BOOK OF ABSTRACTS - Welcome to ic-rmm4Book of Abstracts. The 3rd International Conference on Rheology and Modeling of Materials Published in Hungary – Igrex Ltd, Igrici, Hungary

ic-rmm3

The 3rd International Conference on

Rheology and Modeling of Materials

BOOK OF

ABSTRACTS

2017.

The 3rd International Conference on Rheology

and Modeling of Materials

Miskolc-Lillafüred, Hungary

October 2-6, 2017

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Edited by

László A. GÖMZE

ic-rmm3

Copyright C2017 by IGREX Engineering Service Ltd.

Copyright C2017 by IGREX Engineering Service Ltd.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication must be reproduced without a written

permission from the copyright holder.

The 3rd International Conference on Rheology and Modeling of Materials

Book of Abstracts

Miskolc-Lillafüred, Hungary

October 2-6, 2017

Edited by: Prof. Dr. László A. GÖMZE

Citation of abstracts in this volume should be cited as follows:

<Author> (2017) <Title>. In L.A. Gömze (Editor) 3rd International Conference on Rheology

and Modeling of Materials, Miskolc-Lillafüred, Hungary, pp.

ISBN 978-963-12-9919-9

Book of Abstracts. The 3rd International Conference on Rheology and Modeling of Materials

Published in Hungary – Igrex Ltd, Igrici, Hungary

Printed in Hungary – Passzer 2000 Ltd, Miskolc, Hungary,


4

ORGANIZED BY

The conference ic-rmm3 is organized by the members of the International Scientific Advisory Board (ISAB) and the International Organizing Committee (IOC) as well as by chairs of

sessions and symposiums..

THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD (ISAB) Prof. Dr. Igor EMRI - Past chairman (2013-2016) of the International Committee

of Rheology, (Slovenia)

Prof. Gabriel Ascanio GASCA - Universidad Nacional Autonóma de Mexico, (Mexico)

Prof. Dr. László A. GÖMZE - University of Miskolc, (Hungary)

Academician Prof. Valerii KULICHIKHIN - President of Vinogradov Society of Rheology,

(Russia)

Prof. Dr. Sergei N. KULKOV - Tomsk State University, (Russia)

Prof. Dr. Blaise NSOM - Université de Bretagne Occidentale, (France)

Prof. Valentina PAVLOVA - University St. Kliment Ohridski, (Macedonia)

Prof. Shabu THOMAS - Mahatma Gandhi University, (India)

Prof. Youjiang WANG- Georgia Institute of Techmology, (USA)

THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE (IOC)

Prof. Mufit AKINC - Iowa State University, (USA)

Dr. Fatiha BOUDJEMAA - Université de Khemis Miliana, (Algeria)

Prof. Dr. Mahmut DOGAN - Erciyes University Kaysery (Turkey)

Dr. Ivica DURETEK - Montanuniversity Leoben, (Austria)

Prof. Dr. Igor EMRI - President of the International Committee of Rheology, (Slovenia)

Dr. Nicky ESHTIAGHI - RMIT University Melbourne (Australia)

Dr.Saeed FARROKPAY - The University of Queensland, (australia)

Prof. Gabriel Ascanio GASCA - Universidad Nacional Autonóma de Mexico, (Mexico)

Dr. Ludmila N. GÖMZE - IGREX Engineering Service Ltd, (Hungary)

Prof. Dr. Maxim KHRAMCHENKOV - Kazan Federal University, (Russia)

Prof. Anna KNYAZEVA - Tomsk Polytechnic University, (Russia)

Dr. István KOCSERHA - University of Miskolc, (Hungary)

Dr. Tünde KOVÁCS - University Óbuda, (Hungary)

Prof. Milan KRACALIK - Johannes Kepler University, (Austria)

Academician Prof. Valerii KULICHIKHIN - President of Vinogradov Society of Rheology,

(Russia)

Prof. Dr. Sergei N. KULKOV - Tomsk State University, (Russia)


5

Dr. Martin LEDERER - Vienna University of Technology, (Austria)

Dr. Laurence NOIREZ - Laboratorie Léon Brilloum Gif-sur-Yvette, (France)

Prof. Dr. Blaise NSOM - Université de Bretagne Occidentale, (France)

Prof. Dr. Grigory PYSHNOGRAI - Altai State Technical University, (Russia)

Dr. Sten SARMAN - Stockholm University, (Sweden)

Prof. Dr. Alexander SLOBODOV - ITMO University, (Russia)

Dr. Nina STOPPE - Christian Albrechts University, (Germany)

As. Prof. Ursula Windberger - Medical University of Vienna, (Austria)

CHAIR OF THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Prof. Dr. László A. GÖMZE - University of Miskolc, (Hungary) and Tomsk State University

(The Russian Federation)


6

SESSIONS

1. Earth Rheology and Applied Rheology of Clays, Minerals, Rocks and Soils

(ERARCMRS)

2. Rheology and Modeling of Polymers (RMP)

3. Food Rheology and Texture of Foods (FRTF)

4. Avalanche Dynamics in Rheology and Phase Transitions (ADRPT)

5. Experimental Study and Modeling of Complex Flows (ESMCF)

6. Rheology and Modeling of Asphalt Mixtures and Asphalt Pavements (RMAMAP)

7. Multiscale Mechanics of Materials (MMM)

8. Rheological Fluid Mechanics (RFM) (Including Micro and Nano Scale

Phenomena)

9. Rheology of Biomaterials and Biological Systems (RBBS)

10. Rheology and Modeling of Concretes, Limes and Mortars (RMCLM)

11. Rheology of Emulsions, Suspensions, Colloids and Foams (RESCF)

12. Rheology of Ferrofluids and Magneto - Rheological Materials (RFMRM)

13. Rheology of Fluid Interfaces and Modeling (RFIM)

14. Rheology of Melts and Molten Materials (RMMM)

15. Rheology of Nanofluids (RNF)

16. Rheology of Cosmetics and Pharmaceutical Materials (RCPM)

17. Rheological Measurement – Methods, Equipments and Errors (RMMEE)

18. Rheology of Carbon Structures (RCS)

19. Rheology and Modeling of Complex Materials and Composites

20. Rheology and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ionic Liquids (RMDSIL)

21. Rheology of Nano-Powder Suspensions and Gels (RNPSG)

22. Ratio of the rheological and physicochemical properties of materials

SYMPOSIUMS

is-emm1: The 1st International Symposium on Experimental Mechanics of Materials

is-fms1: The 1st International Symposium on Fractures and Mechanics of Solids

is-pim2: The 2nd International Symposium on Powder Injection Molding


7

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of ic-rmm Conference Boards I would like acknowledge and say many thanks to our following sponsors for their support in press-campaign and contributions the news and information about The 3rd International Conference on Rheology and Modeling of Materials between their members and in their media: AIPEA – Internatonal Association for the Study of Clays AIR – Associazione Italiana di REOLOGIA, (Italy) ASR – The Australian Society of Rheology, (Australia) biomat.net – The Biomaterials Network, (Portugal) CSR – Canadian Society of Rheology, (Canada) GFC – Groupe Francais de la Céramique, (France) ICG – International Commission of Glass ICR - International Committee of Rheology and its member organizations IGREX Engineering Service Ltd, (Hungary) Journals: Academic Journals

APPLIED RHEOLOGY cfi - Ceramic Forum International építőanyag-JSBCM refractiries WORLDFORUM Rheology Bulletin ME – Miskolci Egyetem - University of Miskolc, (Hungary) NRC – Nordic Rheology Society (Europe) RAS – Russian Academy of Science - Institute of Strength Physics and Materials

Science (Russia) RGCCS – Rheology Group of the Czech Chemical Society, (Czech Republic) SMR – Sociedad Mexicana de Reologia, (Mexico) SSR – Slovenia Society of Rheology, (Slovenia) SOR – The Society of Rheology (USA) TPU – Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russia) TSU - Tomsk State University, (Russia) VSR – Vinogradov Society of Rheology, (The Russian Federation) Many thanks to colleagues of ISAB, IOC and to chairs of the SESSIONS and SYMPOSIUMS for their support and help in organization work and in successful transaction of conference ic-rmm3 the 3rd International Conference on Rheology and Modeling of Materials


8

I would like to say many thank personally to Prof. Dr. Igor Emri (the past chairmant of the International Committee of Rheology), Dr. Nicky Eshtiaghi (RMIT University Melbourne) Prof. Dr. Sergey N. Kulkov (Tomsk State University), Prof. Anna Knyazeva (Tomsl Polytechnic University), Dr. Martin LEDERER (Vienna University of Technology) and As. Prof. Ursula Windberger (Medical University of Vienna.) for their excellent organization works in their countries and in continents of Africa, America, Asia, Australia and Europe. Especially many thanks to editors of journal Applied Rheology (Switzerland) építőanyag-JSBCM (Hungary) and Rheology Bulletin (USA) for their strong support in scientific press and media.

Miskolc, 2017 August

Prof. Dr. László A. Gömze

chair of ic-rmm3 conference


9

PREFACE

Understanding the rheological properties of materials and their rheological behaviors during their manufacturing processes and in their applications in many cases can help to increase the efficiency and competitiveness not only of the finished goods and products but the organizations and societies also. The more scientific supported and prepared organizations develop more competitive products with better thermal, mechanical, physical, chemical and biological properties and the leading companies apply more competitive knowledge, materials, equipment and technology processes. The goals of ic-rmm3 the 3rd International Conference on Rheology and Modeling of Materials are the followings:

Promote new methods and results of scientific research in the fields of modeling and measurements of rheological properties and behavior of materials under processing and applications.

Change information between the theoretical and applied sciences as well as technical and technological implementations and applications.

Promote the communication between the scientist of different disciplines, nations, countries and continents.

The international conference ic-rmm3 provides a platform among the leading international scientists, researchers, PhD students and engineers for discussing recent achievements in measurement, modeling and application of rheology in materials technology and materials science of liquids, melts, solids. crystals and amorphous structures. Among the major fields of interest are the influences of material structures, mechanical stresses, temperatures and deformation speeds on rheological and physical properties, phase transformation of foams, foods, polymers, plastics and other competitive materials like ceramics, nanomaterials, medical- and biomaterials, cosmetics, coatings, light metals, alloys, glasses, films, composites, hetero-modulus, hetero-viscous, hetero-plastic complex materials, petrochemicals and hybrid materials, … etc. Multidisciplinary applications of rheology and rheological modeling in material science and technology encountered in sectors like alloys, ceramics, glasses, thin films, polymers, clays, construction materials, energy, aerospace, automotive and marine industry. Rheology in food, chemistry, medicine, biosciences and environmental sciences are of particular interests.

In accordance to the program of the rheology conference ic-rmm3 134 registrations were received from all the 6 continents. Finaly 115 papers were accepted for presentation in the 3rd International Conference on Rheology and Modeling of Materials. Together with New Zealand the scientists and researchers have arrived to Miskolc-Lillafüred (Hungary) from 34 different countries of Europe, Asia, Africa, North- and South America. and Australia

If the co-authors are also considered then more then 350 scientists and researchers have presented their research works of in the Ic-rmm3 conference on rheology and in this book.

Prof. Dr. László A. GÖMZE chair, ic-rmm3 conference


10

CONTENTS

Plenary lectures 12

Keynote Lectures 17

Session 1. Earth Rheology and Applied Rheology of Clays, Minerals, Rocks and Soils (ERARCMRS)

23

Session 2. Rheology and Modeling of Polymers (RMP) 34

Session 3. Food Rheology and Texture of Foods (FRTF) 49

Session 5. Experimental Study and Modeling of Complex Flows (ESMCF) 56

Session 6. Rheology and Modeling of Asphalt Mixtures and Asphalt Pavements (RMAMAP)

61

Session 7. Multiscale Mechanics of Materials (MMM) 65

Session 9. Rheology of Biomaterials and Biological Systems (RBBS) 72

Session 10. Rheology and Modeling of Concretes, Limes and Mortars (RMCLM) 78

Session 11. Rheology of Emulsions, Suspensions, Colloids and Foams (RESCF) 83

Session 12. Rheology of Ferrofluids and Magneto - Rheological Materials (RFMRM)

94

Session 13. Rheology of Fluid Interfaces and Modeling (RFIM) 103

Session 14. Rheology of Melts and Molten Materials (RMMM) 105

Session 16. Rheology of Cosmetics and Pharmaceutical Materials (RCPM) 108

Session 17. Rheological Measurement – Methods, Equipments and Errors (RMMEE)

111

Session 19. Rheology and Modeling of Complex Materials and Composites 116

Session 21. Rheology of Nano-Powder Suspensions and Gels (RNPSG) 127

Session 22. Ratio of the rheological and physicochemical properties of materials 129

is-pim2: The 2nd International Symposium on Powder Injection Molding 134

is-emm1: The 1st International Symposium on Experimental Mechanics of Materials 137


11

PLENARY LECTURES


12

PLENARY 1.

Mathematical modeling of rheological and electro-chemical properties of clays

Maxim Khramchenkov, Rustem Usmanov

[email protected]

Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia

The specific rheological properties of clay rocks, for example plasticity in moist condition, are caused

by existence of clay minerals in their composition. Clay minerals are hydro-alumo-silicates of calcium,

sodium, potassium, and they are structurally arranged like thin sheet particles (about 50- 100 nm in

diameter and 1nm in height). We will consider clays like a set of solid particles (not essential coherent),

which pores are the volume between their particles. In that case any process, connected with

deformation of clays, could be divided on two types:

1) Electro-chemical process in clay pores (so called interlayer intervals).

2) Mechanical processes, connected with deformation of hard particles and dynamics of water films

between them.

As a result, the unite mathematical model of rheological and electro-chemical properties of saturated

clays is proposed. The foundation of the model is the unification of clays consolidation theory, the theory

of stability of lyophobic colloids and the experimental data on electro-chemical properties of clays and

clayey suspensions. Conception of disjoining pressure as a surplus in comparison with hydraulic plays

the important role in clays properties description. This pressure is caused by surface capacities and

exists in water films between clay particles. We obtained the exact solution about wringing the water

out of clay layer. The solution that we received does not demand to introduce a concept of limit shear

stress for clays. We investigate the peculiarities of the model, which are important for explaining some

character features of electro- and mass-transfer processes in clays with coupling of rheological behavior

of clays. It is shown that solutions which we’ve received are in good harmony with results of

experiments.

mailto:[email protected]


13

PLENARY 2.

Rheology of porouse zirconia/alumina ceramics for biomedical applications

Sergei Kulkov [email protected]

Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of

Sciences, pr. Akademicheskii, 2/4, 634055, Tomsk, Russia Tomsk State University, Lenin ave., 36, 634050, Tomsk, Russia

Porous ceramic has been successfully used in various fields, especially for biomedical applications due

to they are durable, corrosion resistant and they possess stable features in organisms. In this work it

has been studied a porous ceramics obtained from ultra-fine powders with porosity changed from 15 to

80 %.

It was shown that sintered ceramics has rod-like and/or cellular-like parts in its structure. Pore size

distribution was bimodal: the first maximum pore sizes was formed by interparticle pores that were not

filled with powder particles during compaction and the second - with the larger pores close to a spherical

shape. Changing the porosity of the material had practically no influence on the average size of

interparticles pores, the average size of which was 0.5 microns. It can be assumed that the presence

of large pores close to a spherical shape in the ceramics is due to the presence of hollow spherical

particles in source powders, since their average size is commensurate with an average size of

presented large pores in the sintered material.

A distinctive feature of deformation diagrams obtained in the experiment was their nonlinearity at low

deformations which was described by the parabolic law. It was shown that the observed nonlinear

elasticity for low deformations on deformation diagrams is due to mechanical instability of the

cellular/rod elements in the ceramic carcass. It was shown that the “stress - strain” diagrams on the

initial stage of deformation has a nonlinear behavior with high parabolic factor of strain-stress curves.

It has been shown that fracture of the materials was observed from the elastic area and has a rod-like

and cellular-like parts in its structure.

It have been shown that while compression loading of porous ceramics, the structure of which is

represented as a ceramic frame consisting of randomly oriented rod elements, there is a reversible loss

of mechanical stability of the core elements - micromechanical instability, which leads to the emergence

of the nonlinear coupling between stress and strain in the elastic deformation of the material.

It have been shown that ceramic with these pore structure has u unique properties for biomedical

applications.


14

PLENARY 3.

Some Rheological and Mechanical Aspects of Rolling Sheets from Molten Metals and Alloys

Prof. László A. Gömze

[email protected]

President of Hungarian Group of Rheology

Institute of Ceramic and Polymer Engineering University of Miskolc, H-4515 Miskolc

HUNGARY

The rheological properties of molten metals and alloys very strong depend on temperature and time of

crystalline nucleus formation. On the basis of rheological models of molten metals and alloys,

mechanical stress equilibrium of elementary volumes and geometrical and kinetic parameters of rolling

equipment the author successfully developed and mathematically described the followings:

- deformation characteristics and speed distribution of the molted materials in the gap of forming

rollers;

- mechanical shear and pressure stress distribution developing in the molten metals and alloys

passing through the gap of forming rollers;

- mechanical pressure distributions on the surfaces of the rollers of the high temperature forming

equipment;

- the total energy requirement of rolling melted metals and alloys.

The critical cross-section of the rolling machine gap and the values of the tensioning forces are also

mathematically determined as function of rheo-mechanical properties of molten metals and alloys as

well as function of compacting ratio and the geometrical and technological parameters of the rolling

machine.

Keyword: alloys, deformation, energy requirement, molten metals, pressures stress, rheology, roller

gap, rolling, shear stress, sheets, speed, tensioning forces, viscosity


15

PLENARY 4.

Rheology and Modeling of Polymers

Valerii Kulichikhin

[email protected]

President of Vinogradov Society of Rheology - Russia

Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis of RAN Russian Academy of Sciences, 117912 Moscow

RUSSIA

As a rule, polymer solutions can be used effically for preparing films and fibers only because of non-

melting of such popular fiber-forming polymers as polyaramides, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), cellulose, and

some others. At processing conditions solutions undergo to complex strains moreover especially at

contact with coagulation bath. This circumstance makes description of rheological properties evolution

by very complicated task. Fiber spinning process proceeds at high extension rate that can lead to a set

of phase and structure transformations, including macromolecular orientation, ordering and the most

intrigue issue – phase separation on polymer fiber and fur of solvent. This process was named by

mechanotropic spinning, and its driving forces were estimated as an elastic stretching of polymer

entanglements network, causing squeeze out of solvent onto periphery of as-spun fibers [1,2]. The

visualization of mechanotropic spinning was performed and rheological properties of a jet/fiber were

measured.

Obtained data, as well as preliminary observed ordering of nanocomposites in strong shear flow [3]

allowed us to suggest the new constitutative model of polymer behavior in intense strain of various

modes. In the limiting case the wole strain of material becomes elastic and is possible to neglect the

flow strain. The elementary units considered in this model are spheres capable to appear at strain two

kinds of elastic responses: due to collisions as well as due extension and orienation [4]. This approach

seems to be fruitful to create the equation of motion and to consider the phase and structure

transformations in strong deformation. In principle, this process can be realized in dry-wet spinning or

even dry spinning. The first attempts of mechanotropic spinning of PAN solutions in laboratory-scale

stand have shown its perspectivity even for preparing precursors of carbon fibers.

Keywords: polymer solutions, strong shear and extension, mechanotropic spinning, induced phase

separation, novel model of behavior

References:

[1] Kulichikhin, V.G., Malkin, A.Y., Semakov, A.V., Skvortsov, I.Y., Arinstein, A.,"Liquid filament instability due to stretch-induced phase separation in polymer solutions: Liquid filament instability", 2014, European Physical Journal E, 37, 2, 10

[2] Semakov, A.V., Kulichikhin, V.G., Malkin, A.Y.,"Self-Organization of Polymeric Fluids in Strong Stress Fields", Advances in Condensed Matter Physics, 2015, 172862

[3] Kulichikhin, V.G., Semakov, A.V., Malkin, A.Y.,"Model of the behavior of viscoelastic media at high strain rates", 2015, Doklady Physical Chemistry, 464, 1, 210

[4] Semakov, A.V., Kulichikhin, V.G., Tereshin, A.K., Antonov, S.V., Malkin, A.Ya.,"On the nature of phase separation of polymer solutions at high extension rates", 2015, Journal of Polymer Science, Part B: Polymer Physics, 53, 8, 55



16

PLENARY 5.

Investigation of Liquid Crystal Polymer Structure-Property Relationships Between Crystal Orientation and Dielectric Behavior

Anil Saigal, Anthony Sullivan, Michael Zimmerman

[email protected]

Tufts University, Mechanical Engineering Professor at Department of Mechanical Engineering

School of Engineering Tufts University 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA 02155

USA

Liquid crystalline polymers (LCP’s) make up a class of performance materials that exhibit specialized

properties, including high mechanical strength, chemical inertness, flame retardancy and frequency-

stable dielectric response. As a result of these favorable properties, LCP’s are ideal candidates for

various engineering applications, such as semiconductor packaging, high-frequency electronics, and

high strength-to-weight ratio components. The characteristic behavior arises from the unique LCP

microstructure, which in contrast to conventional amorphous polymers, consists of aligned crystalline

domains in both the melt and solid phases. Long-range ordering of the polymer chains gives rise to

anisotropic behavior of the bulk material, which can be problematic from an industrial perspective. Thus,

an understanding of the driving forces behind this morphology, both inherent to the material and induced

during manufacturing, is essential to the design of processes for isotropic material production. Wide-

angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) has been widely used as a tool to characterize the molecular order in

LCP’s. In transmission mode, the technique provides a thickness-averaged measurement of the

preferred orientation with respect to an external axis. This information is ideal for typical LCP processing

methods, such as injection molding and extrusion, where a flow, or shear, direction may be identified

as a reference for the analysis. However, because the diffraction data is taken through the sample

thickness, the individual layers of the hierarchal microstructure that develops during processing may

not be independently probed in transmission mode. In this investigation, thermotropic LCP plaque

specimens were produced through injection molding and the dielectric constant was measured with

respect to the mold direction (MD) and the transverse direction (TD). In addition, 2D WAXS in

transmission mode was used to measure preferred orientation in the materials and analyze structure-

property relationships in LCP’s. Samples were tested as-injection-molded, and with the shear (skin)

layer mechanically removed. The former gives the average orientation through the bulk of the sample,

while the latter gives the orientation of the core region in the plaques (and thus the skin orientation can

be characterized as the difference between the two). It was hypothesized that preferred orientation

along the shear direction in the LCP samples would correspond to dielectric anisotropy between MD

and TD. In this investigation, a direction of preferred orientation was measured along the flow direction

and higher dielectric constant was measured in this direction compared to TD. Additionally, a reduction

in both the degree of alignment along MD and the dielectric anisotropy was measured with removal of

the skin layer.


17

KEYNOTE LECTURES


18

KEYNOTE 1.

On the elastic deformation around holes, dislocations and cracks evaluated within a finite strain approach

Martin Lederer

[email protected]

Cristian Doppler Laboratory RELAB

Vienna University of Technology Getreidemarkt 9-11, 1060 Wien

AUSTRIA

On the elastic deformation around holes, dislocations and cracks evaluated within a finite strain

approach Martin Lederer and Golta Khatibi [email protected] Christian Doppler Laboratory

for Lifetime and Reliability of Interfaces in Complex Multi-Material Electronics, TU Wien, Institute of

Chemical Technologies and Analytics, 1060 Wien, Austria According to the principles of linear elastic

fracture mechanics, stress concentrations around circular and elliptic holes are usually evaluated on

the basis of the biharmonic equation. Furthermore, stress fields of dislocations are calculated by

equivalent methods. On the other hand, it is a well known fact that the linear strain tensor does not

precisely describe finite deformations. This leads to a problem in the case of stress distributions ahead

of sharp cracks, because there the stresses show the characteristics of a singularity. In order to achieve

improvements, we replace the linear strain tensor by a finite strain tensor. This step is here carried out

for polar coordinates. By analogy to the Hencky strain the stretches along radial and circumferential

direction are described by logarithmic strain components. In conclusion, perfect orthogonality is now

accomplished between volumetric and deviatoric strain. This detail is of particular importance for the

case that equations are simplified with use of axisymmetric boundary conditions. In consequence, one

derives new results for the stress distributions around circular and elliptic holes. When the length of the

minor axis of the ellipse decreases relative to the major axis, the ellipse eventually takes on the shape

of a sharp crack. Further, our evaluations are also applied to dislocation structures. In conclusion, size

effects are discovered which have cancelled out within the theory of biharmonic equations. Finally, our

findings are compared to FEM simulations. It is found that some results like strain locking of

incompressible materials are now better understood. Keywords: linear elastic fracture mechanics,

dislocation theory, Kirsch equation, Airy stress function, partial differential equation, finite strain tensor

Please choose and underline: Invited (30 minutes), Oral (20 minutes) Short Oral (5 minutes + poster)

or Poster presentation do you like.



19

KEYNOTE 2.

Key role of the liquid-solid surface interactions to reveal hidden elastic properties in liquids

Laurance Noirez

[email protected]

Laboratoire Léon Brillouin

CEA_CNRS, 91191 Gil-sur-Yvette

FRANCE

At the liquid-solid interface, the energy of the liquid is different from the bulk due to the imbalance

between the attraction forces between molecules (cohesion) and the interactions of the molecules to

the surface (wetting). In case of ceramic composites, liquid molecules are so strongly attracted to the

high energy surface that the surface procures a total wetting. Because the viscosity measures the

energy necessary to transfer a motion from a surface to the liquid, the force of the interactions to the

substrate plays a key role in the determination of the fluid properties. By reinforcing the liquid/surface

boundary interactions, high energy surfaces as ceramicsimprove the rheological measurement and

make low frequency shear elasticity measurable bringing robust evidence that liquid molecules are not

dynamically free but elastically correlated. The elastic property is experimentally identified on polymer

melts, glass formers, Van der Waals liquids or liquid water [1]. This generic property sheds a new light

on the mechanisms that govern liquid transport, gelation or glass processes [2] and allows to foresee

new effects as the conversion of a liquid phase in a strain-driven optical harmonic oscillator [2] or the

stretched induced production of cold that become possible when the liquid molecules

References:

[1] L. Noirez L, H. Mendil-Jakani, P. Baroni, Polymer Int. 58 962 (2009), L. Noirez, P. Baroni, J. of Phys.: Cond. Matter 24 (2012) 372101.

