Boys Without Fathers Rev 4-3

8/2/2019 Boys Without Fathers Rev 4-3

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Overview:

Boys who are forced to try to grow up without a father face manydifficulties above and beyond the problems they have and present in school.

See: Family Structure . This paper offers an endocrine hypothesis as to why aboy who grows up without a father might end up with the difficulties that seem tocome with father-absence.

Research into the influence that the endocrine system has on behavioremploys two different but mutually reinforcing methodologies. The firstmethodology is to gather data on the endocrine systems and behavior of a largenumber of individuals of the same species, either human or non human, and thenexamine the data for statistically significant correlations between behavior andthe levels of the bioactive compounds of interest. The second methodology is toartificially change the levels of the bioactive compounds of interest and then look

for changes in behavior. Ethical considerations generally limit this secondmethodology to experiments with non humans.

Both of these methods face practical constraints on the number of parametersthat can be measured simultaneously. Because of the enormous complexity oftheHuman Endocrine System it's never possible to measure all relevantparameters at the same time. So researchers have no choice but to measuresome parameters and ignore others, and the decision as to which parameters tomeasure and which to ignore varies from researcher to researcher. What's more,the various bioactive compounds often have effects on one another, and many ofthese effects are as yet unresearched. Therefore, we have no choice but to

compile the incomplete data that is available and then try to fit it all together intosome sort of coherent whole.

The Criminal Neuro-Endocrine System:

As outlined in Criminal Hormones , socially deviant adults often showabnormalities in their neuro-endocrine systems. The most commonly foundabnormalities are:

1. decreased turnover of theNeurotransmitter Serotonin2. decreased circulating levels of theHormone Cortisol3. increased circulating levels of theHormone Testosterone ,

and when serotonin, cortisol and testosterone are all measured at the same time,these abnormalities are found together.See: Cortisol & Testosterone & Serotonin .
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Statistical analysis of the variations within these abnormalities shows thatthe increasedTestosterone is responsible for theAggression common to thesyndrome, while the reduced Serotonin is responsible for theImpulsivity.See: Criminal Testosterone & Serotonin .

Notice that the above abnormalities concern three very different physiologicalrealms: the reproductive hormonal system, the stress response hormonal systemand that portion of the nervous system that uses Serotonin as aneurotransmitter. In spite of the great difference between these three systems,all of the abnormalities described above can be traced back to the body'sresponse to Stress .

In none of the articles discussing people with the above endocrine profile wasthere any mention of the Family Structure in which the individuals having theprofile had grown up. In particular, there was no way of telling whether or notthey had grown up without a father.

However, "(R)esults from longitudinal event-history analysis showed that,although a sizable portion of the risk that appeared to be due to father absencecould actually be attributed to other factors, such as teen motherhood, low parenteducation, racial inequalities, and poverty, adolescents in father-absenthouseholds still faced elevated incarceration risks." [ Family Structure ].

So there is probably considerable overlap between individuals having theabove endocrine profile and men who have grown up without a father. This paperpresents an hypothesis as to why a boy who grows up without a father might endup with the above endocrine profile and all of the difficulties that seem to come

with it.

In particular, we will be discussing how the presence or absence of a fatheraffects the levels and actions of eight bioactive compounds within his son. Fourof these are all members of theCorticotropin - releasing factor family . The eightbioactive compounds we will be discussing are

The four members of the Corticotropin - releasing factor family ,1. Corticotropin - releasing hormone ( CRH ) and the three2. Urocortins - urocortin I (also written urocortin 1 or Ucn1)3. - urocortin II (also written urocortin 2 or Ucn2)

4. - urocortin III (also written urocortin 3 or Ucn3),all of which seem to beNeuromodulators ,

5. the two Steroid Hormones : Cortisol and6. Testosterone ,7. the Posterior Pituitary Hormone Arginine Vasopressin and8. Serotonin , which is sometimes called the "happiness hormone" but

which is actually aNeurotransmitter.
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outfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/urocortinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/neuromodulators-1https://sites.google.com/site/childrenoftheamphioxus/table-of-contents/steroidshttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/hormoneshttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisolhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/testosteronehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/posterior-pituitaryhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/posterior-pituitaryhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/hormoneshttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/arginine-vasopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/arginine-vasopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/neurotransmitters


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Although, the boys who cause problems in the classroom seem moreImpulsive than violent, the endocrinology ofImpulsivity is much more complexand, therefore, less well understood than the endocrinology of Aggression. So Ioriginally intended to begin this paper by focusing on Aggression. However, I'vechanged my mind.

