Bottled Water and The Environment Outcomes of Lecture: You are consumers so you make decisions with your money. Bottled water makes a lot of money for

Bottled Water and Bottled Water and The EnvironmentThe Environment

Outcomes of Lecture:Outcomes of Lecture:You are consumers so you make decisions with your money.You are consumers so you make decisions with your money.

Bottled water makes a lot of money for big business.Bottled water makes a lot of money for big business.Manufacturing of plastic bottles uses lots of water.Manufacturing of plastic bottles uses lots of water.

Bottled water is environmentally expensive to distribute.Bottled water is environmentally expensive to distribute.Free Lunch? - Bottled water dries up springs and rivers.Free Lunch? - Bottled water dries up springs and rivers.

Park RecordPark RecordPark City, UtahPark City, Utah

Oakley water 'special'Oakley water 'special'By Patrick ParkinsonBy Patrick ParkinsonOf the Record staff Of the Record staff

Saturday, March 20, 2004Saturday, March 20, 2004 - - A Park City water company will soon be bottling A Park City water company will soon be bottling water from a spring in Oakley for sale to exclusive restaurants nationwide. water from a spring in Oakley for sale to exclusive restaurants nationwide. Robert Sasser, a proprietor of Wasatch Ice Water Company, said based on Robert Sasser, a proprietor of Wasatch Ice Water Company, said based on carbon dating, the water is more than carbon dating, the water is more than 21,000 years old.21,000 years old.

"It's a completely protected aquifer, which is very, very unusual, Sasser said. "It's a completely protected aquifer, which is very, very unusual, Sasser said.

Oakley residents often call the water "dinosaur water or "the springs of eternal Oakley residents often call the water "dinosaur water or "the springs of eternal life, Sasser said. life, Sasser said.

"There's no contaminates of any kind in the water, he said, adding that the "There's no contaminates of any kind in the water, he said, adding that the water was discovered nearly 2,000 feet underground. water was discovered nearly 2,000 feet underground.

Sasser said when marketed commercially, the Oakley water would be “Sasser said when marketed commercially, the Oakley water would be “the most the most expensive water in the United States.” expensive water in the United States.”

"We just got the well about six years ago, Woolstenhulme said, adding that the "We just got the well about six years ago, Woolstenhulme said, adding that the city obtained water rights from the state to use the well water last year. The city obtained water rights from the state to use the well water last year. The well is near land leased by the company.” well is near land leased by the company.”

Bottled Water in U.S.Bottled Water in U.S.

Americans shell out more than $10,000 "every minute of Americans shell out more than $10,000 "every minute of every day" or up to 30 cents for a glass of bottled water*every day" or up to 30 cents for a glass of bottled water*

1978 Consumption = 415 Million Gallons**1978 Consumption = 415 Million Gallons**

2000s Consumption = 5.4 Billion Gallons**2000s Consumption = 5.4 Billion Gallons**

Per capita consumption increased from 10.5 gallons in Per capita consumption increased from 10.5 gallons in 1993 to 22.6 gallons in 2003.***1993 to 22.6 gallons in 2003.***

* Consumer Reports Magazine (2000) * Consumer Reports Magazine (2000)

** Water Follies (2002), ***msnbc (2005) ** Water Follies (2002), ***msnbc (2005)

Who Drinks Bottled Water?Who Drinks Bottled Water?

60% Of Americans60% Of Americans

43 Billion 16 ounce 43 Billion 16 ounce bottlesbottles

http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2002/402_h2o.html

Why Drink Bottled Water?Why Drink Bottled Water?

www.toothpastefordinner.com/102002/ drink-bottled-water.gif

Bottled Water is Big BusinessBottled Water is Big Business

REVENUES REVENUES (2003)(2003)

$7.7 Billion in $7.7 Billion in USUS

$35 Billion $35 Billion Worldwide Worldwide

(Beverage Marketing (Beverage Marketing Corp.)Corp.)

Who Are The Players?Who Are The Players?

700 brands are sold in the United States700 brands are sold in the United States

Aquafina = PepsiCoAquafina = PepsiCo

Dasani = Coca-ColaDasani = Coca-Cola

Deja Blue = Dr. Pepper/SevenUpDeja Blue = Dr. Pepper/SevenUp

Nestle = Perrier and 72 brands in 160 countriesNestle = Perrier and 72 brands in 160 countries

Dannon = Visit one of their plants at Mt. Shasta!Dannon = Visit one of their plants at Mt. Shasta!

