu cuk, x,A blds vUrxZr tks dk'rdkj 8&ls 10 o"kZ ls [ksrh dj jgs Fks mUgsa tehu ij LokfeRo dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;kA yxHkx 1djksM+ 14 yk[k dk'rdkjksa dks 1-5 djksM+ ,dM+ Hkwfe ij LokfeRo iznku fd;k x;kA 4-5-3-5 Hkwfeghu dkexkjks dks Hkwfe iznku djuk& mPpre lhek ds dkj.k izkIr Hkwfe ,oa xzke&nku vkanksyu ds }kjk cM+s Hkw&Lokfe;ksa ls izkIr Hkwfe dks Hkwfeghu Jfedksa esa forfjr fd;k x;k rkfd Hkwfe lacU/kh vlekurk dks nwj fd;k tk ldsA 4-5-4- d`f"k dk iquZxBu Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa ds vUrZxr d`f"k dk iquZxBu fd;k x;k] blds fy, fuEufyf[kr mik; fd, x;sA 4-5-4-1 pdcUnh& pdcUnh og izfØ;k gS ftlesa fdlku ds b/kj&m/kj fc[kjs gq, NksVh Hkwfe ds cnys mlh fdLe Hkwfe ds fy, ,d LFkku ij iznku dj tkjh djuk gSA pdcUnh nks izdkj dh gS& ¼1½ ,sfPNd pdcUnh& ;g yksxks dh bPNk ij gS] cM+kSnk fj;klr }kjk 1921esa vkjEHk dh xbZA ¼2½ vfuok;Z pdcUnh& ;g pdcUnh dkuwuh :i esa vfuok;Z :i ls ykxw dh tkrh gS] bldh 'kq:vkr 1928 esa vkaf'kd pdcUnh ds :i esa e0 iz0 esa gqbZ FkhA ukS jkT; vkU/kz izns'k] v:.kkpy] fetksje] ef.kiqj] es|ky;] f=iqjk] ukxkyS.M+] rfeyukMq] o dsjy esa pdcUnh dkuwu ugh gS] ckfd lHkh jkT;ksa esa pdcUnh dkuwuksa ds vUrZxr pdcUnh dh tk jgh gSA iatkc o gfj;k.kk esa pdcUnh dk;Z iw.kZ gS] m0 iz0 esa Hkh 90 izfr'kr dk;Z iwjk fd;k tk pqdk gSA 4-5-4-2 Hkwfe ds izac/ku esa lq/kkj& Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØe dh lQyrk Hkwfe fjdkMZ o nLrkostksa ds v|ru cukus ls gh gSA bl lUnHkZ esa O;oLFkk gks jgh gSA leLr Hkwfe lq/kkj dkuwuksa dks ukSaoh vuqlwph esa 'kkfey fd;k tk pqdk gSA dsUnzh; vk;kstuk ds vUrZxr Hkwfe fjdkMksZ dk 12 oha ;kstuk ds vUr rd lHkh ftyksa esa iw.kZr;k dEI;wVjhdj.k ds fy, dk;Z fd;k tk jgk gSA catj Hkwfe dk mi;ksx] mUur iSnkokj okys chtksa dk iz;ksx] dhVuk'kd nokb;ksa dk iz;ksx vkfn ds }kjk Hkwfe dk dq'ky izcU/k fd;k tk jgk gSA 4-5-4-3 lgdkjh d`f"k& lgdkjh d`f"k dk vk'k; fdlkuksa ds }kjk lgdkfjrk ds fl)kUrksa ds vk/kkj ij la;qDr :i ls d`f"k djuk] tks gekjs xzke LojkT; dk voyEcu FkkA ns'k esa Hkwfe lq/kkjksa dk vfUre y{; lgdkjh xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk djuk gSA blesa NksVs&NksVs fdlku vkil esa feydj cM+h tksr ds lHkh ykHkksa dks izkIr djrs gq, uohu rduhdh Kku ds vk/kkj ij xgu d`f"k djrs gSA ykHk dk forj.k Hkwfe dh fgLlsnkjh ,oa ifjJe dks feykdj fd;k tkrk gSA iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa Hkwfe ds NksVs&NksVs VqdMks dks ns[krs gq, lgdkjh [ksrh ij dkQh tksj fn;k tk jgk gSA lgdkjh [ksrh ds pkj :i gks ldrs gS&

