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Boos$ng the Spectral Efficiency of Wireless Networks via Spa$al Mul$plexing
with pCell Technology
BWRC, University of California, Berkeley April 1st, 2016
Patents, Patents Pending April 1, 2016 Page 1
Antonio Forenza, PhD Co-‐founder & CTO, Artemis Networks
Outline
• Background • SINR analysis of volumes of coherent signal • Descrip$on of pCell SDR wireless plaRorm • Experimental results • Conclusions
April 1, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 2
Forecast of Mobile Data Traffic
April 1, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 3
Global Mobile Data Traffic (Actual/Projected)
ExaB
ytes/m
onth
[Cisco’16] “Cisco visual network index: global mobile data traffic forecast update 2015-‐2020” February 2016
CAGR = 40-‐70%
Solu$ons to Spectrum Crunch
April 1, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 4
• 3 solu$ons [Qualcomm, SKT, Nokia] • More cell density • More spectrum • More spectral efficiency
“New forecasts show much more spectrum is needed.” “Operators will con$nue to deploy new cells, including small cells, and will con$nue to upgrade networks to state-‐of-‐the-‐art 4G LTE technology to take advantage of improved spectral efficiency, but that is not enough.” [CTIA’15] CTIA report to FCC, June 22, 2015
Spectrum
Cell density
Spectral efficiency
Current performance
Future performance
[3GPP] K. Mallinson, “2020 vision for LTE”, June 2012
More Cell Density
• Small cells perform poorly • Intercell interference [Andrews’15] • Handoff overhead [3GPP-‐TR36.839]
• Solu$ons • SON and ICIC [AT&T’12][Mao’08] • CoMP [3GPP-‐TR36.819][ChinaMob’11]
• High cost, difficult deployment • Zoning permits • Backhaul
Patents, Patents Pending April 1, 2016 Page 5
“AT&T has dropped plans to deploy 40,000 small cells on its network by the end of 2015” Fierce Wireless, March 2015
[Andrews’15]
[BS/Km3]
[bps/H
z/m
2 ]
0
BS-‐to-‐BS distance of 50m
More Spectrum
Patents, Patents Pending April 1, 2016 Page 6 [Rappaport’14]
• Na$onal Broadband Plan [FCC’10] • 547 MHz available in 2010 for mobile broadband • Allocate 500 MHz by 2020
• LTE-‐U [Forum’15][Qualcomm’15] • Operate LTE in ISM unlicensed 5GHz band • Use 200 MHz of spectrum (+300 MHz for future use)
• Millimeter-‐wave [Heath’16] • Pros: large bandwidth
• BW=4GHz @ 28 and 38 GHz • BW=7GHz @ 60 GHz
• Cons: pathloss, body absorp$on (blocking) • Short-‐range links up to 200m
[Qualcomm’15]
More Spectral Efficiency
• Massive-‐MIMO • Theory: asympto$cally noise/interference-‐free links [Marzeqa’10][Larsson’14] • Requires upgrade to 4G LTE standard, proposed for Pre-‐5G [3GPP-‐Rel.13] • Prac$cal only at mmWave, complex RF design • Centralized cellular architecture
• Pilot contamina$on • Coordina$on between cells
• 4-‐8x mux gain with 64-‐128 antennas [ZTE’16][Intel’16]
• pCell • Theory: dirty paper coding [Caire’03][Viswanath’03][Yu’04] • Compliant with standard LTE Rel.8 devices, readily deployable • Works at any frequency band, simple frequency-‐agile RRHs (pWaves) • Distributed architecture, no cells • 16x mux gain with 24 antennas, can scale to higher orders
Patents, Patents Pending April 1, 2016 Page 7
4 users, SNR=10dB
pCell C-‐RAN
[Samsung’12] [Larsson’14]
Downlink Spectral Efficiency 5 MHz, 2-‐antenna LTE devices
pCell Performance Today