Who Is Perrier?Who Is Perrier?

““Perrier” = 32% of U.S MarketPerrier” = 32% of U.S Market ArrowheadArrowhead Calistoga (Spring & Mineral)Calistoga (Spring & Mineral) Poland SpringPoland Spring OzarkaOzarka Ice MountainIce Mountain Deer ParkDeer Park Perrier (Mineral Water)Perrier (Mineral Water)

Who is Dannon?Who is Dannon?

No. 2 worldwide in bottled water No. 2 worldwide in bottled water EvianEvian Volvic (Mineral Water) Volvic (Mineral Water) Dannon Natural Spring Water (Dannon Natural Spring Water (from Mt. Shastafrom Mt. Shasta)) Pure AmericanPure American Enon SpringsEnon Springs Alhambra Junior Sport Drinking Water Alhambra Junior Sport Drinking Water Sparkletts Junior Sport Drinking WaterSparkletts Junior Sport Drinking Water

Who Dominates Market In Who Dominates Market In Oregon?Oregon?

Nestle = 29%Nestle = 29%Crystal Geyser = 20%Crystal Geyser = 20%Pepsi = 20%Pepsi = 20%Coca-Cola = 18%Coca-Cola = 18%

Others = EartHOthers = EartH220 and other smaller 0 and other smaller

bottlers who are our neighbors = bottlers who are our neighbors = 4%4%

Types of Bottled WaterTypes of Bottled Water Artesian Water/Artesian Well WaterArtesian Water/Artesian Well Water - Water from a well that taps an aquifer in which - Water from a well that taps an aquifer in which

the water level stands at some height above the top of the aquifer. the water level stands at some height above the top of the aquifer. Not as valuable as Not as valuable as Spring Water, but may be the same water.Spring Water, but may be the same water.

Drinking WaterDrinking Water - Water that is bottled sanitarily without added sweetners or chemical - Water that is bottled sanitarily without added sweetners or chemical additives. Flavors, extracts, or essences may be added.additives. Flavors, extracts, or essences may be added.

Mineral WaterMineral Water - Water containing no less than 250 parts per million total dissolved - Water containing no less than 250 parts per million total dissolved solids. Many times from a geothermal well or spring.solids. Many times from a geothermal well or spring.

Purified WaterPurified Water - Water from which all minerals and any other solids have been - Water from which all minerals and any other solids have been removed. May also be called distilled, deionized, or reverse osmosis.removed. May also be called distilled, deionized, or reverse osmosis.

Sparkling WaterSparkling Water - Water that after treatment and possible replacement with carbon - Water that after treatment and possible replacement with carbon dioxide.dioxide.

Spring WaterSpring Water - Water derived from an underground formation from which water flows - Water derived from an underground formation from which water flows naturally to the surface of the earth. naturally to the surface of the earth. It must be collected only at the spring or through a It must be collected only at the spring or through a bore hole tapping the underground formation.bore hole tapping the underground formation.

Well WaterWell Water - Water from a hole drilled in the ground which taps the water of an aquifer. - Water from a hole drilled in the ground which taps the water of an aquifer.

http://www.soc.duke.edu/~s142tm16/glossary.htm

Sources of Bottled WaterSources of Bottled Water

Premium Sources ($$) Premium Sources ($$) Cool & Geothermal SpringsCool & Geothermal Springs

Periodic Spring, WYPeriodic Spring, WY Thermopolis Hot Springs, WYThermopolis Hot Springs, WY

Bottled Water vs. Tap WaterBottled Water vs. Tap Water Bottled water is Bottled water is alotalot more expensive than tap water. more expensive than tap water. Let’s go shopping and find out how much it costs:Let’s go shopping and find out how much it costs: Corvallis Tap Water = $0.03 to $0.05 per gallonCorvallis Tap Water = $0.03 to $0.05 per gallon Brita Filter Pitcher ($25.00) and filter ($8.00) = the filter alone Brita Filter Pitcher ($25.00) and filter ($8.00) = the filter alone

gets us to $0.10 to $0.12 /gal.gets us to $0.10 to $0.12 /gal. Vending Machine (BYOB): $0.30 to $0.40/galVending Machine (BYOB): $0.30 to $0.40/gal Bulk water (No Fancy Bottle): Treated Portland Water ($0.68/gal); Bulk water (No Fancy Bottle): Treated Portland Water ($0.68/gal);