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


¼d½ dk'rdkj lgdkjh [ksrh ¼[k½ lkewfgd lgdkjh [ksrh ¼x½ mUur lgdkjh [ksrh ¼?k½ la;qDr lgdkjh [ksrh

4-6 Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu vktknh feyus ds ckn ls Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØe ftuds vUrZxr taehnkjh mUewyu] tksrksa dh mPpre lhek dk fu/kkZj.k] dk'rdkjh mUewyu] yxku dk fu;eu] lgdkjh d`f"k] pdcUnh ,ao iVs̀ dh lqj{kk tSls dk;Z fd, x;s] ftuds vk/kkj ij Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dh iz'kalk Hkh dh tkrh gSA tSlkfd la;qDr jk"Vª la| dh Hkwfe lEcU/kh fjiksVZ esa mYys[k gS fd]^^ Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lq/kkj ds gky ds vf/kfu;e la[;kRed n`f"V ls lcls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA brus vf/kfu;e dgha Hkh ugha cuk, x, gSaA vf/kfu;e yk[kksa] djksM+ksa d`"kdks ij izHkko Mkyrs gSa vkSj Hkwfe ds fo'kky {ks=ksa dks vius nk;js esa lfEefyr djrs gSaA ysfdu ,slk gksus ij Hkh Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dh izxfr /kheh jgh gSA**izks0 nkUrokyk dk er gS fd]** vc rd Hkkjr esa tks Hkwfe lq/kkj gq, gS ;k fudV Hkfo"; esa gksus okys gSa os lHkh lgh fn'kk esa gS] ysfdu fØ;kUo;u ds vHkko esa blds ifj.kke lUrks"ktud ugha jgs gSaA **Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dh dqN lQyrk jgh rks blh /kheh xfr ds :i esa dqN dfe;ka Hkh bafxar gksrh gSA 4-6-1 Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dk izHkko& Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dk ldkjkRed i{k ftls ge bu dk;ZØeksa dk izHkko Hkh dg ldrs gS fuEuor jgsA vc [ksrh djus okys fdlku vkSj ljdkj esa lh/kk lEcU/k LFkkfir gks x;kA Hkwfe dh ekyxqtkjh lh/ks ljdkj ds ikl tek djrk gSA fdlkuksa dks Hkwfe ij LFkkbZ vf/kdkj izkIr gks x;s ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd mit o`f}gsrq fdlkuksaa }kjk Hkwfe ij LFkk;h lq/kkj dk;ZØe Hkh 'kq: fd, tkus yxsA taehnkjh izFkk ds vUr gksus ls csxkjk o ukSdjh tSlh 'kks"k.k xfrfof/k;ksa ls fdlkuksa dks eqfDr fey xbZA fdlkuksa dks Hkwfe dk LokfeRo feyk ftl dkj.k og mlesa LFkkbZ lq/kkj ykxw dj vf/kd ifjJe djus yxsa QyLo:i d`f"k mit esa o`f} gqbZA dk'rdkj ,oa taehnkj ,d gh Lrj ij vk x;s bls lekt esa lerk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gqvkA yksx vkil esa feydj lgdkfjrk ds fl)kUrksa ds vuq:ilgdkjh d`f"k dks c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


4-6-2 Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dh dfe;k¡& Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØe cM+h gh rRijrk ls ykxw gq, ijUrq voyksddu djus ij buesa fuEua dfe;k¡ bafxr gksrh gS& Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksasa dk izHkkoh fØ;kUo;u ugha gks ldkA izks0 xqUukj feMZy us viuh iqLrd ,f'k;u MªkekW esa fy[kk gS fd **Hkwfe lq/kkj dkuwu ftl

