BRAIN DRAINBRAIN DRAIN

Presented to:- Presented by:-Presented to:- Presented by:-Ms. Pradeepika Mahima, MamtaMs. Pradeepika Mahima, Mamta Rishu, GurnamRishu, Gurnam

University School Of ManagementUniversity School Of ManagementKurukshetraKurukshetra

What is Brain Drain?What is Brain Drain?

A brain drain is a large emigration of A brain drain is a large emigration of individuals with the Knowledge or individuals with the Knowledge or Technical skills, usually due to conflict, Technical skills, usually due to conflict, political instability, lack of opportunity, political instability, lack of opportunity, or health risks. A brain drain is or health risks. A brain drain is generally regarded as an economic generally regarded as an economic cost, because emigrants usually take cost, because emigrants usually take with them the fraction of value of their with them the fraction of value of their teaching sponsored by government.teaching sponsored by government.

HISTORY OF Brain Drain : : Historically, the greatest brain drains

have been from rural to urban areas. In the 19th century and 20th century there were notable emigrations to North America from Europe, and in modern times, from developing nations to developed nations. Sometimes such drains have occurred between developed countries.

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF Brain Drain

There are numerous flows of skilled and trained persons There are numerous flows of skilled and trained persons fromfrom developing to developed countries. developing to developed countries.

In these flows engineers, medical personnel and In these flows engineers, medical personnel and scientistsscientists

usually tend to predominate.usually tend to predominate.

They are characterized by large flows from a They are characterized by large flows from a comparatively small number of developed countries and comparatively small number of developed countries and by small flows from a larger number of developing by small flows from a larger number of developing countries.countries.

The migratory trends are stimulated both by the The migratory trends are stimulated both by the character of national educational systems by lack and character of national educational systems by lack and inadequate planning for the training of students from inadequate planning for the training of students from developing countries, in developed states as well as the developing countries, in developed states as well as the proper utilization of their-skills in their home country proper utilization of their-skills in their home country etc.etc.

Reasons to Brain DrainReasons to Brain DrainThere are mainly two aspects to There are mainly two aspects to brain drain that are:brain drain that are:

CountriesCountries IndividualsIndividuals

Causes of Brain DrainCauses of Brain DrainPush FactorsPush FactorsPull FactorsPull Factors

Push FactorsPush Factors1) Under employment. 1) Under employment. 2) Economic under development. 2) Economic under development. 3) Low wage/salary. 3) Low wage/salary. 4) political instability.4) political instability.5) Over production and under 5) Over production and under

utilization. utilization. 6) Lack of research and other facilities. 6) Lack of research and other facilities. 7) Lack of freedom. 7) Lack of freedom.

Pull FactorsPull Factors1) Better economic prospects; 1) Better economic prospects; 2) Higher salary and income; 2) Higher salary and income; 3) Better level of living and way of life; 3) Better level of living and way of life; 4) Better research facilities; 4) Better research facilities; 5) Prestige of foreign training; 5) Prestige of foreign training; 6) Intellectual freedom. 6) Intellectual freedom.

Individual's motives and experiencesIndividual's motives and experiencesEconomic and professionalEconomic and professional a) suitable job a) suitable job b) income and living standard b) income and living standard c) c) working conditionsworking conditions: facilities, autonomy, : facilities, autonomy,

career prospects, relations with superiors and career prospects, relations with superiors and with co-workers. with co-workers.

Personal influencePersonal influence a) Spouse a) Spouse b) Feelings and interests of the children b) Feelings and interests of the children c) Family c) Family

Living conditions in societyLiving conditions in society a) where life is more interesting and more a) where life is more interesting and more

pleasant pleasant b) Discrimination by the public b) Discrimination by the public

Benefits of Brain DrainBenefits of Brain DrainIndividual brains will get the opportunity to Individual brains will get the opportunity to nurture in another atmospherenurture in another atmosphere..It will help talents develop and not be It will help talents develop and not be shattered.shattered. It will leads to improvement in standard of It will leads to improvement in standard of living of individual and his/her family.living of individual and his/her family.The knowledge that those young brilliant The knowledge that those young brilliant people gain overseas will be very helpful if people gain overseas will be very helpful if they choose in a later phase to go back as they choose in a later phase to go back as well as settle down or engage in their well as settle down or engage in their country. country.

Limitation of Brain DrainLimitation of Brain DrainMigration even broadens the gap Migration even broadens the gap between the rich and poor countries.between the rich and poor countries. Loss of talent by the country is the Loss of talent by the country is the measure limitation of the brain drain.measure limitation of the brain drain.The economy can also be affected The economy can also be affected due to expenditure on study whether due to expenditure on study whether state funded or privately.state funded or privately.

Effects of Brain DrainEffects of Brain DrainA shortage of skilled and competent A shortage of skilled and competent people in India.people in India.A tremendous increase in wages of A tremendous increase in wages of high-skill labour in India.high-skill labour in India.Problems for the public sector.Problems for the public sector.Problems of governance.Problems of governance.Home country’s Home country’s talent going outside talent going outside and becoming asset for some other and becoming asset for some other countrycountry

Possible SolutionPossible SolutionGood governance at the national and Good governance at the national and international level.international level.Offering higher wages for `insiders` Offering higher wages for `insiders` according to their qualifications is according to their qualifications is essential.essential.Education plays a powerful role Education plays a powerful role especially in the growing problems of especially in the growing problems of internationalinternational migration.migration.

Brain drain vs. brain gain Brain drain :-Brain drain :- A brain drain or human capital flight is an A brain drain or human capital flight is an

emigration of trained and talented individuals emigration of trained and talented individuals ("human capital") to other nations is called brain ("human capital") to other nations is called brain drain.drain.

Brain drain can occur either when individuals who Brain drain can occur either when individuals who study abroad and complete their education do not study abroad and complete their education do not return to their home country, or when individuals return to their home country, or when individuals educated in their home country emigrate for higher educated in their home country emigrate for higher wages or better opportunities.wages or better opportunities.

This phenomenon is perhaps most problematic for This phenomenon is perhaps most problematic for developing nations, where it is widespread. In developing nations, where it is widespread. In these countries, higher education and professional these countries, higher education and professional certification are often viewed as the surest path to certification are often viewed as the surest path to escape from a troubled economy or difficult escape from a troubled economy or difficult political situation.political situation.

Brain gain :-Brain gain :- An opposite situation, in which many trained An opposite situation, in which many trained

and talented individuals seek entrance into a and talented individuals seek entrance into a country, is called a brain gain.country, is called a brain gain.

While simultaneously many qualified While simultaneously many qualified immigrants were coming to home country from immigrants were coming to home country from a number of different nations. a number of different nations.

This phenomenon is common in developed This phenomenon is common in developed countries where people come from many countries where people come from many nations for higher studies & didn't return back.nations for higher studies & didn't return back.

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