Unknown Spring ($0.78/gal)Unknown Spring ($0.78/gal) Bottled Waters: Bottled Waters: Mt. Shasta = $2.56/gal to Mt. Shasta = $2.56/gal to

Perrier = $5.03/gal Perrier = $5.03/gal Park City “Ice” Water = $18.00/galPark City “Ice” Water = $18.00/gal

About About one-fourthone-fourth of bottled water is treated tap water. of bottled water is treated tap water.Aquafina = $3.77/galAquafina = $3.77/galDasani = $3.38/galDasani = $3.38/gal

Retail outlets charge upwards of $50,000 for shelf space, and make Retail outlets charge upwards of $50,000 for shelf space, and make about 50% of the profits.about 50% of the profits.

Bottled Water RegulationsBottled Water Regulations Bottled water, unlike tap water provided by a utility, Bottled water, unlike tap water provided by a utility,

is considered a food. The U.S. Food and Drug is considered a food. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates bottled water.Administration (FDA) regulates bottled water.

EPA is responsible for the safety of drinking water EPA is responsible for the safety of drinking water from public water systems through SDWA.from public water systems through SDWA.

(Joe Gelt, Arroyo, 1996; IBWA, 2003)(Joe Gelt, Arroyo, 1996; IBWA, 2003)

Corvallis Water & SDWACorvallis Water & SDWA

Corvallis Water & SDWACorvallis Water & SDWA

What’s In Bottled Water?What’s In Bottled Water?

“Drink lots of water.

Tap water is best, but if you must drink

bottled water, do 60 extra sit-ups per day because bottled water contains an enzyme that produces more cellulite to the abdomen.”

The Sarcasm Diet (2003)

Contaminants Found in Bottled Water?Contaminants Found in Bottled Water?

22% violated enforceable limits.22% violated enforceable limits.

17% violated guidelines.17% violated guidelines. Some waters exceeded both Some waters exceeded both

state limits and state guidelines, state limits and state guidelines, so the total that violated one or so the total that violated one or the other was 33%the other was 33%

(NRDC, 1997-1999) (NRDC, 1997-1999)

Percentages indicate % of waters for Percentages indicate % of waters for which at least one test found which at least one test found containment. Number of waters containment. Number of waters tested: 103.tested: 103.

Is Bottled Water Safer?Is Bottled Water Safer? In 1989 the Environmental Policy Institute concluded that In 1989 the Environmental Policy Institute concluded that bottled water bottled water

is not necessarily any safer than tap water…due to bacterial growth in is not necessarily any safer than tap water…due to bacterial growth in the water. the water.

EPA's Office of Groundwater and Drinking Water, stresses that EPA's Office of Groundwater and Drinking Water, stresses that although studies are inconclusive on the issue, although studies are inconclusive on the issue, bacteria in bottled bacteria in bottled water doesn't seem to be a significant problemwater doesn't seem to be a significant problem. . (Critical thinking in (Critical thinking in action?)action?)

February 1990, benzene, a chemical known to cause cancer in February 1990, benzene, a chemical known to cause cancer in humans, was detected in bottles of Perrier at levels that exceeded by humans, was detected in bottles of Perrier at levels that exceeded by four times the EPA standards for tap water. four times the EPA standards for tap water. Perrier recalled more than Perrier recalled more than 170 million bottles as a result of the contamination170 million bottles as a result of the contamination

Perrier incident prompts U.S. General Accounting Office to charge the Perrier incident prompts U.S. General Accounting Office to charge the FDA with failing to set "adequate safety standards for chemical FDA with failing to set "adequate safety standards for chemical contamination of bottled water." contamination of bottled water."

March 19, 2004March 19, 2004

Is Bottled Water Safer?Is Bottled Water Safer?

In 1994, the FDA passed regulations that impose the same In 1994, the FDA passed regulations that impose the same standards on bottled water as the EPA imposes on tap water.standards on bottled water as the EPA imposes on tap water. An exception is lead: lead content may not exceed 5 parts per An exception is lead: lead content may not exceed 5 parts per billion in bottled water, whereas EPA limits lead in tap water to billion in bottled water, whereas EPA limits lead in tap water to 15 parts per billion. 15 parts per billion.

