Brief Contents

1. Land Resources of India 1-14

2. Indian Agriculture: An Overview 15-32

3. Constitutional Provisions and Institutional Set Up for 33-44Agriculture

4. Agriculture in India's Five Year Plans (I to XII Plan) 45-67

5. Land Reforms: Aspects and Critical Appraisal 68-84

6. New Agricultural Strategy/Green Revolution 85-90

7. Agricultural Inputs and Services 91-103

8. Fertilizers Use and Subsidy Policy 104-120

9. Water Resources and Irrigation 121-165

10. Agricultural Workers and Forced/Bonded Labourers 166-175

11. Agricultural Credit and Rural Co-operatives 176-199

12. Micro Finance, Self-help Groups (SHGs) and NABARD 200-221

13. Kisan Credit Cards (KCCs) and NABARD 222-227

14. Agricultural Marketing and Trade 228-247

15. Agricultural Price Policy, Food Subsidy and Public 248-261Distribution System (PDS)

16. Plantation, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Dairy 262-283Farming and Fisheries

17. Food Processing Industry 284-296

viii Agriculture and Sustainable Development in India

18. Co-operatives: Problems and Remedial Measures 297-322

19. Agriculture/Rural Insurance 323-355

20. Taxation of Agricultural Income 356-364

21. Indian Agriculture and Information Technology (IT) 365-375

22. Food and Nutritional Security 376-383

23. Gender Issues in Indian Agriculture 384-390

24. Agricultural Exports and Imports 391-397

25. Indian Agriculture and WTO 398-405

26. Climate Change and Indian Agriculture 406-420

Appendix 1: National Policy for Farmers, 2007 421-448

Appendix 2: Year-wise Review of Agricultural Developments in 449-497India: 1947-48 to 2011-12

Appendix 3: Edited Extracts from India's Five Year Plans on 498-611Agriculture and Allied Sectors (I to XII Plan)

Appendix 4: Glossary of Agricultural Terms 612-636

Time-series Data on Indian Agriculture: 1950-51 to 2010-11 637-656

Bibliography 657-668

Index 669-680

Detailed Contents

About the Book vAuthor's Profile viBrief Contents vii-viiiDetailed Contents ix-xxviiiAuthor's Note on the Book . - . . xxix-lxA bbreviations/A cronyms Ixi-lxiv

1. Land Resources of India 1-141.1 Introduction1.2 Agro-climatic Zones1.3 Land Pollution and Degradation: Causes

1.3.1 Intensive Agricultural Practices1.3.2 Unsanitary Disposal of Solid Wastes1.3.3 Pressure of Human and Cattle Population1.3.4 Community Lands1.3.5 Mining Activities1.3.6 Industrial Effluents1.3.7 Over Extraction from Forests1.3.8 Other Causes

1.4 Consequences of Land Degradation1.5 Strategies to Check Land Degradation1.6 Development of Wastelands

1.6.1 Wastelands Atlas, 20051.6.2 Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP)1.6.3 Technology Development Extension and Training

(TDET) Scheme1.7 Programmes/Schemes for Treatment of Degraded Lands

1.7.1 Soil and Land Use Survey of India (SLUSI)1.7.2 Soil Conservation Training Centre, Damodar Valley

Corporation (DVC), Hazaribagh, Jharkhand1.7.3 Soil Conservation in the Catchments of River Valley

Projects and Flood Prone Rivers1.7.4 Reclamation and Development of Alkali and Acid Soils

(RADAS)1.7.5 Watershed Development Project in Shifting Cultivation

Areas

x Agriculture and Sustainable Development in India

1.7.6 National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)1.8 Fly Ash Utilization1.9 Summing Up

2. Indian Agriculture: An Overview 15-322.1 Pre-Independence Agrarian System

2.1.1 Self-sufficient Village Economy2.1.2 Consequences of British Rule •

2.2 Role of Agriculture in the Indian Economy2.3 Use Distribution of India's Geographical Area2.4 Subsistence Nature of Farming and Small-sized Holdings