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


¼v½ igyh ¼c½ ik¡poh ¼l½ ukSaoh ¼n½ naloh 3- fdl dk;Z dks Hkwfe lq/kkj esa fxuk tk;sxk& ¼v½ moZjdksa dk iz;ksx ¼c½ ladj chtksa dk iz;ksx ¼l½ pdcUnh ¼n½ flapkbZ esa o`f) 4- Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa esa fuEu esa D;k 'kkfey gS& ¼v½ yxku dk fu;eu ¼c½ dk”r dh lqj{kk iznku djuk ¼l½ nksukas ¼n½ nksuks ugha 5- pdcUnh dk;Z ls D;k vk'k; gS \ ¼v½ Hkwfe lq/kkj ¼c½ lkekftd lq/kkj ¼l½ xzke lq/kkj ¼n½ uxj lq/kkjA

4.7 ��

bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ls vki le> x;s gksaxs fd izkphu dky esa Hkwfe ij vf/kdkj xzke leqnk; dk FkkA og ifjofrZr gksrk jgk vkSj bZLV bafM;k dEiuh us Hkwfe&jktLo iz.kkyh dks n

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


tkuk pkfg,A Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dk izpkj&izlkj ds lkFk bldh izfØ;k dks Hkh ljy cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A

4.8 श�दावली

dk”rdkj & tks yksx fdlh nwljs dh Hkwfe ij Bsds ij d`f’k djrk gSA ikjEifjd [ksrh &iqjkuh fof/k;ksa ij vk/kkfjr d`f’k djrk gSA d`f’k dk O;olkf;dj.k & ykHk izkIrh ds mn~ns”;ksa ls d`f’k djukA

4.9 अ�यास �� के उ�र

vH;kl iz'u & 1 1- LorU=rk&izkfIr ds le; Hkkjr esa rhu izdkj dh izeq[k Hkwfe O;oLFkk,¡ Fkh&¼1½

jS;rokMh] ¼2½ egkyokjh vkSj ¼3½ tehankjhA 2- izkphu Hkkjr esa Hkwfe ij vf/kdkj xzke leqnk; dk FkkA 3- vdcj ds 'kklu dky esa jktk VksMjey us Hkwfe dh Øec) foLrr̀ iSekb'k dh

FkhA 4- lu~ 1765 esa 'kkg vkye us bZLV bafM;k dEiuh dks fnokuh iznku dh FkhA 5- jS;rokMh Hkwfe O;oLFkk esa d`f"k {ks= dk 40 izfr'kr izfr'kr Hkkx FkkA 6- lcls igys mRrj izns'k fy, dkuwu cuk;k x;kA 7- Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lq/kkjksa dh vko';drk fuEu dkj.kksa ls eglwl dh xbZ & d`f"k

mRiknu c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108


4- ik.Ms] �ो0 Jh/kj] vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk vkfFkZd bfrgkl]eksrhyky cukjlhnkl]fnYyh A

5- lksuh vkj0 ,u0( ^^d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ds eq[; fo’k; ** ( 2007( fo”kky ifCyf”kax dEiuh] tkyU/kjA

6- ekFkqj ch0 ,y0( ¼2011½ ^^d`f’k vFkZ”kkL=^^( vtqZu ifCyf”kax gkÅl] ubZ fnYyhA 7- xqIRk MkW0 f”ko Hkw’k.k^( ¼2010½ ^^ d`f’k vFkZ”kkL= ^^( lkfgR; Hkou vkxjkA

4.11 �� योगी पाठ्य साम�ी

1- jk/kk dey eq[kthZ% bdkukWfed izkWcyEl vkQ bfM+;kA

2- Taylor, H.C., (1949),5Outlines of Agricultural Economic�s, MacMillan,

New Delhi.

3- Ghatak, S and K. Ingerscant (1984), 5Agriculture and Economic

Development9; Select books,New Delhi.

4- Sadhu, A.N. and Amarjit Singh(2009),5Fundamentals Agricultural

Economics9, Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi.

5- Desai,R.G. (2009), 5Agricultural Economics9, Himalaya Publishing House.

6- Dantawala, M.L. et al. (1991): 5Indian Agricultural Development since

Independence9,Oxford& IBH, New Delhi.

7- Various Five Year Plan in Planning Commission of India.