April 1, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 8
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Spectral Efficien
cy (b
ps/H
z)
pCell LTE HSPA+
[Rysavy’14] Rysavy Research/4G Americas, August 2014
1.2 bps/Hz per sector
59.3 bps/Hz per area ≥1 m2
1.7 bps/Hz per sector
Presented results
Cellular vs. pCell Coverage
Patents, Patents Pending April 1, 2016 Page 9
Base Sta$on User Equipment Power distribu$on
Cellular Coverage
pCell Coverage
Cellular vs. pCell SINR
Patents, Patents Pending April 1, 2016 Page 10
Base Sta$on User Equipment SINR (darker is higher)
pCells
Real-‐world Cellular SINR
Real-‐world pCell SINR
Cellular Layout, Sparse Users
April 1, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 11
Cellular Layout, Clustered Users
April 1, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 12
Serendipitous Layout, Sparse Users
April 1, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 13
Data Rate Performance
April 1, 2016 Page 14
200mW Max 64-‐QAM
500mW Max 256-‐QAM
Outline
• Background • SINR analysis of volumes of coherent signal • Descrip$on of pCell SDR wireless plaRorm • Experimental results • Conclusions
April 1, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 15
System and Channel Models
• System model: N transmiqers, U users • Channel model [Svantesson’00]
• Volume of coherent signal
Patents, Patents Pending April 1, 2016 Page 16
SINR at Displaced Loca$on
Patents, Patents Pending April 1, 2016 Page 17
ZF precoding
Spherical Bessel func$on of the first kind and order Legendre polynomial of degree
• With linear precoder • Mul$pole expansion [Poon’05]
• Exact expression
Dimension of Volume of Coherent Signal
Patents, Patents Pending April 1, 2016 Page 18
• Approxima$on for • LOS components only and
• Radius of volume of coherent signal
kr <<1
N =U
Envelope SINR
April 1, 2016 Page 19
Centralized transmiqers (ULA with λ/2 spacing)
Distributed transmiqers N = 10, U = 8
Patents, Patents Pending
Volumes of Coherent Signal
Patents, Patents Pending April 1, 2016 Page 20
N = 16, U = 10, SINRo = 5dB
Outline
• Background • SINR analysis of volumes of coherent signal • Descrip$on of pCell SDR wireless plaRorm • Experimental results • Conclusions
April 1, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 21
Hardware Architecture
Patents, Patents Pending April 1, 2016 Page 22
LTE UEs
Internet
pCell Data Center
Sowware Architecture
Patents, Patents Pending April 1, 2016 Page 23
Internet
pCell Processing
IP Routing
0 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
A
E F
B C
D
H
G
pCell Data Center
Fronthaul
pCell antenna
LTE UE
pCell
eNB
VRI 0
eNB
VRI 1
eNB
VRI 2
eNB
VRI 3
eNB
VRI 4
eNB
VRI 5
eNB
VRI 6
eNB
VRI 7
TDD LTE Frame
Patents, Patents Pending April 1, 2016 Page 24
SF #0 SF #1 SF #2 SF #3 SF #4 SF #5 SF #6 SF #7 SF #8 SF #9 SRS 1 SRS 2 SRS 1 SRS 2
1 msec
Outline
• Background • SINR analysis of volumes of coherent signal • Descrip$on of pCell SDR wireless plaRorm • Experimental results • Conclusions
April 1, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 25
Indoor Trials
April 1, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 26
16 iPhone 6 Pluses in 1 Square Meter
April 1, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 27
1m x 1m Plexiglass table
Measured LTE MAC-‐level SE