As discussed in Amphioxus Stress Hormones , theAmphioxus does nothave any of the elements of theDirect Cortisol Pathway , which in humans isassociated with Aggression .

In contrast, as discussed in Amphioxus Serotonin System , the amphioxusdoes have many elements of the Direct Serotonin Pathway , which in humans isassociated with Impulsivity .

This provides strong evidence that the much more complex DirectSerotonin Pathway evolved before the much less complexDirect CortisolPathway . I was thinking that I would deal with the Direct Cortisol Pathway first,because of its greater simplicity. But, whenever possible, I prefer to take things

in their evolutionary order. So I'll consider the Direct Serotonin Pathway first.

This will not be an easy task. The Human Endocrine System is extremelycomplex, and, even when we limit our inquiry to just the eight bioactivecompounds listed above, we will find that there is still much that is not yet fullyunderstood.

Endocrine Data:

TheCorticotropin - releasing factor family seems to be the key. It has direct

influence on the levels of both Serotonin and Cortisol , and indirect influence onthe levels of both Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) andTestosterone .

At this point we encounter two complications.

Corticotropin - releasing hormone ( CRH ) was the first member of theCorticotropin - releasing factor family to be discovered. The earliest reference toit in PubMed is dated 1955. Most of the research on the Corticotropin - releasingfactor family has actually been on the two CRH Receptors , CRHR1 and CRHR2.Not surprisingly, the two receptors received their names because they acceptCorticotropin - releasing hormone ( CRH ) as aLigand.

However, as is the case with most receptors, CRHR1 and CRHR2 alsoaccept other ligands in addition to CRH. More recent research has suggestedthat the endogenous ligand for one or both these receptors is actually not CRHbut rather one of the much more newly discoveredUrocortins , which were firstmentioned in PubMed in 1995.
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The first complication is that if additional research continues to point to one ormore of the urocortins as the endogenous ligand(s) for what are now called theCRH receptors, one or both of these receptors will probably be renamed to reflectthe fact that their primary ligand is one of the urocortins. Since this renaminghas not yet occurred, I will continue to refer to the receptors asCRH Receptors

even though the operant ligand for one or both of them may actually be one of theUrocortins .

The second complication is that we've had an extra 40 years to studyCorticotropin - releasing hormone ( CRH ) , so we know much more about it than weknow about theUrocortins . This research is ongoing. What we think we knowtoday may change tomorrow.

If I understand correctly, members of theCorticotropin - releasing factor familyinfluenceSerotonin andCortisol through two different pathways which may turnout to be completely separate. The uncertainty about how completely separate

these pathways are will be explained below.

Additionally, the end products of both of these two, possibly separate,pathways can influence the other pathway. SoSerotonin , the product of theDirect Serotonin Pathway, is able to influence the Direct Cortisol Pathway andCortisol , the product of theDirect Cortisol Pathway , is able to influence theDirect Serotonin Pathway .

First I'll discuss the direct pathway by which members of the Corticotropin -releasing factor family influenceSerotonin.

Second I'll discuss the direct pathway by which members of the

Corticotropin - releasing factor family influenceCortisol.Third I'll consider the indirect pathway by which members of theCorticotropin - releasing factor family influenceArginine Vasopressin , and

fourth, I'll consider the indirect pathway by which members of theCorticotropin - releasing factor family influenceTestosterone.

After analyzing the papers which consider members of the Corticotropin -releasing factor family and only one other parameter, I'll look at the papers whichmeasured multiple parameters.

