Brief of Amicus Curiae New England Legal Foundation in Support of Petitioners, Marvin M. Brandt Revocable Trust v. United States, No. 12-1173 (Nov. 22, 2013)

8/13/2019 Brief of Amicus Curiae New England Legal Foundation in Support of Petitioners, Marvin M. Brandt Revocable Trust v. United States, No. 12-1173 (Nov. 22, 2

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No. 12-1173

IN THE

Supreme Court of the United States

MARVIN M. BRANDT REVOCABLE TRUST AND MARVIN M. BRANDT, TRUSTEE,

Petitioners ,v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Respondent.

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR

THE TENTH CIRCUIT

BRIEF OF AMICUS CURIAENEW ENGLAND LEGAL FOUNDATION

IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONERS

Counsel for Amicus CuriaeJohn Pagliaro

Counsel of RecordMar in J. N!"ho#$!, Pr!$i%!nN!" Englan% L!gal Fo#n%a ion&'( Lin)oln S r!!Bo$ on, Ma$$a)h#$! $ (*&&&T!l.+ -& / -0'12--(

3ohn4agliaro5n!l6onlin!.org

No7!89!r **, *(&2BATEMAN : SLADE , INC . BOSTON , MASSACHUSETTS


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ....................................... ii

INTEREST OF AMICUS CURIAE ............................ &

SUMMAR; OF AR


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ii

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES

C ASES City of Winona v. Huff,

&& Minn. &&0, &>-- WL &'( &>--/ ............. &(, &&

Hazen v. Boston & Maine Railroad Co .,* '=/ ....................... -, 0

Great ort!ern Ry. Co. v. "nited #tates ,2&' U.S. *-* &0=*/ ........................................ &&, &2

$ansas Cent. Ry. Co. v. Allen ,

** an. *>', &> 0 WL >2- &> 0/ ......................... #mit! v. Hall ,

&(2 Io"a 0', * N. W. =* &>0 / ..................... ', 0

#out!ern Pacific Co. v. Burr ,>- Cal. * 0, *= P. &(2* &>0(/ ........................ &(1&&

%erritory of e Me'ico v. "nited #tates %rustCo. of e (or) , & * U.S. & & &>0>/ .............. >1&&

"nited #tates v. "nion Pacific Railroad Co .,

2'2 U.S. &&* &0' / .............................................. &*

S TATUTES AND A CTS

',&> S a . =>* &> '/ ....................................... passim

A) o6 F!9r#ar ', &> ', )h. 2',&> S a . 2(- &> '/ ............................................... &=

An A) Con)!rning S#$4!n%!% Railroa%$,&>-> Ohio La"$ &=* ..............................................


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iii

L EGISLATIVE H ISTORY

2 Cong. R!). =('1=( &> '/ ................................. &'1&

T REATISES AND O THER L EGAL R EFERENCE

* Ellio , B ron . an% Willia8 F. Ellio , A %reatise on t!e *a of Railroads

*% !%. &0( / ....................................................... ', -

Jon!$, L!onar% A., A %reatise on %!e *a of+asements N!" ;or , Ba !r, Voorhi$ &>0>/ ....... '

or4!la, A. E., Anno a ion, eed to RailroadCompany as Conveyin- ee or +asement , - A.L.R.2% 0 2 &0--/ ........................................................ &2

L!"i$, John, A %reatise on t!e *a of +minent omain in t!e "nited #tates Chi)ago,Callaghan &>>>/ ..................................................... >

Pi!r)!, E%"ar% L., A %reatise on t!e *a ofRailroads Bo$ on, Li l!, Bro"n &>>&/ ................ -

& R!%6i!l%, I$aa) F., %!e *a of Rail ays J. !n%ri) inn! !%./ - h !%. Bo$ on, Li l!,

Bro"n &>>>/ ........................................................... '* Woo%, H. >0/ ................................... -

L EGAL B RIEFS

Bri!6 o6 h! Uni !% S a !$, Great ort!ern Rail ayCo. v. "nited #tates , 2&' U.S. *-* &0=*/No. &=0/ &0=* WL '=*=' .................................... &*


