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Bottled Water: Environmental Health Factors
Bottled Water: Environmental Health Factors
Jacquelyn Burton
PUBH-5165-1 Environmental Health
Instructor: Howard Rubin
April 24, 2011
IntroductionIntroduction
• Bottled water versus tap water– For better– For worse
OverviewOverview
Bottled Water ConsumptionBottled Water Consumption
Bottled Water WasteBottled Water Waste
Bottled Water Quality Bottled Water Quality
Bottled & Tap Water Regulations & SafetyBottled & Tap Water Regulations & Safety
Chemical composition of plastic bottles & exposure health risk
Chemical composition of plastic bottles & exposure health risk
Bottled Water Types Bottled Water Types
Bottled Water ConsumptionBottled Water Consumption
2000-20042005-2010
2011
Last 10 years of bottled water consumption in the United
States
Last 10 years of bottled water consumption in the United States
• Approximately 155,600,152 million people in the United States
• Approximately $4 billion/yr in sales
• Marketing tactics• Perception of bottled water
‒ Pure‒ Clean‒ Safe
• Studies by The Natural Resources Defense Council
Bottled Water WasteBottled Water Waste• Contamination of bottled water
– Manufacturing facilities• Energy waste
– Expensive habit & wasted oil• Disposing of plastic bottles
– Recycling– Chemical breakdown
Bottled Water Quality Bottled Water Quality • Impure sources• Contaminants
– Bacterial – Chemical
• Violations‒ Excessive levels of fluoride‒ Excessive levels of coliform bacteria
Bottled Water Quality Bottled Water Quality
•Synthetic organic chemicals‒ Arsenic‒ Inorganic contaminants
• Nonpoint source pollution
Bottled & Tap Water RegulationsBottled & Tap Water Regulations
Bottled Water Regulations• Regulated by the FDA
– Food• Federal Food, Drug, & Cosmetic Act
‒ Provides regulatory authority to the FDA
• Title 21: Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR)
‒ Defines different types of water‒ Processing & Labeling‒ Quality standards & Levels of contamination
Tap Water Regulations• Regulated by the EPA• Stricter regulations
– Production & Distribution– Quality & Source water
protection– Operations of systems– Levels of contamination– Reporting
Bottled & Tap Water Regulations & Safety
Bottled & Tap Water Regulations & Safety
Bottled Water Regulations• Inspections
– No specific program• Collects samples for testing• Plastic containers• State & local governmental
regulations• Development of new
regulations
Tap Water Regulations• Water testing schedules• Water treatment• State enforcement autonomy• List of contaminants
acceptable levels
• Artesian Water
• Mineral Water
• Purified Water
• Sparkling Bottled
Water
• Spring Water
Bottled Water TypesBottled Water Types
Chemical composition of plastic bottles & exposure health risk
Chemical composition of plastic bottles & exposure health risk
Properties found in plastic bottles
Chemicals Consequences or health risk Effects & symptoms
Toluene Nervous systemLoss of appetiteKidneysDeath
Xylene HeadachesNervous systemSkin , eye, nose, & throat irritation Digestive discomfortLiverKidneys
Properties found in plastic bottles
Polyethylene terephthalatePhthalate (Adipate- a phthalate)
Endocrine disruptors
Styrene Nervous systemHearing loss-observed in animalsLiver damage-observed in animalsPossible carcinogen
Arsenic Sore throat-inorganicIrritated Lungs-inorganicSkin darkeningCorns/warts (palms, soles, & torso)Carcinogenic-skin, liver, bladder, & lungs
Nitrates Pregnancy issuesAcquired methemoglobinemiaCarcinogenic
Chemical composition of plastic bottles & exposure health risk
Chemical composition of plastic bottles & exposure health risk
ConclusionConclusion• Bottled water
– $$$,$$$,$$$– Attributed to marketing tactics– Not regulated by the federal government– Has contaminants & plastic used is not
biodegradable– Pollutes the environment & Comprised of tap
water• Tap water
−Regulated by the federal government− $$
ReferencesReferences• Agency for Toxic Substances Registry. (2011). Toxic substances
portal. Retrieved from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/index.asp • American Beverage Association. (2011). Reincarnation. Retrieved
April 23, 2011 from http://www.ameribev.org/minisites/recycling/packaging/reincarnation.php
• Brown, L. (2009). Plan B 4.0: Mobilizing to save civilization. Earth Policy Institute. Retrieved from http://www.earth-policy.org/images/uploads/book_files/pb4ch04.pdf
• Clean Air Council. (nd). Waste and Recycling Facts. Retrieved April 23, 2011 from http://www.cleanair.org/Waste/wasteFacts.html
• Natural Resources Defense Council (nd). Bottled water, pure drink or pure hype? Retrieved from http://www.nrdc.org/water/drinking/bw/exesum.asp
ReferencesReferences• Posnick, L. and Kim, H. (2002). February/March 2002 Ask the
regulators—bottled water regulation and the FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/Product-SpecificInformation/BottledWaterCarbonatedSoftDrinks/ucm077079.htm
• Santa Clara Valley Water District. (2007, February 1). Bottle vs. tap water. [Video File]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0K5h3VBnXc&feature=related
• Sax L. (2009). Polyethylene Terephthalate May Yield Endocrine Disruptors. Environ Health Perspectives 118(4). Retrieved from Environmental Health Perspectives web site doi:10.1289/ehp.0901253
• U.S. Census Bureau (2011). U.S. & World Population Clocks. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html
ReferencesReferences• U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2009, June). Bottled Water:
FDA Safety and Consumer Protections are Often Less Stringent than Comparable EPA Protections for Tap Water. Retrieved June 2010 from http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09610.pdf
• Unites State Environmental Protection Agency. (2010). Current drinking water regulations. Retrieved April 24, 2011 from http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/sdwa/currentregulations.cfm
• United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2010). What is nonpoint source pollution? Retrieved April 23, 2011 from http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/nps/whatis.cfm