2.4.1 Reasons for Small Holdings2.4.2 Disadvantages of Small Holdings2.4.3 Farm Size and Productivity

2.5 Cropping Pattern in Indian Agriculture2.5.1 Classification of Agricultural Crops

2.6 Low Productivity of Indian Agriculture2.6.1 Causes of Low Productivity

2.7 Declining Share of Agriculture in Gross Domestic Product(GDP) '

2.8 Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12) on Agriculture2.9 Oilseeds/Edible Oils: Areas of Concern '2.10 Post-harvest Losses2.11 Summing Up

3. Constitutional Provisions and Institutional 33-44Set Up for Agriculture

3.1 Agriculture in the Constitution of India3.2 Ministry of Agriculture

3.2.1 Departments of the Ministry3.2.2 Important Organisations under the Ministry

3.3 National Agriculture Policy (NAP), 20003.4 National Policy for Farmers, 20073.5 Recent Programmes/Schemes for Agricultural Development

3.5.1 Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY), 20073.5.2 Macro Management of Agriculture (MMA) Scheme3.5.3 Extending Green Revolution to the Eastern States3.5.4 Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil Palm and

Maize (ISOPOM)

Contents xi

3.5.5 Support to State Extension Programmes for ExtensionReforms

3.5.6 National Project on Promotion of Organic Farming(NPOF)

3.5.7 Policy Framework for Agricultural Extension (PFAE)3.5.8 Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA)

4. Agriculture in India's Five Year Plans (I to XII Plan) 45-674.1 First Five Year Plan (1951-52 to 1955-56)4.2 Second Five Year Plan (1956-57 to 1960-61)4.3 Third Five Year Plan (1961-62 to 1965-66)4.4 Annual Plans

4.4.1 Annual Plan, 1966-674.4.2 Annual Plan, 1967-684.4.3 Annual Plan, 1968-69

4.5 Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-70 to 1973-74)4.6 Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-75 to 1978-79)4.7 Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-81 to 1984-85)4.8 Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-86 to 1989-90)4̂ 9 Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-93 to 1996-97)4.10 Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-98 to 2001-02)4.11 Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-03 to 2006-07)4.12 Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-08 to 2011-12)4.13 Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-13 to 2016-17)

5. Land Reforms: Aspects and Critical Appraisal 68-845.1 Aspects of Land Reforms

5.1.1 Abolition of Intermediaries5.1.2 Tenancy Reforms5.1.3 Ceiling on Land Holdings5.1.4 Consolidation of Holdings5.1.5 Protection of Tribals' Rights in Land5.1.6 Modernization of Land Administration

5.2 Critical Appraisal of Land Reforms in India5.2.1 Lack of Political Will5.2.2 Indifferent Attitude of Bureaucracy5.2.3 Legal System Protecting Right to Property5.2.4 Absence of Pressure from Rural Poor5.2.5 Absence of Up-to-date Land Records

xii Agriculture and Sustainable Development in India

5.3 Recent Five Year Plans on Land Reforms5.3.1 Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97)5.3.2 Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-02)5.3.3 Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-07)5.3.4 Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12)

5.4 National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy (NRRP),2007

5.5 Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill, 2010 and Rehabilitationand Resettlement Bill, 2010

5.6 Land Reforms and Co-operative Institutions

6. New Agricultural Strategy/Green Revolution 85-906.1 Introduction6.2 Scope and Achievements of High Yielding Variety (HYV)

Programme6.3 Problems Created by Green Revolution

6.3.1 Inter-regional Inequalities6.3.2 Liter-personal Inequalities6.3.3 Inter-crop Imbalances6.3.4 Fluctuating Output63.5 Neutrality to Scale6.3.6 Social Costs

6.4 Summing Up

7. Agricultural Inputs and Services 91-1037.1 Seeds

7.1.1 National Seeds Policy, 20027.1.2 Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act,

20017.1.3 Task Force on Agriculture-Related Applications of

Biotechnology7.1.4 Exports and Imports of Seeds7.1.5 Private Sector in Seed Production7.1.6 National Seed Mission7.1.7 Pilot Scheme on Seed Crop Insurance7.1.8 Strengthening of Seeds Quality Control Organizations

(State Seed Certification Agencies and State SeedTesting Laboratories)