[2] P. Kahl, P. Baroni, L. Noirez, Appl. Phys. Lett. 107 (2015) 84101. [3] P. Baroni, P. Bouchet, L. Noirez, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. (2013), P. Baroni et al, PCT patent DI05815-01-FR12. are strongly anchored

[3] P. Baroni, P. Bouchet, L. Noirez, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. (2013), P. Baroni et al, PCT patent DI05815-01-FR12



20

KEYNOTE 3.

Red blood cell properties are the basis of the newtonian behaviour of whole blood in camelus dromedaries

Ursula Windberger1, Roland Auer1, Dina Baier2, Julian Skidmore3

[email protected]

1Department Biomedical Research Medical University Vienna

AUSTRIA 2Institute of Cancer Research and Coomprehensive Cancer Center, Medival University Vienna

3Camel Reproduction Center, CRC

Background: Many of a species physical performances are oxygen dependent muscle activities, where

an efficient oxygen supply to tissues directly translates into a physiological or competitive advantage

over its prey, predators or competitors within the species. The O2-transport capacity of blood depends

on the amount of hemoglobin, but it is counter-affected by blood viscosity (WBV) through the

concomitant increase of hematocrit (HCT). Mammalian blood has the capacity to lower WBV when

shear stresses increase in narrow vessels. Consequently, cardiac workload and endothelial shear

forces are reduced. The ability to adapt to high hemodynamic driving forces is based on the mechanical

properties of red blood cells (RBC) and the quality of their integration into blood plasma. Since camelid

RBC show unique mechanical properties this ability had to be investigated. Experiments and Results:

Whole blood was collected from 10 female camels (C. dromedarius) in Dubai and from 4 camels (C.

bactrianus) in Austria. Blood from the dromedary camels was hematocrit adjusted and flow curves were

measured at different temperatures to obtain the temperature- and HCT-dependency of camel WBV

(Physica MCR302, Anton Paar, Austria). Single cell spectroscopy of the Bactrian camel RBCs was

performed by atomic force microscopy (Nanowizard, JPK, Germany) at different temperatures and

suspended in two media (saline and plasma). As expected, the mechanical stiffness of RBC was higher

in camels than in human RBCs. In comparison, the RBC adhesion also increased, suggesting a higher

surface charge on the glycosylation pattern. In autologous plasma, this surface charge was perfectly

shielded by plasma constituents. WBV increased with HCT in a nearly linear manner and decreased

with temperature. Camel blood, however, showed Newtonian behaviour at each HCT level and

temperature, which means that WBV is a constant and as such not modified by shear strain. WBV may

not increase in low flow compartments, possibly even under extreme conditions like blood stasis, in

order to benefit the animal. However, camel blood has no ability to reduce its viscosity when

hemodynamic driving forces increase. In confirmation, the optimum HCT value, i.e. the ratio between

HCT and WBV being at the maximum, for the C. dromedarius blood was 29%, which is only slightly

higher than the resting HCT of the animals. Conclusion: Camel blood appears to be optimized for all

flow conditions. Increasing the HCT to boost the camels’ performance is highly questionable.



21

KEYNOTE 4.

Advances in characterization of polymer nanocomposites

Milan Kracalik [email protected]

Institute of Polymer Science,

Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz

AUSTRIA

Using nano-scaled fillers in polymers posess high potential to optimize processing as well as utility

properties due to high specific surface area and low interfacial tension as compared to conventional

fillers. The primary particle shape of different nanofillers can be sphere, needle or a plate. High aspect

ratio (particle length/thickness) of a filler facilitates high reinforcement of polymer. Therefore, layered

and needle-formed fillers have been widely used for enhancement of polymer property profile.

Montmorillonite belongs to the group of layered silicates and theoretically it is possilbe to reach aspect

ratio of 1000 by proper dispersion of this mineral in polymer matrix. Montmorillonite is a three-layer-

silicate where the primary layer consists of one octahedral sheet surrounded by two tetrahedral sheets.

Na+ oder Ca2+ ions in the interlayer area have been usually replaced by long alkylammonium ions in

order to increase interlayer space and, consequently, to facilitate dispersion in polymer melt during

melt-compounding process. In this talk, overview in polymer nanocomposites preparation and

characterization, especially using montmorillonite based fillers, will be given and advances in

preparation as well as characterization techniques in last 20 years will be discussed.



22


23

SESSION 1

Earth Rheology and Applied Rheology of

Clays, Minerals, Rocks and Soils (ERARCMRS)


24

Rheological parameters of some soil samples before and after H2O2 treatment

Dolgor Khaydapova1, Liesl Wiese2, Andrei Rozanov3, and Evgeny Milanovskiy1

[email protected]

1Department of Soil Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 11999, Moscow, Russia 2ARC - Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Private Bag X79, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa

3Department of Soil Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa

The effect of soil organic matter (SOM) on formation of inter-particle bonds was studied in soils with

high organic and no mineral carbon content in the topsoils of different origin under various land uses.

The first set of soil samples was collected in the Alekhin Central Chernozem Reserve (Kursk region,

Russia): 1a – Chernozem under native steppe vegetation and 1b - Chernozem under 67-year-old bare

fallow. The second set of samples was sourced from the Midlands of Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa: 2a

– Umbric Ferralsol under pine plantation and 2b - cultivated Plinthic Ferralsol under long-term maize

monoculture. The texture of fine (<0.25 mm) fraction (laser diffraction method, Analysette; Fritsch,

Germany) of samples of 1a is silt and 1b is silty loam, 2a - silt, 2b –silty clay loam. The soil carbon

content (CHN analyzer; Vario EL, Germany) in the native soil 1a – 1b – 2a – 2b was 6.70 - 3.14 - 18.73

- 3.61% respectively. Upon oxidation (50% H2O2, 20-40 days) it went down to: 0.52 - 0.08 - 2.55 –

0.42% respectively. The rheological behaviour of the capillary-wetted soil pastes was characterized by

amplitude sweep test with the modular compact rheometer MCR-302 (Anton-Paar, Austria). The

storage modulus in linear viscous-elasticity range (LVE-range) and crossover of storage modulus as

well as the loss modulus were determined.

The stability of structural bonds in the untreated sample 1a is double the structural stability of 1b.

The structural stability of 2a is triple that of 2b. The sample treatment with H2O2 in all cases except 2a

consistently improves the storage modulus in the LVE-range. In the absence of SOM the interaction

between soil particles becomes more rigid, the soil is less plastic and rupture occurs at lower loads.

The sample 2a is very high resistance to stress in native state and loses it upon the SOM removal. We

link it to the change in particle size distribution upon the H2O2 treatment. In contrast to other samples,

the 2a shows significant reduction in coarse silt fraction (from 44.5 to 23.2%) and an increase in clay

content (from 10.8 to 36.5). The 50-10µm fraction of untreated sample consists to a large extent of clay-

SOM-clay micro-aggregates resistant to 400 J ml-1 of ultrasonic dispersion energy. SOM oxidation leads

to disaggregation and changes in particle size distribution. We connect the observed differences to the

type of organic matter inputs. Unlike the herbaceous vegetation, pine plantations (soil 2a) lead to

significant accumulation of plant litter on the soil surface. The dissolved organic matter (DOM) is

leached out of the litter layer by percolating water. The sorption of DOM on the mineral surfaces

contribute to particle aggregation.

This work was in part sponsored by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research , grant 16-04-01111

and the Green Landscapes and Thutuka programmes of the NRF, South Africa.

Keywords: soil, structure, organic matter, rheology, amplitude sweep test


25

Effects of lateral variations of crustal rheology on the occurrence of post-orogenic normal faults: the example of Alto Tiberina Fault (Northern

Apennines, Central Italy).

Cristina Pauselli1, Giorgio Ranalli2

[email protected]

1University of Perugia Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, 6131 Perugia, Italy

2 Carleton University Earth Sciences

The extensional tectonics along the Northern Apennines belt, is recognized from a long time showing

that the compressive structure of the Apenninic belt were deeply dissected by the subsequent

extensional structures:. since the Miocene the extensional tectonics continuously migrated eastward

through time from Eastern Corsica to the Tuscany mainland. The younger and easternmost expression

of extension of the Northern Apennines is the Alto Tiberina Fault, exposed in the Umbria region. In this

paper the role of the lateral rheological crustal variation along the Northern Apennines is explored to

investigate the rheological conditions correlated with the formation of a new E-dipping normal faults in

the belt. Our results show that the role of rheology in the formation of the Alto Tiberina Fault is clear

but the rheology itself does not account for the low dip (~15- 20o) of the fault. We first examine the

possibility that the low dip of the Alto Tiberina Fault, is related to a rotation of the stress tensor at the

time of initiation of the fault. But in order to obtain a dip of ~ 20o a basal shear stress of the order of

100 MPa is required, which seems too high with respect the estimated viscosities and strain rates

associated with corner flow. Secondly, we explored the role of an unusual values of the friction

coefficient coupled with high pore pressures, related to an mantle degassing extensively documented

closely to the area of active extension. Our results show that in this case the Alto Tiberina Fault (and

presumably similar faults previously active to the west) are located in a weak zone where total strength

of the lithosphere, total strength of the brittle layer, and local strength at the bottom of the brittle layer

have minima. The reduction of friction coefficient to values ≤ 0.50, accompanied by high pore fluid

pressures (about twice the hydrostatic value) near the plane of the future fault may account for large

misorientations of normal faults in an Andersonian stress system. While it is not possible to verify if this

was indeed the case for the Alto Tiberina Fault, the possibility is at least established. We focus on the

bulk rheology of the crust and of the lithosphere and the obtained results are relatively robust since we

have explored a range of values in the brittle and ductile fields. In addition our results are independent

of a specific geodynamic models.



26

An apparatus for measuring thermal conductivity: a prototype

Pauselli C., Mancinelli P., Bizzarri M., Papi A., Scolieri G., Franco A., Ranalli G. [email protected]

University of Perugia Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, 6131 Perugia, Italy

The rheological properties of materials are heavily influenced by temperature: this factor, in particular

in geology, determines the transition from a fragile to a ductile behavior with obvious consequences in

the deformation of the crust. Of crucial importance, therefore, is the thermal conductivity of the materials

itself that indicates the aptitude of a material to transmit heat.

Here an instrument to measure the thermal conductivity of the material is presented. The apparatus

is developted for the measurement by the transient hot-wire method (originally proposed by Carslaw

and Jaeger, 1959). This method is based on the idealized ‘one-dimensional radial heat flow’ model.

The hot-wire method is a transient dynamic technique based on a linear heat source of infinite length

and infinitesimal diameter and on the measurement of the temperature rise at a defined distance from

the linear heat source embedded in the test material. As an electric current of fixed intensity flows

through the wire, the thermal conductivity can be derived from the resulting temperature change over a

known time interval (Franco, 2007).

We produced an apparatus short time consuming and economic measurement of the thermal

conductivity

The proposed apparatus offers significant advantages, mostly in terms of economy and flexibility, over

systems currently in use and over similar systems based on transient methods.

The apparatus was built with the financial support of the Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Perugia.

References

[1] A. Franco (2007): An apparatus for the routine measurement of thermal conductivity of materials for building application based on a transient hot-wire method. Applied Thermal Engineering 27, 2495–2504

[2] H.S. Carslaw, J.C. Jaeger (1959): Conduction of Heat in Solids, second ed., Clarendon Press, 1959.



27

Significance of rheology characterisation in mineral flotation process performance

Saeed Farrokhpay 1,2

[email protected]

1School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4068, Australia

2GeoRessources, University of Lorraine, CNRS, UMR 7359, 2 rue du Doyen Marcel Roubault, 54518 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France

Mineral and metal extractive industries play an important role in the current global economics, and

mineral processing is one of the key areas to achieve and maintain sustainability. It is known that the

rheological behaviour of mineral slurries affects their processing. However, in addition to controlling the

transportation of slurries around processing circuits, rheological behaviour also influences separation

processes such as flotation. Although the impact of rheology in unit operations such as grinding and

slurry transport has received considerable attention, this has not been the case for flotation. The

pathways by which the rheology influences the flotation performance are not yet fully understood which

may include various mechanisms occurring in the pulp and froth phases.

This project addressed relationship between rheology and froth flotation performance, one of the

most important issues confronting the mining industry in order to achieve the optimum flotation

performance. It is indirectly associated with other parameters affecting pulp/ froth rheology including

the quality of water used in flotation plants. In this study, relationship between the rheological properties

of pulp and the flotation performance was investigated through a series of rheological and batch flotation

tests. The results revealed that the mineral recovery can be improved by controlling the rheology in

flotation performance.

Keywords: froth flotation, mineral processing, rheology



28

Rheological study of concentrated dispersions Application to the drilling fluid

Hocine Ouaer 1, Mourad Gareche 1, and Ahmed Allal2

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

1 Laboratory of Hydrocarbons Physical Engineering, Faculty of Hydrocarbons and Chemistry, University of M’HAMED BOUGARA –BOUMERDES-, Independence Avenue 35000 Boumerdes,

Algeria 2 IPREM-EPCP, University of Pau and of Pays of Adour, Hélioparc, 2 av. Pierre Angot, Pau 64053,

France In order to understand the rheological behavior of concentrated aqueous Algerian bentonite dispersions

of drilling (sodium bentonite of Mostaganem “m’zila”), rheological tests were carried out. By varying the

concentration of bentonite, flow tests have allowed to estimate the yield stress and apparent viscosity

for each concentration and to see their influence on the rheological behavior of these dispersions. In

addition dynamic tests (oscillatory) are used to define the linear region of our samples, the state of our

fluid (elastic solid or viscous liquid) and understanding the mechanisms of structuring of the particles

constituting the material. In parallel, other tests coupled with rheological measurements such as x-rays

diffraction to know the mineralogical composition and granulometry to estimate the bentonite particle

size.

Keywords: bentonite, rheological behavior, viscosity, yield stress, drilling fluid, dispersions.




29

Treatment of discharges and all polymetallic mining excipients for the recovery of rare earths:

Case of the Germanium in the prospecting phase in Algeria

Souad Bentalla-Kaced1, Karima Deramchi1, Abdelaziz Boutrid2, Samira Boutria1 [email protected]

1Ecole Nationale polytechnique, Alger, Algérie

2Université Badji Mokhtar, Annaba, Algérie Mining wealth in Algeria covers an area of 2.4 million km2 with a varied geology. In the northern part of

the country, where the alpine chain composed of sedimentary rocks and some crystalline nuclei rich in

phosphate, iron, lead, zinc copper, barite, bentonite salt, etc., is found in (i) the platform and the basins

(ii) HOGGAR and EGLABS: ancient crystalline rocks forming part of the African craton gold deposit,

uranium, diamonds, and other minerals, which are known for their hydrocarbon riches also containing

iron, uranium, coal, , Wolfram, tin etc ... .The valorization of Germanium is the goal of our work. And

following a bibliographic search, it was found that the research on Ge in Algeria is in the phase of

prospecting. So for an initial work one is called to do a geochemical prospecting and once we analyze

the results, we go to the exploration phase using geophysical methods. The use of geophysical data

combined with geological and geochemical data is used to indicate the areas of interest also to

understand the distribution of the various parameters in space and time. For the quantitative study,

sampling is the phase of selecting the target to be interviewed in the reference population. And for the

choice of sites for sampling, it was based on the fact that Ge showing a strong affinity with zinc and

organic matter. Ge is present in some deposits of Zn and some coals (Routhier, 1963). And in this

research phase, three sites were initially selected: the first is the Bechar coal deposit (Kenadsa), the

second is the Tlemcène (El Abed) Pb-Zn deposit and the third It is the great deposit of Zinc de'El Ouasta

which is in the triangle of Souk Ahrras-Ain Beïda -Tebessa.

Keywords: Germanium, mining research, deposit, evaluation.



30

The Germanium strategic element for the Algerian economy

Karima Deramchi1, Souad Bentalla-Kaced1, Samira Boutria1 [email protected]

1Ecole Nationale polytechnique, Alger, Algérie

Used for a long time as a semiconductor, germanium has become a strategic metal today. Indeed, it is

now used as a component of optical fibers, polymerization catalyst, element in infrared optics and

electronics, and in many other applications, such as dentistry, spectral analysis or photography.

Nevertheless, the main demand in Germanium concerns fiber optics. This sector accounts for about

50% of global demand for this strategic element. It should be noted that the quantities of Germanium

used by this sector and many others are minimal. The optical fibers are composed of 96% SiO2 and

4% Germanium. As for alloys, by adding 0.35% Germanium to tin, its hardness is doubled and Al-Mg

alloys are doubled. An analysis of the world market for germanium showed that China dominates world

production with a production of 100t / year in relation to its position as the world's leading producer of

zinc but also from coals, comes second with Russia with a Production of 5t / year, and third in the United

States with a production of 4.6 t / yr. A geochemical study has shown that Germanium is a by-product

of polymetallic minerals, is also extracted from some coal, and has many natural isotopes. Non-toxic, it

is safe for the environment. Given that Algeria has several polymetallic deposits, it would be wise for

our country to start exploiting these deposits and the resulting mining discharges in order to extract this

strategic metal, namely germanium, and thus reach the countries producing the rare elements And

strateg

Keywords: Germanium, strategic metal, polymetallic deposits, rare elements.



31

Comparison of hardening kinetics by small amplitude oscillatory rheometry in the case of alkali activated kaolinitic clays and fly ash binders

David Rieger1, Tomáš Kovářík1, Michal Pola1 and Petr Franče1

[email protected]

1New Technologies - Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitni 8, 306 14 Pilsen,

Czech Republic

In this study, the rheological behaviour of geopolymeric inorganic binders were determined. These

binders were synthesized by alkaline activation of aluminosilicate material from different sources,

selected as representatives of 2 different classes of aluminosilicates. Five kaolinite clays provided by

Sedlecky kaolin a.s and the fly ash from Prunerov II power plant as a main industrial by-product of coal

burning were investigated. As an alkaline activator of hardening process, the potassium silicate solution

with silicate module of 1.61 was used. For increase of reactivity, the kaolinite clays and claystone dust

were calcined by heat treatment at 600 °C for 4 hours and the fly ash, comprising mainly of amorphous

content was mechanically activated by milling for 2.5 hours in vibrational mill for decrease of particle

size. The particle size of individual materials was determined by measurement of laser light scattering.

For the investigation of hardening kinetics, the strain controlled small amplitude oscillatory rheometry

was used in plane-plate geometry with strain of 0.01 %. Hardening process evolution was documented

by observation of changes in complex viscosity. All measurements were performed by isothermal

heating at 30 °C for comparability of results. The results indicate that clays which are comprised of

kaolinite have only minor differences in hardening process represented by increase of complex

viscosity. On the other side, mechanically activated fly ash exhibits significantly faster increase of

complex viscosity and subsequently faster hardening process.

Keywords: Geopolymer, fly ash, kaolinite, rheometry, binder, hardening


32

The effect of milled basalt fibers addition on rheological and mechanical properties of alkali activated binder

David Rieger1, Tomáš Kovářík1, Michal Pola1 and Petr Franče1

[email protected]

1New Technologies - Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitni 8, 306 14 Pilsen,

Czech Republic

In this study, the rheological behaviour of alkali activated inorganic binder and the effects of milled

basalt fibers addition were determined. These binders were synthesized by alkaline activation of

calcined claystone powder and milled blast furnace slag and as an alkaline activator of hardening

process, the potassium silicate solution with silicate module of 1.61 was used. Milled basalt fibers as

filler were used in range of addition 0-20 wt% of dry part of binder and the effect on flow properties and

final mechanical strength was evaluated. The rheological properties were determined in accordance to

flow properties by measurements on Ford viscosity cup and by strain controlled small amplitude

oscillatory rheometry measurements of hardening process for determination of complex viscosity. The

particle size of individual materials was determined by measurement of laser light scattering. The final

properties were documented by measurements of compressive and flexural strength after 28 days and

by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that milled basalt fibers addition have

effect on flow properties of binder where in studied range the flow speed decrease three times and the

complex viscosity is also coherently increased. On the other side, the milled basalt fibers addition have

beneficial effect on increasement of mechanical properties with rising amount of added fibers and

changing the character of fracture form brittle to more ductile.

Keywords: Basalt, fiber, rheometry, alkaline activation, binder, reinforcement


33

The plasticity of red mud and clay mixtures

István Kocserha, Alexandra Hamza [email protected]

University of Miskolc, Hungary

Bauxite residue is the main waste material generated by the Bayer process in alumina production.

Large volume of red mud is stored in deposits worldwide. This material is strongly alkaline, fine granular

besides it has high moisture content and high plasticity therefore the usage of it a serious challenge.

Red mud may be applied in the field of construction industry, where large volumes of different

materials are in use. As red mud has similar form and contribution as natural clay we analysed the

applicability of it in the conventional brick industry. Since the clay is formed in wetted form the plasticity

plays an important role during shaping. Adding red mud to the clay, the plasticity changes which has

effect on the industrial process. In this study we analysed clay and red mud mixtures by different

plasticity measurement method. The results show how the different amount of red mud affects the

shaping behaviour of the batches.

“The study was carried out as part of the EFOP-3.6.1-16-2016-00011 “Younger and Renewing

University – Innovative Knowledge City – institutional development of the University of Miskolc aiming

at intelligent specialisation” project implemented in the framework of the Szechenyi 2020 program. The

realization of this project is supported by the European Union, co-financed by the European Social

Fund.”

Keywords: red mud, plasticity, clay


34

Session 2.

Rheology and Modeling of Polymers (RMP)


35

Viscoelastic rheology in gels and polymers with uniaxial preferred directions due to nematic, magnetic, polar nematic, and active polar order

Harald Pleiner1, Daniel Svenšek2, and Helmut R. Brand3

[email protected]

1Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55021 Mainz, Germany

2Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

3Theoretical Physics III, University Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany We discuss the similarities and differences of viscoelastic rheology, when different types of uniaxial

order are present. Typically, such systems are suspensions of particles that can order orientationally in

a (visco)elastic medium, but single molecular systems, like appropriately ordered side-chain polymers

and elastomers are also covered.

First, we present the derivation of the macroscopic equations for uniaxial ferronematic gels and

elastomers [1]. We deal with the superparamagnetic case, where no permanent magnetization is

present and the anisotropy is provided by the nematic director. We include the magnetization as an

independent dynamic degree of freedom. In addition, we describe viscoelasticity by a relaxing strain

field and take into account relative rotations between the preferred direction and the (visco)elastic

background. Considering static and dynamic cross-couplings among the various variables, we find in

particular reversible dynamic cross-couplings among rotations of the magnetization, the director,

relative rotations, and deformational flow that allow for new possibilities to manipulate such materials.

Second, we deal with (non-magnetic) uniaxial polar nematic (visco)elastic gels and elastomers [2].

Here we concentrate on the differences to the (conventional) nematic case and discuss as an example

how external electric fields couple to the dynamic behaviour of such a system. We also discuss the

effects of a possible macroscopic chirality.

Third, we derive the full set of macroscopic equations necessary to describe the dynamics of

systems with active polar order in a viscoelastic or elastic background [3]. The active polar order is

manifested by a second velocity, whose non-zero modulus is the polar order parameter and whose

direction is the polar preferred direction. Possible applications are the growth and motion of self-

propelled bacteria and molecular motors. The rather involved sound spectrum contains a specific

excitation due to a reversible coupling between elasticity and active polar order.

Keywords: viscoelasticity, ferronematic gels, polar nematic gels, active polar order

References

[1] H.R. Brand and H. Pleiner, Eur. Phys. J. E 37, 122 (2014) and H.R. Brand, A. Fink, and H. Pleiner, Eur. Phys. J. E 39, 65 (2015)

[2] H.R. Brand, H. Pleiner and Daniel Svenšek, Eur. Phys. J. E 39, 105 (2016) [3] H. Pleiner, D. Svenšek, and H.R. Brand, Rheologica Acta 55, 857 (2016)


36

Experimental Imitation of Elastic and Plastic Stretching of Polymer Solution During Electrospinning as a Method for an Estimation

Arkadii Arinstein1, Michael Burman2, Gleb Vasilyev1, and Eyal Zussman1

[email protected]

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000 Israel

2LMEE, Université d’Évry Val d'Essonne, Paris, France Nowadays it is commonly accepted that polymer matrix inside of electrospun nanofibers is at non-

equilibrium state. Indeed, high rate and level of deformation of entangled polymer solution during

electrospinning process results in the fact that noticeable reorganization of the topological network

occurs during the spinning, i.e. the spinning is accompanied by both elastic (reversible), and plastic

(irreversible) deformations. In spite of a partial relaxation occurring immediately after fabrication due to

some residual solvent, the final state of electrospun nanofibers remains noticeably stretched.

In order to characterize the stretched state of polymer macromolecules, several research groups

measured the molecular orientation via, birefringence, Raman spectroscopy, etc. Unfortunately, the

interpretation of these results can be ambiguous. The point is that stretched macromolecules should

demonstrate some orientation, while an orientational ordering can also be observed even in non-

stretched systems. So, direct measurements (or, at least, estimation) of a stretching degree is still

challenging.

An experimental method to estimate the stretching degree of polymer inside of electrospun

nanofibers, is proposed. This method is based on the phenomenon that upon heating, nanofibers, as

well as pre-stretched films began to massively contract. The comparison of the contraction kinetics of

single electrospun fibers and pre-stretched films allows us to estimate the full polymer stretching (both

elastic and plastic) of electrospun nanofibers.

Particularly, it was shown that even moderate increase in the strength of the applied electrostatic field

under certain conditions results in noticeable increase in the stretching of TPU copolymer in electrospun

nanofibers. For example, if TPU nanofibers were fabricated with electrical field strengths of 1.14 kV/cm,

the stretching degree of their polymer matrix was estimated to be 250%, whereas the increase in

electrical field strengths up to 1.81 kV/cm results in the stretching of 1400%.