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INTEREST OF AMICUS CURIAE 1

A8i)#$ )#ria! N!" Englan% L!galFo#n%a ion NELF / $!! $ o 4r!$!n i $ 7i!"$, an%ho$! o6 i $ $#44or !r$, on h! G#!$ ion 4r!$!n !% inhi$ )a$!, na8!l , "h! h!r h! Uni !% S a !$r! ain!% an i84li!% r!7!r$ionar in !r!$ in righ $ o6"a gran !% #n%!r h! ', &> S a . =>* &> '/ &> ' A) orA) /. B!)a#$! NELF 9!li!7!$ ha h! in !r!$gran !% #n%!r h! A) "a$ an !a$!8!n an% no an6or8 o6 6!!, NELF 9!li!7!$ ha h! Uni !% S a !$r! ain!% no r!7!r$ionar in !r!$ in h! righ $ o6"a .

NELF i$ a non4ro6i , non4ar i$an, 4#9li)1in !r!$ la" 6ir8 in)or4ora !% in Ma$$a)h#$! $ in&0 an% h!a%G#ar !r!% in Bo$ on. I $ 8!89!r$hi4)on$i$ $ o6 )or4ora ion$, la" 6ir8$, in%i7i%#al$, an%o h!r$ "ho 9!li!7! in NELF?$ 8i$$ion o6 4ro8o ing9alan)!% !)ono8i) gro" h in N!" Englan% an% h!na ion, 4ro !) ing h! 6r!!1!n !r4ri$! $ $ !8, an%%!6!n%ing in%i7i%#al !)ono8i) righ $ an% h! righ $o6 4ri7a ! 4ro4!r . NELF?$ 8!89!r$ an%$#44or !r$ in)l#%! 9o h larg! an% $8all 9#$in!$$!$lo)a !% 4ri8aril in h! N!" Englan% ar!a. NELFha$ 4r!7io#$l 6il!% a8i)#$ 9ri!6$ in hi$ Co#r ,

& P#r$#an o S#4r!8! Co#r R#l! 2 .-, A8i)#$ $ a !$ha no 4ar or )o#n$!l 6or a 4ar a# hor!% hi$ 9ri!6 in "hol!or in 4ar an% ha no 4!r$on or !n i , o h!r han A8i)#$,8a%! a 8on! ar )on ri9# ion o h! 4r!4ara ion or $#98i$$iono6 h! 9ri!6.

P#r$#an o S#4r!8! Co#r R#l! 2 .2 a/, A8i)#$ al$o$ a !$ ha on O) o9!r *& )o#n$!l 6or P! i ion!r$ 6il!% "i h hi$Co#r a g!n!ral "ri !n )on$!n o h! 6iling o6 a8i)#$ 9ri!6$ in$#44or o6 !i h!r or n!i h!r 4ar , an% 9 l! !r o6 No7!89!r *(

h! Soli)i or


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*

a%7o)a ing, a8ong o h!r hing$, in %!6!n$! o6 4ri7a !4ro4!r righ $. *

NELF?$ a$$o)ia ion "i h rail$ o rail$li iga ion !@ !n%$ 9a) o h! &00($, "h!n i)o88!n)!% pro /ono r!4r!$!n a ion o6 h!Pr!$!a#l $. A6 !r hi$ Co#r ?$ %!)i$ion in Preseaultv. 0nterstate Commerce Commission , =0= U.S. &&00(/, NELF $#))!$$6#ll r!4r!$!n !% h!Pr!$!a#l $ 9!6or! h! F!%!ral Cir)#i . #ee Preseaultv. "nited #tates , &(( F.2% &'*' F!%. Cir. &00-/.NELF h!r!6or! 7i!"$ "i h gro"ing )on)!rn h!4ro ra) !% $aga o6 rail$ o rail$ li iga ion ha lan%o"n!r$ a)ro$$ h! )o#n r ha7! ha% o !n%#r!9!)a#$! o6 h! r!6#$al o6 h! Uni !% S a !$ or!)ogni ! h!ir 4ro4!r righ $ an% o )o84!n$a !h!8 6or h! #$! i "i$h!$ o 8a ! o6 h!ir 4ro4!r6or r!)r!a ional rail$.

Th!


