Brand extension Introduction:Brand extension refers to the corporate activity whereby companies introduce new products, new product variants or product improvements by leveraging the brand equity of the existing parent brand. When Starbucks decided to launch its line of bottled cold coffee called Frappucino (a mixture of coffee, water, milk and different syrups), the logic used was to leverage the very strong equity of the Starbucks brand in gaining wide spread acceptance for the new product line.

As such, brand extension is a type of short cut that companies resort to, to minimize risk and maximize their investment in the brand. But more often than not, brand extensions fail. The simple reason for such failure is that the equity of the parent brand is one of the many factors that impact the success of brand extensions. Much has been researched on the success factors of brand extensions in

the industry and in academia. Knowledge from the collective wisdom of the industry, best practices of some of the biggest brands and empirical evidence from research is used to present some guidelines on brand extensions to companies.

There are several aspects of considering brand extensions:

1. Product line extension without a sub-brand as (Rasna) has various variants.

2. Extending the brand with sub-brands (junior horlicks)

3. Extending the brand to related categories (Liril to Liril talcum powder)

4. Extending the brand to more related categories (Wipro in computers, finance, edible oil, medical equipments, soaps and baby powder).

Some examples of successful brand extensions:-

Horlicks come up with Horlicks junior The credibility of its existing brands, which are positioned as health and energy drinks, acts as an easy launch pad for new products in the foods market. The company has successfully launched a variety of brand extensions of its popular Horlicks brand such as ‘Mother Horlicks’, ‘Junior Horlicks’ and ‘Horlicks Three-in-one’ sachets. SBCH is aiming to grow both organically and inorganically by exploiting existing opportunities supported by its well-established distribution network.

Shirts from the GANT Rugger collection. No brand has reincarnated itself better than the preppy New Haven born GANT. In the past few years they have shaped and polished themselves into a very stylish and smart collection. A few seasons ago, they collaborated with Jeffery Kalinsky on a small offering of shirts that has since become a full collection of suiting, outerwear and of course the GANT mainstay - woven shirts. The new GANT Created by Jeffrey collection features detailing that is quirky and cool. They used their signature oxford-cloth to tip the pockets and for piping in the trousers. The idea was to create Classic pieces that will remain stylish for years to come. GANT has done something unique by taking a small collaboration with a selection of shirts and turned it into a commercially successful brand extension aimed at a wider, yet very fashionable market. Well done.

Essential factors that impact brand extension success:-

1. Fit between parent brand and brand extension – The fit between the parent brand and the brand extension is probably the most important factor that impacts the success of the brand extension. Fit can be analyzed from

multiple perspectives. But generally fit refers to the compatibility of the brand extension’s product category, product attributes and associations to the parent brand’s product category, product attributes and associations. Greater the fit between the parent brand and the brand extensions, higher is the probability of the success of the brand extension.

2. Parent brand conviction and parent-brand experience – The other important factor the influences the success of the brand extension is the quality of experience that consumers would have had with the parent brand. Such brand experience can include the physical quality of the product, the service encounters, the price and value perceptions, the post purchase service, the retail atmosphere and such. Also, the parent brand conviction, which refers to the extent of support and commitment the parent brand has towards the brand extension, also impacts the success of the brand extension.

3. Retailer experience – In spite of the ever increasing influence of the Internet on shopping of even the branded products, retail spaces in the physical world still continues to have a stranglehold on distribution. As such, the successful- Brand Extension Success – New profit growth Martin cess of many brands is contingent on securing shelf space and the marketing push provided by the retail establishment. Similar is the case with brand extensions. If companies that extend their brands are not welcomed by retail stores and are not offered marketing support and push by the retail stores, then the success of such products are limited.

4. Marketing support – This is one of the important factors that determine the success of brand extension that is under the control of the company. Given the proliferation of brands in the market, it is only natural that the company that invests highly in promoting its brand extension eventually ends up in a better position. Such support will help achieve two objectives – one, it will facilitate a very aggressive push and pull demand for the brand extension and two, it will help create positive perceptions about the company in the minds of the consumers.

Advantages and disadvantages of brand extension

strategy:- According to David Taylor this strategy of brand extension is popular because it is less risky and cheaper compared to the creation of a new brand (Leslie de Chaternatony and Malcolm

McDonald point the same economical advantage by indicating that .The economics of establishing new brands are pushing companies more towards stretching their existing name into new markets.