Keywords: polymer nanofiber, electrospinning, elastic stretching, plastic stretching, macromolecule

stretching, macromolecule orientation, polymer contraction



37

Transitional Shear Flow of Elastic Chains

Abbas Sheikh [email protected]

Polymer Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O.

Box: 14115-114, Tehran 14111713116, I.R. Iran The newly developed method for implementation of closure approximated models which was verified

for elastic dumbbells [1] was extended to the chain model. This was done according to the previouse

works [2,3] but more simply. In this way, it is possible to extend application of molecular models to more

realistic conditions bypassing complicated mathematical calculations and normal coordinate

transformations.

This work is concentrated on the FENE-P model and the start-up of the drag couette flow as well as

pressure diven Poiseuille flow were investigated in term of establishment of velocity profile and material

functions including shear component of the polymer contribution to the extra stress and the first and

second normal stress coefficients. The results were compared with the elastic dumbells to clarify effects

of number of beads and spring law on the flow behavior.

Keywords: the Fokker-Planck equation, Peterlin approximation, the Rouse chain, start-up shear flow

References

[1] Sheikh, A., A new closure approximation based on the Cohen/Padé spring law and a novel method for its implementation, Rheol. Acta 56 (2016) 135-148

[2] Wiest J.M., Tanner R.I., Rheology of Bead-NonLinear Spring Chain Macromolecules, J. Rheol., 33 (1989) 281-316

[3] Wedgewood L.E., Ostrov, D.N., Bird, R.B., A finitely extensible bead-spring chain model for dilute polymer solutions, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., 40 (1991) 119-139



38

Effects of volume fraction, size and geometry of different fillers on interparticle interactions in LDPE melts

Nico Laufer1, Harald Hansmann1, 2, Christian Boss1, 2, Stefan Ofe1

[email protected]

1Institute for Polymer Technologies e. V., 23966 Wismar, Germany

2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hochschule Wismar University of Applied Sciences, Technology, Business and Design, 23966 Wismar, Germany

Viscosity functions of filled polymer melts are shifted to higher values in comparison to the unfilled

polymer melt. This offset is influenced by a number of factors, such as rheological properties of the

polymeric matrix, interparticle interaction effects and processing parameters which includes applied

shear rate or shear stress. In recent studies, it has been shown that the influence of interparticle

interactions on flow functions of particle filled polyolefin melts can be taken into account by adapting

the concept of shear-stress-equivalent inner shear rate according to W. Gleißle and M. K. Baloch.

This study focuses on the effects of volume fraction, size and geometry of different fillers on

interparticle interactions in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) melts. For this purpose, the rheological

properties of LDPE filled with various fillers have been investigated by means of high pressure capillary

rheometry in consideration of different particle sizes. It could be shown that interparticle interactions

varies depending on volume fraction of the fillers. Furthermore the aspect ratio of the particles has a

great impact on tendency of particles to interact with one another. While fibrous and flake shaped

particles have a great tendency to interact with one another, spherical particles, depending on the

particle size, exhibit a transition from negligible to non-negligible interactions. It could be shown that on

the basis of a generalized interaction function, that considers the transition from negligibly interactions

to the domain of pronounced interactions, interparticle interactions can be taken into account

mathematically for describing the flow behaviour of particle filled LDPE melts.

Keywords: interparticle interactions, high pressure capillary rheometry, rheology, generalized

interaction function, flow function



39

Modeling Three-Dimensional Flow of the Polymer Melts in a Converging Channel

Alexander Kuznetsov1, Konstantin Koshelev2, Nadezda Cherpakova3 and Grigory Pyshnograi1

[email protected]

1Department of Mathematics and Information Technology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia

2Institute for Water and Environmental Problems SB RAS, Barnaul, Russia 3Altai State Technical University, Barnaul, Russia

Considered as affected by temperature and volume rate polymer melt on the sizes of the vortex region,

which appears during the flow at the inlet of the slotted channel. For the mathematical modeling of

three-dimensional flow of the melt in the convergent plane-parallel channel modified Vinogradov and

Pokrovskii rheological model is used. This model was extended to take account of the nature of non-

monotonic gradient dependence of the elongation viscosity. On the solid wall were used the sticking

conditions for velocity. The temperature dependence of the initial shear viscosity of the polymer melt

has Arrhenius form. The initial relaxation time was rated by comparison with experimental data for a

gradient based stationary viscosity in uniaxial tension, and on the basis of molecular-kinetic approach.

Discrete analogues of a system of equations of the dynamics of the polymer liquid were the method of

controlling the volume with the division of physical processes. When implementing a numerical

algorithm takes into account the possibility of using the technology of parallel computing based on GPU.

In the comparison of the hydrodynamic characteristics of polymer melt flows at different temperatures

in a convergent channel with a rectangular cross section and it is shown that the sudden narrowing of

the canal leading to the appearance of eddy currents, the size of which pass through a maximum with

increasing melt temperature, which is detected in the experiments. This is another confirmation of the

possibility of using the rheological model for the flows of polymer melts in areas with complex geometry.

Also obtained in the results are the proof of the effectiveness of technology CUDA parallel computing

for unsteady calculations of three-dimensional flows of nonlinear viscoelastic fluids with rheological

behavior of law in differential form. The above calculations show that some convergent flow of polymer

melts may show substantial three-dimensional picture, which manifests itself in a velocity component

in a neutral flow direction. This should be taken into account in the organization of experiments, as there

are methods that are not able to measure all components of velocity. Also note that the velocity profile

in the slit of the channel is set at a considerable distance from the entrance to the channel. This should

be considered when conducting measurements in a narrow channel portion.

Keywords: rheology, three-dimensional flows, polymer melts, mesoscopic approach



40

Influence of silicon oxide (SiO2) and sulfosuccinic acid (SSA) loading on properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) derived composite membranes

Tomáš Remiš1

[email protected]

1New Technologies - Research Center, University of West Bohemia, Plzeň 306 14, Czech Republic

New anhydrous proton conducting membranes based on poly(vinyl acohol) (PVA), tetraethyl

orthosilicate (TEOS) and sulfosuccinic acid (SSA) were prepared in a single step using the solution

casting method, with the aim to improve the mechanical properties of PVA membranes. SSA has been

used as a sulfonating agent for crosslinking the membrane structure and also as a source of protons.

TEOS has been used as crosslinking agent to increase the thermal and mechanical properties of the

membranes and membranes stability in aqueous environment. In order to verify that all the substances

were immobilized into the matrix, the membranes were analyzed by means of Fourier transform infrared

spectroscopy (FTIR). The thermal, mechanical and rheological properties of the membranes were

investigated by means of thermogravimetry (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and Ares G2

rheometer. Water uptake (Wu) of composite membranes was determined. The properties were

investigated for various PVA solutions and for each dried membrane. The analysis of mixed PVA

solutions exhibited unique behaviour of viscosity with increasing the crosslink density. TGA and DMA

measurements showed increased thermal and mechanical resistance of membranes depending on the

extent of their crosslinking. Due to incorporation TEOS, the resistance of PVA membranes to the aquatic

environment has increased. These properties can increase the resistance of the membranes during the

processes occurring in the fuel cells.

Keywords: rheology, viscosity, membranes, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), silica

Acknowledgements

"The result was developed within the CENTEM project, reg. no. CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0088, cofunded by

the ERDF as part of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports OP RDI programme and, in the follow-

up sustainability stage, supported through CENTEM PLUS (LO1402) by financial means from the

Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports under the ”National Sustainability Programme I.”



41

Comparison of thermoforming simulation and real experiment using true 3D approach

Karel Kouba1, Ladislav Fojtl2,3, Michal Gerza1, Lukáš Maňas2,3, and Tomáš Sedláček2,3

1Accuform, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic

2Centre of polymer systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic 3Deparment of Production Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, 760 01

Zlín, Czech Republic

This research paper deals with an investigation of large deformation of viscoelastic body using both

computer simulation and thermoforming experiment. For simulation, Leonov model was used to

observe the deformation of thick polymer plate under pressure and external force applied as moving

mold surface. True 3D approach enables studying effects as shear and elongation effects typical for

heavy gauge thermoforming. Experiments were performed with polypropylene and polystyrene material

sheets thermoformed into complicated mold shape. For this thermoforming tests, experimental mold

was manufacured from Necuron boards with apropriate density. Obtained result showed a significant

concordance between simulation and experiment, and tested 3D approach is extensively applicable in

polymer production practice.

Keywords: thermoforming, elongation, viscoelasticity, Leonov model, computer simulation


42

Simulation of Extrudate Swell during Polymer Foam Extrusion

Roman Kolarik1*, Tomas Sedlacek1, and Ondrej Kratky2 [email protected]

1Centre of polymer systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, tr. T. Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech

Republic 2SPUR a.s., tr. T. Bati 299, 763 02 Zlin, Czech Republic

In this study, expansion of extruded polymer foam was theoretically investigated by using computer

simulation and compared with experimental data obtained on production line under different mass flow

rates and different shapes of die lip. The final element simulation was performed using ANSYS

Academic Research Polyflow package utilizing non-isothermal processing conditions and non-

Newtonian polymer/gas system behavior described by the Upper Convected Maxwell model including

experimentally measured shear viscosity of polymer as well as shear viscosity of polymer/gas system.

Extrusion experiments were carried out with polyethylene and isobutan on the industrial polymer foam

production line including online rheometer.

Keywords: extrusion, polymer foam, non-newtonian fluids, finite element analysis, extrudate swell



43

Flow activation energy dependence of segment size, shear rate, based on shear viscosity measurement and modeling

Gergely Totha, Attila Bata, Karoly Belina a Corresponding author: [email protected]

Department of Materials Technology, GAMF Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and IT, Pallas Athene

University The importance of polymer melt flow properties during processing has required the polymer melt

rheology continuous research. In a previous article[1] we describe how to measure polycarbonate shear

viscosity between 100 to 105 shear-rate with standard an non standard equipments. This paper will

describe a method how calculate from shear viscosity results to flow activation energy (based on

Arrhenius equation) with linear high density polyethylene (HDPE), polystyrene (PS) and polycarbonate

(PC). The different types of polymers justified the different segment size. The value of shear viscosity

and activation energy of the different polymers were also found to increase with the segment size.

Furthermore in this communication, we have made an attempt to study activation energy dependence of

shear-rate and segment size.

Keywords: rheology, activation energy, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polystyrene

Fig. 1. Polycarbonate flow activation energy on constans shear-rate


44

Measuring viscosity of polyethylene blends using a rotational rheometer

Dorottya Nagy1, Tamás Dugár2 [email protected]

1,2Department of Materials Science, University of Pallas Athene, Kecskemét, Hungary

Polyethylene (PE) is one of the most important and widely used polymer in packaging industry, film and

tube forming technology [1]. Knowing the properties of polymer blends and the characterization of their

rheological behaviour is useful for industrial processes. For that very reason in our research PE blends

were prepared and characterised by rheological method to find out the differences between the blends

and the base materials. The base materials were TIPELIN FA 381-10 (medium-density polyethylene,

MDPE) and TIPOLEN FB 243-51 (low-density polyethylene, LDPE). The PE blends were made in the

following proportions: 80/20, 60/40, 40/60 and 20/80. Viscosity of the polymer melts were investigated

by rotational rheometer at low shear rate and the effect of temperature on viscosity was also measured.

Keywords: polyethylene blend, rotational rheometer, viscosity, polymer

Reference

[1] Elvers, B.; Hawkins, S.; Schulz. G. Ullman’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th ed., VCH Publishers: New York, 1992, 487.



45

Rheological Properties of Recycled PET

Karoly Belina, Attila Bata [email protected]

Department of Materials Technology, Kecskemet College, 6000 Kecskemet, Hungary

PET is one of the most widely used polymeric material in the packaging industry. Billions of botles are

prepared in every year. Everybody is agreed that these bottles should be recycled. On usage, the

molecular structure of PET changes. There are several complex reactions and the consequence of

them is that the molecular weight of the polymer changes. This creates some difficulties in the recycling

process as flow properties of the materials depends on the molecular weight.

Polymer melts are non newtonian fluids and the flow curves of the materials can be used to characterise

the molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution.

This research is focused on the characterisation of grinded PET materials. Inherent viscosities were

determined to characterised the materials. Different quantities of regrined PET were mixed and

pelletised with virgin PET. Flow curves of pure and blended mateials were measured at different

temperatures. Zero shear viscosities were calculated using different flow models, ie. Careau equation:.

Molecular weights were determined as a function of composition and the mixing temperature.

Temperature dependence of the zero shear viscosity was used to determine the activation energy of

the flow. Flow curves were used to determine the polydispersity of the materials.

Keywords: polymer, PET, regrind, rheology, flow curve, zero shear viscosity, molecular weight,

molecular weight distribution

).( wMTpf



46

Determination of pressure dependency of shear viscosity of polyethylene terephthalate melt

Dugár Tamás, Belina Károly, Nagy Dorottya

[email protected]

Department of Materials Technology, Kecskemet College, 6000 Kecskemet, Hungary

Pressure sensitivity of polymer melt is a very important parameter in polymer processing. There are

several simulation software using this values. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a widely used

polymeric material in packaging. Reuse and reprocessing of the collected material is in the focus of

researchers. Our investigation is aimed on the determination of the pressure on the viscosity of PET.

Original and regrind PET were used. Rheological behaviour of the melts was determined at different

pressures (50 bar to 1000 bar) and temperatures (260 oC - 300 oC). Capillary rheometer was used to

determine the flow curves of the materials.



47

High-productivity thermal sputtering of metal particles in the liquid

А.А. Pshenichnaya 1, N.P. Shestakov1, А.А. Ivanenko1, М.N. Volochaev1

[email protected]

1 Kirensky Institute of Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch 660036, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

We have combined the process of obtaining highly dispersed metal particles and the process of their

intercalation into a liquid. A technique and installation for the production and introduction of particles

into a liquid epoxy resin are presented. Suspensions of epoxy resin containing the atomic particles of

aluminum and antimony have been obtained.

Entering of metallic atomic particles in an epoxy resin produced by thermal sputtering in a vacuum.

Sputtering of metal atoms produced directly on the surface of the liquid oligomer. The installation

consists of an evaporator that is located inside the cylinder, the liquid epoxy resin is located on the inner

walls of the cylinder, the cylinder itself rotates, thereby stirring, and the formation of a metal film is

prevented. The measurement of the concentration of filler made on the glass substrate, by weighing on

an analytical balance. The sputtering efficiency is 0.5 g / h.

Filling of the matrix of an epoxy polymer with metal particles of atomic size is possible using the

method presented. Suspensions of epoxy resin containing the atomic particles of aluminum and

antimony with size less than ~ 4 nm have been obtained. Film on the surface of the liquid epoxy resin

especially is made to assess the particle size. It examined with a transmission electron microscope.

Metal particles are sprayed into a matrix of epoxy resin of atomic size during thermal sputtering. The

infrared absorption spectrum of the resulting suspensions showed no changes in the chemical structure

of the oligomer.

The particles that less than 4 nm allows to fill intermolecular space not influencing on the

macromolecular structure. The sliding of oligomer molecules in the liquid becomes more difficult as the

area of contact between the molecules is increased due to the introduction the particles.

Keywords: Thermal sputtering, epoxy resin, oligomer, the macromolecular structure.



48

The effect of nano-silica on physical properties of drilling fluid

Samireh Vahid1, Doni Doniel, Mohomad Ajmal [email protected]

Department of Aerospace and Aircraft Engineering, Kingston University London,SW15 3DW, UK.

A suitable water-based drilling fluid system has been formulated with nanosilica, polymer and salts.

Rheological studies have been carried out for the drilling fluid with different concentrations of xanthan

gum polymer, potassium and sodium chloride salts and nanosilica and the viscosities were measured.

The apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity, and yield stress were determined from viscosity

measurements using Bingham model. After all the tests and calculations, the best composition was

found to be:

500g H2O + 25g Bentonite + 0.5g Xanthan Gum + 2.5g KCl + 0.2g Nano-silica, With all the

experiments and calculated parameters, the nano-based fluid system with 0.2g concentration shows

the best efficiency for cutting transport.

1 Corresponding author: Email: [email protected] (Samireh Vahid).


49

Session 3.

Food Rheology and Texture of Foods (FRTF)


50

Α rheological study of binary protein-polysaccharide mixtures: Gelation kinetics and phase transition

T. B. Goudoulas1, and Natalie Germann1

[email protected]

1 Fluid Dynamics of Complex Biosystems, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical

University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany This study reports rheological data of binary aqueous mixtures of gelatin and alginate [1]. The

biomaterial concentration was up to 5 wt.% whereas the alginate to gelatin ratio was up to one. Using

custom-made isolated prototype modules, discrete and thin gel layers were created at 5°C. Under

oscillatory measurements, the effect of the polysaccharide concentration on the sol–gel and gel–sol

transitions was investigated by applying a temperature rate of 1°C/min. In binary mixtures, both

transitions were shifted to higher temperatures. The storage modulus (G’) against the gelation time was

also recorded at 10, 15, and 20°C. We found that the initial part of the isothermal curve was extremely

sharp at lower temperatures, reflecting the increased formation of the gelatin triple helixes. At 10°C,

higher G’ values could be recorded in a few minutes than during the whole extent of the isothermal

experiments at 20°C. This isothermal kinetic study showed that the storage modulus will continue to

increase in time even if the rate of increase is considerably reduced. The kinetic gelation model

proposed by Djabourov et al. [2] could successfully describe all isothermal data of the binary mixtures.

Thus, this model can effectively predict the long-term elastic properties of the binary gels. The

parametric analysis of this model showed that a phase separation possibly took place in the 5%

gelatin/5% alginate mixture during the isothermal gelation whereas all other samples remained

homogeneous. By tailoring the ratio of the two materials, specific textures can be created, as verified

by rheology.

Keywords: Binary gels, gelatin, alginate, gelation, thermal hysteresis, viscoelastic properties

References

[1] Goudoulas, T.B., Germann N. (2017) Phase transition kinetics and rheology of gelation-alginate mixtures. Food Hydrocolloids, 66, 49-60.

[2] Djabourov, M., Leblond, J., and Papon, P. (1988) Gelation of aqueous gelatin solutions. I. Structural investigation. Journal de Physique, 49, 319–332.


51

Mechanical behavior of crystallized vegetable oil in presence of solid particles

Henri de Cagny1,2,Theo Blijdenstein2, Simeon Stoyanov2,3,Luben Arnaudov 2 and Daniel Bonn1 [email protected]

1Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The

Netherlands 2Unilever Research and development Vlaardingen 3133AT Vlaardingen The Netherlands

3Laboratory of physical chemistry and colloid science, Wageningen University, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands

Due to its high amount of saturated fat, vegetable oil is widely used as a substitute for animal or trans

fats, and can be found in a many processed foods, e.g. spreads, confectionary, cooking aids. Many of

such products are made of semi-solid suspensions, where solid particles are dispersed in a continuous

fat phase. Very few studies have characterized the influence of the solid particles on the physical

properties of the material (hardness, yielding, fracture or elasticity).

As a first order model, we created cubes made of vegetable oil stearin mixed with salt particles to

study the influence of the solid volume fraction on the behavior of our samples. With the help of

indentation hardness test, we disentangled the elastic from the viscoplastic contributions to the

deformation of the material and measured the force necessary to break them. We also subjected our

samples to indentation relaxation test, and derived characteristic time scales which allowed us to set

up a very simple rheological model. We used this model to construct theoretical loading curve and

compared our results with experimental data.

Keywords: rheology, fat, indentation, viscoelasticity, plasticity, suspensions, semi solid.


52

Modelling the rheology of HM pectin gels filled with different dietary fibers

Diego Genovese1, Lilian Figueroa1 [email protected]

1Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI-UNS-CONICET), 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina

High methoxyl (HM) pectin gels were added with different types of dietary fiber (apple, bamboo, psyllium

and wheat), for later development of fibre-enriched fruit jellies. Control gel was the gel without fiber

(other than pectin), prepared by thermal treatment of a buffer solution (pH = 3.0) with 0.5 %w/w pectin

and 65 %w/w sucrose. In fibre-added gels, fibre was added to the solution at a concentration of 3 %w/w

(in substitution of sugar), which is the miminum amount required for a food product to be declared

“source of fibre”, acording to the Argentine Food Code.

These gels may be considered as filler-matrix composite gels, where the pectin gel is the continuous

matrix, and fibers (the insoluble fraction) act as filler particles. It is known that when there is good filler-

matrix affinity, the filler has a reinforcing effect, increasing the elastic modulus (G’) of the gels. This

effect has been modeled by the Kerner-Lewis-Nielsen’s equation, in terms of the volume fraction (),

maximum packing fraction (m), Poisson’s ratio (V), and elastic modulus (G’f) of the filler particles.

Dynamic oscillatory measurements were performed on the gels to obtain G’. Fibers and control gel

densities were measured to obtain values. It was observed that the experimental increase in G’ of the

gels due to fibre addition was much higher than the reinforcement predicted by the model. This was

attributed to the soluble fraction of the fibers, which might have had a significant effect on the formation

and strengthening of the pectin network.

Keywords: pectin, gels, fibers, filler, matrix, reinforcement



53

The steady and oscillatory frequency sweep tests of ultrasound-assisted emulsified O/W emulsion: Taguchi optimization

Duygu Aslan1, Mahmut Doğan1,2

[email protected]

1Erciyes University, Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey

2TAGEM Food Analysis Center Co., Erciyes University, Technopark Area, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey In the current study, the oil in water (O/W) emulsion was prepared with ultrasonic emulsification

technique and the emulsion structure was investigated in terms of the steady and dynamic shear

rheological properties. As the oil, hydrocolloid ratio and processing time is the most important

parameters of emulsions, three different ratios of oil (7, 10 and 15%), gum concentration (0, 0.2, 0.5%)

and three different levels (3,5 and 7 min.) of processing time was applied and the optimum parameters

was determined with the Taguchi methodology. As a result of this study, Ostwald de Waele was

successfully used to fit the steady shear data of emulsions exhibiting a pseudoplastic flow (R2 > 0.996).

The samples with higher oil content characterized as strong gel-like macromolecular dispersions with G′

(storage modulus) much greater than G″ (loss modulus). According to the results of this study, the

rheological parameters of samples were significantly affected by the processing time and oil content. It

was concluded that the viscoelastic characteristics and strength of the emulsion systems increased with

increasing oil level, but decreased with processing time. The consistency coefficient (K) values of

emulsions which contained 7% oil without hydrocolloid and the sample containing 15% oil with 0.5%

gum concentration at processing time of 3 min was 0.009±0.00 and 1.18±0.40 Pa.sn, respectively. As

a result of the oscillatory frequency sweep tests, the G′, G″ and tan δ values of emulsions at 1 Hz was

0.182; 0.114 Pa; 0,540 and 4.631, 3.247 Pa; 0.891 respectively. These results showed importance of

using ultrasound in the food industry for forming different food formulations which is using emulsification

technique for the structure of processed foods.

Keywords: taguchi methodology, rheology, dynamic oscillatory, emulsion, ultrasound


54

Hydrocolloids as rheology control additives

Valentina Pavlova1, Zoran Pavlov1, Martina Pavlovska2, Marija Menkinoska1, Tatjana Blazhevska1 [email protected]

1University “St. Kliment Ohridski” - Bitola, Faculty of Technology and Technical Sciences, Dimitar

Vlahov bb, 1400 Veles, Republic of Macedonia 2 Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Agricultures Sciences and Food, Str. 16-ta

Makedonska brigada No 3, P.O. Box 297 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Hydrocolloids, often called gums, are hydrophilic polymers, of vegetable, animal, microbial or synthetic

origin, that generally contain many hydroxyl groups and may be polyelectrolytes. They are naturally

present or added to control the functional properties of aqueous foodstuffs. The primary reason behind

the ample use of hydrocolloids in foods is their ability to modify the rheology of food systems.

Rheological additives serve to adjust the formulation viscosity within a

given shear rate range (non-Newtonian rheological additives). This includes two basic properties of

food systems that is, flow behavior (viscosity) and mechanical solid property (texture). The modification

of texture and/or viscosity of food systems helps modify its sensory properties, therefore hydrocolloids

are used as significant food additives to perform specific purposes.

Hydrocolloids are widely used in many food formulations to improve quality attributes and shelf-life.

As an important food additive, hydrocolloids are finding increasing applications in several food products

as thickening and gelling agents. As thickening agents, they find uses in soups, sauces gravies, salad

dressings, and toppings while as gelling agents, they are extensively used in products like marmalade,

jam, jelly, restructured foods and low sugar/calorie gels.

The thickening effects are mainly provided by methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose and

hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, gum Arabic, locust bean gum, guar gum, tara gum, gum ghatti and gum

tragacanth,. The frequently used gelling agents include pectins, modified starch, gellan gum,

carrageenans, agar, alginates and methyl and hydroxypropylmethyl celluloses. The role of each

hydrocolloid in food formulations and product development has been discussed.

Keywords: rheological properties, hydrocolloids, thickening agents, gelling agents, food additives


55

Effect of Temperature on Rheological Behaviour of the Chocolate

Vojtěch Kumbár1, Šárka Nedomová2, Roman Pytel2, and Jaroslav Buchar1 [email protected]

1Department of Technology and Automobile Transport (section Physics), Mendel University in Brno,

Brno 613 00, Czech Republic 2Department of Food Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno 613 00, Czech Republic

The rheological behaviour of chocolate in different temperatures was studied using a concentric cylinder

viscometer with precision temperature sensor. BIO chocolate (100% organic cocoa) has been used for

the experiments. The range of temperature has been chosen from 36 °C up to 44 °C with temperature

step 2 °C. The shear deformation rate was from 0.1 up to 68 s-1.

Rheological behaviour was non–Newtonian with inconsiderable yield stress in all temperatures. The

chocolate demonstrated plastic behaviour and flow curves were fitted by the power law model

(Herschel–Bulkley). This rheological behaviour of fluid is also known as Casson fluid. Obtained

coefficients of Herschel–Bulkley model (yield stress τ0, coefficient of consistence K, and flow index n)

can be used for modelling of flow velocity, volume flow, friction factor, Reynolds number, 2D and 3D

velocity profiles and much more for flow in the tubes.