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2

an hing l!$$ han h!ir 6#ll righ $, h! Uni !%S a !$ ha$ %i$)o7!r!% ha h! A) n!7!r )r!a !% an

!a$!8!n $ a all, $o ha h!r! no" !@i$ no Fi6 h A8!n%8!n i84!%i8!n $ o i $ a)G#iring h! righ $o6 "a 6r!! o6 )harg!.

For h! r!a$on$ $! 6or h in hi$ 9ri!6, a$ "!llho$! $! o# in h! P! i ion!r$? 9ri!6, NELF 9!li!7!$ha h! A) %i% in%!!% )r!a ! !a$!8!n $ an% ha i%i% $o "i ho# an $4!)ial i84li!% r!7!r$ionarin !r!$ in 6a7or o6 h! Uni !% S a !$. In%!!%, h!r!"o#l% ha7! 9!!n no r!a$on 6or h! Uni !% S a !$ or! ain an in !r!$ in $ ri4$ o6 lan% onl a 6!"h#n%r!% 6!! "i%! on)! h! "!r! a9an%on!% 6orrailroa% #$!. Sin)! h!


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4o$$!$$or a$4!) o !a$!8!n $, $#)h a$ ho$! #$!%a$ righ $ o6 "a 9 railroa%$.

Th! & $hi6 in)ongr!$$ional 4oli) i$ no $#9$ an ia !% 9 h! 6a)ha Congr!$$ $o8! i8!$ 8a ha7! 8a%! a gran o6a $ ri4 o6 lan% a6 !r ha !ar. Th! 4hra$! $ ri4 o6lan% %i% no %!no ! a 6!! "h!n h! gran $4!)i6i!%h! 4#r4o$! o6 h! gran an% )on ain!% lang#ag!li8i ing h! in !r!$ !% gran !% o l!$$ han a 6!!.Th! ' A) , h! )o84an ?$ !@)l#$i7! #$!an% 4o$$!$$ion o6 h! "a 8!an ha h! in !r!$gran !% "a$ o 9! #n%!r$ oo% o 9! a 6!! in !r!$ .

#ee Bri!6 6or h! Uni !% S a !$ in r!$4on$! o


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'

4! i ion 6or )!r iorari/ U.S. R!$4on$! Br. / a ', ,01&(, &'. In 6a) , ho"!7!r, 9o h 9!6or! an% a6 !r h!

A) "a$ 4a$$!%, i "a$ "i%!l r!)ogni !% in h!Uni !% S a !$ ha a railroa% righ o6 "a n!!% no9! a 6!! in !r!$ , 9# 8a 9! r!a !% 8!r!l a%i$ in) i7! 4! o6 !a$!8!n , on! ra ionall a%a4 !%o h! 4#r4o$! 6or "hi)h h! righ o6 "a "a$gran !%.

Whil! Ka gran o6 a righ o6 "a o a railroa%)o84an i$ a gran o6 an !a$!8!n 8!r!l , an% h!6!! r!8ain$ in h! gran or, L!onar% A. Jon!$, A%reatise on %!e *a of +asements *&& a & > N!"

;or , Ba !r, Voorhi$ &>0>/, $#)h an !a$!8!n "a$#n%!r$ oo% o ha7! %i$ in) i7! 6!a #r!$.

Th! !a$!8!n i$ no ha $4o !n o6 inh! ol% la" 9oo $, 9# i$ 4!)#liar o h!#$! o6 a railroa% "hi)h i$ #$#all a4!r8an!n i84ro7!8!n , a 4!r4! #alhigh"a o6 ra7!l an% )o88!r)!, an%"ill rar!l 9! a9an%on!% 9 non#$!r.Th! !@)l#$i7! #$! o6 h! $#r6a)! i$a)G#ir!%, an% %a8ag!$ ar! a$$!$$!%, onh! h!or ha h! !a$!8!n "ill 9!4!r4! #al $o ha , or%inaril , h! 6!! i$o6 li l! or no 7al#! #nl!$$ h! lan% i$#n%!rlai% 9 G#arr or 8in!.