Direct Serotonin Pathway

The Dorsal Raphe Nucleus (DRN) is, if not the only, at least one of the sitesat whichSerotonin turnover is modulated. Members of the Corticotropin -releasing factor family influence the level of Serotonin in the brain by modulatingthe activity of serotonergic neurons in the caudal portion of the DRN .

CRH & Serotonin gives a meta analysis of some of the references on therelationship betweenCorticotropin - releasing hormone ( CRH ) andSerotonin.
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CRH Receptors discusses the difference between the two receptors: CRHR1and CRHR2. Although this area is still an active field of research and manyquestions are still unanswered, much has been learned.

In particular, even though CRHR1 and CRHR2 are both stimulatory, they

have opposite affects on the transmission of Serotonin to other parts of thenervous system. Activation of CRHR1 reduces the transmission of serotoninwhile activation of CRHR2 increases the transmission.

At the moment, the most likely explanation for this seems to be that theCRHR1 are located on and activateGABAergic interneurons which inhibit theserotonergic neurons with which theySynapse while the CRHR2 are locateddirectly on serotonergic neurons, which they stimulate.

For reasons which are still unclear, CRHR1 activation and subsequentinhibition of serotonergic neurons occurs at low levels ofCorticotropin - releasinghormone ( CRH ) while CRHR2 activation and subsequent excitation ofserotonergic neurons occurs at high levels of CRH. Therefore, at low levels of

CRH, the transmission of serotonin is reduced, and at high levels of CRH, thetransmission of serotonin is increased.

Urocortins provides at least two suggestions as to how members of theCorticotropin - releasing factor family regulate the the transmission ofSerotoninfrom theDorsal Raphe Nucleus to theNucleus Accumbens Septi . At themoment, the hypothesis that I find the most appealing is that the CRHR1 receptoris activated by CRH and the CRHR2 receptor is activated by Ucn2. However, thisis still very much a matter of continuing research, and there is only a verytentative suggestion that initial and/or mild stress produces CRH which activatesthe CRHR1 receptor while prolonged and/or sustained or repeated stress

produces Ucn2 which activates CRHR2 receptor.

The origin of the CRH-type ligand which modulates the serotonergicneurons in the DRN is uncertain.

Early research suggested that it is extrahypothalmic. That is that it doesnot come from the Paraventricular nucleus ( PVN ) of theHypothalamus. Rather itseemed more likely to originate in theAmygdala and/orBed Nucleus of the StriaTerminalis and/orHippocampus and/or Edinger - Westphal nucleus and/orLocusCeruleus ( LC ). Now, more recent research opens the possibility that it mayoriginate in the PVN after all.

As discussed in:Serotonin & Impulsivity ,Criminal Serotonin,

Serotonin & DominancedecreasedSerotonin turnover seems to be the chief endocrine correlate ofimpulsivity.
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However, I have, as yet, no idea howSerotonin modulates the level ofDopamine at theDopamine Receptors in theNucleus Accumbens Septi, and thisseems to be the critical factor determining the level of Impulsivity.

Direct Cortisol Pathway

The first function ofCorticotropin - releasing hormone ( CRH ) to bediscovered was its role in releasingACTH (originally known as 'corticotropin')from the anterior portion of the Pituitary Gland .

From the anterior portion of the pituitary, the corticotropin (latin for 'thatwhich goes to the cortex') is carried by the blood to the Adrenal Cortex. Theadrenal cortex responds to theACTH by releasing Cortisol back into the bloodstream. This is known as the HPA Axis .

It's very important to recognize that this pathway by which members of the

Corticotropin - releasing factor family influence the level of Cortisol in the bloodstream is completely distinct and independent of the pathway by which membersof the Corticotropin - releasing factor family influence the amount ofSerotoninsupplied by serotonergic neurons in the caudal Dorsal Raphe Nucleus (DRN) toother parts of the nervous system, particularly the brain, as described in theprevious section.

