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Breast Cancer in Asia
CH YipProfessor
Department of SurgeryUniversity Malaya Medical Centre
Current Issues in Breast Cancer
3rd July 2010
Incidence of breast cancer in Asia
• Generally incidence rates are lower than in the Western countries
• However the incidence is rising at a more rapid rate than in Western countries
BREAST CANCER (Female) 1.15 million cases in 2002 (10.6% total)
BREAST CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY:Breast cancer mortality / incidence ratios
More developed countries0.30 (190K deaths / 636K cases)
Less developed countries0.43 (221K deaths / 514K cases)
Globocan 2002 (IARC)B Anderson
Breast cancer – Incidence in AsiaGlobocan 2002
46.6
34.7
33 31.7
30.8
26.2
24.7
21.5
20.6
20.4
20.2
19.6
18.7
16.6
16.6
50.1
48.6
83.2
101.
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
USA
Aust
ralia
Pak
ista
n
Sing
apor
e
Phili
ppin
es
Japa
n
Jord
an Iraq
Mal
aysi
a
Indo
nesi
a
S A
rabi
a
Cam
bodi
a
Bru
nei
Kore
a
Mya
nmar
Indi
a
Chi
na
Ban
glad
esh
Thai
land
The incidence of breast cancer is lower in Asia compared to the
western countries
WHY?
Australia 1 in 10
Malaysia 1 in 20
#1 The rate of increase in breast cancer in developing countries is more
than in the developed countries
#2 When a woman from a low incidence country migrates to a high-incidence
country, her risk of breast cancer increase
Risk factors for breast cancer are different in different parts of the world
Lifestyle and diet are important risk factors
In Asia , lifestyles are rapidly changing
•Less children
•Later age at first childbirth
•Less breast feeding
•More urbanisation
•More obesity
•More westernised diet
What are these risk factors
NCR (Malaysia) Report 2003‐2005
• Ten top cancers in Malaysian womenBreast 31.3%Cervix Uteri 10.6%Large Bowel 9.9%Ovary 4.3%Leukemia 3.7%Lung 3.6%Lymphoma 3.4%Corpus Uteri 3.3%Thyroid 3.1%Stomach 2.7%
Female Breast Cancer – NCR report 2003-2005
• 11 952 new cases over 3 years• Commonest cancer in Malaysia overall• Commonest cancer in Malaysian women • Crude rate 41.3 per 100,000• Age standardised rate (ASR) 46.4 per 100,000• Cumulative risk 5.0 ie a woman in Malaysia
have a 1 in 20 chance of developing breast cancer in her lifetime
Female Breast Cancer– NCR report 2003-5Race Incidence
Ethnic Group No % CR ASR CumR
Malay 4969 33.6 27.7 34.9 3.6Chinese 5051 30.3 66 59.8 6.3Indian 1265 31.2 47 54.1 6
Malay women 1 in 28 lifetime riskChinese women 1 in 16 lifetime riskIndian women 1 in 17 lifetime risk
Female Breast Cancer– NCR report 2002
Race Mean Age Median Age (range)
Malay 48.1 (10.8) 47 (15-86)Chinese 51.4 (11.4) 50 (23-96)Indian 52.3 (11.4) 51 (28-87)
Female Breast Cancer– NCR report 2003-2005Age Incidence
Age No % CR0-9 5 0 0.110-19 10 0 0.220-29 181 1.5 3.730-39 1512 12.6 37.340-49 4050 33.9 117.450-59 3479 29.1 154.060-69 1822 15.2 141.570+ 901 7.5 105.1
Prevalent age group 40-49Highest age-specific incidence 50-5948.1% below the age of 50
Population pyramid
0-45-9
10-1415-1920-2425-2930-3435-3940-4445-4950-5455-5960-6465-6970-74
75+
12 10 8 6 4 4 6 8 10 12Population in Percentage
Males Females
2002World standard Male and Female Population by Age
0-45-9
10-1415-1920-2425-2930-3435-3940-4445-4950-5455-5960-6465-6970-74
75+
12 10 8 6 4 4 6 8 10 12Population in Percentage
Males Females
2002Male and Female Population of Developing Country by Age
0-45-9
10-1415-1920-2425-2930-3435-3940-4445-4950-5455-5960-6465-6970-74
75+
12 10 8 6 4 4 6 8 10 12Population in Percentage
Males Females
2002Male and Female Population of Developed Country by Age
World Std population:
Average between Developing and Developed countries
Developing country:
For most cancers with rising age incidence, crude rate therefore always HIGHER after age standardization
Developed country:
For most cancers with rising age incidence, crude rate therefore always LOWER after age standardization
Ethnic population pyramid
Malay
Broad base pyramid, hence rate generally
increase after age standardization
Chinese
Narrower base pyramid, hence rate generally decrease after age
standardization, espfemales