* B ron . Ellio an% Willia8 F. Ellio , A %reatiseon t!e *a of Railroads 02> a =2* *% !%. &0( /G#o ing #mit! v. Hall , &(2 Io"a 0', * N. W. =* ,=*> &>0 //. #ee also & I$aa) F. R!%6i!l%, %!e *a ofRail ays -0 a *-& J. !n%ri) inn! !%./ - h!%. Bo$ on, Li l!, Bro"n &>>>/ Th! righ a)G#ir!%9 h! )or4ora ion, al ho#gh !)hni)all an!a$!8!n , ! r!G#ir!$ 6or i $ !n3o 8!n a #$! o6 h!

lan% 4!r8an!n in i $ na #r! an% 4ra) i)all


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!@)l#$i7!. / G#o ing Hazen v. Boston & MaineRailroad Co ., * >&/ gran o6 righ o a !lan% 6or 4#r4o$! o6 railroa% )r!a !$ !a$!8!n , an%4ro4!r i$ . . . o 9! %!!8!% a !n 6or a 4#9li) #$!i $!l6 /. Th! o4!ra ion o6 a railroa% !n ail$r!$4on$i9ili i!$ 6or 9o h i8!l , r!lia9l!ran$4or a ion an% h! $a6! o6 h! 4#9li) an% o6 h!)o84an ?$ !84lo !!$.

Th! in !r!$ o6 a railroa% )o84an in i $lo)a ion, al ho#gh !)hni)all an!a$!8!n , i$ no li8i !% o an or%inarrigh o6 "a , $#)h a$ i$ a)G#ir!% 6orhigh"a $, 9# i 3#$ i6i!$ a #$! o6 h!lan% 6or all h! 4#r4o$!$ o6 a railroa%.I $ 4o$$!$$ion, !@)!4 a )ro$$ing$!$ a9li$h!% 9 la", i$ 4!r8an!n in i $na #r!, an% 4ra) i)all !@)l#$i7!, $#)h4o$$!$$ion 9!ing !$$!n ial o a $a6! an%!66!) i7! "or ing o6 i $ 8a)hin!r .

0d. a &'0. A$ !@4lain!% in ano h!r r!a i$! o6 h!i8!, K h! rail"a )o84an 8#$ , 6ro8 h! 7!rna #r! o6 h!ir o4!ra ion$, in or%!r o Ki.!., 6or h!4#r4o$! o6 h! $!)#ri o6 h!ir 4a$$!ng!r$,"or 8!n, an% h! !n3o 8!n o6 h! roa%, ha7! h!righ a all i8!$ o h! !@)l#$i7! o))#4an) o6 h!lan%. * H. >0/.


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Th! $a8! a# hor G#o !$ a l!ng h $ansasCent. Ry. Co. v. Allen , ** an. *>', &> 0 WL >2-

&> 0/, "hi)h %!al "i h a $ ri4 o6 lan% a !n 9 arailroa% a$ a righ o6 "a #n%!r an &>-> an$a$$ a # !. #ee id . a & n.*. For8!rl , an$a$ la"ha% 4ro7i%!% ha a i l! in 6!! $i84l! "a$ a)G#ir!%.

Allen , &> 0 WL >2-, a '. A6 !r &>->, ho"!7!r,al ho#gh h! railroa% )on in#!% o !n3o 4!r4! #al#$! o6 h! lan%, h! la" 4ro7i%!% 6or a 8!r!!a$!8!n , an% h!n, K# 4on h! %i$)on in#an)! ora9an%on8!n o6 h! righ o6 "a , h! !n ir! an%!@)l#$i7! 4ro4!r an% righ o6 !n3o 8!n r!7!$ inh! 4ro4ri! or o6 h! $oil. 0d. #ee also An A)

Con)!rning S#$4!n%!% Railroa%$, &>-> Ohio La"$&=*, &=2 - 4ro7i%ing 6or 6or6!i #r! o6 railroa% righo6 "a an% r!7!r$ion o h! o"n!r o6 h! 6!! o6 h!lan% )o7!r!% 9 h! !a$!8!n an% righ o6 "a /.Un il a9an%on8!n , K h! 4ara8o#n righ i$ "i hh! railroa% )o84an , an% h! lan%1o"n!r )an %ono hing "hi)h "ill in !r6!r! "i h h! $a6! o6 i $roa%, a44#r !nan)!$, rain$, 4a$$!ng!r$, or"or 8!n, an% hi$ "a$ r#! !7!n i6 Ki n $o8! )a$!$,h! righ o6 h! o"n!r o6 h! $oil "o#l% 4ra) i)allno a8o#n o an hing, 9!)a#$! h! 4#r4o$!$ o6 a

railroa% )o84an 8igh r!G#ir! h! #$! o6 all h!lan% a !n o $#)h a %!gr!! a$ o 6or9i% h! o"n!r6ro8 an 9!n!6i "ha !7!r. Allen , &> 0 WL >2-,a '.

