Brain Edema VIII Proceedings of the Eighth International 0Jmposium

Bern) June 17-20) 1990

Edited by H.-J. Reulen) A. Baethmann) J. Fenstermacher)

A. Marmarou) M. Spatz

Acta Neurochirurgica Supplementum 51

Springer-Verlag Wien New York

Professor Dr. Hans-J. Reulen Department of Neurosurgery, Bern, Switzerland

Professor Dr. Alexander Baethmann Institut fur chirurgische Forschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Klinikum Grosshadern, Munchen, Federal

Republic of Germany

Professor Dr. Joseph Fenstermacher Department of Neurological Surgery, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York, U.S.A.

Professor Dr. Anthony Marmarou Division of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A.

Professor Dr. Maria Spatz Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroanatomical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,

U.S.A.

Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Brain Edema

Honorary Member: 1. Klatzo

Organizers: H.-J. Reulen, A. Baethmann, A. Marmarou

Ad~'iso/'y Board: J. Fenstermacher, G. Go, J. T. Hoff, K. A. Hossmann, U. Ito, D. Long, A. R. Shaknovitch, M. Spatz

With 203 Figures

Product Liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature,

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All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machines or similar means, and storage in data banks.

© 1990 by Springer-VerlagjWicn

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1990

Printed on acid-free paper

ISSN 0065-1419

ISBN-13:978-3-7091-9117-0 e-ISBN-13:978-3-7091-9115-6 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-7091-9115-6

Preface

25 years have passed since a small group met for the First International Symposia on Brain Edema in Vienna. Subsequent Symposia were held in Mainz, Montreal, Berlin, Groningen, Tokyo and Baltimore. During this time we have witnessed a virtual explosion of the number of publications in this field and our basic and clinical understanding of this disease process has increased tremendously. Our meetings have always been a landmark to take stock of our experience so far and to provide perspectives toward future developments. In addition, it always was a good opportunity to renew old friendship and to make new friends.

This volume is a compilation of papers presented at the Eighth International Symposium on Brain Edema held on June 17-20, 1990 in Bern, Switzerland. During this Symposium 158 papers were presented as oral or poster presentations. This considerable number of papers was chosen from more than 230 abstracts that were received. The organizers wish to thank the Advisory Committee for the work done in paper selection and focus on the Symposium. Appreciation is also given to all persons, who have contributed to the success of this meeting, the Chairmen, the participants and last but not least all the staff who worked behind the scene.

If it is to be of value, the written record of the meeting, "the Proceedings" should be quickly available and relatively inexpensive. In order to come close to such an ideal, the authors, the editors and the publishers have to follow clear and strict rules. The manuscripts must be delivered before deadline and must be strictly prepared according to the "Guidelines". This means that any delay as for instance by missing summaries, inappropriate English etc., must be avoided. With the present proceedings, the eighth volume in the series, the authors and editors have made such an effort. Regarding this, the editors extend their compliments to the authors who enabled us to meet the deadline. We also wish to acknowledge our gratitude to Springer-Verlag, Vienna, for their technical aid and for their prompt publication of this volume.

As in the past, brain edema resulting from acute insults, such as disturbances of the cerebral perfusion, or head injury remains a central issue of research. Under these circumstances, the supportive role of biochemically active mediators substances in opening of the blood brain barrier, spread of edema, or in cell swelling continues to elicit great scientific as well as clinical interest. Respective experimental and clinical efforts may eventually produce methods of their specific inhibition as a particularly effective form of therapeutic intervention as compared to what is currently available. It can be hoped thereby to interfere not only with the development of brain edema, but also with the secondary destruction of viable brain parenchyma.

This volume provides a comprehensive survey of the state-of-art of this topic as of June 1990. For the reader's convenience the papers are structured according to the various disease processes which are associated with edema: tumor, trauma, ischemia, hypertension, infection, hydrocephalus etc. We do hope that you enjoy the articles and that they provide impetus and insight for further work.

Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. K.-J. Zulch, our Honorary Member, one of the pioneers in the study of brain edema, has deceased on 2nd December 1988. It was decided to dedicate this volume to him.

The Ninth International Symposium on Brain Edema will be held in Japan in 1993.