Keywords: rheology, temperature, Herschel–Bulkley model, yield stress, plastic fluid, chocolate



56

Session 5.

Experimental Study and Modeling of Complex Flows (ESMCF)


57

Analysis of the Angle of Maximal Stability and Flow Regime Transitions in Different Proportions of Bi-phasic Granular Matter Mixtures

Joel T. Maquiling1*and Shane Marie A. Visaga2*

[email protected], [email protected]

1,2Geophysics Research Group, Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City 1108, Philippines

This study investigates the dependence of the critical angle θc of stability on different mass ratios γ of

layered bi-phasic granular matter mixtures and on the critical angle of its mono-disperse individual

components. It also aims to investigate and explain regime transitions of granular matter flowing down

a tilted rough inclined plane. Critical angles and flow regimes for a bi-phasic mixture of sago spheres

and bi-phasic pepper mixture of fine powder and rough spheres were observed and measured using

video analysis. The critical angles θc MD of mono-disperse granular matter and θc BP of biphasic granular

matter mixtures were observed and compared. All types of flow regimes and a supramaximal critical

angle of stability exist at mass ratio γ = 0.5 for all biphasic granular matter mixtures. The θc BP of sago

spheres was higher than the θc MD of sago spheres. Moreover, the θc BP of the pepper mixture was in

between the θc MD of fine pepper and θc MD of rough pepper spheres. Comparison of different granular

material shows that θc MD is not simply a function of particle diameter but of particle roughness as well.

Results point to a superposition mechanism of the critical angles of biphasic sphere mixtures. The force

networks that develop between and among the particles seem to keep the two kinds of granular

materials traveling together with a common velocity.

Keywords: critical angle of stability, bi-phasic granular matter mixtures, mono-disperse, sago

spheres, pepper spheres, flow regime transitions, supramaximal critical angle of stability,

superposition mechanism, force networks




58

Design, Fabrication and Implementation of a Portable Swedish Weight Sounding Test Device for Soil Compaction Analysis

*Joel T. Maquiling1 and **Johann Wolfgang T. Exconde2 *[email protected], **[email protected]

1,2Geophysics Research Group, Department of Physics

School of Science and Engineering

Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City 1108, Philippines

The purpose of this study is to design, fabricate and implement the use of a portable Swedish Weight

Sounding Test Device (SWSTD). The device was built with portability and cost-efficiency as foremost

consideration. The device was used to conduct initial soil compaction analysis to measure soil strength

using concepts of mechanical and rotational work. The main parameter used to determine the soil

strength compaction was the coefficient of plastic potential cp. Three types of soil were tested for

compaction: sand, clay, and loam. The results obtained using the device reveal that clay has the lowest

cp while sand has the highest cp. These results agree with the experimentally determined cp values for

sand and clay using an actual SWSTD. The portable device can be used to analyze the strength of

various soil types even at the cost of removing some features to prioritize its portability.

Keywords: Swedish Weight Sounding Test Device, portability, cost-efficiency, soil strength, soil

compaction analysis, mechanical and rotational work, coefficient of plastic potential

mailto:*[email protected]

mailto:*[email protected]


59

Momentum coupling at laser ablation of liquids in a porous matrix

Egor Loktionov1 [email protected]

1State Lab for Photon Energetics, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow,

Russia The main problems at laser impact on liquids are energy dissipation and droplets formation due to

splashing, leading to poor performance even after application of special tricks like viscosity increase,

thin films, cavities or droplets formation. Liquids of 0.2 to 700 Pa•s viscosity have been considered at

10.6 μm/60 ns laser irradiation of 0.9 to 4.6 mm thick layers, so impact region was actually out of the

0.2 to 40 porosity medium. The latter was used as a permeable solid interface. We studied the laser

ablation of liquids, including energetic ones, actually confined by sintered titanium powder.

We irradiated targets in a single pulse mode using frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser (532 nm, 12 ns,

up to 80 mJ), spot diameter at target was 224 μm. Recoil momentum has been measured using a

calibrated force sensor. A 0.9 mm thick target made of sintered titanium powder (fine gas filter, 0.26

porosity = non-solid volume / total volume, average pore dia. 8 μm). The target has been filled with

ethanol, lighting kerosene or nitromethane, and refilled after each shot, no macroscopic liquid layer

stayed on the surface.

We have compared the liquid-filled targets momentum coupling coefficient dependency on laser

fluence – Cm(F) – with the same unfilled target. It’s worth mentioning, that this dependency had a quite

different pattern as compared to bulk titanium target, as we suggest, due to heat transfer restrictions

close to the case of a Ti foil target. The most pronounced effect was discovered for ethanol: Cm doubled

its minimum and than followed the unfilled pattern. For kerosene negative effect was observed leading

for further Cm decrease after unfilled minimum (almost halved) and jump to unfilled values (2•10-4 N•s/J)

at the edge of the studied range. Nitromethane resulted in a combination of the previous patterns: 1,5

times decrease after minimum and than jump to ethanol filled values. These patterns might be caused

by heat sink to a liquid – negative effect was proportional to the heat of evaporation. Cm jump obviously

happened due to exothermic reactions, fluence needed for ignition was proportional to flash

temperature.

So, filling a porous target with a liquid may have both positive and negative effects depending on

impact regime. Any way, porous matrix prevents heat and mass losses characteristic to bulk solid and

liquid targets. Cm doubled at porous target density increase by 6% only with ethanol filling, and at least

tripled at ca. 22% density decrease as compared to a bulk target. These relations mean that specific

impulse is also increased in both cases.

Filling of porous matrices with energetic liquids leads to improvement of laser thrust generation due

to combination of heat and splashing losses substantial reduction and chemical energy release. For

pulsed periodic modes refilling of pores by a liquid might be enhanced by ultrasound, electroosmosis

and other effects.

Keywords: laser ablation, momentum coupling, liquids, energetic materials



60

Flow structures in a swirl flow – vortex breakdown condition

Pavel Novotny1,2, Bernhard Weigand2, Frantisek Marsik1, Christoph Biegger2, and Martin Tomas1 [email protected]

1New Technologies – Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitni 8, 30614 Plzen,

Czech Republic

2Institute of Aerospace Thermodynamics, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany

This contribution presents an experimental and numerical analysis of swirl flow in a circular tube. Swirl

flow is important several technical and natural processes, where high heat transfer and good mixing is

needed. Flow and vortex structures respecting redistribution of momentum and possible occurrence of

vortex breakdown are taken into account. The swirl flow is analysed experimentally by the measurement

of the velocity field using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and numerically via the commercial CFD

code ANSYS-CFX. Three assumed cases are investigated: i) laminar flow regime with Re = 1000, ii)

intermediate flow regime with Re = 2000, and iii) turbulent flow regime with Re = 5000. The present

study investigates flow phenomena with respect to variations in Swirl number, Rossby number, and

Reynolds number.

The analysis confirms the redistribution of the velocity field and the decrease of the Swirl number

towards outlet. This redistribution affects the Reynolds number. Moreover, respecting the Rossby

number, the occurrence of vortex breakdown in the swirl flow is determined. It is shown that vortex

breakdown takes place in flow with the higher Reynolds numbers. This fact is also confirmed by

changes of the Reynolds number ReΦ and Rez along the tube length. The vortex breakdown

phenomenon may occur if ReΦ and Rez are plotted against the tube length and mutually do not cross.

This condition is over the whole tube length satisfied, only in case of Re = 5000. In the two other cases,

there is a redistribution of the velocity field followed by a decrease of ReΦ crossing Rez. Moreover, in

the case of the lowest Reynolds number, the redistribution of the velocity field leads to a disruption of

flow field near outlet.

Keywords: swirl flow, CFX, PIV, flow structures, vortex breakdown




61

Session 6.

Rheology and Modeling of Asphalt Mixtures

and Asphalt Pavements (RMAMAP)


62

Rheological properties of conventional asphalt modified with styrene-butadiene-styrene crosslinked with sulfur

Martin Jassoa, Dusan Bakosb, Jiri Stastnaa, Ludovit Zanzottoa

[email protected]

aDepartment of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada

bDepartment of Plastics and Rubber, Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9,812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.

The impact of adding sulfur, as a crosslinking agent, on the high temperature rheological properties of

conventional asphalt binder modified by linear high molecular weight styrene-butadiene-styrene was

studied in linear as well as nonlinear viscoelastic regions. Linear viscoelastic properties of such binders

were investigated in small amplitude oscillatory shear flow. In the obtained dynamic functions, the effect

of sulfur crosslinking on polymer modified asphalt blends was evidently manifested at high as well as

low temperatures.

The observed shoulder on the graph of G’(ω) and pseudo-plateau on the graph of loss tangent,

tanδ (𝜔), were more pronounced with the increasing concentration of sulfur, thus suggesting the

creation of a highly crosslinked polymer network in continuous asphalt phase.

Steady shear viscosity functions, measured at 50°C, 60°C and 70°C, revealed a peculiar shear

thickening behavior of swollen physical network created by crosslinking of styrene-butadiene-styrene

before the start of disruption of the internal structure.

The exceptional resistance to deformation of sulfur crosslinked modified asphalt binders was also

manifested in multiple stress creep and recovery experiments performed at two stress levels of 100 and

3200 Pa. The second stress level cannot be generally considered as small and in polymer modified

asphalt binders was found to be outside of linear viscoelastic region.

Keywords: polymer modified asphalt, styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), crosslinking



63

Utilization of aluminum dross as asphalt filler

Bella Udvardi1, Róbert Géber1, Zoltán Soós2, Csaba Tóth2, Zsuzsanna Igazvölgyi2

[email protected]

1University of Miskolc Institutional Department of Ceramics and Silicate Engineering, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary

2Budapest University of Technology and Economics Department of Highway and Railway Engineering

1111 Budapest, Hungary

The asphalt industry finds itself battling ongoing economic difficulties and an urge to achieve a more

sustainable development and growth, thus the constant search for alternative materials, and

possibilities to use recycled and processed waste materials in asphalt mixes, as long as an expected

level of performance and durability is provided. Aluminium dross is a recyclable by-product produced

during the casting process of melted aluminium. In this study an attempt was made to reveal the

potential of using aluminium dross as filler for asphalt wearing course mixes. During the research, filler

fraction (d<0.063 mm) was prepared by milling, and microstructural tests were conducted on the

alternative filler and control filler as well to better understand the materials and their composition. The

effect of replacing limestone filler with the aluminium dross filler on the performance of asphalt mixes

was analysed based on performance-based and performance related asphalt mechanical tests

according to common standards. In the paper the properties of the fillers and various mechanical test

results are presented and by interpreting the tests and results final conclusions are presented regarding

the use aluminium dross as filler in asphalt mixes.


64

Rheological characteristics of bitumen mastic depending on composition and filler dispersity

Lebedev Mikhail Sergeevich1 and Kozhukhova Natalia Ivanovna2

[email protected]

1,2 Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shoukhov, 308012 Belgorod, Russia

As fillers in asphalt concrete are used for bitumen viscosity increase, structure modification, reduce of

creep (residual) deformation it is necessary to estimate the filler structuring effect in bitumen binder.

For this purpose the influence of phase and size parameters of finely dispersed powdered fillers on

rheological characteristics of bitumen mastics (bitumen–filler composition) is studied.

According to the results obtained a maximal effect for bitumen properties is observed from such fillers

as kaolin and finely dispersed chalk stone. These two fillers have the highest specific surface area

(SSA) (according to BET analysis) and the highest porosity. So, they are able to absorb a higher content

of bitumen vs. fillers with lower SSA and porosity values. Variations in melting point values of kaolin-

and chalk stone-based mastics (83°С and 24°С, respectively) are significant vs. other compositions (up

to 8–10°С). It can be associated with structuring effect under high temperature due to higher porosity.

The followings relationships based on penetration indexes (PI) are observed: application of lime stone-

and sand-based fillers with different dispersity initiates PI variation in range of ±0.24 vs. initial bitumen

(PI=-0.95). At the same time a chalk stone using leads to PI increasing up to 0,57; for kaolin – up to

6.27. Significant change in bitumen physical and mechanical properties when kaolin application is

connected with thin flake form of its particles.

Study of rheological characteristics of bitumen mastics by the dynamic shift remoter under high

temperatures demonstrates a lower values of complex modulus for bitumen mastics containing lime

stone and sand fillers with medium and high dispersity vs. chalk stone- and kaolin-based analogues but

significantly higher vs. non-filler bitumen.

Thus, the highest reducing of thermal sensibility is provided by using of finely dispersed fillers with

small particle size (for exp. finely dispersed chalk stone) and high SSA (provided by a particle shape,

for exp. kaolin). In this case a strong structuring effect on bitumen takes place. Obviously this effects is

marked under high thermal exposure as well as when using more dispersed limestone and sand (but

less intensively).

Keywords: Rheology, bitumen mastics, fillers, structure formation



65

Session 7.

Multiscale Mechanics of Materials (MMM)


66

Computer Modeling of Intervertebral Disc Prosthesis

Yuliya Rikun1, Tatyana Kolmakova1,2, Svetlana Buyakova1,2, Sergey Kulkov1,2 [email protected]

1Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia

2Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science (ISPMS) SB RAS, 634055 Tomsk, Russia

The spine is one of the most important structures of the human body. Its structure allows to perform the

functions of support and movement.

Degenerative changes of intervertebral discs are the major cause of severe pain in the back and neck

of middle and older age people. The radical method of treatment in these cases is the replacement of

intervertebral disc by implant. The adequate development and individual selection of the implant plays

a crucial role in the treatment of humans. Incorrect choice of materials and design of the implant may

lead to a degradation of bone tissue and the whole functioning of the spine. Using the computer

modeling methods creates the preconditions for better understanding of the laws of the human body

functioning normally, in pathologies and promotes to the development and selection of a appropriate

prosthesis for a specific individual.

In work the computer studies of the mechanical behavior of ceramic prosthetic intervertebral disc of

various modifications in the cervical spine segment will be held. The prototype of the model prosthesis

was developed in Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of Siberian Branch of Russian

Academy of Sciences. At this stage, the geometric model of intervertebral disc prosthesis is

constructed. The model was constructed in ANSYS software. The simulation algorithm for geometrical

model of intervertebral disc prosthesis was developed with use of APDL language. This algorithm allows

automatic rebuilding of the model when input parameters are changed.

Keywords: computer modeling, prosthesis of intervertebral disc



67

The effect of the sampling distance of the roughness parameters in a case of abrasive worn microtopographies

István Barányi1

[email protected]

1Bánki Donát Faculty of Mechanical and Safety Engineering, Óbuda University, 1081 Budapest,

Hungary The tribological behaviour of machine elements is highly depend on the operating state and the original

of working pair. The machined surface quality is well defined by the widely used profile roughness

parameters, but nowadays it has been defined with 3D topography measurement technology. This

technology is well defined in a perspective of standardized parameters, but the measuring parameters

(measuring length in both direction and the sample distance) have not been regulated.

In a case of machined surfaces with orientation the 3D measuring help to give a detailed information

for the topography, but (according to the parameter definition) these information has been used only

partially.

On the other case the tribosystem defines the dynamically changed topography, which has been

defined by two information content in a first stage of wear: the scratches continuously disappear the

original topography pattern. This modification process describing with roughness parameters is not

standardized. According to this the tribologist use widely SEM pictures instead of roughness parameters

to define the wear marks. The topography based wear characterization is used only small case and

with different measuring parameters.

In this paper the author calculate three dimensional parameters with different sample distance. The

evaluated worn topographies have been measured in three different phase of the running in stage.

According to the analysis the minimum, maximum and the average value of average roughness (Sa),

root mean square roughness (Sq), skewness (Ssk) and kurtosis (Sku) parameters have been calculated

and the author find and optimal sample distance to properly describe the abrasion process.

Keywords: wear, abrasion, roughness, sample distance



68

Influence of compacting times and pressures on rheological properties of alumina and quartz ceramic powder mixtures

László A. Gömze1, 2, Emese Kurovics1 and Ludmila N. Gömze2

[email protected], [email protected] and [email protected]

1Institute of Ceramics and Polymer Engineering, University of Miskolc, Miskolc, Hungary 2IGREX Engineering Service Ltd, Igrici, Hungary

In this research the compacting and rheological properties of alumina and quartz powder mixtures

were examined depending on compacting pressures and times. On the basis of the achieved relative

compaction curves as function of forming pressure and time the authors could successfully describe

the changes of rheological behavior and rheological model of these powder mixtures having different

particle compactions and size distributions. Increasing the compression pressure and changing the

composition ratio of the alumina and quartz powder mixtures considerable changes of rheological

properties could be observed.

In this work the authors have shown how the compacting deformations of cylindrical specimens are

depended on forming pressure and time. On the basis of their research the authors could successfully

illustrate also how the rheological behaviors and models of alumina-quartz ceramic powder mixtures

are depending on forming pressures.





Fund.”

Keywords: alumina, ceramics, compacting, deformation, granulometry, microstructure, mixtures,

pressure, powders, quartz, rheological model





69

Effects of zirconia particle addition on the mechanical

properties of NiCoZn ferrites

Andrea Balla1, János Moczó2, Szilvia Klébert2, Zoltán Károly2

[email protected]

1University of Óbuda, Budapest, Hungary

2Institute Institute of Materials and Environmental Sciences, RCNS, 1117 Budapest, Hungary

Ferrite materials are widely used in electronics owing to their non-conductive and magnetic behavior.

As most ceramics they possess elevated hardness as compared to other material type but suffer from

brittleness that presents limitation for certain applications. In this paper the effect of the incorporation

of ZrO2 particles on the mechanical behavior of a spinel type ferrite ceramic was studied. Addition of

zirconia varied from 0 to 20 wt%. Dispersion of zirconia particle in the matrix was carried out different

ways: dry mixing and wet mixing using zirconia sol and zirconium-propoxide. The ceramics were

sintered at three different temperatures (1200-1400 ºC) and for various sintering times. We found that

zirconia addition improved both the hardness and bending strength only up to 5 wt% of additives

reaching a maximum value of 1074 HVC and 111 MPa, respectively, at 1400 ºC. Hardness was also

improved on the effect of increased sintering temperature and prolonged sintering time.

Keywords: ferrite, mechanical properties, zirconia,


70

About hard turning of welded surface by using tool with closed system of heat sink

V.P. Kuznetsov, A. S. Skorobogatov, V.V. Voropaev, А.А. Petunun

[email protected]

Ural Federal University, Mira Street, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia

In this work the problem of the heat sink decrease at the hard turning process is considered. The

special tool with the closed cooling system for replaceable hard-alloy plate on using thermoelectric

Peltier modules is designed. The results of some experiments are described.

Turning is accompanied by intense heat generation due to frictional interaction and deformation of

the material being removed, as evidenced by the substantial heating of the chips, chisel and parts. High

temperature of the processed material adversely affects the quality of the processing, heating the tool

leads to a decrease in the hardness of the cutting edge and its rapid blunting, which significantly reduces

its life time. The intensity of heat release depends on the properties of the processed and tool material,

the geometry of the cutter and the cutting regimes. The greatest influence is exerted by the cutting speed,

the smaller is the feed and depth of cutting. The heat generated during turning is distributed between the

chips, the cutter and the workpiece. The purpose of this study is to find the dependency of treated surface

roughness and tool stability on the internal heat sink from the RCP type PCBN when the welded material

is hard turned using a closed cooling system with an increase in the cutting speed by 3 times with respect

to the recommended one.

The research proved that the use of a closed cooling system contributes, both to decrease in the

roughness of the treated surface, and to an increase in the RCP resistance. The use of a cooling system

at the optimum speed leads to a 22% reduction in the roughness Ra from 0.23 to 0.18 μm and Rz by

26% from 1.43 μm to 1.06 μm compared to the treatment without a heat sink. The chamfering width of

the cutting edge of the RCP is reduced by 17%. Thus, the use of a closed cooling system is an effective

method of improving the turning quality and RCP life time.

The work was supported by Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, contract №

02.G25.31.0148 with Sverdlovsk Instrumental Plant.

Keywords: hard turning, internal cooling, heat sink, cutting speed, roughness


71

Shear Deformation at Repeatative Frictional Loading of Material with a Sliding Spherical Indentor with Heat Sink

Viktor Kuznetsov, Andrey Skorobogatov

[email protected]

Institute of New Materials and Technologies, Ural Federal University, 640002 Yekaterinburg, Russia

Frictional loading of structural materials by a shear with a sliding indentor is used in metal working

for nanostructuring and increasing operational properties of the surface layer of workpieces. Increase

in deformation speed and in the number of impacts on the elementary volume of material can lead to

its recrystallization and destruction. The objective of this research is to define the limits of friction force

variation, temperature and deformation parameters for providing a stable nanostructural state. The

solution of the problem of surface layer nunostructure stabilization is connected with controlling heat

sink from a contact area. Special tools with the indentor heat sink system for modern CNC production

centers are created. The method is developed and X20Cr4 and X20Cr13 hard steel surface layer

deformation rates and speeds with the DBN and PCD indentors based on application of 3D-profilometry

and scanning microscopy are defined. The comparative analysis of the parameters of deformation and

structural steel flow regimes is made at dry frictional loading with a spherical indentor without heat sink

and with intensive heat sink from the tool. The research revealed the regularities of influence of the

deformation temperature and speed factor on structural steels with application of heat sink. The

connection of the nanostructured layer mechanical and tribological properties with the Zener-Hollomon

parameter is defined. The permissible limits of contact temperature variations in the deformation zone

with the respect to the criterion of nanostructural state stability are established.

Keywords: frictional loading, shear deformation, nanostructure, Zener-Hollomon parameter, sliding

indentor, heat sink


72

Session 9.

Rheology of Biomaterials and Biological

Systems (RBBS)


73

Wall mechanical properties of an intracranial aneurysm: the experiments and numerical simulations

Daniil Parshin, Iuliia Kuianova

[email protected]

Department of Differential equations, Lavrentyev Institute of Hydrodynamics SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia

An intracranial aneurysm(IA) is an example of a material with comlex structure. The wall of IA with

respect to the size and type of an aneurysm has a different cell structure and it is of importance to

consider the geometry characteristics of an aneurysm for the clinical treatments. In such context the

problem of an aneurysm wall investigation has a great practical value. The remooved tissue transported

to the laporatory, where the sequance of experiments were performed. Afterwards the data obtained

was used for numerical simulations. The current research is supported from the Grant of Russian

Scientific Foundation (Project No 17-11-01156).



74

4D MRI flowmetry of a swirling flow through an elastic tube: experimental results

Daniil Parshin1,2, , Alexander Cherevko 1,2 , Nikita Denisenko 1,2, Alexander Khe 1,2 and

Alexander Chupakhin 1,2

[email protected]

1Department of Differential equations, Lavrentyev Institute of Hydrodynamics SB RAS, Novosibirsk

630090, Russia 2Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia

This study concerns 4D flowmetry of swirling flow. Such flows visualise in aorta or ICA by doppler or

MR investigations. The objective of the current study is to develop the methodic of MR scannig process

(Philips 3T scanner) to find out the characteristics of swirling flow through ICA and futher brain arteries.

The flow in the elastic ICA fantom was generated by computer-controlled pump (CompuFlow).

The results of investigations were compared to numerical calculations (ANSYS).

Fig. Swirling flow of viscous fluid in the elastic fantom

The current research is supported from the Grant of Russian Scientific Foundation (Project No 17-11-

01156).

Keywords: 4D flow MRI, viscou flow, programming pump, numerical simulations


75

Effect of Slip Conditions on the Pulsating Flow of a Structured Fluid: Human Blood with Different Levels of Cholesterol

E. E. Herrera-Valencia, M.L. Sanchez-Villavicencio, F. Calderas, C. Soriano

[email protected]

UNAM Chemical Engineering, UAM-I Pharmacy

In this work, analytical predictions of the rectilinear flow of a non-Newtonian liquid are given. The fluid

is subjected to a combined flow: a pulsatile time-dependent pressure gradient and a random longitudinal

vibration at the wall acting simultaneously. The fluctuating component of the combined pressure

gradient and oscillating flow is assumed to be of small amplitude and can be adequately represented

by a weakly stochastic process, for which a quasi-static perturbation solution scheme is suggested, in

terms of a small parameter. This flow is analyzed with the Tanner constitutive equation model with the

viscosity function represented by the Ellis model. According to the coupled Tanner-Reiner Philippoff

(TRF) model, the flow enhancement can be separated in two contributions (pulsatile and oscillating

mechanisms) and the power requirement is always positive and can be interpreted as the sum of a

pulsatile, oscillating and the coupled systems respectively. Both expressions depend on the amplitude

of the oscillations, the perturbation parameter, the exponent of the Ellis model (associated to the shear

thinning or thickening mechanisms) and the Reynolds and Deborah numbers. Discussion: At small wall

stress values, the flow enhancement is dominated by the axial wall oscillations whereas at high wall

stress values, the system is governed by the pulsating noise perturbation. The flow transition is obtained

for a critical shear stress which is a function of the Reynolds number, dimensionless frequency and the

ratio of the two amplitudes associated with the pulsating and oscillating perturbations. Finally, the flow

enhancement and power requirement are predicted using biological rheometric data of blood with low

cholesterol content. Conclusion: The effect of the slip mechansims is to increase the volumetric rate

flow and decrease the volumetric flow enhancement as a function of the viscoelastic, structural and

rupture mechanims and these effects are linked with the content of cholesterol in the blood sample.

.



76

Hydrodynamic Properties of Pectic Polysaccharides of Different Raw Materials

Gorshkova R.M.1.2, Khalikov D.Kh.3, Yulusova D.V.2, Slobodov A.A.2 [email protected]

1Institute of Macromolecular Compounds Russian Academy of Science,

199004, St. Petersburg, Russia 2Department of Information Technologies, Fuel and Energy Complex, ITMO University, 197101,

St. Petersburg, Russia 3V.I.Nikitin Institute of Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, 734063,

Dushanbe, Tajikistan

The objective of this research is to study the hydrodynamic properties of pectic polysaccharides - high

molecular weight ionogenic natural grafted polymers in dilute solutions. As a raw material source, apple

squeezes, citrus peel and sunflower heads were used. Samples were obtained by the method of

combined fractionation in a dynamic hydrolysis-extraction regime. In the fractions obtained, the content

of galacturonic acid (GA) units and the degree of esterification of HA (DE) were determined. Molecular

weight characteristics are determined by the method of high-performance liquid chromatography

(HPLC) using a universal calibration.