For more detailed discussion, see: Stress

Cortisol & BehaviorCortisol & Dominance

Criminal Cortisol

Indirect CRH Influence on Arginine Vassopressin

According to the articles reported in the sections below,Corticotropin -releasing hormone ( CRH ) influencesArginine Vasopressin (AVP) only throughtheHPA Axis (theDirect Cortisol Pathway). I found no evidence that CRH or theUrocortins influence AVP through the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus (theDirectSerotonin Pathway).

references:Arginine Vasopressin

Criminal VasopressinCRH & Vasopressin

Criminal CRH & Vasopressin

Indirect CRH Influence on Testosterone
https://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/dopaminehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/dopamine-receptorshttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/nucleus-accumbens-septihttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/nucleus-accumbens-septihttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/impulsivityhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/impulsivityhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/acthhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/acthhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/pituitary-glandhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/adrenal-cortexhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/adrenal-cortexhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/acthhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/acthhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisolhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisolhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/hpa-axishttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-factor-familyhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisolhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisolhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-factor-familyhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/dorsal-raphe-nucleushttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/dorsal-raphe-nucleushttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/stresshttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/stresshttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisol-behaviorhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisol-behaviorhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisol-dominancehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisol-dominancehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-cortisolhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-cortisolhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-cortisolhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/arginine-vasopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/hpa-axishttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/direct-cortisol-pathwayhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/direct-cortisol-pathwayhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/urocortinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/dorsal-raphe-nucleushttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/dorsal-raphe-nucleushttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/direct-serotonin-pathwayhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/direct-serotonin-pathwayhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/arginine-vasopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-vassopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-vassopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/crh-vassopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-crh-vassopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-crh-vassopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/dopaminehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/dopamine-receptorshttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/dopamine-receptorshttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/nucleus-accumbens-septihttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/nucleus-accumbens-septihttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/nucleus-accumbens-septihttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/impulsivityhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/acthhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/pituitary-glandhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/pituitary-glandhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/adrenal-cortexhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/adrenal-cortexhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/acthhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisolhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/hpa-axishttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/hpa-axishttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-factor-familyhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-factor-familyhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-factor-familyhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-factor-familyhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-factor-familyhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisolhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-factor-familyhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-factor-familyhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-factor-familyhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-factor-familyhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-factor-familyhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/dorsal-raphe-nucleushttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/dorsal-raphe-nucleushttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/dorsal-raphe-nucleushttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/stresshttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisol-behaviorhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisol-behaviorhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisol-behaviorhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisol-dominancehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisol-dominancehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisol-dominancehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-cortisolhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-cortisolhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/arginine-vasopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/arginine-vasopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/hpa-axishttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/hpa-axishttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/direct-cortisol-pathwayhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/direct-cortisol-pathwayhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/direct-cortisol-pathwayhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/urocortinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/dorsal-raphe-nucleushttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/dorsal-raphe-nucleushttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/dorsal-raphe-nucleushttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/direct-serotonin-pathwayhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/direct-serotonin-pathwayhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/direct-serotonin-pathwayhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/arginine-vasopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/arginine-vasopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-vassopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-vassopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/crh-vassopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/crh-vassopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/crh-vassopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-crh-vassopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-crh-vassopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-crh-vassopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-crh-vassopressin


8/14

As was the case forArginine Vasopressin, above,Corticotropin - releasinghormone ( CRH ) influencesTestosterone only through theHPA Axis (the DirectCortisol Pathway). I found no evidence that CRH or theUrocortins influenceTestosterone through theDorsal Raphe Nucleus (theDirect Serotonin Pathway).

Cortisol directly inhibits testicularLuteinizing Hormone (LH) receptorfunction without decreasing the level of circulating LH. Therefore, increasedlevels of circulating cortisol cause decreased levels of circulating testosterone.Since increased levels of CRH cause increased levels of cortisol via the DirectCortisol Pathway , increased levels of CRH cause decreased levels oftestosterone.

sections to be reviewed:Testosterone CRH & TestosteroneCriminal Testosterone

Simultaneous Pairwise Data

As mentioned, above, researchers have no choice but to measure someparameters and ignore others, and the decision as to which parameters tomeasure and which to ignore varies from researcher to researcher. This poses adilemma for those of us who try to index their results. If a researcher measuresmore than one parameter, under which parameter do we file their research? Inthe list of pairwise data below, I've placed papers concerning serotonin at the topof the list, followed by those concerning cortisol and finally by those concerning

testosterone and vasopressin.