Octo ber 1990

Hans-J. Reulen Axel Baethmann

Joseph Fenstermacher Antony Marmarou

Maria Spatz

Contents

Klatzo, I.: Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Klaus Joachim Zulch. In Memoriam

Pathophysiology I (Cell Volume Regulation, Methods)

Staub, F., Baethmann, A., Peters, J., Kempsky, 0.: Effects of Lactacidosis on Volume and Viability of Glial Cells ................................................................................................. 3

Chan, P. H., Chu, L.: Mechanisms Underlying Glutamate-induced Swelling of Astrocytes in Primary Culture.................................................................................................... 7

Tomita, M., Gotoh, F., Tanahashi, N., Kobari, M., Shin ohara, T., Terayama, Y., Yamawaki, T., Mihara, B., Ohta, K., Kaneko, A.: The Mechanical Filtration Coefficient (Lp) of the Cell Membrane of Cultured Glioma Cells (C6) ••....••..•••....•....•....••••...•....•...........••..•..•.•.......••.••••.•....••.•..•. 11

Del Bigio, M. R., Fedoroff, S.: Swelling of Astroglia in vitro and the Effect of Arginine Vasopressin and Atrial Natriuretic Peptide ................................................................................ 14

Lundbrek, J. A., T0nnesen, T., Laursen, H., Hansen, A. J.: Brain Interstitial Composition During Acute Hyponatremia ............................................................................................. 17

Doczi, T., Kuncz, A., Bodosi, M.: Do the Skull and Dura Exert Influence on Brain Volume Regulation Following Hypo- and Hyperosmolar Fluid Treatment? ................................................. 19

Suga, S., Mitani, S., Shimamoto, Y., Kawase, T., Toya, S., Sakamoto, K., Kanai, H., Fukui, M., Takeneka, N.: In vivo Measurement of Intra- and Extracellular Space of Brain Tissue by Electrical Impedance Method ..... ...... .................................................................. ....................... 22

Ohta, F., Moritake, K., Kagawa, T., Fukuda, M., Fukuma, A.: Intracellular pH Regulation of Normal Rat Brain: 31p_MRS Study ............................................................................... 25

Kao, H. P., Cardoso, E. R., Shwedyk, E.: Measurement of Canine Cerebral Oedema Using Time Domain Reflectometry ............................................................................................. 28

Hayashi, N., Tsubokawa, T., Green, B. A., Watson, B. D., Prado, R.: A New Mapping Study of Super oxide Free Radicals, Vascular Permeability and Energy Metabolism in Central Nervous System ........... 31

DiResta, G. R., Lee, J., Lau, N., Ali, F., Galicich, J. H., Arbit, E.: Measurement of Brain Tissue Density Using Pycnometry ........................................................................................ 34

Pathophysiology II (Methods, Mediators)

Fatouros, P. P., Marmarou, A.: Experimental Studies for Use of Magnetic Resonance in Brain Water Measurements............................................................................................. 37

Lorenzo, A. V., Mulkern, R. V., Wong, S. T. S., Colucci, V. M., Jolesz, F. A.: MR Studies of Brain Oedema in the Developing Animal ...................................................................... 39

Bulte, J. W. M., Jonge, M. W. A. de, Leij, L. de, The, T. H., Kamman, R. L., Blaauw, B., Zuiderveen, F., Go, K. G.: Passage of DMP Across a Disrupted BBB in the Context of Antibody-mediated MR Imaging of Brain Metastases .............................................................................. 43

Major, 0., Shdanova, T., Duffek, L., Nagy, Z.: Continuous Monitoring of Blood-Brain Barrier Opening to Cr51-EDTA by Microdialysis Following Probe Injury ............................................... 46

Schurer, L., Prugner, U., Kempski, 0., Arfors, K.-E., Baethmann, A.: Effects of Antineutrophil Serum (ANS) on Posttraumatic Brain Oedema in Rats............................ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . 49

VIII Contents

Kane, P. J., Modha, P., Strachan, R. D., Mendelow, A. D., Cook, S., Chambers, 1. R.: The Effect of Immunosuppression with Whole Body and Regional Irradiation on the Development of Cerebral Oedema in a Rat Model of Intracerebral Haemorrhage ................................................ 52

Corvin, S., Schiirer, L., Abels, c., Kempsky, 0., Baethmann, A.: Effect of Stimulation of Leukocyte Chemotaxis by fMLP on White Blood Cell Behaviour in the Microcirculation of Rat Brain ......... 55

Shepard, S. R., Hariri, R. J., Giannuzzi, R., Pomerantz, K., Hajjar, D., Ghajar, J. B. G.: Leukotriene Production by Human Glia .............................................................................. 58

McCarron, R. M., Uematsu, S., Merkel, N., Long, D., Bembry, J., Spatz, M.: The Role of Arachidonic Acid and Oxygen Radicals on Cerebromicrovascular Endothelial Permeability..... ........ ........... 61