Indian
Intermediate base and rate increase after age
standardization
Female Breast Cancer– NCR report 2003-2005Age Incidence
Age
spec
ific C
ance
r Inc
iden
t per
100
000
popu
latio
n
A ge group
Malay Chinese Indian
0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70+0.0
240.4
Age specific incidence – breast cancer
Age
spec
ific C
ance
r Inc
iden
ce p
er 1
0000
0 po
pula
tion
Age group
Female:Peninsular Malaysia Female:Singapore Female:South Australia
0- 5- 10- 15- 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55- 60- 65- 70- 75- 80- 85+
0
317.3
USA
UK
Sweden
Philippines
Singapore
Japan
Korea
India
China, Thailand
Figure 1: Age‐specific incidence rate for breast cancer
Different patterns of Western countries and Asian countries
Geographical differences in age incidence
• The difference in age at presentation between Asia and Western countries could be explained by the birth cohort effect ie women of successive generations are more exposed to risk factors
• Women born after the Second World War are at higher risk than those born before
• This could be related to the rapid change in lifestyle in most Asian countries after the war as dietary factors in childhood and adolescence play an important role in the aetiology
• With time, the age incidence of breast cancer may be similar to Western countries
Age incidence in Japan
• The mean age at presentation has increased over the years from 48 years in 1946-1959, to 53.9 years in 2000-2001.
• Postmenopausal breast cancer has increased from 40.6% in 1946-1959 to 55.4% in 2000-2001
Histopathology of breast cancer in Asia
• More infiltrating ductal compared with infiltrating lobular
• More Grade 2/3 cancers compared to Caucasians
• Possibility of more HER2 over-expressing cancers
• Less ER and PR positivity
Grade of tumour by ethnic groups UMMC 2001-2006
A recent update by Elston etal reported an 18% Grade 1, 27% grade 2 and 45% Grade 3.
Chinese Malays Indians
Grade 1 91 (10%) 25 (9.3%) 12 (7.1%)
Grade 2 479 128 81
Grade 3 338(37.2%) 115(42.9%) 75 (44.6%)
Total 908 268 168
Hormone receptor status at presentation
13239 cases.
Gapstur etal Cancer 1996
White(%)
Hispanic (%)
Black(%)
Malaysia(%)
ER+PR+ 58 58 49 42.9ER+PR- 15 12 14 11.1ER-PR+ 6 8 7 8.8ER-PR- 20 22 35 37.2
15 year review of ER status in UMMC
Year ER positive ER negative Total
1994‐1998 150 (54.3%) 126 276
1999‐2003 588 (56.6%) 451 1039
2004‐2008 1019 (58.3%) 728 1747
Total 1757 (57.4%) 1305 3062
P=0.406
15 year review of ER status in UMMC
Race ER positive ER negative Total
Malay 318 (52%) 293 611
Chinese 1218 (59.4%) 832 2050
Indian 221(55.1%) 180 401
Total 1757 1305 3062
P=0.003
15 year review of ER status in UMMC
Age ER positive ER negative Total
Less than 40 192 (51.1%) 185 377
40 and above 1565 (58.3%) 1120 2685
Total 1757 1305 3062
P=0.007
Stage at presentation
• Generally presents at later stages compared with Western countries
• Late stage of disease due to the absence of a mammogram screening programme
• Socio-cultural factors are also barriers to early detection
Late presentation in Asian countries are very common
Ignorance and poor education
Geographical isolation and inadequate access to medical care
Absence of screening programme
Social and cultural barriers
Financial problems Traditional Treatment
Advanced cancers
India – 76% of breast cancers are in Stage 3 and 4
Korea – 50% present with Stage 0-1 Sabah, Malaysia – 52.2% present with Stage 3-4
Japan – 10% present with Stage 3-4
Why do women present late?
Taboos
Myths
Stigma
Silence
“Put aside”
No pain, cannot be cancer
Cancer only in old people
Mastectomy means death
Breast Cancer in UMMCStage at presentation 1993-2008 (3689 cases)
Early Stage –Stage 1 and 2Late Stage – Stage 3 and 4
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
Stage 4
Stage 3
Stage 2
Stage 1
Breast Cancer in HKL and UMMCMalaysia
CH Yip, NA Mohd Taib, I Mohamed, "Epidemiology of breast cancer in Malaysia", 2006, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, Vol. 7, no. 3, pg. 369-374
Hisham AN and Yip CH. Spectrum of breast cancer in Malaysian women: an overview. World J Surg 2003;27:921-23.