Ano h!r a# hori , al$o a44ro@i8a !l)on !84orar "i h h! &> ' A) , $#88ari !% h!la" o6 h! i8! )on)!rning h! $)o4! o6 a railroa%!a$!8!n an% h! na #r! o6 railroa% o4!ra ion$+

Th!r! i$ no G#!$ ion 9# ha h!)o84an i$ !n i l!% o h! !@)l#$i7!4o$$!$$ion o6 h! righ o6 "a , if suc!

possession is necessary to t!e proper


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operation of t!e road . So8! )o#r $ hol%ha h! )o84an i$ !n i l!% o $#)h

!@)l#$i7! 4o$$!$$ion 6ro8 h! na #r! o6h! )a$! an% a$ 8a !r o6 la". O h!r)o#r $ hol% ha i i$ a G#!$ ion o6 6a)"h! h!r h! n!)!$$i i!$ o6 h! )o84anr!G#ir! h! !@)l#$i7! o))#4an) o6 h!righ o6 "a , an% "ha #$! o6 h! $a8!9 h! o"n!r o6 h! 6!! i$ noin)on$i$ !n "i h h! )o84an ?$ righ $.Th! la !r i$ h! 4r!7ailing %o) rin!,"h!r! onl an !a$!8!n 7!$ $ in h!)o84an .

John L!"i$, A %reatise on t!e *a of +minent omain in t!e "nited #tates '>- a ''1'-

Chi)ago, Callaghan &>>>/ !84ha$i$ in original/.

Thi$ Co#r i $!l6 al$o ha$ r!)ogni !% harailroa%$ 8a !n3o righ 1o61"a !a$!8!n $ ha)on6!r on h!8 righ $ o6 !@)l#$i7! #$! an%o))#4an) . In %erritory of e Me'ico v. "nited#tates %rust Co. of e (or) , & * U.S. & &, &>&1>*&>0>/, h! Co#r $ai% o6 a righ o6 "a , O97io#$l ,i 8a 8!an on! hing in a gran o a na #ral 4!r$on6or 4ri7a ! 4#r4o$!$, an% ano h!r hing in a gran oa railroa% 6or 4#9li) 4#r4o$!$, a$ %i66!r!n a$ h!4#r4o$!$ an% #$!$ an% n!)!$$i i!$, r!$4!) i7!l , ar!.

Th! i$$#! 9!6or! h! Co#r in ha )a$! "a$"h! h!r 7ario#$ i !8$ o6 a railroa%?$ 4!r$onal4ro4!r , 9 9!ing 4!r8an!n l a a)h!% o i $ righo6 "a , )o#l% 9! a@!% 9 h! !rri or , 6or h!railroa% ha% 9!!n 6!%!rall )har !r!% #n%!r an a) o6&>-- an% i $ righ o6 "a "a$ !@!84 !% 9 Congr!$$6ro8 a@a ion. 0d. a & '1& -. Th! !rri orial a@inga# hori i!$ arg#!% ha h! 4!r$onal 4ro4!r o6 h!

railroa% )o#l% no !$)a4! a@a ion 9 9!ing,


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$#44o$!%l , 8a%! 4ar o6 h! righ o6 "a , 9!)a#$!h! 4ro4!r , 9!ing angi9l!, )o#l% no 9!)o8! 4ar

o6 $o8! hing a9$ ra) li ! a righ o6 "a . #ee id . a&>&. Th! railroa% )o#n !r!% ha i $ righ o6 "a"a$ a 6!! or, al !rna i7!l , i6 a l!$$!r in !r!$ , h!n$ ill $#)h a angi9l! an% )or4or!al 4ro4!r . . . haall ha "a$ a a)h!% o i 9!)a8! 4ar o6 i an%4ar oo o6 h! !@!84 ion 6ro8 a@a ion. 0d. Th!Co#r 6o#n% i #nn!)!$$ar o %!)i%! h! !@a)na #r! o6 h! in !r!$ , "h! h!r 6!! or !a$!8!n ,r#ling $i84l ha h! railroa%?$ righ o6 "a %i%4o$$!$$ a )or4or!al G#ali , an% h#$ h! 4ro4!r4!r8an!n l a66i@!% o i "a$ a@1!@!84 . 0d.