4.12 िनबंधा,मक ��

1- Hkwfe lq/kkj dk D;k vk'k; gS \ vc rd Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dks dgk¡ rd lQyrk feyhA 2- Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dh miyfC/k;ksa ,oa muds xzkeh.k fu/kZuksa ij iM+us okys izHkkoksa dk fooj.k nhft,A 3- Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dk vkyksukRed o.kZu dhft,A 4- Hkkjr o"kZ esa Hkwfe lq/kkj ds izeq[k m)s';ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A vc rd fofHkUu Hkwfe lq/kkjksa ls dgk¡ rd bu m)s';ksa dh iwfrZ gqbZ gS \ 5- Hkwfe lq/kkj dk ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl ls D;k lEcU/k gSA Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dh vko';drk ,oa egRo dh foospuk dhft,A 6- Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dh izHkkoh foospuk dhft,A budh lQyrk ds fy, mik; lq>kb,A

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108

mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; ५८�

bdkbZ 5 & gfjr ØkfUr vkSj rduhdh ifjorZu

bdkbZ lajpuk 5-1 izLrkouk 5-2 mn~ns'; 5-3 gfjr ØkfUr dk vFkZ 5-4 gfjr ØkfUr dh miyfC/k;kW 5-5 gfjr ØkfUr ds ykHk 5-6 gfjr ØkfUr dh dfe;kW vFkok leL;k;sa 5-7 gfjr ØkfUr dh lQyrk ds fy, lq>ko 5-8 d`f"k esa rduhfd ifjorZu dk vFkZ 5-8 -1 d`f"k rduhfd ds izdkj 5-9 lkjka'k 5-10 'kCnkoyh 5-11 vH;kl iz'uksa ds mRrj 5-12 lanHkZ xzaFk lwph 5-13 mi;ksxh@lgk;d xzaFk 5-14 fucU/kkRed iz'u��

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108

mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; ५९�

5-1 izLrkouk ge tkurs gSa fd fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl ds fy, lcls igys bldh d`f"k dk fodkl vko';d gSA ,d izxfr'khy d`f"k gh ,d ns'k dks vkfFkZd fodkl ds iFk ij pyk ldrh gSA Hkkjr esa d`f"k {ks= esa mRikndrk c ldasxsa fd gfjr ØkfUr dh eq[; miyfC/k;kW D;k gSA 3- ;g Hkh Kkr gks ldsxk fd gfjr ØkfUr ds ykHk o dfe;ka vFkok leL;k;sa D;k gSaA 4- gfjr ØkfUr dh lQyrk ds fy, lq>ko nsus esa l{ke gks ik;saxsA 5- ;g le> ldasxsa fd gfjr ØkfUr dks c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108

mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; ६०�

Hkkjrh; d`f"k ds lanHkZ esa gfjr ØkfUr ls vk'k; NBs n'kd ds e/; d`f"k mRiknu esa gqbZ ml Hkkjh o`f) ls gS tks FkksM+s ls le; esa mUur'khy chtks] jlk;fud [kknksa ,oa uohu rduhdksa ds QyLo#i gqbZA vU; 'kCnksa esa] gfjr ØkfUr Hkkjrh; d`f"k esa ykxw dh xbZ ml fodkl fof/k dk ifj.kke gS tks 1960 ds n'kd esa ikjEifjd d`f"k dks vk/kqfud rduhdh }kjk izfrLFkkfir fd;s tkus ds #i esa lkeus vkbZA d`f"k esa rduhdh Kku dk vkfo"dkj] mUur fdLe ds chtksa dk iz;ksx] flapkbZ lqfo/kkvksa dk fodkl] d`f"k {ks= esa mUur vkStkjksa ,oa e'khuksa dk vf/kdkf/kd mi;ksx] d`f"k esa fo|qrhdj.k] d`f"k {ks= esa _.k dk foLrkj] d`f"k f'k{kk esa foLrkj dk;ZØeksas ds lfEefyr iz;klksa ds QyL#i; o"kZ 1966&67 ds mijkUr d`f"k mRiknu esa rhoz xfr ls o`f) gqbZA mRiknu o`f) dh bl vlk/kj.k xfr nj dks d`f"k oSKkfudksa] us gfjr ØkfUr dk uke ns fn;kA gfjr ØkfUr dk tUenkrk ukscsy iqjLdkj fotsrk izks0 uksjeu ckWjyksx gSA Hkkjr esa gfjr ØkfUr dks c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108

mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; ६१�

lksuksjk%] ^iwlk yeh%] dY;kt lksuk^ vkSj ^lksukfydk^ tSlh ubZ fdLesa fodflr dh xbZaA ysfdu ftu xsgWw dh fdLeksa us gfjr ØkfUr esa ;ksxnku fn;k os gSa& laxe

¼CPAN 3004½ eksrh ¼HD 1949½] tud ¼HD 1982½] vtqZu ¼HD 2009½]

dY;ku lksuk] lksukfydk ,oa HD 2329A vf/kd mit nsus okyh fdLeksa ds chtksa dk mi;ksx c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108

mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; ६२�

5- cgqQlyh dk;ZØe & cgqQlyh dk;ZØe dk mn~ns'; ,d gh Hkwfe ij o"kZ esa ,d ls vf/kd Qly mxkdj mRiknu c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108

mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; ६३�

12- detksj fdlku ds fy, fof'k"V dk;ZØe & detksj] NksVs o lhekUr d`"kdksa ,oa [ksfrgj d`"kdksa dh lgk;rk ds fy, rhu ;kstuk,a ykxw dha%&

¼d½ y?kq d`f"k fodkl ,tsUlh ¼[k½ lhekUr d`"kd ,oa d`f"k Jfed fodkl ,tsUlh ¼x½ ,dhd`r 'kq"d Hkwfe d`f"k fodkl vkSj vc lefUor xzke fodkl dk;ZØe ykxw

fd;k gSA

5-5 gfjr ØkfUr ds ykHk gfjr ØkfUr ds eq[; ykHk fuEu izdkj gSa^& 1- [kk|kUu mRiknu esa o`f) & gfjr ØkfUr ;k ubZ df̀"k jktuhfr dk igyk ykHk

gqvk gS d`f"k mRiknu esa o`f) gqbZ gS] fo'ks"k #i ls xsgWw] cktjk] pkoy] eDdk] o Tokj nkyksa ds mRiknu esa vk'krhr o`f) gqbZA blds ifj.kkeLo#i Hkkjr [kk|kUuksa esa vkRefuHkZj lk gks x;k gSA izfr gsDVs;j mRiknu esa vk'krhr o`f) gqbZ gSA ns'k esa lHkh [kk|kUuksa dk izfr gsDVs;j mRiknu 1950&51 esa 522 fd0xzke izfr gsDVs;j Fkk tks c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108

mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; ६४�

dh vksj yxsxkA okLro esa gfjr ØkfUr gksus ls [kk|kUkksa dk vk;kr 1978 ls 1980 rd iw.kZr% cUn dj fn;k x;k FkkA 2009&10 esa 85] 211 djksM+ #i;ks dk d`f"k inkFkksZa dk fu;kZr fd;k x;kA d`f"k inkFkksZa dk fu;kZr dqy fu;kZr dk 9-9 izfr'kr FkkA bl izdkj fons'kh eqnzk ds [kpZ esa cgqr cpr gks xbZ gSA

6- d`f"k ,oa vkS|ksfxd {ks= ds lEcU/kksa esa etcwrh & uohu d`f"k rduhdh rFkk d`f"k ds vk/kqfudhdj.k us d`f"k rFkk m|ksx ds ijLij lEcU/k dk svkSj Hkh vf/kd lqn

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108

mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; ६५�

lqfo/kkvksa ds miyC/k u gksus ds dkj.k] d`f"k esa izxfr u gqbZ tcfd bu jkT;ksa ds ckdh fgLlksa esa d`f"k ds fodkl dh xfr cgqr c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108

mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; ६६�

ty] dk iz;ksx ¼V~;wcoSy }kjk½ vR;kf/kd c

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108

mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; ६७�

y/kq flapkbZ ifj;kstukvksa ds foLrkj o"kkZ ds ty dks bdV~Bk djds ¼Rain

Water harvesting½ [ksrksa dh flapkbZ fNM+dko iz.kkyh] ¼Sprinter System½ }kjk dh tk,] rks blls ikuh] fctyh] Je lc esa cpr gksxhA