7.1.9 National Seed Research and Training Centre (NSRTC),

Contents xiii

Varanasi7.1.10 Development and Strengthening of Infrastructure

Facilities for Production and Distribution of QualitySeeds

7.1.11 Seed Treatment Campaign7.1.12 The Seeds Bill, 2004

7.2 Fertilizer Use and Subsidy Policy7.3 Water Resources and Irrigation Programmes/Schemes7.4 Plants Protection and Insecticides

7.4.1 Integrated Pest Management (IPM)7.4.2 Plant Quarantine7.4.3 Insecticides Act, 19687.4.4 Pesticides Management Bill, 20087.4.5 Monitoring of Pesticide Residue at the National Level7.4.6 Locust Control and Research7.4.7 Capacity Building in Plant Protection7.4.8 National Agricultural Bio-security System

7.5 Agricultural Implements and Machines7.5.1 Training of Farmers and Technicians7.5.2 Testing of Farm Machines and Equipments7.5.3 Demonstration of Newly Developed

Agricultural/Horticultural Equipments at Farmers'Fields

7.5.4 State Agro Industries Corporations (SAICs)7.6 Agricultural Research7.7 Summing Up

8. Fertilizers Use and Subsidy Policy 104-1208.1 Manures and Fertilizers8.2 Department of Fertilizers

8.2.1 Strategy for Growth8.2.2 Movement of Fertilizers

8.3 Growth of Fertilizer Industry8.3.1 Pattern of Fertilizer Consumption

8.4 Self-sufficiency in Fertilizer Sector8.5 Fertilizer Pricing Policy, Control and Subsidy

8.5.1 Retention Price Scheme (RPS)8.5.2 High Powered Fertilizer Pricing Policy Review

Committee

xiv Agriculture and Sustainable Development in India

8.5.3 New Pricing Scheme (NPS) for Urea8.5.4 Finance Commissions on Fertilizer Subsidy

8.6 Feedstock Policy8.7 Joint Ventures Abroad8.8 Quality of Fertilizers8.9 Ban on Export of Fertilizers8.10 Use of Fertilizers and Soil Health

8.10.1 National Project on Management of Soil Health andFertility, 2008

8.11 Public Sector Undertakings8.11.1 FCI Aravali Gypsum and Minerals India Limited

(FAGMIL)8.11.2 Brahmaputra Valley Fertilizer Corporation Limited

(BVFCL)8.11.3 Fertilizer Corporation of India Limited (FCIL)8.11.4 Madras Fertilizers Limited (MFL)8.11.5 Project and Development India Limited (PDIL)8.11.6 Hindustan Fertilizer Corporation Limited (HFCL)8.11.7 Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers Limited (RCFL) •8.11.8 National Fertilizers Limited (NFL)8.11.9 Fertilizers and Chemicals Travancore Limited

(FACT)8.12 Krishak Bharati Cooperative Limited (KRIBHCO)8.13 Information Technology (IT) in the Department of

Fertilizers8.13.1 Web-based Fertilizer Production Monitoring System8.13.2 Fertilizer Subsidy Payment Information System8.13.3 Application System for Monitoring Energy

Consumption Norms8.13.4 Application System for Revision in Urea Concession

Rates8.13.5 Web-based Fertilizer Distribution and Movement

Information System8.13.6 Web-based Fertilizer Concession Scheme Monitoring

System8.13.7 Web-based Fertilizer Import Management System8.13.8 Web-based Handling and Payments System for

Fertilizer Imports8.13.9 Fertilizer Project Monitoring System

Contents xv

8.14 Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-17) on Chemical Fertilizers8.15 Summing Up

9. Water Resources and Irrigation 121-1659.1 Constitutional Provisions Regarding Water9.2 Major Central Legislations Regarding Water

9.2.1 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 19749.2.2 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act,

19779.2.3 Inter-State Water Disputes (ISWD) Act, 1956

9.3 International Treaties9.4 Ministry of Water Resources

9.4.1 Functions9.4.2 Attached Offices9.4.3 Subordinate Offices9.4.4 Statutory Bodies9.4.5 Registered Societies9.4.6 Public Sector Undertakings

9.5 Physiography of Water9.5.1 Water Bodies9.5.2 Evaporation9.5.3 Temperature9.5.4 Rainfall9.5.5 Climate9.5.6 Occurrence of Floods9.5.7 Acid Rain