Ohnishi, T., Iwasaki, H., Hayakawa, T., Shapiro, W. R.: Possible Mechanism of Va so genic Brain Oedema Induced by Arachidonic Acid ............................................................................ 65

Ikeda, Y., Long, D. M.: Effects of the Arachidonate Lipoxygenase Inhibitor BW755C on Traumatic and Peritumoural Brain Oedema .............................................................................. 68

Whittle, I. R., Piper, I. R., Miller, J. D.: The Contribution of Secondary Mediators to the Etiology and Pathophysiology of Brain Oedema: Studies Using a Feline Infusion Oedema Model.................. 71

Ikeda, Y., Long, D. M.: Comparative Effects of Direct and Indirect Hydroxyl Radical Scavengers on Traumatic Brain Oedema. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 74

Pathophysiology III (Formation, Resolution)

Kuchiwaki, H., Inao, S., Nagasaka, M., Andoh, K., Hirano, T., Sugita, K.: The Effects of Cerebral Haemodynamics on the Progression of Cold-Induced Oedema ......................................... 77

James, H. E., Schneider, S.: Cryogenic Brain Oedema: Loss of Cerebrovascular Autoregulation as a Cause of Intracranial Hypertension. Implications for Treatment .............................................. 79

Kuchiwaki, H., Inao, S., Woh, T., Nagasaka, M., Sugita, K., Hanaichi, T.: An Electron Microscopic and Electron Probe Study of the Microcirculation in Cold-Induced Oedema............................... 82

Kuroiwa, T., Yokofujita, J., Kaneko, H., Okeda, R.: Accumulation of Oedema Fluid in Deep White Matter After Cerebral Cold Injury ....................................................................... 84

Naruse, H., Tanaka, K., Nishimura, S., Fugimoto, K.: A Microstructural Study of Oedema Resolution 87 Shin ohara, Y., Ohsuga, H., Ohsuga, S., Takizawa, S., Haida, M.: Routed Protein Migration After Protein

Extravasation and Water Leakage Caused by Cold Injury.............................................. 90 Ohata, K., Marmarou, A., Povlishock, J. T.: Immunocytochemical Studies of Oedema Protein Clearance

in the Rat ................................................................................................. 93

Pathophysiology IV (Treatment)

Murr, R., Schiirer, L., Berger, S., Enzenbach, R., Baethmann, A.: Effects of Anaesthetic Agents on Cerebral Blood Flow and Brain Oedema from a Focal Lesion in Rabbit Brain ....................... 97

Meinig, G., Deisenroth, K.: Dose- and Time-dependent Effects of Dexamethasone on Rat Brain Following Cold-injury Oedema ...................................................................................... 100

Unterberg, A., Schmidt, W., Dautermann, C., Baethmann, A.: The Effect of Various Steroid Treatment Regimens on Cold-induced Brain Swelling .............................................................. 104

Handa, Y., Kobayashi, H., Kawano, H., Ishii, H., Naguchi, Y., Hayashi, M.: Steroid and Hyperosmotic Diuretic Effects on the Early Phase of Experimental Vasogenic Oedema .............................. 107

Reichenthal, E., Kaspi, T., Cohen, M. L., Shevach, I., Shalmon, E., Bar-Ziv, Y., Feldman, Z., Zucker, G.: The Ambivalent Effects of Early and Late Administration of Mannitol in Cold-induced Brain Oedema................................................................................................... 110

Yatsushiro, K., Niiro, M., Asakura, T., Sasahira, M., Terada, K., Uchimura, K., Fujimoto, T.: Magnetic Resonance Study of Brain Oedema Induced by Cold Injury - Changes in Relaxation Times Before and After the Administration of Glycerol .................................................................... 113

Shalmon, E., Reichenthal, E., Kaspi, T.: Transient Effect of Mannitol on Cerebral Blood Flow Following Brain Injury ............................................................................................... 116

Contents IX

Naruse, S., Takei, R., Horikawa, Y., Tanaka, c., Higuchi, T., Ebisu, T., Veda, S., Sugahara, S., Kondo, S., Kiyota, T., Hayashi, H.: Effects of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide on Brain Oedema: The Change of Water, Sodium, and Potassium Contents in the Brain.................................................. 118

Tumour and Brain Oedema (I)

Marmarou, A., Fatouros, P., Ward, J., Appley, A., Young, H.: In vivo Measurement of Brain Water by MRI ....................................................................................................... 123