Bottled water may help to bypass other potential problems Bottled water may help to bypass other potential problems brought about by the practice of public water suppliers of brought about by the practice of public water suppliers of adding chlorine to drinking water to remove bacteria.adding chlorine to drinking water to remove bacteria. Although Although chlorine kills bacteria effectively, it can react with organic chlorine kills bacteria effectively, it can react with organic matter in water to form by-products such as matter in water to form by-products such as trihalomethanestrihalomethanes which have been linked to bladder and rectal cancers. Chlorine which have been linked to bladder and rectal cancers. Chlorine is not used as a disinfectant in bottled water. is not used as a disinfectant in bottled water.

Corvallis Water & SWDACorvallis Water & SWDA

Bottled Water Environmental ProblemsBottled Water Environmental Problems

It takes 1,851 gallons of water to refine one barrel of crude It takes 1,851 gallons of water to refine one barrel of crude oil.**oil.**

Twenty-four gallons of water are needed to make one pound Twenty-four gallons of water are needed to make one pound of plastic. **of plastic. **

1.5 million tons of plastic used per year to make bottles for 1.5 million tons of plastic used per year to make bottles for bottled water.***bottled water.***

That’s 24gal/pd X 2000 pd/ton x 1.5 million tons = 72 billion That’s 24gal/pd X 2000 pd/ton x 1.5 million tons = 72 billion gallons of water or 24 times the quantity of water used by the gallons of water or 24 times the quantity of water used by the City of Corvallis every year to make bottles City of Corvallis every year to make bottles that are emptythat are empty. .

**Emily Gersema, Associated Press (2003)**Emily Gersema, Associated Press (2003)***FAO***FAO


Another look at the situation:Another look at the situation:

1.5 million tons of plastic used per year to make 1.5 million tons of plastic used per year to make bottles for bottled water.bottles for bottled water.

American Plastics Association indicates that for American Plastics Association indicates that for every kilo (2.2 lbs.) of plastic used for PET every kilo (2.2 lbs.) of plastic used for PET bottled water bottles, it takes about 0.6 gallons bottled water bottles, it takes about 0.6 gallons of oil.of oil.

That’s…. That’s….

1.5 M tons X 2000 lbs/ton X 0.3 gal/lb. X 1 bbl/42gal = 1.5 M tons X 2000 lbs/ton X 0.3 gal/lb. X 1 bbl/42gal = 21.4 M bbl of oil to make empty PET bottles21.4 M bbl of oil to make empty PET bottles


“…“…an immense waste of energy and plastic and resources if you an immense waste of energy and plastic and resources if you consider the number of bottles that are made and transported consider the number of bottles that are made and transported and disposed of…” (NRDC) and disposed of…” (NRDC)

US Consumes Equivalent US Consumes Equivalent of of 43 Billion43 Billion 16 ounce 16 ounce Polyester (PET) bottlesPolyester (PET) bottles

Only 16% of bottles get recycled Only 16% of bottles get recycled in California, in California, only 12% in USonly 12% in US, yet , yet the bottles can be recycled 20 to 30 the bottles can be recycled 20 to 30 times.times.

Recycling rate has fallen from Recycling rate has fallen from 54% in 1994 to 19% in 200354% in 1994 to 19% in 2003

Water Follies (2002), Water Follies (2002), www.designinsite.dk, , msnbc, 2005msnbc, 2005

What about the landfill What about the landfill management problem? management problem?

Try flattening a plastic bottle. Try flattening a plastic bottle.

Bottled Water Environmental SolutionsBottled Water Environmental Solutions

Bottled water in Bottled water in “plastic” made from “plastic” made from cornstarch which cornstarch which biodegrades. Sold at Wild biodegrades. Sold at Wild Oats stores for $1.79.Oats stores for $1.79.


““Tap water comes from Tap water comes from underground pipes, underground pipes, while the manufacture, while the manufacture, distribution and disposal distribution and disposal of bottled water requires of bottled water requires much more energy and much more energy and fuel.”*fuel.”*

How is Bottled Water is How is Bottled Water is distributed?distributed?

How are the bottles How are the bottles

recycled or thrown recycled or thrown away?away?