a &>=1>'.In i $ r!a$oning, h! Co#r 6ir$ no !% ha in

h! #$#al )a$! an !a$!8!n in7ol7!$ non)on ino#$#$!, "h!r!a$ a "a no o6 ha )hara) !r, "ho$! #$!"o#l% 9! )on in#o#$, no o))a$ional, an% "hi)h"o#l% !89ra)! h! !n ir! 9!n!6i)ial o))#4a ion an%i84ro7!8!n o6 h! lan% Ki.!., li ! a railroa% righ o6"a , mi-!t r!G#ir! h! 6!! 6or i $!n3o 8!n , )!r ainl "o#l% r!G#ir! 8or! han a8!r! righ o6 4a$$ag!. 0d. a &>2 !84ha$i$ a%%!%/.B# h!n h! Co#r "!n on o )on$i%!r h!

al !rna i7! 4o$$i9ili , a%7an)!% 9 h! railroa%,ha h! )o84an !n3o !% a angi9l! an% )or4or!al9# non16!! in !r!$ . 0d. a &>&. Th! Co#r G#o !%h! $a8! Io"a an% Ma$$a)h#$! $ )a$!$ al$o G#o !%9 h! r!a i$!$ %i$)#$$!% a9o7!. #ee supra 44. '1-.Fir$ , i G#o !% #mit! v. Hall 6or h! 4ro4o$i ion haa railroa% !a$!8!n i$ no ha $4o !n o6 in h! ol%la" 9oo $, 9# i$ 4!)#liar o h! #$! o6 a railroa%,an% h!n i G#o !% Hazen v. Boston & Maine 6or h!4ro4o$i ion ha h! righ a)G#ir!% 9 a railroa%)o84an "a$ an !a$!8!n ha r!G#ir!$ 6or i $

!n3o 8!n a #$! o6 h! lan% 4!r8an!n in i $ na #r!


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&(

an% 4ra) i)all !@)l#$i7!. #ee e Me'ico , & * U.S.a &>2.

Th! Co#r h!n #rn!% o $!7!ral o h!r $ a !)a$!$. No a9l , in on!, City of Winona v. Huff, &&Minn. &&0, &>-- WL &'( &>--/, a )a$! "h!r!4ri7a ! lan% "a$ %!%i)a !% 6or #$! a$ a 4#9li)$G#ar!, h! S#4r!8! Co#r o6 Minn!$o a r#l!% haal ho#gh h! 6!! r!8ain!% "i h h! gran or $#93!)o h! %!%i)a ion, an in !r!$ 4a$$!% ha "a$ no a8!r! !a$!8!n , !)hoing h! Ma$$a)h#$! $ an%Io"a )a$!$ G#o !% 9 h! Co#r in e Me'ico . 0d.,&>-- WL &'( , a &&. O9$!r7ing ha %i66!r!n4#r4o$!$ 8a r!G#ir! %i66!r!n in !r!$ $ or !$ a !$ o$#44or h!8, h! Minn!$o a )o#r #n%!r$ oo% h!%!%i)a ion $ a # ! in G#!$ ion o 4a$$ no 8!r!l an!a$!8!n 6or #$! o6 h! lan% 9# al$o 6or h!4o$$!$$ion h!r!o6, $o 6ar a$ i$ necessary oa))o84li$h h!$! o93!) $, i.!., h! 4#9li) 4#r4o$!$6or "hi)h h! gran "a$ 8a%!. 0d. !84ha$i$ inoriginal/. Again, all h! "hil!, h! a) #al 6!! $i84l!r!8ain!% in%i$4# a9l in o h!r han%$, $#93!) oh! %!%i)a ion. 0d.