9.6 Rivers of India9.7 Ground Water

9.7.1 Porous Formations9.7.2 Fissured Formations (Consolidated Formations)

9.8 Water Resources Potential9.9 Utilization of Water

9.9.1 Agricultural Demand for Water9.9.2 Industrial Demand for Water9.9.3 Domestic Demand for Water

9.10 Measures Taken to Improve Water Quality9.10.1 Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) Scheme9.10.2 National River Conservation Plan (NRCP)9.10.3 National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA)

xvi Agriculture and Sustainable Development in India

9.10.4 National Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP)9.10.5 Dal Lake Conservation Project (DLCP)9.10.6 National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP)9.10.7 National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD)

9.11 Water Crisis Scenario9.12 History of Irrigation in India9.13 Importance of Irrigation9.14 Sources of Irrigation

9.14.1 Minor and Major Irrigation Schemes9.14.2 Dry Land Farming

9.15 Command Area Development Programme (CADP)9.16 Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme (AIBP)9.17 Watershed Development9.18 Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP)

9.18.1 Livelihood Orientation9.18.2 Cluster Approach9.18.3 Scientific Planning9.18.4 Co-ordination and Synergy9.18.5 Institutional Framework

9.19 National Mission on Micro Irrigation (NMMI)9.20 National Policy for Farmers (2007) on Water Availability9.21 Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-17) on Water Management9.22 Summing Up

10. Agricultural Workers and Forced/Bonded 166-175Labourers

10.1 Agricultural Workers: Categories and Nature of Employment10.2 Problems of Agricultural Workers

10.2.1 Poverty10.2.2 Low Wages10.2.3 Uncertain Working Days and Hours10.2.4 Health and Occupational Hazards10.2.5 Social Backwardness

10.3 Remedial Measures10.3.1 Minimum Wages Act, 194810.3.2 Plantation Labour Act, 195110.3.3 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment

Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), 200510.3.4 House Sites

Contents xvii

10.3.5 Resettlement Schemes for Landless Workers10.3.6 Financial Assistance10.3.7 Insurance Scheme for Agricultural Workers

10.4 Bonded Labour10.4.1 Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976

10.5 Summing Up

11. Agricultural Credit and Rural Co-operatives 176-19911.1 Credit and Agricultural Development11.2 Credit Needs of the Indian Farmers11.3 Sources of Credit for the Farmers

11.3.1 Institutional Arrangements11.3.2 Moneylenders

11.4 Co-operative Credit Societies11.5 Co-operative Banks

11.5.1 Classification of Co-operative Banks11.6 Rural Co-operatives

11.6.1 Short-term Rural Co-operatives11.6.2 Long-term Rural Co-operatives

11.7 Rural Co-operatives: History and Recent Policy Measures11.8 Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS)11.9 Problems of Rural Co-operatives11.10 Task Force on Revival of Rural Co-operative Credit

Institutions11.11 NABARD and the Co-operative Sector

11.11.1 Credit Extended by NABARD11.12 Advisory Committee on the Flow of Credit to Agriculture

and Related Activities from the Banking System(Chairman: V.S. Vyas), 2004

11.13 Expert Group on Investment Credit in Agriculture, 200511.14 Working Group on Warehouse Receipts and Commodity

Futures, 200511.15 Regulatory Framework and Supervision

11.15.1 Asset Classification for State GovernmentGuaranteed Advances

11.15.2 Additional Provisioning Requirement for NPAs11.15.3 Prudential Guidelines on Agricultural Advances11.15.4 Inspections

11.16 Problem of Triangular Regulation of Rural Co-operatives

xviii Agriculture and Sustainable Development in India

11.17 Agricultural Credit: Recent Policy Announcements11.17.1 Agricultural Debt Waiver and Debt Relief

Scheme, 200811.18 Summing Up

12. Micro Finance, Self-help Groups (SHGs) and 200-221NABARD

12.1 Credit Facilities for the Poor - _12.2 Micro Finance Initiative of NABARD12.3 Self-help Group (SHG)-Bank Linkage Programme, 1992