(*BBC)(*BBC)

(International Bottled Water Association)



The French company, Perrier - Vittel, bought the Buxton The French company, Perrier - Vittel, bought the Buxton mineral water bottling plant in Britain's Peak District National mineral water bottling plant in Britain's Peak District National Park 14 years ago when it produced half a million bottles a Park 14 years ago when it produced half a million bottles a year.year.

Now production is up more than a hundred fold to 55 Now production is up more than a hundred fold to 55

million. Today they bottle, ship and sell a quarter of the flow million. Today they bottle, ship and sell a quarter of the flow from the Buxton source - and demand is growing. from the Buxton source - and demand is growing.

BBC (2000)BBC (2000)

Shifting international geography Shifting international geography of the bottled water industryof the bottled water industry

In five years, bottled water In five years, bottled water consumption will be highest consumption will be highest along the Pacific Rim. along the Pacific Rim. China is China is expecting large growth. Most of expecting large growth. Most of our recycled bottles go there.our recycled bottles go there.

Canada will continue to close the Canada will continue to close the

gap between them and France in gap between them and France in imports. imports.

Mexico also looks to be a place Mexico also looks to be a place where many plants might decide where many plants might decide to invest. to invest.

A decade ago, France was A decade ago, France was considered at the center of the considered at the center of the industry, but as of 2000 the industry, but as of 2000 the industry seems to heading in all industry seems to heading in all directions. directions.

http://www.soc.duke.edu/~s142tm16/conclude.htmhttp://www.soc.duke.edu/~s142tm16/conclude.htm

http://www.panda.org/downloads/freshwater/bottled_water.pdfhttp://www.panda.org/downloads/freshwater/bottled_water.pdf

Projected Annual Growth in Projected Annual Growth in ConsumptionConsumption

ConclusionsConclusions If the use of bottled water continues to increase at the If the use of bottled water continues to increase at the

current rate, the world will be in short supply in 22 years.current rate, the world will be in short supply in 22 years.

Bottled water Bottled water isn't worth the priceisn't worth the price, especially , especially considering that it must be purchased, transported, and considering that it must be purchased, transported, and stored by the consumer.stored by the consumer.

Canadian Armand-Frappier Institute indicates that Canadian Armand-Frappier Institute indicates that municipalities should advertise the quality of their water municipalities should advertise the quality of their water the way bottled water companies do, because "the way bottled water companies do, because "North North American tap water is the best you can getAmerican tap water is the best you can get.“ (San .“ (San Francisco is doing this using Hetch Hetchy Reservoir Francisco is doing this using Hetch Hetchy Reservoir water)water)

RecommendationsRecommendations If you must buy bottled water, look for If you must buy bottled water, look for ““PurifiedPurified”” or or ““WellWell””

water in Corvallis because it is just as pure, if not more pure, as water in Corvallis because it is just as pure, if not more pure, as a a ““SpringSpring”” Source. Source.

Think about this…“Our consumer preferences for spring water, Think about this…“Our consumer preferences for spring water, involve innocent choices made by individuals, but their involve innocent choices made by individuals, but their cumulative impact has the potential to devastate springs and cumulative impact has the potential to devastate springs and rivers”rivers”

-Robert Glennon-Robert Glennon

Recycle your bottles. The plastics industry really does want Recycle your bottles. The plastics industry really does want your bottle back.your bottle back.

How much do YOU know about bottled water and the industry?

(Take a true/false quiz to determine your water wisdom) 1. Nestle, famous for its chocolate products, owns the famous Perrier Group.2. France has the strongest international presence and history in the bottled water industry.3. Volvic and Evian are owned by the same company.4. Purified drinking water is actually a special tap water.5. The retailers make at least half of the profits along the supply chain.6. Buying shelf space at the grocery store to sell a bottled water brand is around $50,000.7. Europeans like more minerals in their water.8. How bottled water is packaged (ie types of bottles) strongly determines its success.9. FDA standards on water are not strictly enforced.10. Bottled water labeled “Spring Water” can come from a well. 11. Bottled “Spring” water can impact springs that discharge to rivers.12. Tap water in some cities may have more minerals than bottled water.13. China's bottled water market is expected to grow by 150% in the next five years. Modified after http://www.soc.duke.edu/~s142tm16/answers.htm

Thank You For Your AttentionThank You For Your Attention

Documents

Bottled Water and The Environment Outcomes of Lecture: You are consumers so you make decisions with your money. Bottled water makes a lot of money for