Iwama, T., Andoh, T., Sakai, N., Yamada, H., Era, S., Kuwata, K., Sogami, M., Watari, H.: IH-NMR Studies on Water Structures in the Rat Brain Tissues with Cerebral Tumour or Ischaemia........... 125

Okada, Y., Hoehn-Berlage, M., Bockhorst, K., Tolxdorff, T., Hossmann, K.-A.: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Regional Biochemical Analysis of Experimental Brain Tumours in Cats ................ 128

Niiro, M., Asakura, T., Yatsushiro, K., Sasahira, M., Terada, K., Fujimoto, T.: Magnetic Resonance Studies in Human Brain Oedema Following Administration of Hyperosmotic Agents ................ 131

Bockhorst, K., Hoehn-Berlage, M., Kocher, M., Hossmann, K.-A.: MRI Contrast Enhancement by MnTPPS of Experimental Brain Tumours in Rats ...................................................... 134

Ohnishi, T., Hayakawa, T., Shapiro, W. R.: Human Malignant Gliomas Secrete a Factor that Increases Brain Capillary Permeability: Role in Peritumoural Brain Oedema .................................... 137

Black, K. L., King, W. A., Ikezaki, K.: Selective Opening of the Blood-Tumour Barrier by Intracarotid Infusion of Leukotriene C4 ..•.•••...............•••.......••.••••.•..•.•.•....•....•.•.••.•.•.••••••..... 140

Ikeda, Y., Long, D. M.: Oxygen Free Radicals in the Genesis of Peritumoural Brain Oedema in Experi-mental Malignant Brain Tumours........................................................................ 142

Chang, C. c., Shinonaga, M., Kuwabara, T., Mima, T., Shigeno, T.: Effect of Recombinant Human Lipocortin I on Brain Oedema in a Rat Glioma Model ................................................ 145

Tumour and Brain Oedema (TI)

Ito, u., Tomita, H., Tone, 0., Shishido, T., Hayashi, H.: Formation and Resolution of White Matter Oedema in Various Types of Brain Tumours............................................................ 149

Aaslid, R., Groger, u., Patlak, C. S., Fenstermacher, J. D., Huber, P., Reulen, H.-J.: Fluid Flow Rates in Human Peritumoural Oedema......................................................................... 152

Nagashima, T., Tada, Y., Hamano, S., Skakakura, M., Masaoka, K., Tamaki, N., Matsumoto, S.: The Finite Element Analysis of Brain Oedema Associated with Intracranial Meningiomas ................ 155

Arbit, E., Rubinstein, A., DiResta, G., Lee, J., Ali, F., Galicich, J. H.: The Effect of the Aminosteroid V-78517G on Peritumoural Brain Oedema.............. ................ .............. .......... ........ 158

King, W. A., Black, K. L., Ikezaki, K., Conklin, S., Becker, D. P.: Novel 21-aminosteroidsPrevent Tumour Associated Neurological Dysfunction.................................................................... 160

Ikeda, Y., Carson, B. S., Long, D. M.: Therapeutic Effects of Topical Dexamethasone on Experimental Brain Tumours and Peritumoural Brain Oedema ....................................................... 163

Ishikawa, M., Kikuchi, H., Nishizawa, S., Yonekura, Y.: Evaluation of Glucose Transport in Malignant Glioma by PET ........................................................................................... 165

Hartmann, A., Dettmers, Ch., Schott, H., Beyenburg, S1.: Cerebral Blood Flow and Rheologic Alterations by Hyperosmolar Therapy in Patients with Brain Oedema ............................................. 168

Ischaemia and Brain Oedema I (Global Ischaemia)

Allen, K. L., Busza, A. L., Proctor, E., Williams, S. R., Bruggen, N. van, Gadian, D. G., Crockard, H. A.: Restoration of Energy Metabolism and Resolution of Oedema Following Profound Ischaemia 171

Preston, E., Saunders, J., Haas, N., Rydzy, M., Kozlowski, P.: Selective, Delayed Increase in Transfer Constants for Cerebrovascular Permeation of Blood-Borne 3H-Sucrose Following Forebrain Ischaemia in the Rat................................................................................................. 174

Stummer, W., Weber, K., Schiirer, L., Baethmann, A., Kempski, 0.: Electrical Impedance, rCBF, Survival and Histology in Mongolian Gerbils with Forebrain Ischaemia........................................ 177

X Contents

Mrsulja, B. B., Stanimirovic, D., Micic, D. V., Spatz, M.: Excitatory Amino Acid Receptors, Oxido-reductive Processes and Brain Oedema Following Transient Ischaemia in Gerbils..................... 180