12.3.1 What is a Self-help Group (SHG)?12.3.2 Graduation of Mature SHGs into Micro Enterprises

12.4 Alternative Models of Micro Finance12.5 Central Government and Micro Finance

12.5.1 Micro Finance Development and Equity Fund(MFDEF)

12.6 Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and Micro Finance12.6.1 Priority-sector Status for Bank Loans to Micro

Finance Institutions (MFIs)12.7 NABARD and Micro Credit

12.7.1 About NABARD12.7.2 NABARD's Strategy for Popularity of Micro

Finance12.7.3 Tracking the Progress of Micro Finance12.7.4 Training and Capacity Building12.7.5 Micro Enterprise Development Programme (MEDP)

for Skill Development12.7.6 Grant Support to Partner Agencies for Promotion

and Nurture of SHGs12.7.7 Support to Activity-based Groups12.7.8 Support to Federations of SHGs12.7.9 Special Initiative for Scaling-up SHGs/SHG

Federations12.7.10 Promotional Support to Micro Finance Institutions

(MFIs)12.7.11 Quality and Sustainability of SHGs12.7.12 Centre for Micro Finance Research12.7.13 NABARD-German Technical Collaboration

(GTZ) in Rural Finance

Contents xix

12.7.14 Joint Liability Groups (JLGs)12.8 Group on Rural Credit and Micro Finance, 200512.9 Summing Up

13. Kisan Credit Cards (KCCs) and NABARD 222-22713.1 Obj ectives of the Scheme13.2 Salient Features of the KCC Scheme13.3 Advantages of the KCC Scheme to the Farmers13.4 Benefits of the Scheme to the Banks13.5 Personal Accident Insurance Scheme13.6 KCC Initiatives by the Government of India13.7 Major Steps Taken by NABARD13.8 KCC Scheme: An Assessment

14. Agricultural Marketing and Trade 228-24714.1 Nature and Significance of Agricultural Marketing14.2 Present System of Marketing Agricultural Produce14.3 Marketing Organizations of the Ministry of Agriculture

14.3.1 Directorate of Marketing and Inspection (DMI)14.3.2 Chaudhary Charan Singh National Institute of

Agricultural Marketing (NIAM)14.3.3 Small Farmers' Agri-Business Consortium (SFAC)

14.4 Measures to Improve Agricultural Marketing14.5 Inter-Ministerial Task Force on Agricultural Marketing14.6 Salient Features of the Model Act for State Agricultural

Produce Marketing (Development and Regulation) Act, ,2003

14.7 Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12) on AgriculturalMarketing ;

14.8 Agricultural Marketing and Trade in the National Policyfor Farmers

14.9 Gramin Bhandaran Yojana, (Rural Godown Scheme),2007-1214.9.1 Objectives of the Scheme14.9.2 Salient Features of the Scheme

14.10 Agricultural Marketing Information Network(AGMARKNET), 2000

14.10.1 Objectives of the Scheme14.10.2 Proposed Activities

xx Agriculture and Sustainable Development in India

14.11 Modern Food Retailing14.12 Forward Markets Commission (FMC)14.13 Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-07) on Agricultural

Marketing

15. Agricultural Price Policy, Food Subsidy and Public 248-261Distribution System (PDS)

15.1 Minimum Support Prices (MSPs)15.1.1 Historical Perspective15.1.2 Methodology for Cost Calculation15.1.3 Economic Cost of Foodgrains to Food Corporation

of India (FCI)15.2 Food Subsidy15.3 Burgeoning Food Stocks

15.3.1 Macro Implications15.3.2 Decentralised Procurement Scheme

15.4 Public Distribution System (PDS)15.4.1 Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS)

15.5 High Level Committee on Long-term Grain Policy15.6 Task Force on an IT Strategy for PDS and an

Implementable Solution for the Direct Transfer of Subsidyfor Food and Kerosene

15.7 Summing Up

16. Plantation, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Dairy 262-283Farming and Fisheries

16.1 Diversification of Indian Agriculture c^16.2 Plantation Sector

16.2.1 Tea Plantation16.2.2 Coffee Plantation16.2.3 Rubber Plantation16.2.4 National Bamboo Mission (NBM)16.2.5 Coconut Development Board (CDB)