April 1, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 28
Uplink (Uniform Peak: 27.5 bps/Hz)
18 meters
Downlink (Avg. 59.3, Peak 59.8 bps/Hz)
14 m
eters
Outdoor Trials
Patents, Patents Pending April 1, 2016 Page 29
0.5 to 5W PA
Power (if Fiber)
• Roowops in downtown SF • 600 roowops available • 58 roowops for first trial • About 500 pWaves for beta-‐tes$ng
pWave 1.0: 600-‐6000 MHz
Patents, Patents Pending Page 30
• 0.5 to 5W PA • GPS or Ethernet sync • PoE or Fiber
April 1, 2016
pWave Installa$ons
Patents, Patents Pending April 1, 2016 Page 31
Power (if Fiber)
LTE Antennas
Fiber, power
pWaves
Frequency-‐agile RRH
Outline
• Background • SINR analysis of volumes of coherent signal • Descrip$on of pCell SDR wireless plaRorm • Experimental results • Conclusions
April 1, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 32
Conclusions
• Higher SE is the prac$cal solu$on to “spectrum crunch”
• Distributed antennas enable confined volumes with peak SINR
• Volumes for mul$ple users yield large spa$al mul$plexing gain
• Large mul$plexing gain with a deployable SDR wireless plaRorm
April 1, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 33
References
Patents, Patents Pending April 1, 2016 Page 34
• [Artemis’15] S.G. Perlman and A. Forenza, “An introduc$on to pCell”, Feb. 2015. hqp://www.rearden.com/artemis/An-‐Introduc$on-‐to-‐pCell-‐White-‐Paper-‐150224.pdf • [Cisco’16] Cisco, “Cisco visual network index: global mobile data traffic forecast update, 2015-‐2020”, White paper, Feb. 3, 2016
hqp://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solu$ons/collateral/service-‐provider/visual-‐networking-‐index-‐vni/mobile-‐white-‐paper-‐c11-‐520862.html • [Qualcomm] “The 1000x mobile data challenge”, Nov. 2013 hqps://www.qualcomm.com/inven$on/1000x • [SKT] H. Park, “Efficient spectrum resource usage for next-‐genera$on N/W”, SK Telecom, 3GPP workshop on Rel.12 and onwards, Jun. 2012
hqp://www.3gpp.org/wp/workshop/2012-‐06-‐11_12_RAN_REL12/Docs/RWS-‐120020.zip • [Nokia] “Support up to 1000 $mes more capacity”, hqp://networks.nokia.com/innova$on/technology-‐vision/1000x-‐capacity • [3GPP] K. Mallinson, “2020 vision for LTE”, 3GPP, June 2012 hqp://www.3gpp.org/news-‐events/press-‐clippings/1261-‐2020-‐vision-‐for-‐lte • [CTIA’15] Sawanobori, T., Roche, R., “Mobile Data Demand: Growth Forecasts Met”, June 22, 2015. CTIA.
hqp://www.c$a.org/docs/default-‐source/default-‐document-‐library/062115mobile-‐data-‐demands-‐white-‐paper.pdf • [Andrews’15] A.K. Gupta, X. Zhang, J.G. Andrews, “Poten$al throughput in 3D ultradense cellular networks,” IEEE Asilomar Conf. on Sign. Syst. and Comp., Nov. 2015
[3GPP-‐TR36.839] 3GPP, “Mobility Enhancements in Heterogeneous Networks (Release 11),” TR 36.839, v11.0.0, Sep. 2012 hqp://www.3gpp.org/dynareport/36839.htm • [AT&T’12] “AT&T deploying SON technology as part of latest network upgrades”, Feb. 2012 hqp://www.cellular-‐news.com/story/Operators/53297.php • [Mao’08] X. Mao, A. Maaref, K. H. Teo “Adap$ve Sow Frequency Reuse for Inter-‐Cell Interference Coordina$on in SC-‐FDMA Based 3GPP LTE Uplinks,” Globecom, 2008 • [3GPP-‐TR36.819] 3GPP TR 36.819, “Coordinated mul$-‐point opera$on for LTE physical layer aspects (Rel. 11)”, Dec. 2011, hqp://www.qtc.jp/3GPP/Specs/36819-‐b10.pdf • [ChinaMob’11] “C-‐RAN, the road towards green RAN”, Oct. 2011 hqp://labs.chinamobile.com/cran/wp-‐content/uploads/CRAN_white_paper_v2_5_EN.pdf, p, 22 • [AT&T’15] Fierce Wireless, “AT&T drops goal of deploying 40,000 small cells on its network by end of 2015,” Mar. 2015