Katayama, Y., Becker, D. P., Tamura, T., Tsubokawa, T.: Cellular Swelling During Cerebral Ischaemia Demonstrated by Microdialysis in vivo: Preliminary Data Indicating the Role of Excitatory Amino Acids ...................................................................................................... 183

Saito, N., Chang, c., Kawai, K., J06, F., Nowak, T. S. Jr., Mies, G., Ikeda, J., Nagashima, G., Ruetzler, c., Lohr J., Spatz, M., Klatzo, I.: Role of Neuroexcitation in Development of Blood-Brain Barrier and Oedematous Changes Following Cerebral Ischaemia and Traumatic Brain Injury................ 186

Dempsey, R. J., Carney, J. M., Kindy, M. S.: Inducible Ornithine Decarboxylase Expression in Brain Subject to Vasogenic Oedema After Transient Ischaemia: Relationship to C-fos Gene Expression ... 189

Kinuta, Y., Kikuchi, H., Ishikawa, M.: Ischaemic Brain Oedema and Xanthine-Xanthine Oxidase System 192 J06, F.: The Role of Endothelial Second Messenger's-Generating System in the Pathogenesis of Brain

Oedema ................................................................................................... 195 Shinohara, Y., Yamamoto, M., Haida, M., Yazaki, K., Kurita, D.: Effect of Glutamate and Its Antagonist

on Shift of Water from Extra- to Intracellular Space After Cerebral Ischaemia ....................... 198 Nakao, N., Itakura, T., Yokote, H., Nakai, K., Komai, N.: Effect of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide on Ischaemic

Brain Oedema............................................................................................. 201 Yamamoto, M., Haida, M., Taniguchi, R., Yazaki, K., Kurita, D., Fukuzaki, M., Shinohara, Y.: Sup­

pression of Water Shift into Intracellular Space by TA-3090 (Calcium Entry Blocker) Measured with NMR ...................................................................................................... 204

Ischemia and Brain Oedema II (Focal Ischemia)

Moseley, M. E., Mintorovitch, J., Cohen, Y., Asgari, H. S., Derugin, N., Norman, D., Kucharczyk, J.: Early Detection of Ischemic Injury: Comparison of Spectroscopy, Diffusion-, T2-, and Magnetic Sus-ceptibility-Weighted MRI in Cats........................................................................ 207

Sevick, R. J., Kucharczyk, J., Mintorovitch, J., Moseley, M. E., Derugin, N., Norman, D.: Diffusion­Weighted MR Imaging and T2-Weighted MR Imaging in Acute Cerebral Ischaemia: Comparison and Correlation with Histopathology.............. .. ....... ............ ......... ..................... ...... .. 210

Schleien, C. L., Koehler, R. c., Shaffner, D. H., Traystman, R. J.: Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Following CPR in Piglets ................................................................................ 213

Ishimaru, S., Hossmann, K.-A.: Relationship Between Cerebral Blood Flow and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability of Sodium and Albumin in Cerebral Infarcts of Rats..................................... 216

Menzies, S. A., Hoff, J. T., Betz, A. L.: Extravasation of Albumin in Ischaemic Brain Oedema......... 220 Yamane, K., Shima, T., Okada, Y., Takeda, T., Uozumi, T.: Pathophysiological Studies in the Rat

Cerebral Embolization Model: Measurement of Epidural Pressure and Evaluation of Tissue pH and ATP ........... ..................... ................................................... .................... 223

Courten-Myers, G. M. de, Kleinholz, M., Wagner, K. R., Myers, R. E.: Determiners of Fatal Reperfusion Brain Oedema ............................................................................................. 226

Ischaemia and Brain Oedema III

Fries, G., Wallenfang, Th., Kempski, 0., Hennen, J., Velthaus, M., Perneczky, A.: Brain Oedema and Intracranial Pressure in Superior Sagittal Sinus Balloon Occlusion. An Experimental Study in Pigs 231

Tychmanowicz, K., Czernicki, Z., Czosnyka, M., Pawlowski, G., Uchman, G.: Early Pathomorphological Changes and Intracranial Volume-Pressure: Relations Following the Experimental Saggital Sinus Oc-clusion ..................................................................................................... 233

Imaizumi, S., Woolworth, V., Kinouchi, H., Chen, S. F., Fishman, R. A., Chan, P. H.: Liposome-erttrapped Superoxide Dismutase Ameliorates Infarct Volume in Focal Cerebral Ischaemia...................... 236