16.3 Horticultural Crops16.3.1 Importance of Horticulture16.3.2 Fruits16.3.3 Vegetables16.3.4 Floriculture16.3.5 National Horticulture Mission (NHM)

Contents xxi

16.3.6 Horticulture Mission for North East and HimalayanStates (HMNEH)

16.3.7 National Horticulture Board (NHB)16.3.8 Central Institute of Horticulture (CIH),

Medziphema, Nagaland16.3.9 Horticulture and Agro-processing Industry

16.4 Animal Husbandry16.4.1 National Project on Cattle and Buffalo Breeding16.4.2 Veterinary Council of India (VCI)16.4.3 Central Cattle Development Organizations16.4.4 Central Cattle Breeding Farms (CCBFs)16.4.5 Central Frozen Semen Production and Training

Institute, Hessarghatta, Karnataka16.4.6 Central Herd Registration Scheme (CHRS)16.4.7 Animal Quarantine and Certification Service16.4.8 National Veterinary Biological Products Quality

Control Centre, Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh16.4.9 Central/Regional Disease Diagnostic Laboratories .16.4.10 Establishment/Modernization of Rural Slaughter

Houses16.4.11 Live Stock Sector in the Eleventh Five Year Plan

(2007-12)16.5 Dairy Farming

16.5.1 National Dairy Development Board (NDDB)16.5.2 National Dairy-Plan16.5.3 Milk Production16.5.4 Poultry Farming

16.6 Fisheries16.6.1 Marine Fishing Policy, 200416.6.2 National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB)16.6.3 Coastal Aquaculture Authority (CCA)16.6.4 Development of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture16.6.5 Central Institute of Fisheries, Nautical and

Engineering Training (CIFNET), Kochi16.6.6 Fishery Survey of India (FSI)16.6.7 Central Institute of Coastal Engineering for Fishery

(CICEF), Bangalore16.6.8 Biometric Identity Cards to Marine Fishers16.6.9 National Policy for Farmers (2007) on Fisheries

xxii Agriculture and Sustainable Development in India

16.7 Summing Up

17. Food Processing Industry 284-29617.1 Importance of Food Processing Industry17.2 Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI)17.3 Major Sub-sectors of the Food Processing Industry

17.3.1 Fruits and Vegetables17.3.2 Milk and Dairy17.3.3 Meat and Poultry17.3.4 Fish and Marine Products

17.4 Constraints/Problems of Food Processing Industry17.4.1 Lack of Robust Policy Mechanism17.4.2 Marketing Problems17.4.3 Essential Commodities Act, 195517.4.4 Burden of Taxes17.4.5 Non-tariff Barriers

17.5 Solutions and Policy Options17.6 Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)17.7 Summing Up

18. Co-operatives: Problems and Remedial Measures 297-32218.1 Importance of Co-operatives18.2 Types of Co-operatives

18.2.1 Multi-purpose Co-operative Societies18.2.2 Co-operative Credit Societies18.2.3 Co-operative Sale/Purchase Societies18.2.4 Co-operative Farming18.2.5 Industrial Co-operatives18.2.6 Co-operative Marketing18.2.7 Co-operative Processing18.2.8 Consumer Co-operatives18.2.9 Labour and Construction Co-operatives

18.3 Co-operatives and Panchayats18.4 Co-operatives and Economic Planning18.5 Problems and Challenges Faced by the Co-operative Sector

18.5.1 Ensuring Active Membership18.5.2 Lack of Recognition of Co-operatives as Economic

Institutions18.5.3 Structure of Co-operatives

Contents xxiii

18.5.4 Board and Management Interface andAccountability

18.5.5 Professionalization and Accountability18.5.6 Lack of Capital18.5.7 Linkages and Competitiveness18.5.8 Accessibility to Finance/Credit by Members18.5.9 Sickness in the Co-operative Sector18.5.10 Aligning Governance with Objectives18.5.11 Politicization of Co-operatives and Interference by

Government18.6 Measures to Strengthen Co-operatives

18.6.1 Improvement of Personnel18.6.2 Co-operative Education and Training18.6.3 Co-operative Education and Training Activities in

the North-Eastern Region18.6.4 Assistance to National Co-operative Development

Corporation (NCDC) for Co-operative Development18.6.5 Co-operative Spinning Mills18.6.6 Co-operative Storage and Cold Storage18.6.7 Co-operatives in Underdeveloped States18.6.8 Strengthening of National Level Co-operative