It has been established that the reduced viscosity (ηd / C) of pectin polysaccharides of different origin

in a 1% solution of NaCl under 25 °C, is in a rectilinear dependence on the concentration (C) with a

correlation coefficient close to unity. Here 1 / [η] >> C, and the Hagins 'coefficient K'> 0.5, which

indicates the dilution of the solution and the "bad" quality of the solvent. Taking into consideration the

fact that the intrinsic viscosity [η] of the polymer solutions is related to the molecular weight (MM),

according to the Mark-Kuhn-Hauwink equation: [η] = KMα, from experimental values of [η] and MM for

different fractions of pectin polysaccharides by Equation Lg [η] = LgK + αLgM, the values of K and α

were calculated and the corresponding dependency equations were obtained.

Taking into consideration not only the percentage of the elements of galacturonic acid and its degree

of esterification, but also the molar ratio of free (N (FGA)) and esterified (N (EGA)) HA residues, a fairly

good correlation between Lg [η] and LgM (R2 > 1) for fractions that are close to these parameters,

regardless of the type of source of raw materials. It has been established that for the citrus pectin

polysaccharide fractions the Lg [η] value is higher, compared to the fractions obtained from the

sunflower heads, at the same LgM value, which is a consequence of the higher N (CGA) value for citrus

pectin and the exceptional role of the polyelectrolyte effect.

Results obtained indicate the safficient chain regidity of chains of fractions of pectic polysaccharides,

regardless of their origin, obtained in the dynamic regime, and and leak of related coils for solvent.

Keywords: Pectic polysaccharides, molecular weight, hydrodynamic properties, combined

fractionation, dynamic hydrolysis-extraction



77

Ceramics with hierarchical porous structure based on aluminum oxide

Ruslan Levkov1,2, Nina Pigaleva2 and Sergey Kulkov1,2 [email protected]

1Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634034, Tomsk, Russia

2Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science SB RAS, 634055, Tomsk, Russia It have been studied porous ceramic ZrO2(Y)–Al2O3 obtained via decomposition of aluminum hydroxide.

This method allows to obtain ceramics without any impurities on the inner surfaces of porous material.

Initial powders were subjected to mechanical treatment in a planetary ball mill for a different time.

After cold molding samples were sintered in air at 1450-1650 0C for a one hour.

It was shown that the increasing of mechanical activation time leads to an increasing of the specific

surface of powders and reduce its average particle size. It has been shown that the porosity increases

with increase of aluminium hydroxide concentration in initial powder mixtures. At the same time, with

increasing sintering temperature tensile strength was increased. It was shown that strength depends

on hydroxide content in initial powder mixtures.

Keywords: aluminum oxide, porosity, aluminum hydroxide



78

Session 10.

Rheology and Modeling of Concretes, Limes

and Mortars (RMCLM)


79

Towards the Development a Multi-Scale Model to Study the Effect of the Mix Composition on the Rheological Behavior of Fresh Self-Compacting Concrete

(SCC) - Part 1: Liquid

Hooman Hoornahad, Mostapha Ahmad Vand and Aria Ahmad Vand [email protected]

Concrete Research and Education Center, Aria University of Sciences and Sustainability, Tehran,

Iran Fresh Self-Compacting Concrete SCC is a complex system. It is generally composed of water and a

variety of constitutes with a broad size distribution ranging from several nanometers to few centimeters.

On the macroscopic scale, the continuous modeling approach is commonly used to describe the

rheological behavior of fresh SCC. According to the continuous modeling approach SCC is considered

as a continuum and its rheological behavior is described within the framework of continuum mechanics.

However, this approach is not suitable for investigating the effect of the mix composition on the

rheological behavior of SCC. To study such a correlation a discontinuous modeling approach is

required.

This paper provides some preliminary results of the experimental work which is the part of a research

project with the aim to develop a multi-scale model to study the effect of the mix composition on the

rheological behavior of fresh SCC. Based on this model the rheological behavior of the mixture on each

scale level is related to the inter-constitute interactions on one scale below. On the first (largest) scale

level fresh SCC is considered as an assembly of mutually interacting “coarse aggregate-mortar-coarse

aggregate” systems. On the second scale level mortar itself is considered as an assembly of mutually

interacting “fine aggregate-paste-fine aggregate” systems. On the third scale level paste itself is

considered as an assembly of mutually interacting “powder particle-liquid-powder particle” systems. On

the last (smallest) scale level liquid itself is considered as a multi-phase system composed of constitutes

like polymers or ultra-fine particles suspended in water. In this paper focus is on the rheological behavior

of the liquid phase.

Keywords: fresh self-compacting concrete, rheological behavior, mix composition, multi-scale

model, liquid phase



80

Numerical Simulation of Mechanical Behaviour of Concrete under Shock Wave Loading

Valerii V. Karakulov 1, Igor Yu. Smolin 1,2, and Sergei N. Kulkov1,2

[email protected]

1National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia

2 Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science SB RAS, 634055 Tomsk, Russia The estimation of reliability of large scale concrete structures under natural and man-caused dynamic

loadings remains to be one of urgent scientific and technical problems.

Basic problem of the estimation of reliability of massive concrete constructions (dams, bearing

elements of multi-storey buildings, concrete lining of tunnel and excavation) at intensive impacts is

closely connected with prediction of mechanical behavior of concrete under combination of static and

dynamic loads. Experimental data on properties of various grades of concretes in similar loading

conditions practically are absent.

In this paper we discuss possibility of computer simulation of mechanical behavior of concrete at

macroscale and meso-scale levels.

Results of numerical simulation of mechanical behavior of model specimen of the heavy concrete

under preliminary compression at pressure ~3 MPa and shock wave loading with intensity up to 1,2

GPa are submitted in this paper.

The model specimen consisted of cement paste and granite filler with volumetric concentration above

65%. Mechanical behavior of the representative volume of concrete was described by the model of the

heterogeneous medium with stochastic distribution of filler particles. It was supposed, that cement

matrix can be considered as elastic-plastic material and granite of inclusions is a brittle material. The

yield limit of cement paste was accepted to be 0.08 GPa, and the strength limit of granite equals to 0.1

GPa. The absence of macroscopic and mesoscopic voids and cracks in a material was assumed. Ideal

adhesion of filler material and matrixes was supposed at an initial condition.

Results of numerical simulation of mechanical behavior of concrete under shock loading have shown

a formation of non-stationary and essentially non-uniform fields of deformations. The preliminary

intense condition of concrete can promote origin of micro cracks of shift, both in a cement matrix, and

on contact borders between matrix and inclusions. Results of simulation showed the increasing of

permissible load intensity of the shock pulses at decreasing of the average sizes of fillers. This effect is

caused by decrease of damage of concrete at loading.

Keywords: concrete, mechanical behavior, mesoscale, structure, shock-wave loading, numerical

simulation, damdage, cracks


81

The temperature distribution of the reinforced concrete structures at early age

Erzsébet Domonyi1, Gábor Telekes2 and Béla M Csizmadia3 [email protected]

1 Bánki Donát Faculty of Mechanical and Safety Engineering, Óbuda University, 1081 Budapest,

Hungary 2Ybl Miklós Faculty of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Szent István University, 1146 Budapest,

Hungary

4Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Szent István University, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary The concrete is the second frequent material in the world. The durability for the planned life cycle of the

construction is essential next to the functional value and the visual design. A concrete structures need

to acceptable for the external loads, the environmental impact strength and the lifetime requirements.

Most of the hydraulic constructions (dams, power plants) and the safety installations (bunkers, shelters)

are mass concrete and reinforced structures at same time.

The mass concrete structures are special structures which required actions to minimize the

probability of cracks. The main problem in the engineering practice is the early age cracking which

formed due to stress of the temperature difference. In a case of the mass concrete this stress is

significant and sometime more than the allowable tensile stress. Due to the chemical processes the

thermal expansion generate surface or transitional cracks at early stage. According to the Eurocode

standard the crack formation has been defined by the concrete body temperature difference between

the surface and the core. Researchers simulated this phenomenon with the help of model tests or finite

element analysis and according to that can be determined the avoidance of the formation of cracks in

a case of different type of concrete and environmental parameters.

The temperature difference between the two point of body has been defined significantly by the

climatic condition, the curing of the structure (example covering for additional heat insulation) and the

adequate mixture of the concrete (quality and quantity).

In this article the authors define the temperature characteristic in a case of reinforced concrete with

different amount of rebar and it has been compared with the concrete structure temperature distribution.

According to the finite element modelling the relation of the amount of rebar and the maximum

temperature difference have been defined.

Keywords: mass concrete, reinforced concrete, rebar, hydration heat, risk of cracking



82

Influence of fiber distribution characteristics to the rheological properties of SFRC

Hui Li1,2, Huisu Chen1, Ru Mu2,

[email protected]

1 School of Materials Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China

2 School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China

It is known that adding steel fibers to the concrete could improve its mechanical properties, and it has

been increasingly used in structural engineering applications. The addition of fibers in concrete

improves the tensile strength, the shear strength and the flexural toughness. Besides, the durability is

also enhancing a lot. However, as the quantity of fibers increasing, the workability of the concrete is

affected negatively. The construction of SFRC may face many challenges such as vibration, placing

and pumping due to the bad performance of flowing or rheology. In fact, the rheology property of SFRC

is mainly depending on the orientation distribution of steel fibers in the matrix. In this study, the influence

of orientation distribution of steel fibers on the rheology of SFRC is theoretically studied first which

including the influence on the packing density, the shear stress of fluid and the viscous collision of

particles and fibers in the suspension liquid. Then a distinct element model (DEM) is used to simulate

the free water migration and particles packing in the matrix during the hydration process to investigate

the water volume changes in local zone. The model is also used to simulate the fresh SFRC flow with

various fiber distribution characteristics and the pressure drop of SFRC during pumping. At last, a series

of tests are carried out to investigate the influence of fiber distribution characteristics to rheology of

SFRC, e.g. the workability was determined by slump test according to EN 12350-2, the plastic viscosity

was measured by co-axial rheometer, the pressure drop of SFRC was measured by a pipeline test and

the fiber distribution characteristics in matrix are measured by X-ray CT.

Keywords: Rheology, Dictinct element model, steel fiber reinforced concrete, orientation

characteristics, pumping



83

Session 11.

Rheology of Emulsions, Suspensions, Colloids

and Foams (RESCF)


84

Non-Newtonian viscosity measurement with a rotational viscometer

Zhuangzhuang Liu, Bart Blanpain, and Muxing Guo

[email protected]

Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, 3001 Leuven, Belgium

The fundamentals of viscosity measurement by using a rotational type viscometer are reconsidered in

this paper. The equations correlating viscosity with the geometry of spindle and crucible, rotating speed

and measured torque are derived for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid systems. The present

study shows that the correlations are different for these two systems. Nevertheless, the Newtonian

correlations still have been employed for deriving the non-Newtonian viscosity nowadays. The resulting

error is analyzed and found to be dependent on the geometry of the viscometer, particularly the gap

between spindle and crucible. The shear rate distribution is derived and found to be varying over the

gap. A non-Newtonian BOF slag containing up to 40% solids in the temperature range of 1350-1600℃

is measured with a rotational viscometer and the results show that the error resulting from using the

Newtonian correlation reaches 30%. The suggestions for a more accurate viscosity calculation and

more reliable viscometer design are given based on the fundamental understandings of the viscosity

measurement in the present work.

Keywords: Viscosity, non-Newtonian, Solid-bearing silicate melts



85

Rheological Behaviour of Drying Screen Printing Inks and their Final Properties

Robert Mücke1, Julian Folz1, Olivier Guillon1

[email protected]

1Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH,

52425 Jülich, Germany

Tailoring the final properties of screen printing films remains a mainly empirical task until today. For

applications like solid oxide fuel cells and gas separation membranes, the packing density and the layer

roughness after drying ceramic inks are of particular interest. The rheological ink properties, surface

roughness, drying stresses from deflection measurements, the precise packing density and the

mechanical properties of dried films were measured as a function of grain size of the starting zirconia

powders, the solid content, the chain length of ethyl cellulose as binder and its concentration, and

different dispersants and their concentration. It was found that compressive binder forces and

lubrication effects dominated the packing of the particles. However, no general correlation between the

individual rheological properties of the as prepared inks and the final properties of the dried films could

be observed. Therefore, the viscosity and the drying stresses were measured additionally during the

drying process by a Piezo Rotational Axial Vibrator and an optical stress measurement setup. A model

that describes the drying behaviour was proposed which takes into account the tensile packing forces

dominated by the grafting binder molecules and the internal friction between the particles. It was found

to be in good agreement with the experimental data.

Keywords: binder, colloidal suspensions, drying, in situ rheology, packing modell, particle packing,

screen printing



86

SiC and AlN dispersions in aqueous media in presence of different surfactants: Zeta potential and rheology

Emad Ewais1, Dina H. Amin1, Thomas Fend2

[email protected]

1Refractory and Ceramic Materials Division, Central Metallurgical R & D Institute, P.O.87 Helwan, 11421 Cairo, Egypt

2Institute of solar research, German Aerospace center, Linder Hoehe, 51147 Koln Germany

In this work, zeta potential and rheological properties of SiC (α&β) and AlN in aqueous media were

characterized. AlN powder was treated before its dispersion in water to protect from the decomposition.

Different surfactants such as DOLAPIX A88, DOLAPIX PC 75, DOLAPIX CE 64 and DARVAN C-N

were proposed and tested.DOLAPIX PC 75 was chosen as a good dispersant for the investigated

powders in the alkaline range.

Acknowledgement

The work has been fully funded by The Science and Technology Development Fund (STDF) within the

framework of the German-Egyptian Research Fund (GERF). The support is gratefully acknowledged.


87

Peculiarities of rheological behavior of the dielectric suspensions of hydrated metal oxides with layered structure in the electric field

Ludmila Eshchenko, Evguenia Korobko, Zoya Novikova

[email protected]

A.V. Luikov Heat and Mass Transfer Institute, National Academy of Science of Belarus, 15 P. Brovka

Street, Minsk 220072, Belarus The study of fillers of electrorheological (ER) suspensions based layered hydrated oxides of polyvalent

metals that are composed of two-dimensional alternating positively charged metal hydroxide layers,

and in the interlayer space can be localized water molecules is of particular interest. In this paper

suspensions containing hydrated oxides of magnesium and iron were objects of rheological studies.

According to the "stoichiometric" composition of crystalline compounds, in particular, MgO H2O

(brucite), Fe2O3 H2O (goethite), in them 1 mole of metal oxide corresponds to 1 mole of structural water.

In samples of fillers dried at 90°C to constant weight, there is a "hyperstoichiometric" water, the amount

of which is 0,16-0,5 mol. The IR-spectra of magnesium hydroxide, unlike the IR-spectra of the iron

hydroxide contains an intense band with the peak at 3700 cm-1 which is characteristic of the OH groups

coordinated cation. According to the results of TGA - DTA «superstoichiometric" water of all the samples

was removed in the temperature range 130 - 150°C, indicating its strong bond with the surface.

It is known that the activity of the ER-filler depends on the energy state of molecules of H2O. Filler

ER activity is determined by the change in the shear stress of the ER-suspensions containing them

under the external electric field. On close content of moles "superstoichiometric" H2O in samples of

brucite and goethite their ER activity and the leakage current density did not differ significantly, under

electric field strength is less thair 2.0 kV / mm. Despite the proximity of ionic radii of Fe3+ (0,64 Ǻ) and

Mg2+ (0,66 Ǻ) and the presence of strong hydrogen bond interaction of water molecules in composition

of hydrated oxides of these metals, it is established that at the electric field strength over 2.0 kV / mm

brucite ER activity is by 1.5 times higher, but the current density is lower. This may be due to the fact

that the brucite structure, in which the Mg2+ cations occupy all the octahedral voids between the two

layers of the OH groups packing on the basis of stacked hexagonal closest, provides additional ways

to charge transfer in the interlayer space. The study results allow purposefully create effective ER-

suspensions with low leakage current for use in various temperature regimes.

Keywords: filler, layered structure, hydrated metal oxides, ER activity



88

Experimental Study of the Viscoelastic Properties of the Concentrated Colloids

Mourad Gareche1, Nadjet Azril1, Leila Saoudi1, Noureddine Zeraibi1

[email protected]

1 Department of petroleum fields, Faculty of Hydrocarbos and Chemstry, University M’Hamed

Bougara of Boumerdes, 35000 – Algeria. Laboratory Engineer of Physical Hydrocarbons.

In this work, we investigated the link between the microscopic structure of the montmorillonite colloids

and their macroscopic rheological behavior.

We have characterized these suspensions using several techniques: X-ray scattering to determine

their composition and structure, the light scattering to determine the diffusion coefficient of the clay

particles and their size. We also measured their rheological properties in linear and non-linear

viscoelasticity.

The rheological measurements show that the montmorillonite particles are structured to form a fractal

network. We have determined experimentally the viscoelastic moduli and yield stresses. Using Piau

model, we have derived its fractal dimension (D = 1.74 ±0.08). The light scattering measurements

allowed us to determine the particles size and the characteristic time of diffusion of the clay particles in

the suspension. Finally, knowing the structure of our suspensions and characteristic time, we tried to

model their viscoelastic behavior G*(ω) using Chambon and Winter model [1,2,3].

Keywords: Colloid; Montmorillonite; Suspension; Structure; Viscoelasticity; Fractal.



89

An End-Bifunctionalized Telechelic Associative Model Polymer: Multiple Stimuli-Responsive Aggregation and Rheology in Aqueous Solution

Zhukang Du1, Renfeng Dong2, and Biye Ren1

[email protected]

1School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou

510640, China 2School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China

Telechelic polymers consisting of hydrophilic main chain and hydrophobic end groups can associate

with each other in water to form dynamic network structures. In this work, we describe the synthesis

and solution behavior of a novel hydrophobically modified polyethylene glycol telechelic associative

model polymer (FcAzoTAP) end-bifunctionalized by ferroceneylazobenzene end group. The telechelic

polymer containing both photo-responsive azobenzene and redox-responsive ferrocene moieties in

aqueous solution performs multiple stimuli-responsive aggregation and rheological properties

dependent on the magnitude of amphiphicity change of functional end groups upon exposure to

different external stimuli such as light irradiation and/or redox reaction. It has been demonstrated that

the stimuli-responsive hydrophobicity change of end groups induces a reversible micellar transition or

rearrangement of micellar aggregates in FcAzoTAP aqueous solution. Consequently, a rearrangement

of physical network from a dense network to a sparse network in FcAzoTAP aqueous solution, leading

to stimuli-responsive rheological properties. Moreover, a structural model is proposed to describe the

rearrangement of micellar junctions and network induced by multiple stimuli. The results are therefore

of interest not only for understanding the network structure of telechelic polymer in aqueous solution

but also for potential applications of TAPs in the control of viscoelasticity of polymer solution, fabrication,

and transmission of soft materials, medicines and cosmetics, ink for inkjet printers, and flow rate

controlling systems, where careful viscosity control is necessary.

Keywords: associtative polymer, telechelic polymer, rheology, azobenzene, ferrocene, stimuli-

response


90

Ferrous oxalate micro-rods as a promising material for electrorheology

Martin Cvek*1,2, Tomas Plachy1, Josef Osicka1,2, Erika Kutalkova1, Miroslav Mrlik1, Michal Sedlacik1 *[email protected]

1Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Trida T. Bati 5678,

760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic 2Polymer Centre, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlin,

Czech Republic

The broadening application field of the electrorheological fluids (ERFs) still requires a development of

novel electro-responsive materials. Recently, we have shown [1] that the additon of either non-magnetic

ferrous oxalate dihydrate particles or their thermally-decomposed magnetic iron oxide analogs can be

used as an effective approach to enhance performance and sedimentation stability of the

magnetorheological suspensions. In this contribution, we further report on the ferrous oxalate that

represents the electrically-polarizable material, which after disperising in an insulating oil constitutes

the electro-responsive systems. The advantage of this material is its facile fabrication method, which is

based on typical co-precipitation method of iron(II) sulphate heptahydrate and oxalic acid dihydrate

solutions. Using the scanning electron microscopy it was found that the particles under the investigation

exhibited rod-like structure of approx. 10–40 μm length and high aspect ratio. Their successful

fabrication was also confirmed with a help of X-ray diffractometry. The ERFs of different particle

contents were prepared and their electro-steady shear behavior was investigated. Moreover, the data

describing the dielectric behavior of the ERFs was obtained from impedance analysis and further fitted

with the Havriliak–Negami empirical model.

The ERFs based on ferrous oxalate dihydrate particles exhibited substantial electrorheological effect

and the results indicate that this fascinating material can be successfully used in both electro- or

magnetorheology.

Keywords: electrorheological fluid, steady shear, ferrous oxalate, co-precipitation, microfibers

Acknowledgements: Authors M. C., J. O., and E. K. wish to thank the Internal Grant Agency of

Tomas Bata University in Zlin (project no. IGA/CPS/2017/004) for the financial support. This work was

also supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic – Program NPU

I (LO1504).

Reference

[1] Plachy, T.; Cvek, M.; Kozakova, Z.; Sedlacik, M.; Moucka, R. The enhanced MR performance of dimorphic MR suspensions containing either magnetic rods or their non-magnetic analogs. Smart Materials and Structures. 2017, 26, 025026 (8 pp).



91

Effect of Temperature on the rheological properties of bentonite-water suspensions

N. Azril1*, M.Gareche1, L. Saoudi1, A. Allal2 , N.Zeraibi1

*[email protected]

1 Laboratoire de Génie physique des Hydrocarbures, Université M’Hamed. 35000, Boumerdes, Algérie.

2 IPREM (UMR5254) Université de Pau et des pays de l’Adour, 2 Avenue pierre Angot.64053, Pau.

The temperature and shear rate effects on rheological behavior of bentonite –water suspensions were

investigated in this work. A Physica MCR301 rheometer has been used to measure the rheological

properties of the suspension base (6% of bentonite) at different temperatures. The model of Herschel-

Bulkley was used to fit the shear rate dependence of the shear stress. The results showed that the

increase in temperature induced not only an increase of yield stress but also an increase of the viscosity

and a decrease of pH of bentonite suspensions. An evolution of the viscoelastic moduli as a function of

time for different temperatures shows that the increase of temperature favors the kinetics of structuring.

Keywords: temperature, yield stress, viscoelastic moduli, viscosity, thixotropy, bentonite.


92

Investigation of paint misses at the coilcoating line using rheological methods

Sara Lairah Mugabo+, Eifion Jewell+, Justin Searle+ & Joel Rosseau* [email protected]

+ College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK, SA1 8EN

*TATA Colors, Shotton Works, Deeside, Wales, UK, Paint misses also known as “Bare spots”, is one of the main coating defects encountered during high

speed roller coating of paints to steel substrates. The coating defect is believed to be caused by material

rheological properties, as well as operating parameters. The defect increases waste generation and

increases process set-up time and is usually eliminated by reducing operational speed (and hence

lowering productivity). There is limited rheological knowledge of paints and how this influences this

defect.

A project was initiated to develop an effective characterisation route that can rheologically differentiate

materials that are likely to give rise to paint misses from those that will not. Two Plastisol resin based

paint samples, formulated to the same specification but different batches were rheologically tested in-

detail. At lines speeds of 90 m/min, Sample A has a defect free performance whereas Sample B gives

rise to Paint misses at those lines speed – defect free performance only being achieved at line speed

of 70 m/min or less.

Comprehensive rheological characterization using a parallel plate rheometer was carried out to

identify key differences between the materials. Dynamic oscillatory tests showed that Sample A is

viscoelastic and sample B is a viscous liquid. Significantly different slip behaviour was observed by

varying the plate /gap and it is proposed that the material slip has a dominant effect on the roller coating

pick up mechanism. Difference in the wettability of the paints were secondary effects.


93

Characterization of shear and extensional rheology of juice-fibre suspensions

Siti N. M. Rozali1, A. H. J. Paterson1, J. P. Hindmarsh2, Lee M. Huffman3

[email protected]

1School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand

2Institute of Food Science and Technology, Massey University, New Zealand 3The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd

Spray drying of fruit juices from liquid to powder is desirable as the powders are easier to handle,

especially for storage and transportation. Previous studies have shown the potential use of pomace

fibres as a drying aid during spray drying. The main attraction of this drying aid is that the pomace fibres

are originally derived from the fruit itself. However, the addition of micro-sized fibres to fruit juices is

expected to affect the rheology and subsequent atomization behaviour during the spray drying process.

This study focuses on the determination and characterization of the rheology of juice-fibre suspensions

inside the nozzle, to ensure a high efficiency of powder production by enabling good atomization of the

suspensions. Rheology or behaviour of the juice-fibre suspensions provides an insight into the

limitations that will be faced during atomization, and this finding will assist in choosing the best nozzle

design that can overcome the limitations introduced by the fibre particles thus resulting in successful

atomization. Juice-fibre suspensions are expected to exhibit shear thinning behaviour with a significant

extensional viscosity. Results show that the shear and extensional viscosities of fibre suspensions

depend on several factors which include fibre fraction, shape, size and aspect ratio. A commercial

capillary rheometer is used to characterize the shear behaviour while a portable extensional rheometer

has been built to study the extensional behaviour. Methods and equipment will be presented along with

the rheology results.

Keywords: shear rheology, extensional rheology, fibre suspensions, portable extensional rheometer,

fruit juice, fibres



94

Session 12.

Rheology of Ferrofluids and Magneto - Rheological Materials (RFMRM)


95

Design of hydraulic clutch with magnetoreological working fluid

Marcin Migus1, [email protected]

1Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in

Radom, 26-600 Radom, Poland The paper provides guidelines for the design of a hydraulic clutch, which uses the properties of the

working fluid to control the hydraulic coupling characteristics.

