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Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Environmental and Crop Management Differences Between Brazilian and
American Soybean Production
Dr. Roger BorgesUWEX Soybean Specialist
1
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Evolution of Soybean Asian Rust Distribution in Brazil
Sorce: http://soybeanrust.zedxinc.com/2
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Evolution of Soybean Asian Rust Distribution in Brazil
Sorce: http://soybeanrust.zedxinc.com/3
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Evolution of Soybean Asian Rust Distribution in Brazil
Sorce: http://soybeanrust.zedxinc.com/4
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Evolution of Soybean Asian Rust Distribution in Brazil
Sorce: http://soybeanrust.zedxinc.com/5
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Latin America’sPrevalent
Winds Directions in March
6
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – AgronomyRUST DISTRIBUTION 2003/04 – July 7, 2004
MT
GO
BOLIVIASonora, MS
S. G. D’Oeste, MS
Ponta Porã
Vilhena, RO
Boa Vista, Roraima
Paragominas, PA, April, 2004
EQUATOR
Conc. Das Alagoas,Planura,
Frutal... MG
Paranapanema,
Taquarituba... SP
Canoinhas,
Papanduva... SC
Balsas, MAPA
TO
PI
MA
BA
SP
PR
SC
RS
MS
Argentina: April 23, 2004
Misiones, Formosa, Santiago del Estero
Santarem, PA, May,2004
7
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
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CLIMATE COMPARISON
Arkansas Wisconsin
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Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
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Goias –Brazil
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Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
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CLIMATE COMPARISON
Arkansas Wisconsin
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Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Max
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Goias –Brazil
Tem
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Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
CLIMATE COMPARISON
Arkansas Wisconsin
Growing Season Total = 19 in
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Growing Season Total = 18.6 in
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Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
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Min
Goias –Brazil
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2
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Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Growing Season Total = 50 in
Tem
per
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reci
pit
atio
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10
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
0
10
20
30
40
50
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70
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Max
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20
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Max
Min
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2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
CLIMATE COMPARISON
Arkansas Wisconsin
Growing Season Total = 19 in
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Growing Season Total = 18.6 in
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Max
Min
Goias –Brazil
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Growing Season Total = 50 in
Tem
per
atu
reP
reci
pit
atio
n
Critical window for rust!
Critical window for rust?
Critical window for rust?
11
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy12
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
ROW SPACING & PLANT POPULATION
Row Spacing 16 to 20 inches
Plant Population 100 to 130 thousand plants per acre
Source: 2005. EMBRAPA. Tecnologias de Producao de Soja para a Regiao Central do Brasil.
13
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy14
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Extended period of sowing makes rust control difficult
Tapurah, Mato Grosso, Feb. 23, 2004
Vegetative
Pod filling
Harvesting
15
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – AgronomyPalmeira, PR – March 31, 2004
Early planting
Late planting
16
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
SOYBEAN RUST COST - BRAZIL 2003
Soybean area affected: 80% = 37 million acres
Average of 1 spray / growing season
Fungicide price change in West of Bahia: exchangeDec. 2002: $ 22.41 – $ 25.86/L 3.73 R/$Feb./Mar. 2003: $ 41.30 – $ 44.83/L 3.47 R/$
Average cost of 1 spray/ac = $ 11.54
Control cost = $ 426 million Yield loss = $ 737 million
TOTAL = 1.64 BILLION DOLLARS
* Source: Embrapa 200317
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
SOYBEAN RUST COST – BRAZIL 2004
Soybean area affected: 70% = 37 million acres
Average of 1.5 spraying / growing season
Fungicide price change in the state of goias: exchangeDec. 2003: $ 40.31/l 2.93 r/$Feb. 2004: $ 58.00/l (+43.88%) 2.91 r/$
Average cost on 1 spray/ac = $14.5
Control cost = $ 860 million Yield loss = $ 1.225 billion
TOTAL COST = $2.085 BILLION DOLLARS
* Source: CONAB – April/200418
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
MAIN CHALLENGES IN RUST CONTROL IN BRAZIL
Contínuous presence of the fungus in the field; Difficulty in identifying the fungus at early stage; Confusion with other foliar diseases: brown spot, bacterial pustule,
bacterial blight, etc; Difficulty for spraying under excessive rain; Long sowing period: September to January; Shortage of fungicide supply; Reduced spraying capability for large acreage; Large areas for short spraying time under rainy condition; Lack of detailed information on systemic activity and performance of
fungicides under diverse condition.