Johshita, H., Sasaki, T., Matsui, T., Hanamura, T., Masayasu, H., Asano, T., Takakura, K.: Effects of Ebselen (PZ 51) on Ischaemic Brain Oedema After Focal Ischaemia in Cats .......................... 239

Contents XI

Shima, K., Ohashi, K., Umezawa, H., Chigasaki, H., Karasawa, Y., Okuyama, S., Araki, H., Otomo, S.: Post-ischaemic Treatment with the Prostacycline Analogue TTC-909 Reduces Ischaemic Brain Injury 242

Chan, P. H., Chu, L., Chen, S. F., Carlson, E. J., Epstein, C. J.: Attenuation of Glutamate-induced Neuronal Swelling and Toxicity in Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Human CuZn-Superoxide Dis-mutase.............. .... ............ ... ............... ..................................................... 245

Naruse, S., Aoki, Y., Horikawa, Y., Tanaka, C., Higuchi, T., Ebisu, T., Ueda, S., Kondo, S., Kiyota, T., Hayashi, H.: Effects of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide on Ischaemic Brain Oedema Evaluated by the Proton Magnetic Resonance Method .................................................................... 248

Hara, H., Nagasawa, H., Kogure, K.: Nimodipine Attenuates Both Ischaemia-induced Brain Oedema and Mortality in a Rat Novel Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model ................... 251

Kucharczyk, J., Mintorovich, J., Sevick, R., Asgari, H., Moseley, M.: MR Evaluation of Calcium Entry Blockers with Putative Cerebroprotective Effects in Acute Cerebral Ischaemia ........................ 254

Betz, A. L., Coester, H. C.: Effect of Steroid Therapy on Ischaemic Brain Oedema and Blood to Brain Sodium Transport ........................................................................................ 256

Hartmann, A., Ebhardt, G., Rommel, Th., Meuer, A.: Dexamethasone Does not Influence Infarct Size but Causes Haemorrhage in Baboons with Cerebral Infarcts ........................................... 259

Trauma and Brain Oedema (I)

Brink, W. A. van den, Marmarou, A., Avezaat, C. J. J.: Brain Oedema in Experimental Closed Head Injury in the Rat. ........ .... ......... .... ............... ................. ... ... .......... . ............... 261

McIntosh, T. K., Soares, H., Thomas, M., Cloherty, K.: Development of Regional Cerebral Oedema After Lateral Fluid-Percussion Brain Injury in the Rat ................................................. 263

Tsubokawa, T., Katayama, Y., Miyazaki, S., Ogawa, H., Koshinaga, M., Ishikawa K.: Survival and Fibre Outgrowth of Neuronal Cells Transplanted into Brain Areas Associated with Interstitial Oedema ... 265

Gordon, C. R., Merchant, R. S., Marmarou, A., Rice, C. D., Marsh, J. T., Young, H. F.: Effect of Murine Recombinant Interleukin-1 on Brain Oedema in the Rat ...................................... 268

Katayama, Y., Becker, D. P., Tamura, T., Ikezaki, K.: Early Cellular Swelling in Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury: A Phenomenon Mediated by Excitatory Amino Acids ................................... 271

Bullock, R., Butcher, S., McCulloch, J.: Changes in Extracellular Glutamate Concentration After Acute Subdural Haematoma in the Rat - Evidence for an "Excitotoxic" Mechanism? ....................... 274

Inglis, F. M., Bullock, R., Chen, M. H., Graham, D. 1., Miller, J. D., McCulloch, J.: Ischaemic Brain Damage Associated with Tissue Hypermetabolism in Acute Subdural Haematoma: Reduction by a Glutamate Antagonist .................................................................................... 277

Rosenberg, G. A., Estrada, E., Wesley, M., Kyner, W. T.: Autoradiographic Patterns of Brain Interstitial Fluid Flow After Collagenase-induced Haemorrhage in Rat ........................................... 280

Fumeya, H., Ito, K., Yamagiwa, 0., Funatsu, N., Okada, T., Asahi, S., Ogura, H., Kubo, M., Oba, T.: Analysis of MRI and SPECT in Patients with Acute Head Injury ..................................... 283

Bullock, R., Statham, P., Patterson, J., Wyper, D., Hadley, D., Teasdale, E.: The Time Course of Va so genic Oedema After Focal Human Head Injury- Evidence from SPECT Mapping of Blood Brain Barrier Defects .................................................................................................... 286

Statham, P. F. X., Todd, N. V.: Intracerebral Haematoma: Aetiology and Haematoma Volume Determine the Amount and Progression of Brain Oedema ......................................................... 289