Hydraulic clutches (hydrodynamic and viscous) are commonly used in machine transmission

systems. Hydrodynamic clutch consist of two rotors: pump and turbine (most commonly with flat blades)

housed in a sealed housing filled with a working fluid. The most recent design solution of these clutches

use smart fluids (magnetoreological or electroreological) as working fluids. Many designs of hydraulic

clutches using magnetoreological fluids are described in the literature, but these are mostly prototypes,

used mainly for tests.

In order to meet the requirements for operating conditions in various transmission systems, the clutch

described in this paper is designed to be composed of several cooperating hydraulic clutches

(hydrodynamic, viscous disc, viscous cylindrical). Hydraulic clutch with magnetoreological fluid is

controlled by the magnetic field that is generated by a electromagnet located in the clutch housing. A

change in the characteristics of the hydraulic clutch occurs by varying the current of the electromagnet.

The principle of operation is as follows - the input shaft drives the pump impeller to move the working

fluid which affects the turbine impeller connected to the output shaft of the clutch. Control takes place

by interacting with a magnetic field on a stream of liquid flowing through a gap covered by a magnetic

circuit between the housing and the rear wall of a turbine impeller, resulting in an increase in the shear

stress in the working fluid. One of the major issues that need to be solved when designing such a clutch

is the evaluation of the properties of the magnetoreological fluid, as the characteristics provided by the

manufacturer are insufficient to achieve the goal performance of the clutch.

Keywords: Hydraulic couplings, hydraulic couplings design, hydraulic couplings control,

magnetorheological fluid.


96

Effect of carbon nano-additives on performance and stability properties of magnetorheological fluids

Martin Cvek*1,2, Miroslav Mrlik1, Michal Sedlacik1

*[email protected]


760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic 2Polymer Centre, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlin,

Czech Republic

Facile but effective approach to enhance poor sedimentation stability and difficult redispersibility of the

magnetorheological fluids (MRFs) is based on the addition of stabilizating agents such as nano-fillers.

Other approach involves the synthesis of core–shell structures, however in the former method no

special or toxic chemicals are needed thus it is preferable from the environmental point of view.

In this study, the MRFs were stabilized with 1–3 wt.% of carbon nano-additives, such as fullerenes,

multi-walled carbon nano-tubes, or graphene nano-platelets and further investigated in terms of their

magnetorhelogical (MR) performance, sedimentation stability and redispersibility. The goal of this

comparative study was to clarify the overal influence of these additives to bring novel information, which

may be interesting from the practical point of view in designing of such fluids.

While the fullerenes acted as the gap-fillers among the carbonyl iron micro-particles causing the

induced structures more rigid, the other two additives involved rather disordered the particle structures

during the magneto-steady shearing in an external magnetic fields. The MR performance was precisely

evaluated using the Robertson–Stiff model [1], which was recently shown to be a better alternative

when compared to the commonly used the Herschel–Bulkley model. The sedimentation stability was

monitored using Turbiscan system, while the redispersibility measurements were based on the standard

needle-penetration tests.

Keywords: magnetorheological fluid, steady shear, suspension stabilization, additives,

sedimentation, redispersibility, Robertson–Stiff

Acknowledgements: Author M. C. wishes to thank the Internal Grant Agency of Tomas Bata

University in Zlin (IGA/CPS/2017/004) for the financial support. This work was also supported by the

Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic – Program NPU I (LO1504).

Reference

[1] Cvek, M.; Mrlik, M.; Pavlinek, V. A rheological evaluation of steady shear magnetorheological flow behavior using three-parameter viscoplastic models. Journal of Rheology. 2016, 60, 687–94.



97

Modelling of Hydraulic Clutch with Electrorheological Working Fluid

Artur Olszak1, Karol Osowski2, Zbigniew Kęsy2 and Andrzej Kęsy2 [email protected]

1New Chemical Syntheses Institute, 24-110 Puławy, Poland

2Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, 26-600 Radom, Poland

Fluids, called smart fluids are more often used in the components of machines. They are characterized

by the change of rheological properties under the influence of an external electric field. One of such

component is a hydraulic clutch, using electrorheological fluid [1 - 5].

This paper presents the design, operation and modelling of prototype clutch with electrorheological

fluid. A determination of steady-state and dynamic characteristics and analysis of the impact of

electrorheological fluid properties on these characteristics on the basis of the developed mathematical

model were taken into consideration. Moreover, problem of selection of steering value allowing change

of torque was discuused. In mentioned above consideration such factors as change of angular velocities

and change of high-voltage supplied to clutch electrodes were taken into account. Developed

mathematical models were verified on the basis of the experimental research. The work was completed

with guidelines for the selection of the electrorheological fluid.

Fluid ERF3-S-I containing starch (as a solid phase) has been chosen for use in the clutch, due to

more favourable, nearly linear at higher shear rates, runs of shear stress dependence on shear rate

. In order to create a mathematical model of the clutch, intended for numerical calculations, firstly

mathematical model of liquid ERF3-S-I has been developed. Due to the lack of full information about

the characteristics of the ERF3-S-I fluid in the manufacturer's brochure, the coefficients present in this

model have been established on the basis of the publication concerning the application of the ER fluids

based on chemically pure starch [5 - 7]. Also it was assumed that the rheological properties of this fluid

are described by the Bingham model:

0

p (1)

where: p - plastic viscosity,

0 - yield stress.

In the mathematical model of electrorheological fluid, plastic viscosity p was dependent on the

intensity of the electric field E and the temperature T . Yield stress 0 and leakage current density

gi described using formulas that include the impact of: the intensity of the electric field E , the

temperature T , the shear rate and humidity w . On the basis of formulas available in the literature

[3-6] the torque M transmitted by the viscotic clutch, mechanical power of the clutch sP and electric

power P of high-voltage power supply have been established. Further, based on the dependence of

the torque M on input shaft angular velocity of the clutch, differential equations have been written

for the calculation of the dynamic characteristics of the clutch. In order to verify the developed

mathematical models experimental research of steady-state and dynamic characteristics of viscotic



98

clutch with ERF3-S-I fluid have been conducted on test stand specially constructed for this purpose.

A comparison of the results obtained from the mathematical model and experiment shows that the

modelling error is lower than 10%. Example of characteristics calculated numerically with use of Turbo

Pascal 7, are shown in the fig. 1.

As a result of conducted calculations when choosing electrorheological fluid for use in the hydraulic

clutch, the fluid with shear stress least depends on shear rate must be chosen. Heterogeneous

electrorheological fluids, in which the solid phase is chemically pure starch, meet those requirement

best way. However, the disadvantage of such electrorheological fluids is sensitiveness to moisture.

During selection of electrorheological fluid for clutch also fact that the torque M , transmitted by the

clutch is the sum of two components, of which first 1M depends on p and and second

2M depends on 0 being the function of voltage U , should be taken into account. If the clutch control

by means of voltage change is taken into consideration the fluid for which the ratio of 12 / MM will be

as large as possible i.e. 00 / will be the greatest should be chosen. The control of angular velocity

requires that the ratio of the 00 / should be the smallest.

Keywords: Mathematical Modelling, Hydraulic Clutch, Electrorheological Working Fluid

a) b)

Figure 1. Numerical calculations: a - characteristics of ERF3-S-I fluid, b - steady-state characteristics of clutch

References

[1] J. Madeja, Z. Kesy, A. Kesy: Application of ER fluid in hydrodynamic clutch. Smart Materials and Structures, 20 (2011) 105005, pp. 1 - 9.

[2] A. Olszak, K. Osowski, A. Kesy, Z. Kesy: Experimental Researches of Hydraulic Clutches with Smart Fluids. International Review of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 6, 2016, pp. 364 - 372.

[3] T. Nakamura, N. Saga, M. Nakazawa: Variable Viscous Control of a Homogeneous ER Fluid Device Considering its Dynamic Characteristics. Mechatronics, No. 14, 2004, pp. 55 - 68.

[4] T. Nakamura, N. Saga, M. Nakazawa: Impedance Control of a Single Shaft-type Clutch. Using Homogeneous Electrorheological Fluid. Journal of Intelligent Material and Structures, Vol. 13, 2002, pp. 465 - 469.

[5] S. B. Choi, R. R. Hong, D. W. Park, C. C. Cheong and Y. K. Park: Comparison of Field-Controlled Characteristics Between ER and MR Clutches. Electro-rheological Fluids and Magneto-Rheological Suspensions. Word Scientific Publishing, 2000.

[6] C. A. Papadopoulos: Brakes and Clutches Using ER Fluids. Mechatronics, No. 8, 1998, pp. 719 - 726.

[7] S. B. Choi, C. C. Cheong, J. M. Jung, Y. T. Choi: Position Control of an ER Valve-Cylinder System via Neutral Network Controller. Mechatronics, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1997, pp. 37 - 52.


99

Simulation of Heat Flow in Viscotic Clutch with Electrorheological Fluid

Karol Osowski1, Przemysław Motyl1, Artur Olszak2, Zbigniew Kęsy1 and Andrzej Kęsy1 [email protected]

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Technology and Humanities in Radom,

26-600 Radom, Poland 2New Chemical Syntheses Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland

Growing requirements for industrial robots make sought after new design solutions in their grippers.

One of such new solutions is to use viscotic clutch with the electrorheological fluid in the gripper [1 - 6].

The advantage of such clutch is the ability to very quickly influence the torque transmitted by the clutch

by means of the voltage changes. However, electrorheological fluids show high sensitivity to changes

in temperature, which is manifested by a change of the viscotic clutch torque. For these reasons, it is

necessary to search for calculation methods of heat flow in viscotic clutch allowing designer to calculate

the temperature values of clutch parts, depending on the operating conditions.

The paper presents the results of a simulation on temperature distribution in disk viscotic clutch

working in the industrial robot gripper. Simulations were carried out both on the basis of the analytical

and numerical calculations. In order to verify results of the calculation measurements of ER fluid

temperature, clutch inner discs temeperature as well as inner surfaces temperature were conducted

using laser thermometers and thermal imaging camera.

Calculations presented in the paper were carried out using the following assumptions:

shear stress does not change along the radius of the disc nor height of the gap;

angular velocity is constant;

working conditions of the clutch are established, i.e. clutch works in fixed heat status;

electrorheological fluid is in activated mode described by the model 0 p , where p

- plastic viscosity, - shear rate, 0 - yield stress.

Analytical calculations were made based on heat balance taking into account the heat generated in the

clutch g and heat generated to ambient o :

)( 12

1mm

k

iiwig TTcm

tTTS pso )(

(1)

where: k - the number of clutch element, im - weight of the clutch element, wic - the specific heat of

the material element of the clutch, mT - instantaneous mass temperature of the clutch, - heat transfer

coefficient, sS - the outer surface of the clutch, T - instantaneous mass temperature of the clutch, pT -

ambient air temperature.

Numerical calculations and analysis of their results were done using the Ansys software with

computing solver Ansys Fluent in version 17.2. As initial data to calculation ratio of power transformed


100

to heat P on the volume unit of liquid V was taken into account. The fact that the power P depends

on the radius r of the clutch disc was considered. Examples of the VP / ratio versus radius r are

shown in Fig. 1a and examples of calculation results in Fig. 1b. Experimental tests have been conducted

on a specially designed for this purpose test stand.

On the basis of obtained results it was found that the differences between the numerical model and

analitical model are lower than 10% and verification errors did not exceed 15%.

In conclusion, it was stated that the ways of calculation allow with sufficient accuracy to obtain the

temperature of the fluid, necessary to assess its effect on the properties of electrorheological fluid and

thus the performance of the industrial robot gripper.

Keywords: Simulation of Heat Flow, Hydraulic Clutch, Electrorheological Fluid

a) b)

Figure 1. Numerical computation: a - dependency of VP / ratio on radius r of the viscotic clutch disc for

=25 rad/s, b - temperature distribution inside the clutch.

References:

[8] J. Madeja, Z. Kesy, A. Kesy: Application of ER Fluid in Hydrodynamic Clutch. Smart Materials and Structures, 20 (2011), 105005, pp. 1 - 9.

[9] Z. Kesy, A. Kesy, J. Plocharski, M. Jackson, R. Parkin: An Example of Design-Embodiment for Electrorheological Fluid Based Mechatronic Transmission Components. International Journal of Mechatronics 16 (1), 2006, pp. 33 - 39.

[10] Z. Kesy: Numerical Method Application to the Analysis of the Hydrodynamic Torque Converter with a Smart Working Fluid. International Journal of Computer Application in Technology. Vol. 27, No. 2/3, 2006, pp. 212 - 220.

[11] E. Ziąbska, A. Olszak, Z. Kesy: Reliability Problems of Hydraulic Clutch with Electrorheological Working Fluid. The XIIth International Conference ”Tribology and Reliability”, Sankt Petersburg 24-26 October 2012, pp. 241 - 249.

[12] A. Olszak, K. Osowski, A. Kesy, Z. Kesy: Experimental Researches of Hydraulic Clutches with Smart Fluids. International Review of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 6, 2016, pp. 364 - 372.

[13] A. Olszak, E. Ziabska, K. Osowski, A. Kesy, Z. Kesy: Durability of Hydraulic Clutches Filled with Smart Fluids. Technical Transactions Mechanics, 5-M/2016, pp. 81 - 101.


101

Magneto-Rheological Elastomers Based on EPDM with Sponge-Like Structure

Michal Sedlacik*1, Tomas Plachy1, Ondrej Kratina1 *[email protected]


760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic

Controlling of physical properties in field-responsive materials is of high scientific interest nowadays.

The magneto-rheological (MR) elastomers have recently become a matter of many research teams due

to a remarkable change in rheological properties in the presence of an extrnal magnetic field and

supressed sedimentation of magnetic particles in comparison with MR suspensions. However, the

immobilized particles are fixed in the polymer matrix and the difference in the rheological parameters in

the presence and in the absence of a magnetic field is low and, thus, MR foams have recently been

introduced since their solid structure prohibits the particles from sedimentation and the matrix is flexible

enough in order to enable achievement of high difference in the rheological performance in the pasive

and active state at the same time.

In this study, sponge-like EPDM rubbers filled with magnetic particles were thoroughly investigated.

The influence of the various weight fraction of magnetic particles (150–250 phr) and two levels of

foaming agent were analyzed. The rheological measurements were done using a rotational rheometer,

where the sample was loaded with a defined pressure. The results were further compared with the MR

elastomers based on EPDM rubber with the same magnetic particles without a foaming agent.

Keywords: magnetorheological elastomer, sponge-like structure, EPDM, foaming agent, rheology

Acknowledgements: The authors wish to thank the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (17-

24730S) for financial support. This work was also supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and

Sports of the Czech Republic – program NPU I (LO1504).


102

Use of a control system based on magnetorheological dampers for the reduction of lateral displacements in three different framed structures

Luis Lara-Valenciaa, Yamile Valencia-Gonzalezb, David Bedoya-Zambranoc

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

a Associate Professor, National University of Colombia, Medellín, Colombia. b Associate Professor, National University of Colombia, Medellín, Colombia.

c Graduate student, National University of Colombia, Medellín, Colombia.

This work presents a numerical study to analyze the benefits of a structural control system for the

reduction of lateral displacements in framed structures using an energy dissipation system based on

magnetorheological dampers. The performance and functionality of the proposed controller is examined

by using it in three different configurations of plane frame structures. For this purpose, the analyzed

structures were excited using different ground accelerations. The motion generated by the effective

forces acting on the structural systems activates a mechanism based on a pair of magnetorheological

dampers managed by an artificial neural network algorithm, which defines the optimal control forces

that must be supplied by the dampers to minimize the lateral displacements of the structures. The

results obtained in the numerical study show that the three analyzed structures had notable reductions

in the peak displacements of each floor and in the RMS response of acceleration, velocity and

displacement.

Keywords: structural control, magnetorheological dampers, reduction of lateral displacements.




103

Session 13.

Rheology of Fluid Interfaces and Modeling

(RFIM)


104

Key role of the liquid-solid surface interactions to reveal hidden elastic properties in liquids

Laurence Noirez

[email protected]

Lab. Léon Brillouin (CEA-CNRS), Paris-Saclay Univ. , Ce-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cédex,

France

At the liquid-solid interface, the energy of the liquid is different from the bulk due to the imbalance

between the attraction forces between molecules (cohesion) and the interactions of the molecules to

the surface (wetting). In case of ceramic composites, liquid molecules are so strongly attracted to the

high energy surface that the surface procures a total wetting. Because the viscosity measures the

energy necessary to transfer a motion from a surface to the liquid, the force of the interactions to the

substrate plays a key role in the determination of the fluid properties. By reinforcing the liquid/surface

boundary interactions, high energy surfaces as ceramicsimprove the rheological measurement and

make low frequency shear elasticity measurable bringing robust evidence that liquid molecules are not

dynamically free but elastically correlated. The elastic property is experimentally identified on polymer

melts, glass formers, Van der Waals liquids or liquid water [1]. This generic property sheds a new light

on the mechanisms that govern liquid transport, gelation or glass processes [2] and allows to foresee

new effects as the conversion of a liquid phase in a strain-driven optical harmonic oscillator [2] or the

stretched induced production of cold that become possible when the liquid molecules are strongly

anchored [3].

References

[1 ] L. Noirez L, H. Mendil-Jakani, P. Baroni, Polymer Int. 58 962 (2009), L. Noirez, P. Baroni, J. of Phys.: Cond. Matter 24 (2012) 372101.

[2] P. Kahl, P. Baroni, L. Noirez, Appl. Phys. Lett. 107 (2015) 84101. [3] P. Baroni, P. Bouchet, L. Noirez, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. (2013), P. Baroni et al, PCT patent DI05815-

01-FR12.


105

Session 14.

Rheology of Melts and Molten Materials (RMMM)


106

Influence of the Laser Heated Spots on the Flow Line Formation In CT120 Steel

Olga V. Nozdrina, Alexander G. Melnikov, and Ilya Yu. Zykov

[email protected]

Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia

The paper describes the results of an investigation of the effect of small hardening spots (about 1 mm)

created on the surface of a sample by laser complex with solid-state laser. The melted area of the steel

sample is not exeed 5%. Steel microhardness change in the region subjected to laser treatment is

studied. Also there is a graph of the deformation of samples dependence on the tension. As a result,

the yield plateau and plastic properties changes were detected. The flow line was tracked in the series

of speckle photographs. As a result we can see how mm surface inhomogeneity can influense on the

deformation and strength properties of steel.

Keywords: steel properties, strength, laser hardening, solid-state laser, deformation



107

Mechanical and optical properties of hybrid materials based on inorganic glass matrix and organic metal complex phosphors

Igor Avetissov1, Olga Petrova1, Maria Anurova1, Andrew Khomyakov1, Alina Akkuzina1, Ilya Taidakov2

[email protected]

1Department of Chemistry and Technology of Crystals, Dmitry Mendeleev Univeristy of Chemical

Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia 2P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia

Organo-inorganic hybrid materials (HM) are widely used in photonics as active and passive elements

as well as integral optics components [1]. One of the problems which can be solved by the creation of

HM is a creation of a material stable to environmental conditions and (oxygen, water vapor, UV light,

etc.) which lead to the destruction of metal-organic complexes and their loss of luminescence properties

[2]. The possibility of synthesis of photoluminescent HM based on 8-hydroxyquinoline [3] and

phenantroline [4] metal organic phosphors and inorganic low melting glasses as a matrix using a non-

aqueous technique has been demonstrated.

For preparation of bulk HM's a glass matrix should have both a low melting temperature and low melt

viscosity. Glassy boron oxide, borate and borosilicate glasses were used as boron-based matrix. In the

present research we have synthesized the HM's using the melts based on PbO-B2O3 and PbF2-B2O3

systems. As raw materials we used boric acid (99.999 wt%), commercial boron oxide (99.99 wt%) and

specially prepared dryed boron oxide (99.9995 wt%).

To keep the fluorine vaporazation resulting from pyrohydrolisys which was controlled by residual

water content in boric acid and commercial boron oxide preparations we prepared specially dryed boron

oxide (100 ppm residual water concentration) and used it for HM fabrication. Using of this preparation

let us reduce fluorine loss during melt synthsis of glass and furthermore HM. The samples transperecy

were increased due to reducing of oh-groups content in a glass and HM.

The microhardness of HM fabricated using dryed B2O3 was higher comparing to the synthesis'with

boric acid and commercial B2O3.

The reserach was financially supported by the Ministry of Education and Scienca of the Russian

Federation RFMEFI57716X0218.

Keywords: borate glasses,organo-inorganic hybrid material, microhardness, luminescence

References

[1] B. Lebeau and P. Innocenzi, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2011, vol. 40, pp.886-906. [2] F. Papadimitrakopoulos, X-M Zhang, Synthetic Metals, 1997, vol. 85, pp. 1221-1224. [3] R. Avetisov et al., J. Cryst. Grow., 2014, vol. 401, pp. 449-452. [4] O. Petrova et. al., Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2015, vol. 429, pp. 213–218.



108

Session 16.

Rheology of Cosmetics and Pharmaceutical

Materials (RCPM)


109

Rheological and sensory properties of milk and soy milk thickened with cornstarch or pregelatinized starch to be used as dysphagia-oriented

beverages

Córdova-Aguilar, M.S. 1*, Soto-Maldonado, G. 1, Hernández-Hernández, J.A.1, Martínez Arellano, I. 2, Severiano-Pérez, P.3, Aguayo-Vallejo, J.P. 1 and Ascanio G., G. 1

[email protected]

1Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; 2 Cátedra CONACyT-Hospital General Manuel Gea González, 3 Laboratorio de Evaluación Sensorial,

Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. *Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,

Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, D.F., México

Dysphagia is the difficulty for swallowing solids and liquids, which may result in malnutrition, dehydration

and pneumonia. Thickened beverages are habitually used in the clinical treatment of dysphagia since

a higher bolus viscosity slows its transit, which would diminish the risk of aspiration. However, there is

the lack of commercial products designed for dysphagia management in the Mexican market. The aim

of this study was to obtain the rheological properties (shear viscosity, dynamic characterization and

extensional viscosity) as well as the sensory properties of beverages texturized with corn starch or

pregelatinized starch. On one side, Rheology helps to understand how the bolus is deformed through

the swallowing process, thus, the food bolus is expected to be not only subjected to shear stresses but

also to elongation ones. Consequently, beverage security was known comparing the rheological

properties of the thickened beverages, with Barium Sulfate Suspensions reference, which is considered

as a “gold standard” to observe the transit of the bolus through the digestive tract. On the other hand,

the samples were evaluated by sensory analysis in order to know their attributes, as well as the linking

score due to patients disliked thickened liquids. Results showed that all the samples exhibited a shear-

thinning behavior and the storage modulus prevalence was over the loss modulus, all in accordance to

the references. On the other hand, the sensory analysis showed that the soy milk thickened beverage

was the most accepted product. In conclusion, we suggested a combined methodology to test the

feasibility of food thickeners. The methodology must consider the analysis of the beverage security, as

well as their liking scores in order to know if modified cornstarch can be use as a thickener alternative

for dysphagia management.



110

Molecular Mass and Hydrodynamic Parameters of Sunflowers Pectic Polysaccharides Obtained by Various Methods

Gorshkova R.M.1.2, Khalikov D.Kh.3, Yulusova D.V.2, Slobodov A.A.2

[email protected]




Dushanbe, Tajikistan

Sunflower heads (SH) are a promising source of raw materials for the production of pectic

polysaccharides with a set of performance properties aimed at improving human health. The specific

nature of the raw materials, in particular the presence of a large amount of calcium ions, requires the

use of high temperature and the influence of aggressive hydrolyzing agents in the hydrolysis-extraction

stage for the full extraction of pectin, which leads to an increase in the cost of the target product and a

decrease in its quality. In this connection, a method has been developed for the preparation of pectic

polysaccharides of sunflower, which makes it possible to conduct the process under sparing conditions

and consists in carrying out hydrolysis-extraction in the hydrolysing solution stream. The method also

allows to combine the extraction and fractionation stages according to the principle of gel

chromatography.

The pH of the hydrolysing agent varied from 1.05 to 5.6. To assess the effectiveness of the method,

similar studies were conducted using the traditional method - in the static mode. The hydrolyzate

solution obtained in a dynamic mode was divided into 8 fractions, successively collected in separate

containers. Water-swelling, water-soluble polymers and low molecular weight residues were isolated

from each fraction. It is proved that the minimum and maximum values of the molecular weight, as well

as the intrinsic viscosity and hydrodynamic radius of the macromolecule of fractions of pectic

polysaccharides SH, obtained in a dynamic regime, are significantly higher than the analogous values

of samples obtained by the traditional method. The optimal values of these parameters, as well as the

coefficient a, which determines the conformation of the macromolecule in the solution, found from the

curve of the dependence of the hydrodynamic radius and the molecular mass, are observed for

substances obtained at the pH of the hydrolyzing agent 2.0. The change in the molecular-mass

parameters of fractions obtained in dynamics is extreme. The maximum in this case is the third fraction

for water-swelling polymers and the fifth for water-soluble polymers.

Thus, the hydrolysis-extraction method in a dynamic mode allows to increase the yield of pectic

polysaccharides, significantly optimize their quality and obtain target products with controlled physico-

chemical and molecular-mass parameters, which is especially important for medicine and

pharmaceuticals.

Keywords: pectic polysaccharides, sunflower heads, molecular-mass parameters, hydrodynamic

parameters, macromolecular conformation, dynamic hydrolysis-extraction




111

Session 17.

Rheological Measurement & Methods,

Equipments and Errors

(RMMEE)


112

Testing of smart fluid intended for damper protecting buildings against earthquakes

K. Skrzek, A. Kesy

[email protected]

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Technology and Humanities Casimir Pulaski in Radom

Smart fluids are used in many areas of technology. Among others such fluids are used in vibration

absorbers that protect buildings against the effects of earthquakes or atmospheric phenomena. In

construction machinery smart fluids are applied as working fluids in couplings and brakes and energy

absorbers. The first step in the design of elements with smart fluids is to determine properties of the

fluids.

The paper presents test results of a typical commercially available electrorheological fluid called

EDF # 6. The main aim of the test was to determine rheological characteristics of this fluid in form of

the flow curves. The test was undertaken on special test rig equipped with two cylinders. Examined

fluid was placed in gap between the cylinders. The cylinders, being electrodes, were connected

electrically with the pols of the high voltage amplifier in order to create electric field in the gap. The

results obtained during the measurements were recorded by means of computerized measuring

system. The special methodology of the tests allowed to obtained the flow curves for different intensities

of the electric field. The test results were compared with results presented in technical brochure shared

by the manufacturer of the electrorheological fluid.