Hospital Kuala Lumpur
University Malaya Medical Centre
Stage 3‐4 50‐60% 30‐40%
Malays 48% 23%
Chinese 35% 59%
Indians 17% 16%
Size 5.4 cm 4.2 cm
Age 50 years 50 years
Sabah – Queen Elizabeth Hospital
186 patients presenting in 2005‐2006
• Stage 1 12.9%
• Stage 2 30.1%
• Stage 3 36.6%
• Stage 4 15.6%
4 factors significantly related to late presentation were:
• Non‐Chinese, Poor (earning < RM1000 per month, Rural, and Not educated
Leong BC, Chuah JA, Kumar VM and Yip CH. Breast cancer in Sabah, Malaysia: a two year prospective study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2007;8(4):525-9.
Penang Cancer Registry 1994-1998
• Launched on 15th Dec 2003• ASR 34.6 per 100,000• Higher incidence in Chinese (43.1)
followed by Indians (35.2) and Malays (19.4)
• Estimated 1 in 28 women will develop breast cancer in Malaysia
Penang Cancer Registry 1994‐1998
• Stage 1 – 15.4 %
• Stage 2 – 46.9 %
• Stage 3 – 22.2%
• Stage 4 – 15.5%
Breast Cancer in UMMCStage at presentation and race 2008 (442 cases)
Early Stage –Stage 1 and 2Late Stage – Stage 3 and 4
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Malays Chinese Indians
Stage 4
Stage 3
Stage 2
Stage 1
Stage 0
Malays 72
Chinese 313
Indians 57
Why do women present late?
• Small pilot study in UMMC on 25 women presenting with late disease
• 60% had tried alternative therapy as the first choice of treatment; the rest ignored the symptoms or prayed, hoping that it would go away
• One had spent over USD10 000 of alternative therapy
• Main reasons was fear of surgery and belief in traditional treatment, others were financial, family problems, did not know that cancer could spread….
• Most had been diagnosed early but did not agree to conventional treatment
Taib NA, Yip CH etal APJCP 2007
Barriers to early detection
• 34 year old lecturer from a local university
• Married with 4 children aged 2 to 7 years old
• Right breast lump for 4 years on traditional medicine
• Poor education and poverty are not the only barriers
to early detection of breast cancer
Traditional Medicine
• 33 yr old diagnosed with breast cancer when 36 weeks
pregnant
• After delivery defaulted surgery
• Presented 5 months later with a large right breast mass
• Alternative therapy with joss sticks
Why do women present late?
• Mixed method (qualitative quantitative) study based on the grounded theory
• Three recurring themes– Fatalism– Belief in traditional treatment– Decision making not in the hands of the
woman
SURVIVAL FROM BREAST CANCER
A woman in the developing world is more likely to die from breast cancer compared to the
developed world
WHY?
Global Differences in Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Outcomes: Survival
• Estimated mortality-to-incidence ratios are generally lower in developed regions1
USA (83–88%)2*
Europe (60–83%)2*
Developing countries(45–72%)3**
Women diagnosed: *1990–1994; **1982–1992
ASR 5
-yea
r su
rviv
al
1Shibuya, et al. BMC Cancer 2002;2:37; 2Coleman, et al. Ann Oncol 2003;14(Suppl 5):V128–V149; 3Sankaranarayanan, et al. IARC Sci Publ 1998;145:135–73
Five year survival rates around the world
USA 86%
Korea 85%
Australia 84%
United Kingdom 75%
Singapore 70%
Malaysia 59%
Philippines 52.4%
India 46.7%
Uganda 44%
Oman 64%
Survival from breast cancer depends on:
EarlyDetection
Treatment
AND
Breast Cancer Survival by Stage (U.S. Data):
Localized
Regional
Unstaged
Distant
The best chance of cure is from EARLY DETECTION
Breast Cancer Survival in Malaysia
• Mortality statistics inaccurate
• Only 40% of deaths are medically certified
• Hospital data – UMMC database on breast cancer 1993‐2002. Exclude DCIS and patients who absconded. Total of over 800 patients
• Patient’s IC checked with the Registry Dept (JPN) to see if they are alive or dead
Yip etal APJCP 2006
0 20 40 60 80 100
Survival times
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Estim
ated
sur
viva
l pro
babi
litie
sOverall survival plot
0.584
Median follow-up : 55 months(1 month to 107 months)
Overall Survival Breast Cancer Patients in UMMC- 1993-1997 (n=423)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Survival times
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Estim
ated
sur
viva
l pro
babi
litie
s
Stage 1Stage 2Stage 3Stage 4
Survival Plot by Stage
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4p < 0.05
Survival by Stage in UMMC
1993-1997 (n=423)