Cortisol & SerotoninSo far, I've found only one paper which measured both cortisol and

serotonin and nothing else. I didn't find its interpretation of its resultsconvincing.

Vasopressin & SerotoninCriminal Vasopressin & SerotoninCriminal Testosterone & Serotonin

Cortisol & TestosteroneCortisol , Testosterone & DominanceCriminal Cortisol & TestosteroneTestosterone & AVPCriminal Testosterone & Vasopressin
https://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/arginine-vasopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/testosteronehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/testosteronehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/hpa-axishttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/direct-cortisol-pathwayhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/direct-cortisol-pathwayhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/direct-cortisol-pathwayhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/urocortinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/urocortinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/dorsal-raphe-nucleushttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/dorsal-raphe-nucleushttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/direct-serotonin-pathwayhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisolhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/luteinizing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/direct-cortisol-pathwayhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/direct-cortisol-pathwayhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/direct-cortisol-pathwayhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/testosteronehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/crh-testosteronehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-testosteronehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-testosteronehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisol-serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisol-serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/vasopressin-serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-vassopressin-serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-testosterone-serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisol-testosteronehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisol-testosterone-dominancehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-cortisol-testosteronehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-cortisol-testosteronehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/testosterone-avphttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-testosterone-vassopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/arginine-vasopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/arginine-vasopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/corticotropin-releasing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/testosteronehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/hpa-axishttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/hpa-axishttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/direct-cortisol-pathwayhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/direct-cortisol-pathwayhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/direct-cortisol-pathwayhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/urocortinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/dorsal-raphe-nucleushttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/dorsal-raphe-nucleushttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/dorsal-raphe-nucleushttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/direct-serotonin-pathwayhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/direct-serotonin-pathwayhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/direct-serotonin-pathwayhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisolhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/luteinizing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/luteinizing-hormonehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/direct-cortisol-pathwayhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/direct-cortisol-pathwayhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/direct-cortisol-pathwayhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/testosteronehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/crh-testosteronehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/crh-testosteronehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/crh-testosteronehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-testosteronehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-testosteronehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisol-serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisol-serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisol-serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/vasopressin-serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/vasopressin-serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/vasopressin-serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-vassopressin-serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-vassopressin-serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-vassopressin-serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-vassopressin-serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-testosterone-serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-testosterone-serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-testosterone-serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-testosterone-serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisol-testosteronehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisol-testosteronehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisol-testosteronehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisol-testosterone-dominancehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisol-testosterone-dominancehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisol-testosterone-dominancehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisol-testosterone-dominancehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/cortisol-testosterone-dominancehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-cortisol-testosteronehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-cortisol-testosteronehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-cortisol-testosteronehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-cortisol-testosteronehttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/testosterone-avphttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/testosterone-avphttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/testosterone-avphttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-testosterone-vassopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-testosterone-vassopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-testosterone-vassopressinhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/criminal-testosterone-vassopressin


9/14

Simultaneous Three-way Data

Cortisol & Testosterone & SerotoninCriminal Testosterone , Serotonin & ACTH

Although I haven't yet provided comments on the sets of pairwise andthree-way data listed above, I'm going to go on and attempt a first statement of anendocrine hypothesis which emphasizesSerotonin. I'll come back and addcomments on the list of data sets, above, after I've made a first statement of theendocrine hypothesis.

The Male Dominance Hierarchy:

There is a phenomenon, usually referred to as the " Male DominanceHierarchy " , which seems to be universal among all vertebrates, including

humans. This paper will offer an endocrine explanation for the male dominancehierarchy and then suggest how its disruption might help to explain the manydifficulties faced by boys who try to grow up without a father [Family Structure ].