Finally, conclusions were drawn regarding to scope of application of the fluid in the damper. Among

others it has been found that further research should focus on the building of measuring devices with a

geometry close to the design geometry of the damper.

Keywords: smart fluid, smart fluid characteristics, dampers.


113

Changing the rheo-mechanical models of Al-Ti light metal powders under uniaxial compaction

Prof. Dr. László A. Gömze 1, 2, Emese Kurovics1, Sergey A. Sitkevich1 and Bronislav I. Kanev1

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] and [email protected]

1Institute of Ceramics and Polymer Engineering, University of Miskolc, Miskolc, Hungary

2IGREX Engineering Service Ltd, Igrici, Hungary Powder compacting technology is one of the most efficient forming technologies in metallurgy and

machine industry in our days to prepare machine elements and parts with complicated geometrical

shapes. At the same time to make metal machine elements and parts with the required final geometrical

parameters are impossible without understanding the rheological and mechanical properties of the

metal powders under the pressing processes. On the basis of uniaxial compacting process in this work

the authors have examined the rheological and mechanical properties of Al and Ti light metal alloy

powders as function of forming pressures and times. For the examination of the compacting properties

and create the rheo-mechanical model a special uniaxial instrument was developed and used by the

authors. To determine the time dependence behavior of these light metal alloy powders a combine

rheotribometer was used which was developed and produced by IGREX Ltd. in Hungary. Using these

two instruments the authors could successfully illustrate how the rheological models of Al and Ti light

metal alloys are changed depending on forming pressures.

In this work are shown the time and pressure dependence of rheological behaviors and models of

different Ti alloys. The values of modulus of elasticity of Voight-Kelvin and Hooke components as well

as values of viscosity of the viscous-plastic components are also determined and given by the authors

in the presented work.





Fund.”

Keywords: alloys, compacting, light metals, powder metallurgy, pressure, rheological model, time

dependence, titan, uniaxial pressing






114

On-line rheo-optical characterization of polymer systems at constant extrusion conditions:application to microstructure and thermally sensitive

polymers

Paulo Teixeira1, Loic Hilliou1 and José Covas1 [email protected]

1IPC/I3N, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal

As it is increasingly important to minimize costs and time-to-market when developing polymer systems

with improved performance, in-process characterization methodologies become more attractive.

Indeed, it is important to make available fast response characterization tools albeit using small amounts

of sample are capable of generating relevant data on the rheological response, process-induced

material structure and product properties. Recently, the authors developed a prototype modular small-

scale single / twin-screw extrusion system with outputs in the range of grams/hour that was coupled to

a rheo-optical slit die adequate to measure shear viscosity and normal-stress differences and perform

optical measurements. As with most similar attempts, the generation of a range of shear rates implied

operating the extruder with varying screw speeds or feed rates. However, this changes the

thermomechanical experience of the material inside the machine and, henceforth, may change the

characteristics of the material the die inlet, which in turn may jeopardize the validity of the

measurements. To circumvent this problem, the authors adopted a design concept that has been

seldom utilized, consisting of a die with two perpendicular channels, each fitted with an output control

valve at its inlet, the total pressure drop remaining constant. While one of the channels can be utilized

for conventional extrusion, the other has a slit configuration and adequate for rheo-optical

characterization. This solution is validated and several case studies (polymer blends, polymer

nanocomposites and biodegradable polymers) are discussed.

1. Keywords: extrusion, slit die, rheo-optics, polymer blends, nanocomposites



115

Measuring Elastic and Shear Modulus (DMA), expansion coefficient (TMA),

Shear Viscosity (Rheometer ) and Dielectric Constants as ion conductivity

(DEA ) and more with one Rheometer : ARES- G2 or DHR from TA Instruments

Ing. Daniël Roedolf

[email protected]

Director International Sales & Service TA Instruments Belgium

Measuring physical properties of samples is strongly depended on the thermal method used, like

heating rate or atmosphere. Also the limited repeatability of these thermal methods, when measuring

with different thermal analysers will affect the comparisons. Measuring at least 4 different physical

properties (storage and loss modulus; expansion coefficient, ion conductivity and viscosity or shear

modulus ) with one thermal analyser, will not only increase the repeatability and comparison of

results, but will also have a cost effective impact.

Keywords: DMA, TMA, Rheometer, DEA, ARES-G2, DHR


116

Session 19.

Rheology and Modeling of Complex Materials

and Composites


117

Hard Coatings Characterization Based on Chromium Nitrides: Applications for Investigation of physicochemical properties and viscosity of

antimonoxychloride glasses

Messaoud Legouera1, Mostafa Lezid2, Petr Kostka3, Feyala Rahal1, Faissal Goumeidane2, Marcel Poulain4

[email protected]

1Département de Génie Mécanique, BP 26, Route D’El Hadaeik, Université de Skikda, Algérie, dz 1Laboratoire de Génie Mécanique et Matériaux, BP 26, Route D’El Hadaeik, Université de Skikda, dz

2Laboratoire de Génie Mécanique, BP 145 RP, Université de Biskra, Algérie 3institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague. 4Laboratoire des Matériaux Photoniques, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, France

Glass formation behavior of antimonoxychloride glasses, (100−x)Sb2O3–xMCl2 (M : Sr, Cd, x ∈ {5,

10,…35} mol%) glasses and their thermal, physical and mechanical properties were investigated using

differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS) and thermo-

mechanical analysis (TMA). Glass transition temperature is 300 °C. As a general trend, Tg increases

with chloride content. The evolution of density, thermal expansion and microhardness has been studied

as a function of composition parameter x. Deviations from linearity are observed. They suggest

structural changes in the case of the MCl2/Sb2O3 substitution while it appears that molar volume

increases linearly versus lead content in the other series of glasses. Young and bulk modulus decrease

as cadmium or stontium concentration increases. An inverse dependence is observed for shear

modulus. This behaviour is discussed in relation to structural hypothesis.

Under normal conditions, glass viscosity (η) is a function of temperature (T) and composition, η=η(T,x).

The use of the technique of parallel plate rheometry for providing viscosity data as a function of

temperature in the midium range 105 to 109 poise is described. The medium range viscosity is of vital

interest for forming and annealing in the glass. All the glasses showed reasonably linear behaviour in

the region of 6 to 9 Log Pa·s. Viscosity increased with increasing chloride content. It is due to the

intercalation process of ionic species (M2+ and Cl−) between (SbO3) n layers. Consequently, the

electrostatic interaction between Cl− anions and M2+ cations increases the overall stability of the

material. Activation energy of viscous flow was estimated from the experimental data by applying

Arrhenius model of viscosity-temperature relationship. Activation energy of viscous flow is correlated to

glass transition temperature of these glasses. Fragility of these glass systems was also evaluated in

the softening range.

Keywords: Antimonoxyhalogenide glasses, Viscosity, Parallel plate rheometry, Fragility, Activation

Energy



118

Rheology model of powder layer evolution under the external heating

Anna Knyazeva1,2

[email protected]

1 Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050, Tomsk, Russia

2 Institute of Strength Physics and Material Science, 634055, Tomsk, Russia

Electron-beam and laser technologies are interested for the development of new materials production

and for the treatment and modification of the surfaces of metals and alloys. The last technologies

connect immediately with additive manufacturing. Thermophysical phenomena determining the additive

manufacturing results are the same when electron beam or laser irradiation is used. In additive

manufacturing applications, it is necessary to know and predict the possible shrinkage of a powder layer

during Selective Laser or Electron Beam Melting. This phenomenon in different technologies can be

linear or nonlinear in connection with nonlinear thermal conductivity or phase transitions. There are

many physical factors that affect the densification of the products during sintering of metallic powders.

It is not possible practically to take into account all phenomena in generalized model because different

physical phenomena are characterized by different spatial and temporal scales. The set of limiting

phenomena depends on the materials under study. Known simplified thermal-kinetical models of

surface treatment give reliable change if powder layer thickness with the temperature at the variation

of treatment parameters. However rheological features of powder mixtures and melting pool are not

taken into account in these models.

In this paper, new approach is suggested to describe the evolution of thin surface layer under

traveling energy source action. The evolution of the treated layer thickness depends on rheological

features of the media with variable properties. It is assumed that there is the know analogy between

elastic and viscous stresses. This analogy is expanded to the case when thermal stresses and strains

present together with chemical stresses and strains accompanying the composition and structure

change. The equations of continuity, motion and thermal conductivity are usual, however it is assumed

that treated layer thickness and hence melting pool thickness are more less then total specimen size.

It allows integrate the equations along thickness and go to two-dimensional equations. The rates are

found from hydrodynamical sub-model where the vertical component of displacement is identified with

treated layer thickness. Boundary conditions take into account the dependence of surface tension on

temperature. Unlike usual theory of shallow water, here the evolution of layer thickness connects with

porosity and composition changes.

The simple examples of theory application are studied.

The work was supported by the Russian Foundation of Fundamental Investigation (grant No.

16-58-00116).

Keywords: additive manufacturing, layer shrinkage, rheological properties, composition change

shallow water approximation



119

Titanium-based composite synthesis in the combustion regime

Knyazeva A.G., Pribytkov G.A.

[email protected]

Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Lenin Av.30, Tomsk, Russia Institute of Strength Physics and Material Science, 634055 Akademicheskii pr.,2/4, Tomsk, Russia

Combustion synthesis is intensive developed scientific field. Their application to modern technologies

connects with the possibility to use the energy of chemical reactions and to obtain the final product with

slow energy losses. For example, key problem of additive technologies consists of powder production

taking into account the series of demands. On of possible variant to obtain the powder systems with

required structure includes the methods of self sustaining high temperature synthesis (SHS) together

with mechanoactivation and following disintegration. However irreversible conditions of the synthesis

lead to the problems of theoretical and experimental character. In this work, the mechanisms of

mechanoactivation influence on the regularities of reaction zone propagation in pressed powder mixture

are discussed. Basic models of composites synthesis in non stochiometric mixtures Ti-C, Ti-B, Ti-Si in

the combustion regime are suggested and take into account the melting of fusible species, the staging

of chemical conversions, and possible appearing of irreversible intermediate products. According to the

literature, the combustion temperature diminishing and evaluation specific time of reaction completion

could be connected with the partial product formation during mechanoactivation, and increase in the

activation energy for the process could be provoked with activation volume change. The structure of

the reaction zone – the area dividing the initial substances and reaction products is studied. To obtain

the qualitative evaluations the traditional methods of SHS-theory are used. The problem on the reaction

zone formation is solved numerically. In previous investigations, it was shown that rheological features

of the reacting mixture can effect on the conversion regimes [1,2] and mechanical properties can affect

the stability of the reaction front [3,4]. These problems are discussed in the connection of titanium-

based composite synthesis also.

The work was supported by Russian Science Foundation, grant number is 17-19-01425

Keywords: combustion synthesis, mechanoactivation, titanium-based composite, mathematical

model, numerical stady, experiment

References

[1] Knyazeva A.G. - in Book “Combustion of energetic materials. Selected papers of 5 Int. Symp. On Special Topics in Chemical Propulsion” Italy, June 2000 // Begel House, Inc., 2001, p.762-773

[2] Knyazeva A.G. Solution of the thermoelasticity problem in the form of a traveling wave and its

application to analysis of possible regimes of solid‐phase transformations // Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics, 2003, Volume 44, Issue 2, pp 164–173

[3] Knyazeva A.G. Solid-phase combustion in a plane stress state. 1. Stationary combustion wave // Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics, 2010, Volume 51, Issue 2, pp 164–173

[4] Knyazeva A.G. Solid-phase combustion in a plane stress state. 2. Stability to small perturbations // Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics May 2010, Volume 51, Issue 3, pp 317–323


https://link.springer.com/journal/10808

https://link.springer.com/journal/10808/51/3/page/1


120

Model of LZSA layers bonding during LOM-process

Knyazeva Anna1, Travizky Nahum2 [email protected]

1 Institute of High Technology Physics, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia

2 Department of Materials Science, Institute of Glass and Ceramics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany

Today additive manufacturing is a well known technology for making real three dimensional objects

from different materials, which may be subjected to various applications. Several AM techniques such

as Stereolithography, Selective Laser Sintering, Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM), Fused

Deposition Modeling, Direct Laser Melting, 3D-Printing were applied for the manufacturing of structures

with complex geometry. In [1] the LOM process of LZSA (LiO2–ZrO2–SiO2–Al2O3) laminates and their

microstructure, phase composition and mechanical properties were investigated. The possible

correlations between green and sintered laminate properties were established. The LOM process

included three basic stages: tape casting of LZSA slurries, lamination by LOM machine accompanied

by intermediate layers formation, and sintering accompanied by shrinkage.

In this paper the theoretical model of the second stage is suggested to investigate physical

phenomena governing the mechanical and physical properties formation. The physical phenomena

depend on rheological properties of the tapes during lamination. The model includes thermal

conductivity and diffusion equations and takes into account the flow of the binder. As the result the

temperature distribution and sizes of transient layers are determined. The effective properties are

calculated along the layers and across them using known models. Numerical study allows ascertaining

the correlation between the temperature and velocity of roll. Further modeling will be addressed to the

microstructural evolution during the sintering.

The work was supported by Ministry of Science and Education of Russia, project number is

10.9944.2017/5.2.

Keywords: additive manufacturing, laminated objec manufacturing, ceramics, mathematical model,

numerical stady

Reference

[1] Cynthia M. Gomesa, Antonio P.N. Oliveiraa, Dachamir Hotza, Nahum Travitzky, Peter Greil LZSA glass-ceramic laminates: Fabrication and mechanical properties // Journal of materials processing technology 206 (2008) 194–201



121

The Non-Isothermal Mathematical Model of Ion Implantation Process into the Target with Coating

Elena S. Parfenova1, Anna G. Knyazeva1,2

[email protected]

1National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Institute of High Technology Physics, 30 Lenin

Avenue, Tomsk, 634050, Russia 2Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of SB RAS, 2/4 Akademicheskii pr., Tomsk,

634055, Russia Each stage of technological and technical development is directly connected with the improvement of

operational properties of materials. Vacuum ion-plasma methods are widely used for enhancing

material properties and also for modifying the surface layer composition. But the achievement of

extensive experimental results requires detailed theoretical studies in this area.

The treatment of a metal surface by ion beam is accompanied by a variety of physical and chemical

phenomena. It is known that the particle impact on the target surface leads to the appearance of

stresses. The investigations of stress (or strain) propagation can be found elsewhere. But the processes

of impurity introduce and stress redistributions are interdependent in these papers. The implanted

impurities can meet internal surface separating several areas with different structure or orientation. Also

it may be the border separating coating from substrate material. That is why the propagation velocity of

mechanical waves in transition across the border is changed. As a result, the concentration wave

velocity is changed too. There are a lot studies aimed to investigation of changes of morphology,

roughness, surface chemistry and adhesion strength of the system coating/substrate after ion

implantation.

The paper is aimed at investigating the initial stage of ion implantation process into target with coating.

The model allows considering the processes occurring after interaction of ions flux with target surface.

Assume that ions have sufficient energy for generation mechanical perturbations.

Keywords: mathematical model, diffusion, elastic wave, deformation, stress, coating


122

Modeling of Bone Tissue Structure and Porous Ceramics

Tatyana Kolmakova1,2, Svetlana Buyakova1,2, Sergey Kulkov1,2 [email protected]

1Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science (ISPMS) SB RAS, 634055 Tomsk, Russia


The model bone fragment based on a real image of the compact bone microstructure and consisting

of the structural elements was created. Structural elements of the model sample contain the matrix and

osteons surrounding the Haversian canals. Between an osteon and matrix the layer of material, named

a "cement line", is situated. The form of structural elements is defined by half distances to neighboring

osteons and directions of location to neighboring osteons on the image of a microstructure of bone. The

porosity of the bone tissue due to Volkmann’s canals, the mineral content and orientation of the

collagen-mineral fibers in the lamellae of osteons implicitly taken into account by setting appropriate

effective mechanical properties of the structural elements of the bone.

Mezovolume of bone is modeled as a composite material. Mezovolume contains a compact (cortical)

layer of the bone, spongy layer of bone and an intermediate layer. Structural layers are different in

volume, mineral content and density. Mineral content and density of the structural layers are taken into

account implicitly through appropriate effective modulus of elasticity.

The geometric models of the ceramic samples ZrO2 (Y2O3) with porosity 7%, 40% and 60% were

constructed in a system of finite element analysis of ANSYS based on the histograms of pore size

distribution of ceramics obtained experimentally.

Keywords: mezostructure of bone, microstructure, compact bone tissue, spongy bone tissue, porous

ceramics



123

Biomechanical Evaluation of Lumbosacral Segments Response under Physiological Functions: Finite Element Analysis

Mosbah Moustafa*, Bendoukha Mohamed*

[email protected]

*Laboratory of Numerical and Experimental Modeling of Mechanical Phenomena Department of Mechanical Engineering

University Abd El Hamid IbnBadis.Mostaganem,.Algeria

The basic key in the process of our validation may be stated in the development of computational

analogues of the spinal morphologies by the creation of sophisticated 3-dimensional Finite Element

(FE) model of an intact ligamentous L1–S1 motion segment that matches the real biomechanical

behavior of the human lumbosacral spine and for this purpose, the curves were found to be non-linear

and the Ranges ofMotion (ROM) results were found to compare favorably with reported values from in

vivo and in vitro studies as documented in experiments conducted on human cadavers

[15,16].Therefore, thisFE-model can be used to investigate the stress and strain distributions in the L1-

S1components, especially the discs under physiologicalfunctions such as heavy and daily carrying

tasks.It has the possibility of representing the realities with a much higher degree of fidelity.

Keywords:Finite Element, lumbar spine behavior, Ranges Of Motion, in vivo, in vitro.



124

Calculation of the Effective Properties of Ti Based Composites

Mariia A. Anisimova1,2, Igor Sevostianov3, Anna G. Knyazeva1,2

[email protected]

1 Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 634055, Tomsk, Russia

2 Institute of High Technology Physics, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia

3 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New Mexico State University, P.O. Box 30001, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA

Nowadays, composite materials based on titanium, are increasingly used. They are widely used in the

manufacture of critical parts in aviation and space technology. High operating loads together with

thermal stresses restrict the reliability of parts and require new materials with high rigidity and low

coefficient of thermal expansion. The change in properties can be achieved by adding particles of

refractory compounds, such as borides, carbides, silicides. It is interested the dependence of

thermophysical properties on the concentration of inclusions.

In this work we calculated the effective properties of matrix composites, reinforced spherical

inhomogeneity. The effective properties are calculated using Maxwell’s homogenization scheme in

terms of contribution tensor of the inhomogeneity.

This work has been performed under support of Russian Science Foundation, № 17-19-01425.

Keywords: effective propertis, Maxwell’s homogenization scheme, contribution tensor, spherical

inhomogeneity


125

Structure and properties of Al – ZrW2O8 pseudo alloys

Vladimir Shadrin1,2 and Prof. Dr. Sergey Kulkov1,2 [email protected]


2Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science SB RAS, 634021 Tomsk, Russia Development of new class of metallic materials reinforced with non-metallic particles with unusual

properties is of a great interest in various fields of technology. Zirconium tungstate (ZrW2O8) with

isotropic negative thermal expansion (NTE) characteristics within a wide temperature range is a

perspective material for such applications. However zirconium tungstate remains in metastable cubic

phase after synthesizing and decomposes into consistuent ZrO2 and WO3 oxides upon heating. In the

previous work [1] it was shown that sintering of aluminum with zirconium tungstate obtained by

hydrothermal synthesis leads to its decomposition with subsequent formation of whisker-shaped

ZrW2O8 particles. Nevertheless more detailed study on phase transitions during sintering process using

in-situ XRD analysis is required.

The work presented was aimed at investigating phase transitions during sintering of Al powder with

ZrW2O8 prepared using conventional solid state reaction and hydrothermal synthesis.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate structure of the Al – ZrW2O8 pseudo

alloys obtained. It was shown that ZrW2O8 particles are homogeneously distributed in Al matrix. Using

in-situ XRD analysis phase composition, lattice parameters, CDD and microdistortion of the crystal

lattice values at temperatures from 25 to 600 oC were investigated. Results of mechanical testing

showed that addition of ZrW2O8 particles significantly increases yield and ultimate strength, Vickers

hardness compared to those of pure aluminum.

Keywords: zirconium tungstate, negative thermal expansion, aluminum, pseudo alloys, in-situ XRD

analysis.

Reference

[1] Shadrin V.S., Kulkov S.N. Influence of Sintering Time on the Structure Formation of Al – ZrW2O8 Pseudo Alloys // IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 175 (2017), 012055.



126

Hetero-Modulus and Hetero-Viscous Alumina Matrix Composites with Extreme

Dynamic Strength

Prof. Dr. László A. Gömze 1, 2, Ludmila N. Gömze2, Emese Kurovics1, Sergey A. Sitkevich1

and Bronislav I. Kanev1 [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

and [email protected]

1Institute of Ceramics and Polymer Engineering, University of Miskolc, Miskolc, Hungary 2IGREX Engineering Service Ltd, Igrici, Hungary

Examining in several years the behaviors of ceramic bodies and CMCs during high speed collisions

the authors successfully developed a new family of hetero-modulus and hetero-viscous alumina matrix

composite materials with extreme mechanical properties including dynamic strength. These new

corundum-matrix composites reinforced with Si3N4, SiAlON and AlN submicrone and nano-particles

have excellent dynamic strength during collisions with high density metallic bodies having speeds about

1000m/sec or more. When the high speed collision process with high density flying metallic bodies are

taken place in vacuum or oxygen-free atmosphere, in the alumina matrix composite the phase

transformation of submicrone and nano-particles of alpha and beta silicon-nitride crystals into cubic c-

Si3N4 diamond-like particles can be observed and is described by the authors. Using the energy

conception of collisions, the energy engorgement by fractures, heating and phase transformation as

well as mechanical stress relaxation procession in hetero-modulus and hetero-viscous composite

materials after high speed collisions with flying objects are also described by the authors.





Fund.”

Keywords: AlN, alumina, ceramics, CMC, collision, diamond-like, dynamic strength, fractures, nano-

particles, phase transformation, SiAlON, silicon-nitrides







127

SESSION 21

Rheology of Nano-Powder Suspensions and

Gels (RNPSG)


128

Rheology of sol-gel transition

Pavel Kudryavtsev1 and Oleg Figovsky2 [email protected]

1 Professor, D.Sc., Leading Researcher, Polymate Ltd - Israel Research Center, POBox 73, Migdal

HaEmek 10550, Israel 2 Professor, Director for Research and Development, Polymate Ltd - Israel Research Center, POBox

73, Migdal HaEmek 10550, Israel Sol-gel transition is associated with the formation of spatial chains, which permeate the whole volume

of the sol. It has manifested by a number of new physical properties: elasticity, the critical shear stress,

the ability to preserve shape. Viscosity and yield point - two macroscopic integral characteristics of

Newtonian medium (sol) and Bingham medium (gel) that are responsive to changes in colloidal system,

occurring in the process of gelation. Therefore, the study of these processes requires using of special

rheological methods.

In order to study rheology of gelation we have developed a measuring system, consisting of several

measuring cells such as Weiler-Rebinder This measurement complex is designed to measure the

dependence of the critical shear stress of the time, since the beginning of the sol-gel transition to the

complete conversion of the sol into a gel. For the developed system the range of the measured values

of the critical shear stress is 𝜏0 = (0.05 ÷ 50000) 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒/𝑐𝑚2. The above mention device has allowed

to establish the form of the initial part of the curve 𝜏 = 𝑓(𝑡), and to develop a methodology for a more

accurate definition of gelation time. It was found that the classical method determining of the sol-gel

transition start time based on the intersection point determination a tangent to the linear portion of

rheological curve 𝜏 = 𝑓(𝑡), gives much distorted results. Carried out analysis of experimental data has

allowed to find new phenomenon, which is that the kinetic curves in coordinates of Avrami-Erofeev-

Bogolyubov’s equation, are complex and have a point of inflection The constant in Avrami-Erofeev-

Bogolyubov’s equation was defined. This constant is not dependent on the temperature and the same

for both the initial and final parts of the kinetic curve. It depends only on the chemical nature of the

reacting system.

For the initial section of the kinetic curves, the value of the parameter n in Avrami-Erofeev-

Bogolyubov’s equation amounted to n=23.4±2.8. The large value of this parameter can be interpreted

as the average number of growth directions, of a fractal aggregate. The observed behavior of the kinetic

curves is responsible for the change of the process mechanism, and decreasing the number of possible

directions of fractal aggregates growth.

On the basis of general considerations, these critical points can be classified as points of 2nd order

phase transitions. Phase transitions of the 2nd kind are phase transitions, in which the second

derivatives of the thermodynamic potentials, depending on the pressure and temperature are changed

abruptly, whereas their first derivatives are changed gradually.