Advantages of brand extension strategy are:-

1. Consumer knowledge: The remaining strong brand used to “promote a new product” makes it less critical to create “awareness and imagery”. The association with the main brand is already done and the “main task is communicating the specific benefits of the new Innovation” Taylor.

2. Consumer trust: The existing well-known-strong brands represent a promise –of quality, useful features etc. - for the consumer. Thus, the extension will benefit from this fame and this good opinion about the brand to create “a compelling value proposition in a new segment or markets” Taylor. A satisfied customer by an extension will be more willing to repurchase the same brand. For example in the sport field, a customer will more likely prefer a brand offering a complete equipment-shoes, outfit and accessories.

3. Lower cost : compared to launching a new brand, brand extension strategy is cheaper especially because the new product use the name of an already well-known brand, the advertisement budget for brand extension are smaller than for new brands.

4. Enhancement of brand visibility: when a brand appears in another field it can “be a more effective and efficient brand-building approach than spending money on advertising”. The relationship with loyal customers will be strengthen because they will use the brand “in another context” and it is expected as well that they will prefer this brand to the competitors’ one.

5. Provide a source of energy for a brand: The brand image-especially when the brand is a bit tired- is expected to be reinforced by the extension. Indeed, this latter gives energy to the brand because it increases the frequency with which the

brand is associated with good quality, innovations and large range of products. In addition, the customer sees the brand name more often and it can strengthen his idea that it is a good one.

6. Defensive strategy: An extension can prevent competitors from gaining or exploiting a foothold in the market and can be “worthwhile even though it might struggle”. For e.g. - Microsoft for instance has decided to operate in different areas with the aim of limiting the “ability of competitors to encroach on core business areas”.

Disadvantages of brand extension strategy are:-

1. Dilution of the existing brand image: The extensions are using the most important asset of the company that i.e. its brand name. It can be a major advantage for the extension but it represents as well a huge risk for the existing brand because the brand image can be diluted. Park, McCarthy & Milberg, that those positive and negative consequences are “reciprocity effects” and defined as “a change in the initial customer’s behaviour regarding the brand, after an extension”.A brand extension can damage the brand. A dilution of the brand capital can happen by the occurrence of undesirable associations or by the weakening of the existing associations..Indeed, an accident occurring with a product can lead to tarnish the image of the brand. In addition, it is sometimes difficult to associate one brand to two products without weakening the brand position in the customer’s mind.Aaker said that when a brand benefits are ensure by the fact that it is not “for or available to everyone”, doing too much extensions could reduce this image of brand selectivity. He takes the example of the overuse of the name Gucci – at one moment there were 14,000 products Gucci- was a part of the factors leading to the “fall of that brand”.

2. Cannibalization: Aaker states that the extensions can cannibalize theexisting products of the brand when there are positioned in a close market. It means the extensions sales are increasing while

those of the existing brand’s products are following the Opposite curved.Aaker underlines that these good sales figures for the extensions can not compensate the damage produced to the original brand’s equity.

Examples of failures in brand extensions:-Red Bull gives you... uh... ColaYou might just go the way of when will BRANDS learn to embrace the true perception of their BRANDS?BevNET reported on March 24th that Red Bull will be launching a brand extension... Cola. Natural Cola. With only 32 mg of caffeine, it will focus on flavor and not on buzz. This doesn't seem like a natural extension of the brand... granted, they sell beverages in the same cooler as Coke and Pepsi, but people have always reached for them out of function... not because they wanted to feel like they were drinking a Smarties-flavored soda.A better brand extension might have been, I don’t know... caffeine pills. Caffeine

patches. Caffeine gum. Trying to compete with Coke and Pepsi will probably lead to failure... The best thing a brand with such a strong identity can do with its money is run with its public persona - no matter how ugly. Embrace it, poke fun at yourself, and above all, DON'T try to be something you're not.Sorry, Red Bull... but we fail to see the possibility of ordering a nice, tall Red Bull Cola at Applebee's in the next few years. Crystal Pepsi.

CONCLUSION

In the light of very high rates of new product failures, brand extension seems very attractive. After all, all

companies seek to extract the maximum possible returns from the investment in their brands. Brand extensions done without due diligence can be equally detrimental to companies. But if companies carefully study the brand extensions and follow the general guidelines, brand extension success could indeed become a corporate reality.