Federations18.6.9 Revitalization of Co-operatives18.6.10 Market Intervention Scheme (MIS)18.6.11 Constitution (One Hundred and Eleventh

Amendment) Bill, 200918.7 Co-operatives and Globalization

18.7.1 Occupying New Spaces18.7.2 Providing an Institutional Form for the Displaced18.7.3 Constructive Competitors18.7.4 Safeguarding the Interest of Agriculture and Rural

Areas18.7.5 Facilitating the Millennium Development Goals

(MDGs)18.7.6 Preserving the Cultural and Ethical Values of the

Country18.8 Summing Up

xxiv Agriculture and Sustainable Development in India

19. Agriculture/Rural Insurance 323-35519.1 Why is Insurance Business Agriculture Shy?

19.1.1 Fragmented and Scattered Holdings19.1.2 Inadequate Expertise19.1.3 Underdeveloped Infrastructure19.1.4 High Administrative Cost19.1.5 Illiteracy and Ignorance19.1.6 Inadequate Capital Base

19.2 Need for Insurance in Agricultural Sector19.3 Classification of Agriculture Sector for Insurance Purpose

19.3.1 Traditional or Subsistence Agriculture19.3.2 Semi-commercial and Emerging Sector19.3.3 Commercial Farming Sector19.3.4 Specialised Production Systems

19.4 Insurance Penetration in Agriculture: Potential andRequirements19.4.1 Gaining Foothold19.4.2 Controlling Costs19.4.3 Coordination between Banking and Insurance

Sectors19.4.4 Local Representation19.4.5 Education and Training19.4.6 Insurance on Group Basis19.4.7 Step-by-step Approach19.4.8 Publicity Campaigns

19.5 Issues for Consideration19.5.1 Risk Management of Agricultural Insurance19.5.2 Financial Implications19.5.3 Role of the State19.5.4 Realignment of Insurance Business for Agriculture

Sector19.5.5 Scope of Private Sector Companies19.5.6 Role of Parastatal Insurance Organisations19.5.7 Market-sponsored Companies19.5.8 Reinsurance

19.6 Advent and Development of Agriculture/Rural Insurance inIndia

19.7 Comprehensive Crop Insurance Scheme (CCIS): Scope and

Contents xxv

Contents19.7.1 Drawbacks of CCIS19.7.2 Experimental Crop Insurance Scheme (ECIS)

19.8 National Agriculture Insurance Scheme (NAIS)19.8.1 Operational Modalities19.8.2 Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme

(MNAIS)19.8.3 Critical Appraisal

19.9 Rainfall Insurance Scheme (Varsha Bima)19.10 Pilot Scheme on Seed Crop Insurance19.11 Farm Income Insurance Scheme (FIIS)19.12 Livestock Insurance19.13 Non-crop Insurance Schemes19.14 Agriculture Insurance Corporation19.15 R.N. Malhotra Committee (1994) on Rural Insurance19.16 Summing Up

20. Taxation of Agricultural Income 356-36420.1 Constitutional Provisions20.2 Committee on Taxation of Agricultural Wealth and

Income, 197220.2.1 Views of the State Governments

20.3 Tax Reforms Committee, 199120.4 Task Force on Direct Taxes, 2002

20.4.1 Critical Appraisal

21 . Indian Agriculture and Information Technology (IT) 365-37521.1 Need for IT-based Services to Farmers21.2 Rural Portal of Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD)21.3 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act Software

Package (NREGASoft)21.3.1 Various Modules of the Software

21.4 IFFCO-ISRO Cooperation21.5 Cyber Dhabas21.6E-Choupal21.7 Kisan Call Centres (KCCs)21.8 National e-Governance Plan in Agriculture (NeGP-A)21.9 Other IT Services to Agricultural Sector

21.9.1 LAN at Ministry of Agriculture

xxvi Agriculture and Sustainable Development in India

21.9.2 Plant Protection Informatics and CommunicationNetwork (PPIN)

21.9.3 Agricultural Marketing Information Network(AGMARKNET)

21.9.4 Strengthening of Informatics in the Offices andField Units of the Department of Agriculture andCooperation (DAC)-DACNET