Mohd Taib NA, Yip CH, Mohamed I. Survival analysis of Malaysian women with breast cancer: results from the University Malaya Medical Centre. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2008 Apr-Jun;9(2):197-202
0 20 40 60 80 100
Survival times
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Estim
ated
sur
viva
l pro
babi
litie
s
ChineseIndianMalay
Survival Plot by Race
p = 0.0025
Survival by Race in UMMC-1993-1997 (n=423)
5‐year Overall Survival
0 20 40 60 80 100
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Months
Surv
ival
Pro
babi
lity
patients 93 - 97patients 98 - 02
93-97 Median follow-up : 56 months98-02 Median follow-up : 53 months
76.2%
59.1%
Ethnic Group
0 20 40 60 80 100
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
OthersMalayIndianChinese
Months
Surv
ival
Pro
babi
lity
p= 2.85e-010
0 20 40 60 80 100
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
ChineseIndianMalay
Months
Surv
ival
p-value0.00631
5-year survival probability
1993-1997 1998-2002
Chinese 63.5% 81.6%
Indian 57.4% 80.4%
Malay 47.5% 58.9%
Other NA 92.9%
p=0
1993-97 1998-2002
Stage
0 20 40 60 80 100
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
stg IVstg IIIstg IIstg Istg 0
p= 0
Surv
ival
Pro
babi
lity
Months
0 20 40 60 80 100
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Months
Surv
ival
IIIIIIIV
p-value=0 1993‐1997 1998‐2002
Stage 0 NA 100%
Stage 1 82.6% 95%
Stage II 72.8% 87.1%
Stage III 39.8% 56.3%
Stage IV 13.2% 20.7%
p=0.
1993-97
1998-2002
History of Breast ServicesBreast Clinic database - non-dedicated service-General Surgeons performing surgery and chemotherapy
1993-1996
Dedicated Breast Unit with surgical chemotherapy service
In-house radiotherapy services
Daycare Oncology chemotherapy service
1996
1998
1999
History of Breast Services
1993 to present
2000 Reconstruction
2003 Combined pathology meeting
1993 Radiologist services
Support Services
2003- Breast Care Nurse sanctioned
2005-Breast Cancer Resource Centre
1993- Survivor Support-BCWA
2007-Psychooncology services
2007- Free basic prosthesis kit
2007- Palliative care consultancy
Besides Early Detection,
TREATMENT
makes a big
difference to
SURVIVAL
TREATMENT
SURVIVAL
ARE THERE ADEQUATE TREATMENT FACILITIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Manpower –doctors, nurses, paramedical staff
Radiotherapy machines
Medical facilities – hospitals, clinics, labs, operating theatres
15 African nations have no radiotherapy machines!!
Spending Per Capita for Health
Source: World Bank, World Development Report 2004
(from Worldmapper, www.worldmapper.org
Territory size shows the proportion of worldwide spending on public health services that is spent there. This spending is measured in purchasing power parity.
Geographic Map
Minimal amount spent on health care in Africa
Equity of access – world-wide
Treatment is inadequate in developing countries
Lack of manpower
Lack of facilities
Competing priorities – the major health problems may be
infectious diseases rather than breast cancer
Lack of drugs
Lack of psychosocial support
If breast cancer survival rates were uniformly as high as the best in the world, 100,000 fewer women would die of
breast cancer each year in the developing world.
CLOSING THE GLOBAL GAP IN BREAST CANCER CARE
What can we do?
The Breast Health Global Initiative (BHGI) strives to develop, disseminate and foster the implementation of evidence-based, economically feasible, and culturally
appropriate “Guidelines for International Breast Health and Cancer Control” to improve breast health outcomes for
middle and low income countries with limited health care resources.
MISSION STATEMENT
AWARENESS
EDUCATION
ADVOCACY
SHARING
EMPOWERMENT
SUPPORT
CONCLUSION
• Breast cancer is the commonest cancer in women in Malaysia
• One third of breast cancers occur in the 40‐49 age group
• Breast cancer continues to be diagnosed in late stages especially in the Malay women
• Survival of breast cancer is lower than in the developed countries
• Research into barriers to early detection are required
• Health education programmes need to emphase that breast cancer can be cured if diagnosed and treated early and that alternative therapy is ineffective
There are global differences in incidence, mortality, age at presentation and stage at
presentation
Women in Asia developing countries present at a younger age, and with late stages, and they are
more likely to die from the disease
CONCLUSIONS
Treatment is inadequate in most parts of the developing world
Thank You