hqp://www.fiercewireless.com/story/aq-‐drops-‐goal-‐deploying-‐40000-‐small-‐cells-‐end-‐2015-‐ci$ng-‐benefits-‐leap-‐de/2015-‐03-‐05 • [FCC’10] FCC, “Connec$ng America: the na$onal broadband plan”, p.84 hqp://download.broadband.gov/plan/na$onal-‐broadband-‐plan.pdf • [Forum’15] LTE-‐U Forum, “Coexistence study for LTE-‐U SDL,” LTE-‐U technical report, Feb. 2015
hqp://www.lteuforum.org/uploads/3/5/6/8/3568127/lte-‐u_forum_lte-‐u_technical_report_v1.0.pdf • [Qualcomm’15] “LTE-‐U/LAA, MuLTEfire and Wi-‐Fi, making best use of unlicensed spectrum,” Sep. 2015
hqps://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/making-‐the-‐best-‐use-‐of-‐unlicensed-‐spectrum-‐presenta$on.pdf
References
Patents, Patents Pending April 1, 2016 Page 35
• [Heath’16] R.W. Heath, “Millimeter wave for 5G finding a new spectrum mother load,” Invited talk, Jan. 2016 hqp://www.ece.utexas.edu/~rheath/presenta$ons/2016/MillimeterWave5GFindingNewSpectrumMotherLoad.pdf
• [Rappaport’14] T. Rappaport, “Millimeter wave cellular communica$ons,” IEEE Comm. Theory Workshop, May 2014 hqp://www.ieee-‐ctw.org/2014/slides/session1/Ted_Rappaport_CTW2014.pdf
• [Marzeqa’10] T. L. Marzeqa, “Noncoopera$ve cellular wireless with unlimited numbers of base sta$on antennas,” IEEE Trans. on Wireless Commun., vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 3590–3600, Nov. 2010.
• [Larsson’14] E. Larsson, O. Edfors, and T.L. Marzeqa, “Massive MIMO for next genera$on wireless systems”, IEEE Comm. Magazine, pp.186-‐195, Feb. 2014. • [3GPP-‐Rel.13] D. Flore, “Ini$al priori$es for the evolu$on of the evolu$on of LTE in Release-‐13”, 3GPP RAN, Sep. 20, 2014.
hqp://www.3gpp.org/news-‐events/3gpp-‐news/1628-‐rel13 • [ZTE’16] “ZTE wins two awards at MWC”, Feb. 2016 hqps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tO1a6ESsO5w • [Intel’16] Intel “How will Massive MIMO Improve 5G Data Transfers? Intel Explains”, Feb. 2016 hqps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k3ZqaxikXdk • [Samsung’12] Y. Kim, “Full dimension MIMO and beamforming technologies for B4G,” Samsung, Oct. 2012 • [Caire’03] G. Caire and S. Shamai (Shitz), “On the achievable throughput of a mul$antenna Gaussian broadcast channel,” IEEE Trans. on Inform. Theory, vol. 49, pp. 1691–
1706, July 2003. • [Viswanath’03] S. Vishwanath, N. Jindal, and A. Goldsmith, “Duality, achievable rates, and sum-‐rate capacity of Gaussian MIMO broadcast channels,” IEEE Trans. on Inform.
Theory, vol. 49, pp. 2658–2668, Oct. 2003. • [Yu’04] W. Yu and J.M. Cioffi, “Sum capacity of Gaussian vector broadcast channels,” IEEE Trans. on Inform. Theory, vol. 50, pp. 1875–1892, Sept. 2004. • [Svantesson’00] T. Svantesson, “A study of polariza$on diversity using an electromagne$c spa$o-‐temporal channel model,” Proc. IEEE Veh. Tech. Conf., vol. 1, Sep. 2000. • [Poon’05] A.S.Y. Poon, R.W. Brodersen, and D.N.C. Tse, “Degrees of freedom in mul$ple-‐antenna channels: A signal space approach,” IEEE Trans. Info. Th., Feb. 2005.
Thank you
Patents, Patents Pending April 1, 2016 Page 36
pCell Videos at www.artemis.com
Patents, Patents Pending April 1, 2016 Page 37