In ano h!r )a$! )i !% 9 h! Co#r , #out!ern Pacific Co. v. Burr , >- Cal. * 0, *>*, *>2, *= P. &(2*

&>0(/, h! Cali6ornia S#4r!8! Co#r , )on$i%!ring arailroa% righ o6 "a gran !% in &>-* 9 Congr!$$,"a$ a$ !% o %!)i%! "h! h!r h! railroa% ha% a$#66i)i!n l angi9l! in !r!$ in h! lan% o $#44oran a) ion 6or !3!) 8!n or "h! h!r i !n3o !% onlan !a$!8!n , an in)or4or!al h!r!%i a8!n . Th!)o#r #4h!l% h! r#ling o6 h! lo"!r )o#r ha h!gran o6 a *((16oo "i%! righ o6 "a , %!%i)a !% oh! 4#9li) 4#r4o$! o6 )on$ r#) ing a railroa%,n!)!$$aril in7ol7!$ a righ o6 4o$$!$$ion. 0d., >-Cal. a *>=.


15/22

&&

KI n or%!r ha h! 4lain i66 in h! )a$!a 9ar 8a 8a ! $#)h #$! o6 h! lan% a$

h! gran or in !n%!% i $ho#l% #n%!r h!gran o6 a righ o6 "a , i 9!)o8!$n!)!$$ar o a ! an% !!4 an a) #al4o$$!$$ion o6 h! lan%. I 8#$ al$o 9! a4o$$!$$ion !@)l#$i7! o6 all o h!r4!r$on$. Thi$ i$ o97io#$ !no#gh a$ oall h! lan% #4on "hi)h a ra) , a %!4o ,or o h!r $#4!r$ r#) #r! i$ 4la)!%, an%"! hin h! $a8! i$ r#! o6 h! "hol!"o h#n%r!% 6!! on !a)h $i%! o6 h!ra) .

0d. a *>'. Th! )o#r 6o#n% hi$ 4o$$!$$or !l!8!no 9! $#66i)i!n l )or4or!al, !7!n in h! a9$!n)! o6 a6!!, o $#44or an a) ion 6or !3!) 8!n . #ee id . a*>=1>- r!l ing in 4ar on City of Winona /.

Tha hi$ Co#r #n%!r$ oo% 9o h City ofWinona an% Burr o in7ol7! easements i$ r!a%ila44ar!n 6ro8 h! r!8ar i 8a%! %i66!r!n ia ing ahir% )a$! 6ro8 h!$! "o. Th! Co#r no !% ha Ki nhi$ K hir% )a$! i "a$ h!l% ha h! in !r!$ a !n9 h! railroa% "a$ no an !a$!8!n . e Me'ico ,& * U.S. a &>= )i ing e (or), #. & W. R. Co. v.%rimmer , '2 N. J. La" &, *( A l. -& &>0(//.

Th#$, )on rar o h! ' A)r!G#ir!$ a 6!!, a$ )o#r $ an% l!gal a# hori i!$g!n!rall r!)ogni !% in h! !ra o6 h! A) i $!l6 an%a$ h! Co#r r!)ogni !% again, 8#)h la !r, in Greatort!ern Ry. Co. v. "nited #tates , 2&' U.S. *-*, * *&0=*/ #$! 6or railroa% %o!$ no )o84!l a


16/22


17/22

&2

II. I+ It) E##o t To O4)&0 Th F(&t Th(tTh 1$7% A&t G (+t , O+* E() " +t)'

Th Go +" +t O4)&0 ) Th M (+!+O# T /t) It 50ot ).

A. Th 1$71 Sh!#t To E() " +t)C(++ot B D +! , M * B &(0)6A St ! O# L(+,8 M( H( B +G (+t , A#t Th(t Y ( .

In Great ort!ern , h! Co#r 6o#n% ha in&> & Congr!$$ $hi6 !% 6ro8 gran ing railroa%$ lan%in 6!! o gran ing h!8 righ $ o6 "a in h! 6or8 o6!a$!8!n $. 2&' U.S. a * 21 '. In an a !84 o

#n%!r8in! h! hi$ ori)al r!ali o6 hi$ $hi6 , h! &, in"hi)h Congr!$$ gran $ a railroa% a $ ri4 o6 lan%, a4hra$!, h! & a) ha h!