Trauma and Brain Oedema (II)

Lang, D. A., Hadley, D. M., Teasdale, G. M., Macpherson, P., Teasdale, E.: Gadolinium-DTPA Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Human Head Injury .................................................. 293

Todd, N. V., Graham, D. 1.: Blood-Brain Barrier Damage in Traumatic Brain Contusions .... :........ 296 Marshall, L. F., Gautille, Th.: Large and Small "Holes" in the Brain: Reversible or Irreversible Changes

in Head Injury ............................................................................................ 300 Meixensberger, J., Brawanski, A., Holzschuh, M., Danhauser-Leistner, 1., Ullrich, W.: Hemispheric CBF-

Alterations in the Time Course of Focal and Diffuse Brain Injury..................................... 302

XII Contents

Tjuvajev, J., Eelmiie, J., Kuklane, M., Tomberg, T., Tikk, A.: Correlations Between Brain Oedema Volume on CT and CSF Dynamics in Severely Head Injured Patients .......................................... 305

Katayama, Y., Tsubokawa, T., Miyazaki, S., Kawamata, T., Yoshino, A.: Oedema Fluid Formation Within Contused Brain Tissue as a Cause of Medically Uncontrollable Elevation of Intracranial Pressure: The Role of Surgical Therapy ................................................................. 308

Godersky, J. c., Gentry, L. R., Tranel, D., Dyste, G. N., Danks, K. R.: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Neurobehavioural Outcome in Traumatic Brain Injury ............................................ 311

The British/Finnish Co-operative Head Injury Trial Group: Teasdale, G., Bailey, 1., Bell, A., Gray, J., Gullan, R., Heiskanan, U., Marks, P. V., Marsh, H., Mendelow, A. D., Murray, G., Ohman, J., Quaghebeur, G., Sinar, J., Skene, A., Waters, A.: The Effect of Nimodipine on Outcome After Head Injury: A Prospective Randomized Control Trial ....................................................... 315

Yoshida, K., Corwin, F., Marmarou, A.: Effect ofTHAM on Brain Oedema in Experimental Brain Injury 317 Gaab, M. R., Seegers, K., Smedema, R. J., Heissler, H. E., Goetz, Ch.: A Comparative Analysis ofTHAM

(Tris-buffer) in Traumatic Brain Oedema. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 Zomow, M. H., Oh, Y. S., Scheller, M. S.: A Comparison of the Cerebral and Haemodynamic Effects

of Mannitol and Hypertonic Saline in an Animal Model of Brain Injury.............................. 324 Gaab, M. R., Rittierodt, M., Lorenz, M., Heissler, H. E.: Traumatic Brain Swelling and Operative

Decompression: A Prospective Investigation ............................................................ 326 McIntosh, T. K., Banbury, M., Smith, D., Thomas, M.: The Novel 21-aminosteroid U-74006F Attenuates

Cerebral Oedema and Improves Survival After Brain Injury in the Rat ............................... 329 Hovda, D. A., Yoshino, A., Kawamata, T., Katayama, Y., Fineman, 1., Becker, D. P.: The Increase in

Local Cerebral Glucose Utilization Following Fluid Percussion Brain Injury is Prevented with Kynurenic Acid and is Associated with an Increase in Calcium .................................................... 331

Various Disease Processes and Brain Oedema I (Hypertension, Hyperammonemia, Hydrocephalus)

Nag, S.: Presence of Transendothelial Channels in Cerebral Endothelium in Chronic Hypertension ..... 335 Handa, Y., Takeuchi, H., Kabuto, M., Kobayashi, H., Kawano, H., Hosotani, K., Hayashi, M.: Blood-

Brain Barrier Disruption Caused by Impairment of Cerebral Autoregulation During Chronic Cerebral Vasospasm in Primates ................................................................................... 338

Schilling, L., Parsons, A. A., Mackert, J. R. L., Wahl, M.: Effect of L-arginine on Haemoglobin-induced Inhibition of Endothelium-dependent Relaxation of Isolated Cerebral Arteries........................ 341

Nag, S., Young, L.: Cerebrovascular Permeability in Acute Hypertension: Effect of Flunarizine ........ 344 Takahashi, H., Koehler, R. c., Brusilow, S. W., Traystman, R. J.: Glutamine Synthetase Inhibition

Prevents Cerebral Oedema During Hyperammonemia .................................................. 346 Tamaki, N., Nagashima, T., Ehara, K., Shirakuni, T., Matsumoto, S.: Hydrocephalic Oedema in Normal-

pressure Hydrocephalus .................................................................................. 348 Umezawa, H., Shima, K., Chigasaki, H., Sato, K., Ishii, S.: Local Cerebral Blood Flow and Glucose