Keywords: Sol-gel process,-Rheology-Non-Newtonian fluids,-Kinetics of the sol-gel transition,-Phase

transition of the 2nd kind



129

SESSION 22

Ratio of the rheological and physicochemical

properties of materials


130

Influence of High Temperature and Pressure on Physico-Chemical and Rheological Properties of Pectin Substances

Gorshkova R.M.1.2, Khalikov D.Kh.3, Yulusova D.V.2, Uspensky A.A.2, Slobodov A.A.2

[email protected]




Dushanbe, Tajikistan The quality of pectin substances (PS) used in the food industry is determined by their rheological

properties, which in turn relate to physicochemical (content of galacturonic acid (GA) units, esterification

ration (ER)) and molecular mass parameters. The basic characteristics of PS can be regulated during

their preparation, especially in the hydrolysis-extraction stage. Secondary resources of the food industry

(fruit squeezes and sunflower heads) were used as feedstock for the production of PS. Hydrolysis-

extraction is carried out under the influence of temperature and pressure, changing the speed of the

process: pressure from 1.5 to 3.0 atm, temperature - from 100 to 140 oC, duration - from 3 to 10 minutes

(Method 1). For comparison, similar means were obtained in a static mode at a temperature of 85 °C,

a duration of 60 minutes. (Method 2). (20-30%) and optimal physicochemical parameters (the content

of GA is 75-85%). For comparison, the yield of PS at method 2 is 5-15%, GA - 35-65%, depending on

the type of raw materials. With increasing pressure, temperature and duration of the failure process. In

the range from 3 to 7 minutes, the content of GA in PS increases, after which it decreases. ER, which

decreases with increasing duration, increases with increasing temperature and pressure, while the

kinetic curve remains unchanged for all samples. Despite the fact that the molecular weight of pectins,

with the help of method 1, with a minimum duration of the process, significantly exceeds the analogous

index of PS, by method 2, the quality of the substances does not meet the requirements, because In

this case, aggregated pectin macromolecules with a high polydispersity index and poor solubility are

extracted. With increasing duration of the process of high-molecular aggregates are transformed into

substances with a narrow monomodal molecular weight distribution. The characteristics of the viscosity

and the nucleus-forming ability of PS are increased in this case. In the field of reducing the content of

GA (temperature 120-130 °C, pressure 2-3 atm, duration 7-10 min.) There is degradation of PS and a

decrease in their rheological properties. Thus, the obtained results introduce additional information in

the study of the structure of a complex pectin macromolecule, demonstrate a good correlation between

the physicochemical parameters of PS and their rheological properties, and are technologies for the

production of pectin with controlled physico-chemical parameters.

Keywords: pectin substances, molecular weight characteristics, hydrodynamic properties, hydrolysis-

extraction, high temperature and pressure



131

Mathematical Modeling of Protopectine Decay Process

in Plant Raw Materials

Gorshkova R.M.1.2, Khalikov D.Kh.3, Yulusova D.V.2, Uspensky A.B., Slobodov A.A.2 [email protected]




Dushanbe, Tajikistan Decay products of protopectin – pectin polysaccharides – are widely in demand in the food industry,

pharmaceuticals, medicine. The key stage determining the yield and quality of the target products is

hydrolysis-extraction, the theoretical foundations of which are currently insufficiently studied. In

particular, there is no complex process model that takes into account both the features of plant raw

materials and the possibility of controlled extraction. In order to assess the influence of various factors

on the individual stages of the hydrolysis-extraction process and their combined effect as a whole, it is

necessary to express these relationships using mathematical models that will allow us to calculate the

parameters of the process and find the optimal regimes for its carrying out. The protopectin decay

process for a wide range of raw materials (apple, quince, apricot, peach, pumpkin, citrus, rhubarb,

pomegranate, beet and sunflower heads) has been studied in static (T = 85 oC, duration 15-180 min,

hydromodule 1:20), (T = 85 °C, flow rate 6 ml / min, duration 60 min.) Hydrolysis-extraction modes, and

also under the influence of high temperature and pressure (T = 100-140 oC, P = 1-3 Atm, duration of 3-

10 minutes, hydromodule 1:20). The pH of the hydrolysing agent in all cases varied from 1.05 to 5.6.

For water-soluble (pectic substances and oligosaccharides) and water-swelling (microgel) degradation

products of protopectin, the main physico-chemical parameters (galacturonic acid content, esterification

ration, molecular weight, calcium ion content, etc.) are determined. On the basis of the experimental

data, a full-factor mathematical model "PECTIN" is constructed, which connects the input parameters

(raw material source, process and parameters of the hydrolysis-extraction process) and output (yield

and physico-chemical parameters of each decay product). As a model of the effect of any hydrolysis-

extraction parameter, a polynomial of the form is chosen: . To

determine the coefficients, systems of linear algebraic equations are applied. For each pair of variables

by the least squares method, using the accuracy functions, a number of coefficients were found, the

total number of which was 385. This mathematical model formed the basis for the developed software

"PEKTINI", allowing at the design stage to identify the optimal conditions and direct the process of

obtaining pectin in increase direction of yield and optimization of quality.

Keywords: pectin substances, protopectin, mathematical modeling, hydrolysis-extraction, high

temperature and pressure



132

Physico-Chemical and Hydrodynamic Properties of Pectin Substances in Non-Traditional Plant Raw Materials

Gorshkova R.M.1.2, Khalikov D.Kh.3, Mukhidinov Z.K., Jonmurodov A.S., Yulusova D.V.2,

Uspensky A.B.2, Slobodov A.A.2 [email protected]




Dushanbe, Tajikistan Pumpkin fruits are unconventional, but promising raw materials for the production of pectin

substances (PS), the composition and properties of which are poorly understood. PS were obtained by

the hydrolysis-extraction method under the influence of high temperature and pressure (Т = 120 оС, Р

= 1.5 atm, hydromodule 1:20, duration from 3 to 10 minutes).

It has been established that bimodal molecular weight distribution (MWD) is characteristic for PS of

pumpkin fruits, indicating the presence of two subunits in the macromolecule of PS. In this case, all the

samples obtained are monodisperse (Mw / Mn = 1.10-2.74). PS are characterized by high molecular

weight (MW) (from 403.5 to 999.7 kD) and aggregating ability, which causes a decrease in viscosity

characteristics. It is established that PS have a compact conformation, in view of their high aggregation.

Concomitant fractions have different conformation of the chain. The first high-molecular fraction has the

conformation of a coiled (spherical) coil, and the second is represented by low-molecular-mass PSs

having a rigid conformation of the chain in the form of linear rods.

With an increase in the duration of the hydrolysis-extraction process, the change in the molecular

weight of both pumpkin fractions is extreme. The maximum is 5 minutes. Similarly, the Mz index and

the polydispersity of the samples change. The appearance of a maximum in the change in the molecular

mass characteristics, as well as in the content of the main component of the macromolecule,

galacturonic acid (GA), indicates that before this time value, the cell wall decays and extracts of native

pectin macromolecules. With the further increase in the duration of the process, along with the

continuing disintegration of elements of the cell wall, the decomposition of high molecular subunits in

the solution of hydrolyzate begins, leading to a decrease in MW, the content of GA, and a certain

increase in viscosity characteristics. The optimum duration of the process is 7-10 minutes. Thus, the

results obtained contribute to the study of the structure of the macromolecule of pumpkin pectin

substances and demonstrate the prospects of using this unconventional raw material for obtaining

functional products.

Keywords: pectin substances, pumpkin fruits, molecular weight characteristics, hydrodynamic

properties, hydrolysis-extraction, high temperature and pressure



133

From Nuclear to Cogeneration Or how a natural disaster can change the policy of a country.

MELLAK Abderrahmane

[email protected]

Director of Research Laboratory (LGPH), Hydrocarbons and Chemicals Faculty. Boumerdes University, Algeria.

One of the main lines of research that I was particularly interested in (1) at the World Gas Conference

in Paris, WGC2015, is the development of a new fuel for the Model Cell Systems in Japan. After the

great Fukushima earthquake in 2011, when many nuclear power plants were shut down, alternative

sources of alternative energy had to be found to meet the high demands of the industry and the

population Japanese.

In this research and publication work, we believe that through scientific research and technological

innovation, we can demonstrate the great ability to understand and solve major development problems,

stimulate economic growth and towards the development of a country. In addition, the following points

are discussed: Change in Japanese energy policy, the emergency measures taken and by what

methods to achieve these objectives?

Key words: Energy, nuclear, cogeneration, energy policy, development.



134

is-pim2

The 2nd International Symposium on Powder Injection Molding


135

Performance analysis of the simulation of powder injection molding

Ivica Duretek1,2, Nina Krempl3, Thomas Lucyshyn1, Michael Meister3, Clemens Holzer1 [email protected]

1Department of Polymer Engineering and Science, Chair of Polymer Processing, Montanuniversitaet

Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria 2Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, 8700 Leoben, Austria

3Meister-Quadrat Kunststoff- und Automatisierungstechnik GmbH, Niklasdorf, Austria

Powder injection molding (PIM) is a complex, multi-step technology for producing complexly shaped

metal or ceramic parts in mass production as an alternative to other manufacturing technologies. Flow

analysis for PIM is carried out to predict potential problems that may occur during filling. The aim of the

simulation is to predict the flow of the feedstock in the cavity, avoiding short shots and minimizing

defects such a weldlines, warpage, air traps and powder-binder phase separation of the green parts.

Furthermore, the rheological properties of powder injection molding feedstock are one of the key

features to produce green parts with uniform density and without defects.

This research was focused on investigating the influence of the viscosity model and a yield stress on

the filling pattern and furthermore to determine surface defects of green parts in PIM. The PIM-feedstock

used in this study was the commercial feedstock Catamold 316LG and the used mold was a rectangular

plate with deflections with a cold runner system and film gate. The flow simulations of the filling phase

were performed with the commercial injection molding simulation software package Moldex3D and

compared with the experimental results.

The comparison between the simulation results and the experiments, in terms of powder-binder

phase separation of the green parts, shows satisfactory agreement. Furthermore, the importance of

viscosity models in the filling simulation of PIM was demostrated.

Figure 1; Filling behaviour (left), filling powder concentration (right)

Keywords: rheology, viscosity, powder injection molding, numerial simulation, stainless steel, 316L,

Moldex3D


136

is-emm1

The 1st International Symposium on Experimental Mechanics of Materials


137

Non-Monotonic Sections in Kinetics of RPV Steel Embrittlement as a Sign of Material Smart Behavior

Evgenii Krasikov

[email protected]

National Recearch Centre "Kurchatov Institute" Reactor Materals

Russia Influence of neutron irradiation on reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steel degradation are examined with

reference to the possible reasons of the substantial experimental data scatter and furthermore –

nonstandard (non-monotonous) and oscillatory embrittlement behavior. In our glance this phenomenon

may be explained by presence of the wavelike recovering component in the embrittlement kinetics. We

suppose that the main factor affecting steel anomalous embrittlement is fast neutron intensity (dose

rate or flux), flux effect manifestation depends on state-of-the-art fluence level. At low fluencies radiation

degradation has to exceed normative value, then approaches to normative meaning and finally became

sub normative. Data on radiation damage change including through the ex-service RPVs taking into

account chemical factor, fast neutron fluence and neutron flux were obtained and analyzed. In our

opinion controversy in the estimation on neutron flux on radiation degradation impact may be explained

by presence of the wavelike component in the embrittlement kinetics. Therefore flux effect manifestation

depends on fluence level. At low fluencies radiation degradation has to exceed normative value, then

approaches to normative meaning and finally became sub normative. As a result of dose rate effect

manifestation peripheral RPV’s zones in some range of fluencies have to be damaged to a large extent

than situated closely to core. Moreover as a hypothesis we suppose that at some stages of irradiation

damaged metal have to be partially restored by irradiation i.e. neutron bombardment. Nascent during

irradiation structure undergo occurring once or periodically transformation in a direction both

degradation and recovery of the initial properties. According to our hypothesis at some stage(s) of metal

structure degradation neutron bombardment became recovering factor. Self-recovering section of RPV

steel radiation embrittlement kinetics as indication of material intelligent behavior. As a result oscillation

arise that in tern lead to enhanced data scatter. In this case we have to consider irradiation as a recovery

factor. For the sake of correctness it is necessary to remember that there is an example when contrary

to the famous radiation embrittlement in metals neutron irradiation at some range of fast neutron doses

is in position to improve both the strength and ductility of steel. Foregoing hypothetical assumptions on

“low-dose effects” in terms “radiation embrittlement contains oscillatory component” and “radiation

annealing of the radiation embrittlement” is questionable and needs additional experimental verification

and profound scientific study.



138

Mathematical modeling of the material structure of the resonator and its influence on biological objects

Gennadij Lukyanov1 , Alexander Kopyltsov 2,3, Konstantin Korshunov 4, Natalia Dyuzhikova5, Vera

Puchkova5, and Igor Serov4 [email protected]

1 Saint Petersburg National Research University Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics,

St.Petersburg, Russia

2 Saint Petersburg State Electrotechnical University "LETI", St. Petersburg, Russia 3 Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, St. Petersburg, Russia

4 Human Genome Research Foundation «AIRES», St. Petersburg, Russia 5 Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia

The effect of electromagnetic radiation of the Wi-Fi router on the frequency of chromosomal aberrations

in bone marrow cells of male rats of three lines (Wistar and HT, LT (high and low threshold of excitability

of the nervous system respectively)) was studied. The research was carried out in two versions: 1.

Simply with a Wi-Fi router; 2. Using an additional device that is a silicon wafer with a self-affine relief

on the surface (a resonator) (A.V. Kopyltsov, G.N. Lukyanov. Mathematical modeling of interaction of

electromagnetic radiation with the surface having the self-affine bas-relief. Proceeding IV International

Scientific Conference on Physics and Control (PhysCon 2009), 1-4 Sept. 2009, Catania, Italy), For

various types of relief on the plate and frequencies of the Wi-Fi router, a mathematical simulation of the

interaction with the incident radiation was carried out. The relief is a set of circles defined by affine

transformations of depth and width of about 0.001 mm. The frequency of radiation of the Wi-Fi router

was changed from 0.9 to 2.4 GHz. Calculations made it possible to obtain a distribution of the

electromagnetic field strength in the vicinity of the plate for various initial and boundary conditions.

Experiments performed on rats of three lines placed in a Faraday cage showed an increase in mitotic

disturbances caused by electromagnetic irradiation. Investigations using resonators placed in a

Faraday cage reduced the effect of electromagnetic radiation on the frequency of chromosomal

aberrations in the bone marrow cells of rats of the studied lines in a genotype-dependent manner.

Possible mechanisms of electromagnetic radiation exposure to somatic cells, approaches to the

development of means of protection against damaging electromagnetic effects, the role of the genotype

in sensitivity to electromagnetic radiation and the protective effect of reflectors-resonators are

considered.

Keywords: electromagnetic radiation of high frequency, reflectors - resonators, chromosomal

aberrations, bone marrow, rats



139

Propagation of SH-type wave in initially stressed heterogeneous fibre

reinforced cylindrical Earth modal

Shalini Saha [email protected]

Science Block, Dhanbad, India

The present study deals with the propagation of SH-type wave in a fibre reinforced earth modal

considering cylindrical coordinate system. The closed form of expression for dispersion relation has

been deduced analytically with the aid of Debay asymptotic approximation. The obtained results are in

well agreement with the classical case. Numerical computation and graphical illustration has been

undertaken to study the influence of initial stress and heterogeneity parameter on the propagation of

SH-type wave. A significant effect of both the parameters on the propagation of SH-type wave have

been noticed



140

Management of Process of Machining on Machines with CNC on the Basis of Dynamic Modelling of Technological System

Viacheslav Maksarov1, Aleksei Khalimonenko1 and Jüri Olt2

[email protected]

1Saint-Petersburg Mining University, 21st Line 2, 199106 St. Petersburg, Russia

2Institute of Technology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56, ЕЕ51014 Tartu, Estonia

The article considers the issues of improving the efficiency of multipoint machining by rotary cutters

equipped with replaceable ceramic inserts on CNC machines by developing a method of multipoint

machining process control. We proposed a dynamic model of multipoint cutting process on the basis of

continuum theory and a mathematical model sensible of the specific nature of the multipoint metal

cutting problem and ensuring efficiency in the description of various chip making process modes.

A generalized mathematical model has been implemented, reflecting the multipoint cutting process

in view of elasoplastic properties in the dynamics of tool-to-workpiece contact interaction and the

rheological peculiarities of chip forming process in the active plastic deformation zone. A rheological

model has been proposed in the form of a series combination of the elastoviscoplastic relaxing Ishlinsky

medium (reflecting the process of primary deformation of the sheared-off layer metal) and the Voigt

medium with two elastic-dissipative elements (reflecting the sheared chips deformation and friction

process).

Keywords: multipoint machining, chip making, dynamic model of cutting process, generic

mathematical model.



141

Wave Propagations in Metamaterial Based 2D Phononic Crystal: Finite Element Modeling

1Oğuzhan ÖZER, 2Zafer ÖZER, 3Muharrem KARAASLAN, 4,5Amirullah M. MAMEDOV, 4Ekmel

ÖZBAY [email protected]

1Elbistan Vocational High School Electronic and Automation Department, Kahramanmaras Sutcu

Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey 2Mersin Vocational High School, Electronic and Automation Department Mersin University, Mersin,

Turkey 3Department of Electrical-Electronical Engineering Iskenderun Technical University, , Iskenderun,

Turkey 4Bilkent University, Nanotechnology Research Center (NANOTAM), Ankara, Turkey

5International Scientific Center, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan

In the present work the acoustic band structure of a two-dimensional (2D) phononic crystal (PC)

containing composite material were investigated theoretically and numerically by the finite element

method. Two-dimensional PC with triangular and honeycomb lattices composed of composite

cylindrical rods embedded in the air and liquid matrix are studied to find the existence of stop bands for

the waves of certain energy. This phononic bandgap - forbidden frequency range - allows sound to be

controlled in many useful ways in structures that can act as sonic filters, waveguides or resonant

cavities. Phononic band diagram ω=ω(k) for a 2D PC, in which non dimensional frequencies ωa/2πc

(c-velocity of wave) were plotted versus the wavevector k along the Г-X-M-Г path in the were investigate

band structure, transmission of acoustic waves in two dimensional phononic crystals made of composite

rods assembled in air with triangular and honeycomb lattice by experimentally and numerically, negative

refraction and focusing of acoustic wave in composite rods assembled in water with same lattice by

numerically.

The negative refraction is observed in case of the direction of the group velocity and wave vector are

antiparallel to each other owing to circular equifrequency contours.

Keywords: metamaterials, finite element, wave propagations



142

Ab initio Modeling of Elastic and Optical Properties of Sb and Bi Sesquioxides

Husnu Koc1, Amirullah M. Mamedov2,3, Ekmel Ozbay2 [email protected]

1Department of Physics, Siirt University, 56100 Siirt, Turkey

2Nanotechnology Research Center (NANOTAM), Bilkent University, 06800 Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey 3International Scientific Center, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan

First-principle calculations performed the structural, mechanical, electronic, and optical properties of

Sb2O3 and Bi2O3 compounds in monoclinic (claudetite) and orthorhombic (valentinite) structures. Local

density approximation has been used for modeling exchange-correlation effects. The lattice

parameters, bulk modulus, and the first derivate of bulk modulus (to fit to the Murnaghan’s equation of

state) of considered compounds have been calculated. The second-order elastic constants have been

calculated, and the other related quantities such as the Young’s modulus, shear modulus, Poisson’s

ratio, anisotropy factor, sound velocities, Debye temperature, and hardness have also been estimated

in the present work. The electronic bands structures and the partial densities of states corresponding

to the band structures are presented and analyzed. The real and imaginary parts of dielectric functions

and hence the optical constant such as energy-loss function, the effective number of valance electrons

and the effective optical dielectric constant are calculated. Our structural estimation and some other

results are in agreement with the available experimental and theoretical data.

Keywords: ab initio modeling, electronic structure, mechanical and optical properties


143

Stress Distribution of a New Type of Perforated Implants in Femur Neck Fracture: Finite Element Model

Afgan Jafarov1, Chingiz Ali-Zadeh2, Zafer Özer3, Amirullah M. Mamedov4,5, Ekmel Özbay4

[email protected]

1Modern Hospital, Baku, Azerbaijan 2Azerbaijan Scientific-Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Baku, Azerbaijan

3Mersin University, Mersin Vocational High School Electronic and Automation Department, Mersin, 33335, Turkey

4Bilkent University, Nanotechnology Research Center (NANOTAM), Ankara, 06800, Turkey 5International Scientific Center, Baku State University

Afgan Jafarov, Chingiz Ali-Zadeh,

Zafer Özer, Amirullah M. Mamedov and Ekmel Özbay

Osteosynthesis of femoral neck fractures (FNF) is accompanied by a large percentage of various

complications. The aim of this research was to study biomechanical implications arising from the stress

and strain distributions by use of new device –perforated H-beam implant. A reference 3D femur model

has been developed using digital femur geometry. The stress and deformity characteristics after the

application of force were determined by ANSYS, which entails the finite element analysis (FEA) method.

This method was used for both the perforated and non-perforated implant models and compared

following the application of constant strength. Three types of FNF were realized according to the

Pauwell classification system.

We concluded that, the perforations in the implants make the distribution of strength and pressure

homogenous along the whole implant functioning as wave breaker to reduce the pressure on the bone.

This contributes to implant stability and the minimization of bone destruction.


144

Influence of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane particles on the thermomechanical behaviour of epoxy resin

Tomas Plachy, Erika Kutalkova, Miroslav Mrlik

[email protected]

Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic

Epoxy resins are widely used in many industrial applications involving high-tech applications in aircraft

and aerospace indsutry. In this field their oustanding mechanical properties play an important role. One

of the limitation of epoxy resins as an adhesive system is their glass transition temperature, at which

mechanical properties of epoxy resins strongly change. This study deals with influence of addition of

polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane particles to epoxy resins and their effect on the thermomechanical

behaviour of prepared composites. Properties of prepared systems were investigated using differential

scanning analysis, thermomechanical analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis.

Composite thermosetic systems were prepared by mixing commercial epoxy resin, polyhedral

oligomeric silsesquioxane particles and curing agent. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane particles

were used at different loadng levels and their influence on the curing kinetics, glass transition

temperature and thermomechanical properties of prepared systems was investigated. With increasing

loading level of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane particles the curing time of the samples slightly

increased and the glass transition temperature significantly decreased. It was found that the presence

of the particles do not affect the mechanical modulus under the glass transition temperature, however,

significantly influence character of the transition and the value of the mechanical modulus over the glass

transition temperature. While pure epoxy resin without polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane particles

undergoes signifcant transition in mechanical behaviour around the glass transition temperature

represented by the values of tan δ > 1, with increasing loading level of the particles the values of the

tan δ were significantly lower and further the values of the mechanical modulus over the glass transition

temperature retain significantly higher when compared to pure resin. Thus, eventhough the use of

polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane particles in epoxy resins led to decrease in glass transition

temperature, the values of mechanical modulus over the glass transition temperature were found higher

for the systems with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane particles.

Keywords: epoxy resin, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes, glass transition temperature,

dynamic mechanical analysis



145

The optimum period introducing to increase the capacity of the railway by the net present value criterion (NPV)

Hakim Siguerdjidjene

[email protected], [email protected]

1Faculty of Science, M'hamed Bougara University, Boumerdes, Algeria. 1Laboratory of Materials and Sustainability of Bouira

The development of rail transport is mainly based on the needs of passenger mobility and transport of

freight goods, medium and long distance (200-1000 km), is offering a competitive service, quality and

price in relation the use of private car or air travel.

In this article the problem of development and improvement of the railway network Algeria c order to

perform long-term plan for the network of freight and passengers, given the near or distant prospects.

That is, investments in the amount of I (MU) are needed for the reconstruction and modernization of all

technical devices, then that increases the carrying capacity of the line. To solve this problem the most

appropriate way to develop a new economic-mathematical method for calculating the basis of a rational

transition period (Tc) to the more powerful of the railway, in which the NPV for the settlement period

(t=15 years) takes the maximum value. Since the beginning we have tried to solve this problem

analytically without restrictions and under limited conditions using revenue R (Г) and costs C (Г) as a

function of carrying capacity with a linear change in time, on the other hand we provide solutions

discounting payback period (PBP) at constant income R = const and constant with no discounting of

capital investments (I0) and discounting in time capital investments (I.αt).

Keywords:: Max Net Present Value (NPV), optimal times (tc ), payback period (PBP), capital of

investment (I), Renter (R) and expenditure (C), Productivity Г.




146

In situ testing of rail damages in accordance with Industry 4.0

Tünde Kovács, Zoltán Nyikes, Dániel Tokody [email protected]

Óbuda University, 1034 Budapest, Hungary

The railway is a very important segment of the public traffic, transport and therefore its part of the critical

infrastructure system. The speed of the trains depends on the rail conditions. The states of the rails

need continuous control to determine the train speed and the continuous traffic and transport.

The rails have complex load during theirs lifetime. In this research we wanted to find a test method

and innovates an experimental setup for the continuous state control. In our design we wanted to find

a correlation between the rail damage propagations and the loads.


147

Galvanic Corrosion Propagation Experimental Possibility by Thermographic

Camera

Ferenc Haraszti, Tünde Kovács [email protected]

Óbuda University, 1034 Budapest, Hungary

A part of the electric connections has a corrosion aptitude. It can find a galvanic corrosion process

danger in case of the contact between different electron potential metals. This process impairs the

connection resistance and mechanical properties. The conduction parameters decrease in some under

power parts because the heat increasing. This heat effect can be unperceived. By the way of

thermographic camera experiments can be discovered this irregularity on time. In this work present this

investigation and the emerging problems.

Keywords: Galvanic corrosion, resistance, thermographic camera


148

The tungsten single crystal electrophisical properties

M.L. Taubin 1, 2, E.S. Solntseva1 [email protected]

1 FSUE SRI SIA “LUCH”, Podolsk, Moscow, Russian Federation

2 National Research Nuclear University “MEPhI”, Moscow, Russian Federatio

Tungsten single crystal and its alloys are of interest in the design and manufacture of high temperature

and facilities operating at high (up to 2 500 ° C) temperatures in a high vacuum under the influence of

mechanical loads.

Therefor is out of business sufficient information about properties of these materials.

This paper shown an experimental units and demonstrates advantages of using tungsten single

crystal as structural stability material in science absorbing industry in comparison with polycrystalline

material.

The results of comparative studies of the electrophysical properties (electroconductivity, work function

of electrons, evaporation, emissivity factor) of polycrystalline and monocrystalline tungsten 4% tantalum

alloy are presented.

Thus, these results shown that monocrystalline tungsten has less work function of electrons and

evaporability than polycrystalline materials. It is important advantages for structural materials of details

and of assembly component.

It shown that monocrystalline tungsten based materials are more suitable for use under high

temperatures and high mechanical stresses than polycrystalline. Use of monocrystalline tungsten as a

structural stability material makes it possible to improve of characteristics and prolong the service life

of modern technical facilities.

Keywords: Tungsten single crystal, electrophysical properties, high temperature (up to 2 500 ° C),

high vacuum.


149

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