18/22


19/22

&'

Th!


20/22

&-

gran $, 2 Cong. R!). =(-, 8!r!l i8agin!% "o$)!nario$ in "hi)h h! 4o"!r o6 h! $ a !$ 8igh 9!

h"ar !% 9 h! railroa%$. In h! 6ir$ , a righ o6"a li!$ on a ra) o6 lan% o ned 9 h! Uni !%S a !$, o7!r "hi)h a railroa% #n%!r h! a# hori o6h! Uni !% S a !$ 4a$$!$. 0d. !84ha$i$ a%%!%/.Mr. Hoar $ a !% ha an !@!r)i$! o6 $ a ! 4o"!ro7!r ha lo)a ion "o#l% a8o#n o in!66!) #al8!%%ling "i h h! 4ro4!r o6 h! Uni !% S a !$.0d. Earli!r h! ha% 9ri!6l $! o# h! $a8! $)!nario,in%i)a ing ha h! 9!li!7!% h! o93!) ion o 9! a 7ali%on!. #ee 2 Cong. R!). =('./

In h! $!)on% $)!nario, ho"!7!r h! on! on"hi)h h!


21/22

&

S a !$ ha$ )on7! !% h! o"n!r$hi4 o6 h! #n%!rl inglan% in o 4ri7a ! han%$ i.!., ha$ 4ar !% "i h h!

lan%/, h! righ o6 "a , oo, )!a$!$ o 9! h! 4ro4!ro6 h! Uni !% S a !$.

Th! o93!) ion Mr. Hoar 4# $ in o h! 8o# h o6h! railroa%, h!n, i$ no $#44o$!% o 9! a $o#n%o93!) ion ha ?$ Mr. Hoar?$ 4oin 3#$ a %i$r#4 i7!on!, ai8!% a h"ar ing h! $ a !$ on)! again an%r!G#iring, a$ Mr. Hoar $a $, r!)o#r$! o Congr!$$ o$ raigh !n hing$ o# . #ee 2 Cong. R!). =(-. I i$ ahi$ 4oin in h! !@)hang! ha Mr. To"n$!n% $a $,I$ no ha h! )on%i ion in "hi)h h! Union Pa)i6i)Railroa% $ an%$ in an$a$ an% ha$ $ oo%, an% inCali6ornia ooQ 0d. Poin !%l , Mr. Hoar agr!!$,%!)laring ha hi$ "a$ on! o6 h! hing$ ron- it!t!e -rants made up to 3456 .

Un%o#9 !%l an% I %!$ir! o $a , a$ 86ri!n% 4# $ h! G#!$ ion, ha I r!gar%a$ a 8o$ la8!n a9l! 6a) in o#r hi$ orh! )ar!l!$$n!$$ "i h "hi)h 9! "!!n&>-2 an% &>-', or &> (, Congr!$$ %!al"i h h! gr!a 6#n) ion o6 in)or4ora ingh!$! gr!a high"a $. . . . I hin on! o6h! 8o$ %i$ r!$$ing 6a) $ in o#r hi$ ori$ h! !@a84l! o6 )ar!l!$$n!$$ an% 6ra#%"hi)h "a$ $! in h! organi a ion o6h!$! roa%$.

0d.

In $hor , n!i h!r Mr. Hoar nor Mr. To"n$!n%$ai% or agr!!% ha gran $ 8a%! #n%!r h! &> ' A)"o#l% r!8ain h! 4ro4!r o6 h! Uni !% S a !$ !7!na6 !r h! #n%!rl ing 6!! ha% 9!!n )on7! !% a"a oho8!$ !a%!r$ or o h!r 4ri7a ! 4ar i!$. Th!


22/22

&>

CONCLUSION

For h! r!a$on$ $ a !% a9o7!, NELFr!$4!) 6#ll r!G#!$ $ ha hi$ Co#r r!7!r$! h!

3#%g8!n o6 h! Co#r o6 A44!al$ 6or h! T!n hCir)#i .

R!$4!) 6#ll $#98i !%,

N EW E N

Documents

Brief of Amicus Curiae New England Legal Foundation in Support of Petitioners, Marvin M. Brandt Revocable Trust v. United States, No. 12-1173 (Nov. 22, 2013)