Metabolism in Hydrostatic Brain Oedema............................................................... 351 Tamaki, N., Nagashima, T., Ehara, K., Kimura, M., Matsumoto, S., Iriguchi, N.: Changes in Free Water

Content and Energy Metabolism of the Brain in Experimental Hydrocephalus. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Shakhnovich, A. R., Razumovsky, A. Y., Gasparjan, S. S., Ozerova, V. I.: Venous and Cerebrospinal

Fluid Outflow in Patients with Brain Swelling and Oedema ............................................ 357

Various Disease Processes and Brain Oedema II (Pseudotumour, Irradiation, Infection, Stress)

Soelberg S0rensen, P., Thomsen, c., Gjerris, F., Henriksen, 0.: Brain Water Accumulation in Pseudo-tumour Cerebri Demonstrated by MR-imaging of Brain Water Self-Diffusion ........................ 363

Lundar, T., Nomes, H.: Pseudo tumour Cerebri-neurosurgical Considerations............................ 366 Arienta, c., Caroli, M., Balbi, S., Parma, A., Calappi, E., Massei, R.: Clinical Evaluation and Long-

Term Follow-up in 16 Patients with Pseudotumour Cerebri ............................................ 369

Contents XIII

Gutin, P. H., McDermott, M. W., Ross, G., Chan, P. H., Chen, S. F., Levin, K. J., Babuna, 0., Marton, L. J.: Polyamine Accumulation and Vasogenic Oedema in the Genesis of Late Delayed Radiation Injury of the Central Nervous System (CNS) ............................................................ 372

Lafuente, J. V., Pouschman, E., Cerv6s-Navarro, J., Sharma, H. S., Schreiner, c., Korves, M.: Dynamics of Tracer Distribution in Radiation Induced Brain Oedema in Rats ................................... 375

Pfister, H. W., Koedel, D., Dirnagl, D., Haberl, R. L., Feiden, W., Einhiiupl, K. M.: Superoxide Dismutase Inhibits Brain Oedema Formation in Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis......................... 378

Nakagawa, Y., Shinno, K., Okajima, K., Matsumoto, K.: Perifocal Brain Oedema in Experimental Brain Abscess in Rats ........................................................................................... 381

Sharma, H. S., Cerv6s-Navarro, J.: Brain Oedema and Cellular Changes Induced by Acute Heat Stress in Young Rats ............................................................................................ 383

Brain Oedema, Mass Effects, CBF

Piper, I. R., Miller, J. D., Whittle, I. R., Lawson, A: Automated Time-averaged Analysis of Craniospinal Compliance ............................................................................................... 387

Mase, M., Nagai, H., Mabe, H., Kamiya, K., Matsumoto, T., Deda, Y.: Changes in Epidural Pulse Pressure in Brain Oedema Following Experimental Focal Ischaemia................................... 391

Rinaldi, A., Mangiola, A., Anile, c., Maira, G., Amante, P., Ferraresi, A: Hemodynamic Effects of Decompressive Craniectomy in Cold Induced Brain Oedema ........................................... 394

Sutton, L. N., Greenberg, J., Welsh, F.: Blood Flow and Metabolism in Vasogenic Oedema............ 397 Inao, S., Kuchiwaki, H., Wachi, A, Andoh, K., Nagasaka, M., Sugita, K., Furuse, M.: Effect of Mannitol

on Intracranial Pressure-Volume Status and Cerebral Haemodynamics in Brain Oedema ............. 401 Plangger, C. A M.: Effect of Gammahydroxybutyrate on Intracranial Pressure, Mean Systemic Arterial

Pressure and Cerebral Perfusion Pressure in Experimentally Induced Brain Oedema of the Rat ...... 404 Czernicki, Z., Walecki, J.: Evaluation of Oedema Spreading and Intracranial Volume Reserve Dsing CT

Image Numerical Analysis ................................................................................ 407 Eelmae, J., Tjuvajev, J., Tikk, A: Quantitative Analysis of CT Visualized Periventricular and Perifocal

Brain Oedema by Means of CSF Dynamics Infusion Test .............................................. 409 Sirovskiy, E., Kornienko, V., Moshkin, A., Amcheslavskiy, V., Ingorokva, G., Glazman, L.: VPF and

Interstitial Fluid Pressure in Brain Oedema ............................................................. 411

Author Index................................................................................................. 415

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