Branches of Government

President

Commander in Chief• Specified in the Constitution• Head of the military forces of the US

Army, Navy / Marines, Air Force• Civilian leader

Will never wear a military uniform• Will salute the troops & expected to be

saluted by the troops• Secretary of Defense advises & helps• Pentagon – building that is HQ of military

Pentagon

George Washington

First Commander in Chief in US history Named by the Second Continental

Congress• Represented all 13 colonies in Philadelphia• They created the Continental Army

Fought the Revolutionary War Chosen because he had experience

from French & Indian War• War between England & France in 1754-

1763, in North America

Battles of Trenton & Princeton Surprise attack - Christmas night 1776 Washington’s crossing the Delaware

• State park today north of Philly British Hessians stationed in Trenton

• What were the Hessians? Successful attack on hung over troops Next week, another victory at Princeton British retreated into NYC

• British General Cornwallis

What is wrong with this picture?

Mort Küntsler, 2011

Campaign of 1777

Campaign – series of battles to win a specific target or goal

British Campaign to capture Philadelphia• Br. General William Howe• sail from NYC & up Chesapeake Bay to MD

Washington chose Brandywine Creek as spot to defend Philly

good location near “Mr. Chad's Ford”

Battle of Brandywine

Frenchmen, Marquis de Lafayette arrived at Brandywine to fight the English• Wanted to avenge his father’s death by

British British marched up the Baltimore Pike

from Kennett Square on Sept. 11, 1777 Howe split the army in two 1st skirmish at the Kennett Meeting

• American scouts & Hessians

Results of Brandywine… Washington doesn't realize that Howe's

army was split until too late Americans retreated through Chester Battle lasted from 4-7pm Why did Howe stop? 2 reasons… If he had chased Washington & captured

him very possible war would have ended at Brandywine- we would’ve lost!

Did lose Philly after loss at Germantown

Valley Forge Video

See video guide…

Battle of Yorktown

Washington vs. Cornwallis• French General Rochambeau too• US & Fr troops outnumbered Br 2:1

French Fleet cut off Br. Navy• Could not help British escape

Siege of Yorktown – almost a month Cornwallis surrendered Last battle of the Revolutionary War

Surrender

Oct 19, 1781 British troops hand over weapons Officers gave swords & flags Br. Fife & drum played “The World

Turned Upside Down” Cornwallis was “sick” and did not go Washington conducted ceremony

perfectly – we were a true Nation!

James Madison

4th President of the US• 1809-1817

War of 1812• US vs. Britain again

Causes: Britain attacked US ships• Provided guns to Indians in NW territories

Mostly a naval war• Battle of Lake Erie

Flagship Niagara

Battle of Bladensburg

Just outside Washington DC Madison personally led the troops

• 1st time sitting president did this British won battle & then took capital Dolley Madison saved items at the

White House – almost captured• Including famous painting of Washington

British Burned gov’t buildings• Retaliation for we burned York in Canada

Battle of Fort McHenry

Fort on island that protected Baltimore British navy bombarded fort for 25

hours Fort did not fall & British retreated from

Baltimore Francis Scott Key – watched from a ship

& saw US flag over fort in morning• What did he write?• “The Star Spangled Banner”

James K. Polk

11th President – 1845-1849 Campaign slogan was for War

• “Fifty-Four, Forty or Fight!”• Meaning fight to expand the country• Did not fight for Oregon, did for Texas

Mexican War – US vs. Mexico Causes: US annexed Texas – Meaning?

• Controversial war as Texas had slavery• Many opposed to adding another slave state

Mexican War

1846-1848 – US won Key generals picked by Polk

• Zachary Taylor – “Old Rough & Ready” Loved by his men

• Winfield Scott – “Old Fuss & Feathers” Served as General in US Army longer than

any other person in US History

Both were very successful in war Both will run for President afterwards Who will become President?

Abraham Lincoln

16th President 1861-1865 Civil War Causes: Slavery in the South

1. States Rights vs. National interests2. Preserve the Union – the nation

Results: North ultimately won• Outlasted the South – supplies, men, etc• More dead than any other US War• Much of South had to be rebuilt

Commanding Generals of War

Lincoln picked & briefly picked himself Winfield Scott – at beginning of war

• Too old, replaced quickly George B. McClellan – moved slowly

• The soldiers loved him – “Old Mac”• From this area

Henry Halleck – excellent at operations – not at winning battles

Ulysses S. Grant – “Unconditional Surrender” – ultimately won war

Generals to President

Several successful generals became President of the US later

7th - Andrew Jackson – War of 1812 9th - William Henry Harrison – War of

1812 12th - Zachary Taylor – Mexican War 18th - Ulysses S. Grant – Civil War 34th - Dwight D. Eisenhower – World

War II