4- gfjr ØkfUr dk vU; Qlyksa ij QSyko & gfjr ØkfUr ds izHkko {ks= esa xsgWw vkSj pkoy ds vfrfjDr nkyksa] dikl] iVlu] frygu] xUuk vkfn ds u, chtksa dk fodkl djus dh vko';drk gSA ;fn bu Qlyksa ds fy, ÅWph mRikndrk okys chtksa dk fodkl fd;k tk, rks d`f"k {ks= esa lEiw.kZ ØkfUr vk tk,xh vkSj d`f"k esa vlUrqyu Hkh de gks tk,xkA

5- lhekUr o NksVs [ksrksa o NksVs fdlkuksa dks ykHk igqWpkuk & tSlk fd ge tkurs gSa fd gfjr ØkfUr d vf/kdre ykHk cM+s fdlku gh mBk ik;s gSa blfy, ;g vko';d gS fd%&

¼d½ NksVs&NksVs fdlkuksa dks lgdkjh [ksrh dks viukus ds fy, izsfjr fd;k tk,A ¼[k½ Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa dks tYnh o izHkkoh

�� अथ�शा� ,e-,-bZ-lh- 108

mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky; ६८�

vfr o`f"V vkfn dkj.kksa ls u"V gksus dh fLFkfr esa foRrh; lgk;rk iznku djus gsrq izkjEHk dh xbZ gSA bl ;kstuk dk eq[; mn~ns'; fdlkuksa dks vfuf'prrk ds le; fo'okl fnykuk gSA

5-8 d`f"k esa rduhfd ifjorZu dk vFkZ mRiknu esa fofHkUu lk/ku ftl izfØ;k }kjk vkil esa feydj mRiknu djrs gSa mls

mRiknu dh rduhfd dgrs gSaA d`f"k esa vkxrksa ¼Inputs½ dh vko';Drk gksrh gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy, gesa xsgwW dk mRiknu djuk gS rks mlds fy, gesa Hkwfe ¼Land½] cht

¼Seeds½] [kkn ¼Manure½] ty ¼Water½] ;a=ks ¼Implement½] 'kfDr ¼Energy½ dh vko';Drk gksrh gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa

Pw = f (L, S, M, W, I, E)

bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gsa fd ;gkW Pw ¼xsgWw dk mRiknu½] L Hkwfe]

S cht] M [kkn] W¼ty½] E 'kfDr dk Qyu gSA 5-8-1 d`f"k rduhfd ds izdkj d`f"k rduhfd nks izdkj dh gks ldrh gS%&

1- ns'kh rduhdh ¼Indigenous technique½ & bls ge ijEijkoknh ;k Je iz/kku rduhfd Hkh dg ldrs gSa Hkkjr esa lhekUr o NksVs fdlkuksa ds }kjk vHkh Hkh bl rduhfd dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bldh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a bl izdkj gS%&

1- Qly mRiknu djus ds fy, fiNyh Qly ds mRiknu esa ls chtksa dk iz;ksx fd;k trk gSA

2- flapkbZ ekulwu ij fuHkZj djrh gSA 3- 'kfDr ds eq[; lk/ku i'kq FksA 4- ;a=ks ds #i esa gy] cSy] NksVs gkFkksa ls iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys vkStkjksa dk iz;ksx

gksrk gSA

2- vk/kqfud rduhdh ¼Modern technique½ & bl rduhfd dks iawth iz/kku rduhfd Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl rduhfd dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a bl izdkj gSa%&

1- mUur fdLeksa ds chtksa tks d

Documents

Book MAEC 108 - Uttarakhand Open UniversityVaidyanath Committee) bdkbZ& 23- okf.kfT;d cSadka dh Hkwfedk] xj d`f’k xkeh.k foÙk lLFkku 341&353 (Role of Commercial Banks, Non-Agricultural