In particular, fathers train their sons' endocrine systems as the boys growinto manhood. The endocrine systems of boys who grow up without theinfluence of an older, dominant male, such as a father, never receive this training,and their untrained endocrine systems prevent them from ever fitting comfortablyinto society.

The Endocrine Hypothesis:

As explained in theDirect Serotonin Pathway, the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus(DRN) may be, if not the only, at least one of the sites at whichSerotonin turnoveris modulated. Low levels ofCorticotropin - releasing hormone ( CRH ) and/or theUrocortins inhibit the serotonergic neurons and reduce transmission ofSerotonin to other parts of the brain. Higher levels of CRH stimulate theserotonergic neurons and increase transmission of serotonin to other parts of thebrain. Increased serotonin increases self-control by decreasingImpulsivity .Very high levels of serotonin result in Learned Helplessness .

A dominant father controls his son's Serotonin level through Stress . Heuses stress to adjust the amount of serotonin transmitted from the Dorsal RapheNucleus (DRN) to the remainder of his son's brain. He adjusts the amount ofserotonin transmitted from his son's DRN so that his son'sImpulsivity remainswithin acceptable limits without lapsing intoLearned Helplessness . As a sonmatures into manhood, his father will allow his son's serotonin to decline duringapproved activities such as competition in sports, academics or business, butwill maintain his son's elevated serotonin level relative to unapproved activities
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oyswithoutfathers/home/serotoninhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/stresshttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/dorsal-raphe-nucleushttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/dorsal-raphe-nucleushttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/dorsal-raphe-nucleushttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/impulsivityhttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/learned-helplessnesshttps://sites.google.com/site/boyswithoutfathers/home/learned-helplessness


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such as disrupting class in school, selling drugs or other forms of crime. When aboy doesn't have a father to keep his serotonin level up, he experiences aninappropriate decrease in serotonin leading to poor impulse control.

As explained inDirect Cortisol Pathway, the stress imposed by a father on his

son also controls the his son's level of circulatingCortisol, and this in turncontrols the level of his son's circulatingTestosterone which, in turn, controls hisson'sAggression.

When a boy doesn't have a father to keep hisSerotonin level up and hisTestosterone level down, he experiences an inappropriate decrease in serotoninleading to poor impulse control (Impulsivity), and an inappropriate increase intestosterone, leading toAggression.

From the point of view of theMale Dominance Hierarchy, a boy without afather is making a premature attempt to assert himself as dominant. All boys

struggle to ascend the male dominance hierarchy, but we live in a complex world.Males who achieve endocrine dominance before mastering civilization'scomplexity can do society more harm than good.

References:

All references now and have at least some links, whether included in theoriginal copy or provided by me.

Children of the Amphioxus

Subcortical Brain

Family Structure

Human Endocrine SystemHormone

Criminal HormonesCorticotropin - releasing factor familyCorticotropin - releasing hormone ( CRH )

Criminal Corticotropin - Releasing HormoneACTH

Corticosteroids Cortisol

Criminal CortisolCorticosteroneGlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoid ReceptorGlucose

Androgens
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TestosteroneCriminal Testosterone

GonadotropinsGonadotropin - Releasing Hormone ( GnRH )

Luteinizing Hormone

NonapeptidesArginine VasopressinOxytocin

CytokinesMelatonin

NeurotransmitterSynapse

Serotonin

Criminal Serotonin5- HIAASerotonin Receptors

GABAAcetylcholine

UrocortinsBiogenic AminesMonoamineCatecholamineDopamine

Dopamine Receptors

NorepinephrineMHPGHVA

NeuropeptidesNeuromodulators

Neuromodulator ReceptorsFosImmunohistochemistry

Dorsal Raphe NucleusEdinger - Westphal nucleusParaventricular nucleus ( PVN )AmygdalaBed Nucleus of the Stria TerminalisHippocampusNucleus Accumbens SeptiVentral Tegmental AreaLimbic SystemHypophyseal Portal System
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Boys Without Fathers Rev 4-3