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Brain Function and
Theory.
What is brain?
Fun Facts About Brain
Average weight: 1.5 kg | volume: 1130 cm3. (70% of water)
Represents-2%( body weight)
Receives-15%(cardiac output)
Consumes- 20% (body oxygen)
25% (body energy) glucose
Contains 160,000 km of blood vessels.
25% (energy) glucose
There are no pain receptors in the brain
Can stay alive for 4 to 6 minutes without oxygen before cells begin to die.
Cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. Brain have four lobes which are the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes with particular functions such as movement, cognition or language, and our vision, hearing, smell, taste, and somatic senses.
Limbic system controls our emotions and motivations. Cerebellum relays information to the muscles to control movement, and the brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord.
Parts of Brains
1. Frontal Lobes
When damage, there are some behaviour changes
such as Palalysis, change in mood, behaviour, personality,
different with concentration, memory and problem solving.
Involve movement, decision-
making, problem solving &
planning.
Prefrontal cortex: involve
personality expression and
planning of complex
cognitive behaviour.
Premotor & motor: control
execution of voluntary
muscle movement. FUN
CTIO
NS
Motor functions. Higher order functions,
conscious thought. Planning and problem
solving. Concentration and
attention span Reasoning, forward
and critical thinking. Judgement. Impulse control. Memory for habits and
motor activities. Emotional response
and empathy. Expressive language
and meaning.
2. Parietal Lobe
Damage to left parietal lobe
Confusion between the right and left side of the body. Agraphia, Alexia, Acalculia and Aphasia. Inability to perceive objects normally.
Damage to right parietal lobe
Neglecting part of the body or space Problems with self-care skills. Difficulty with making things
Damage to both sides
Problems with visual attention and motor skills. Inability to voluntarily control the gaze Inability to integrate components of a visual scene Problems with hand/eye coordination
Part of the cerebral
cortex.
Involved in the
reception and
processing of sensory
information.
Controls voluntary
movements,
manipulation of
objects and the
integration of
different senses
FUN
CTIO
NS
Cognition.
Information
processing.
Pain and touch
sensation.
Spatial orientation
and body position.
Speech.
Understanding the
concept of time.
Visual attention and
face recognition.
3. Temporal lobe
THE AUDITORY PATHWAY
Located :surface of the temporal lobes
(Smell sense)
( Visual sense)
Located: Side of the
head above ears.
System: Limbic
System
The upper and
central region
receive via thalamus.
FUN
CTIO
NS
Hearing ability and
auditory perception.
Understanding spoken
language and rhythm.
Memory acquisition and
learning.
Some visual perception.
Categorization and
ordering of objects.
Speech.
Emotional responses.
4. Occipital Lobe
THE VISUAL PATHWAY
Located: at primary
visual cortex
Main centre for visual
processing.
Region involved:
visuospatial
processing,
Visual, colour, depth
and motion
perception.
DA
MA
GE
One side:
homonymous
loss of vision
Both side:
stroke- cortial
blindness
5. Brain Stem and Cerebellum
FU
NC
TIO
NS
& D
AM
AG
E
FU
NC
TIO
NS
& D
AM
AG
E
Breathing
Heart Rate
Alertness and
sleep
Difficulties of
breat, heart
rate and
alertness
Coordination of
fine movement.
Balance and
equilibrium.
Reflex motor
acts.
Muscle tone.
Loss of
coordination of
fine motor
movements
(Asynergia).
Tremors,
dizziness, vertigo.
Taste sense
Chorda tympani nerve ---glossopharyngeal nerve ---vagus nerve .
SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM
Somatosensory region : Skin, muscles, bones, joints and organs are triggered by a specific stimulus.
Summary of Funstions of Brains.
How memory works in learning
Teaching Grows Brain
Cells
High stress Restricts Brain
Processing to the Survival State
Neuroplasticity,
interneuron connection
continue pruned in
response. { Sensory
input, emotion,
physical skills}
Guided instruction
Practice with frequent
corrective feedback.
Brain- based get new
information cannot pass
through the amygdale
(part of the limbic system)
Teachers need to know
cut down stress flows.
Memory is constructed & stored by
patterning.
Memory is sustained by use
Short term memory
Activation of brains
related prior knowledge
before new information
taught.
Teachers demonstrate
the pattern connection &
relationships exist.
Helps increase variety of
interventions correlated
with neuroimaging
responses.
When more times a person
repeat an action, the more
dendrites grow and
interconnect greater
memory storage.
The Thinking Brain & Reactive Brain
Prefrontal cortex (17%) Automatic brain (83%)
Stress Level down, interest Negative emotion{ avoid- ignore it,and fight
high. against it }
RAS ( the Gatekeeper)
Locate: lower back of brain
Receive input from sensory nerves that come from nerve ending in eyes,
ears, mouth, face, skin, muscles and internal organ.
Solution
i. Keep yourself physically healthy and well rested
ii. Practice focusing and observing yourself.
The Limbic System
The Amygdala
o Filters negative
emotion
o Block new information
to your prefrontal
cortex
o Stress may close the
pathway of RAS and
amygdala to thinking
brain.
Solution
i. Take deep breath.
Hippocampus
o Nest to amygdale
Solution
i. Reviewing & practice
information: dendrites
grows between nerve cell
ii. Repeated stimulation
iii. Create something new:
Strengthen neural pathway.
Dopamine
o Most important
neurotransmitter
o Carry electrical messages
across synapse
o Dopamine increase,
neurotransmitter increase.