21.9.5 MIS Support to Food Processing Industries21.9.6 Agricultural Extension Information System

Network: VISTARNET21.9.7 Indian Agriculture On-line21.9.8 Infrastructural Facilities and Services Provided by

NIC to the Ministry of Agriculture21.9.9 Animal Production and Health Information Network

(APHNET)21.9.10 Agricultural Research Information System

Network (ARISNET)21.9.11 Market Information System for Horticulture21.9.12 Integrated Fertilizer Management Information

System (FERMIS)21.9.13 Activities in the North-Eastern Region

21.10 Computerisation of Agricultural Census and Input Survey21.11 Summing Up

22. Food and Nutritional Security 376-38322.1 Introduction22.2 National Food Security Mission (NFSM), 2007

22.2.1 Components of NFSM22.2.2 Objectives of NFSM22.2.3 Strategy to Achieve Objectives22.2.4 Monitoring and Evaluation of NFSM22.2.5 National Food Security Bill

22.3 Forests and Food Security22.3.1 Forests and Agriculture22.3.2 Forest Foods22.3.3 Forests and Fisheries

22.4 SAARC Food Security Reserve (Food Bank)22.5 Summing Up

Contents xxvii

23. Gender Issues in Indian Agriculture 384-39023.1 Role of Women in Agriculture23.2 Importance of Land for Women

23.2.1 Sources of Land for Women23.2.2 Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005

23.3 Gender-sensitive Agricultural Policies of the Government23.3.1 Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy23.3.2 National Gender Resource Centre in Agriculture

(NGRCA)23.3.3 National Policy for Farmers (NPF), 200723.3.4 Mahlla Kissan Shasaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP)

24. Agricultural Exports and Imports 391-39724.1 Agricultural Exports

24.1.1 Agriculture-export Zones (AEZs)24.1.2 Vishesh Krishi Upaj Yojana24.1.3 Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export

Development Authority (APEDA)24.1.4 Strategy to Increase Agricultural Exports

24.2 Agricultural Imports24.2.1 Protecting Domestic Agriculture

25. Indian Agriculture and WTO 398-40525.1 WTO: An Introduction25.2 Agreements on Agriculture at WTO

25.2.1 Agreement of Agriculture (AoA)25.2.2 Aggregate Measure of Support (AMS)25.2.3 Green Box Support25.2.4 Blue Box Support25.2.5 Special and Differential Treatment Box Support25.2.6 Export Competition

25.3 Agriculture at Hong Kong Ministerial Conference of WTO25.4 India's Stand on Agricultural Issues25.5 Summing Up

26. Climate Change and Indian Agriculture 406-42026.1 Evidence on Climate Change26.2 Perceived Consequences of Climate Change26.3 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

xxviii Agriculture and Sustainable Development in India

(UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol26.4 Impact of Climate Change on India

26.4.1 Climate Change and Human Settlements26.4.2 Climate Change and Water Supply26.4.3 Occurrence of Droughts26.4.4 River Hydrology and Inland Flooding26.4.5 Cyclonic Storms, Storm Surges and Coastal Flooding26.4.6 Sea Level Rise

26.5 India's Approach to Climate Change26.6 National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)

26.6.1 Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM)26.6.2 National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency

(NMEEE)26.6.3 National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for

Climate Change (NMSKCC)26.6.4 National Mission for Sustaining Himalayan

Ecosystem (NMSHE)26.6.5 National Water Mission (NWM)26.6.6 Green India Mission (GIM)26.6.7 National Mission on Sustainable Habitat (NMSH)26.6.8 National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)

26.7 Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change26.8 Summing Up

Appendix 1: National Policy for Farmers, 2007 421-448Appendix 2: Year-wise Review of Agricultural Developments in 449-497

India: 1947-48 to 2011-12Appendix 3: Edited Extracts from India's Five Year Plans on 498-611

Agriculture and Allied Sectors (I to XII Plan)Appendix 4: Glossary of Agricultural Terms 612-636Time-series Data on Indian Agriculture: 1950-51 to 2010-11 637-656Bibliography 657-668Index 669-680