19
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Cruzaltinha, RS - April 26 2002 * Fonte: COSTAMILAN & BERTAGNOLLI, Fitopatol. bras. 27(Suplemento): S100. 2002
TREATEDUNTREATED
BRS 154BRS 153
23.3 bu/a *48% loss
44.9 bu/a *
44.7 bu/a* 34.5 bu/a*23% loss
PARTIAL GENETIC RESISTANCE
20
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Primavera do Leste, MT – Feb. 21 2003
SprayedSprayed
Not Sprayed
21
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Roda Velha, BA - March 8, 2003
TREATED
UNTREATED: 6 bu/a
22
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
UNSPRAYED
Primavera do Leste, MT - February 21, 200423
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
EFFECT OF RUST ON WEIGHT AND VOLUME OF 500 GRAINS BETWEEN SPRAYED AND UNSPRAYED FIELDS
71,2 g 42,3 g
Weight difference of 500 grains:
40,6%
SPRAYED UNSPRAYED
Faz. Strasse, São Desidério, BA - March 12, 200424
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
SPEED OF LESION
DEVELOPMENT AND
SPORULATION IN BRAZIL
25
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
5th DAY FROM FIRST EXPOSURE
EXPOSURE DATE: Sep. 26, 2003 Photo: Oct. 1, 2003: 5 DAE26
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
9th DAY FROM FIRST EXPOSURE
EXPOSURE DATE: Sep. 22, 2003 Photo: Oct. 1, 2003: 9 DAE27
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
25 DAYS FROM FIRST EXPOSURE
EXPOSURE DATE: Sep. 27, 2003 Photo: Oct. 22, 2003: 25 DAE28
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
25 DAYS FROM FIRST EXPOSURE
EXPOSURE DATE: Sep. 27, 2003 Photo: Oct. 22, 2003: 25 DAE29
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
HOW SOON CAN IT HIT??30
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
SPRAYING TECHNOLOGY
Source: Jornal da Coopavel. December 2004.
Increase volume according to Leaf Area Index Typically 15 to 25 gal/ac
Droplet 0.008 to 0.016 inches in Diameter
Minimum 190 to 250 droplets per square inches
Tips: Single or Twin Flat Fan
Observe weather condition:Relative humidity not lower than 55 %Temperature not higher than 86 0FWind speed: avoid spraying under still or high wind
31
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
WHEN TO SPRAY DEPENDS ON:
Plant development stage
32
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – AgronomyVegetative growth stage – No flowers33
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – AgronomyR2 growth stage – Full flower34
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – AgronomyR3 growth stage - Podding35
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
WHEN TO SPRAY DEPENDS ON:
Plant development stage
First detection of rust in the region, or in a particular field
Climatic condition
Size of field to be sprayed / spraying capability
36
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy37
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
WHEN TO SPRAY DEPENDS ON:
Plant development stage
First detection of rust in the region, or in a particular field
Climatic condition
Size of field to be sprayed / spraying capability
Efficacy of fungicide at hand
Foliar disease / insect complex ...
38
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Stage R1 – Beginning Flower
54 DAP ?One open flower at anynode on the main stem
39
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Stage R2 – Full Flower
56 DAP ?Open flower at one of the two uppermost developed nodes on the main stem
40
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Stage R3 – Beginning Pod
One pod at least 3/16 in long at one of the four uppermost fully developed node on the main stem
62 DAP ?
41
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Stage R4 – Full Pod
74 DAP ?
One pod at least 3/4 in long at one of the four uppermost fully developed node on the main stem
42
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Stage R5 – Beginning to Seed
84 DAP ?
Seed 1/8 inch long at one of the four uppermost fully developed node on the main stem
43
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Stage R6 – Full Seed
95 DAP ?
One green seed that fills the pod cavity at one the four uppermost fully developed node on the main stem
44
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Stage R7 – Beginning Maturity
95 DAP ?
One pod in the main stem that has reached mature color
45
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Question? Comments?
46
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
CROP MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES TO CONTROL RUST IN WISCONSIN
Dr. Roger BorgesUWEX Soybean Specialist
1
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Plant acreage compatible to spraying capability/availability!
Use early maturing cultivars and plant early?
Consider spraying needs when deciding on row spacing and plant population.
Avoid extending dew time with irrigation!
Scout for rust continuously!
CROP MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES TO CONTROL RUST IN WISCONSIN
2
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
CENTRAL PIVOT IRRIGATED SECOND PLANTING, 40-DAYS OLD SOYBEANS, IN CENTRAL BRAZIL.
Primavera do Leste, Mato Grosso, July 1, 20033
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
SECOND CROP IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL.Campo Mourão, Paraná, May 5, 2004
Controlled lesions
Ressurgence?
4
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – AgronomyTOLERANT/HYPERSENSITIVE CULTIVARS
WANTED
5
Borges, © 2002-2005University of Wisconsin – Agronomy
Acknowledged Contributions
Yorinori Tadashi – EmbrapaGlen L. Hartman – USDA/UIUCX.B. Yang - Iowa State University
7