Brief Response

• Evaluate the beginning of industrial cities as they grew from towns to heavily populated urban centers. Cite examples from the text.

• people kicked off rural farms by the enclosure movement sought work.

• Resources near villages and towns accelerated growth• Factories near rivers created jobs and economies.• Rivers also provided safer transportation.• Improved roads and, later, railroads stimulated growth.

New Thinking for a New World

p. 184

Why New Thinking?

• New Thinking and invention from the Age of Reason excited some of the upper class to produce a new, better way of life, which also increased their wealth.

• It also made it possible for a middle class of people to develop and enjoy that better standard of living.

• It became both a severe hardship to the lower class, but eventually raised their standard of living as well.

Economics

• Thomas Malthus: • British economist concerned with

population. – He wrote that the poor could/should

never be helped because they were increasing faster than the food supply.

Jeremy Bentham:

• British economist and philosopher.

• Proponent of utilitarianism.

– Believed in individual freedom,

• he felt freedom was vital to happiness.

• He felt that government should be involved in helping society periodically.

His skeleton is on display in London…..

Utilitarianism:

• the idea that laws should provide for the “happiness” for the largest number of people (the greater good).

• Laws should be useful.

Socialism:

• believers felt that the rich had – grown too fast– neglected the effect on lower classes.

• They believed government should be used to force those with the wealth to support and care for the society’s needy and weak.– End poverty– End injustice

• Society (through the government) would own the “means of production”

Means of production:

• Economic goods and services that make manufacture and profit possible.

• The private owners controlled all the wealth for the nation EC 7– farms, – factories, – transportation,– health – banks/finance/investment, – distribution (includes sales). – advertising/marketing

Robert Owen:

• British textile owner who set up a workers’ community around his factory in Scotland.

• In it….. EC 4– Workers had homes or dormitories.– Workers had fewer working hours.– Workers bought clothes and necessities at the company store.– School for workers’ children.

• He also supported: EC 2– Limits on child labor– Allowing labor unions to organize

Karl Marx:

• German philosopher. – Believed ideas like utilitarianism were idealistic

fantasy.

• Worked with Friederich Engels on a new theory of government and economics, “scientific socialism”. – This was the root of communism (Marxism).

Communism:• The popular term for Marxist socialism…..• There is a class struggle for

• resources and wealth • between the

–bourgeoisie (haves) –and the working class (have nots).

Proletariat:• the working-class (educated

factory workers).

homework

• Begin class work:

Image, p. 185

• Question:

• More money coming in from child labor

Standards Check, p. 185

• Question:

• Government should not interfere in business because a free market eventually brings greater prosperity to everybody.

Thinking Critically, p. 186

• Questions:

• 1

• It appears that children at New Lanark attended classes instead of living in crowded, dirty conditions

• 2

• Why?

• It addressed the problems of working-class people, for example, children got an education, to make a better future than their parents had.

• Why not?

• It depended on the generosity of the factory owners, most of whom were motivated by profits, not people’s welfare.

Standards Check, p. 187

• Question:

• John Stuart Mill believed government should intervene to prevent harm to its citizens, such as abuse of workers.

Standards Check, p. 187

• Question:

• Early socialists believed that…..

• All property and all means of production should be owned by the people as a whole.

Standards Check, p. 188

• Question:

• The proletariat would overthrow capitalists through revolution, take control of the means of production, and create a classless society.

Standards Check, p. 188

• Question

• Marx was wrong about international revolution, and by the 1990s, few communist countries remained.

Thinking critically, p. 189

• Question

• 1a

• Rules to protect workers and consumers

• 1b

• To encourage new ideas and products

Brief Response

• What did Karl Marx mean in this quotation?

• “In a higher phase of communist society . . . only then can the narrow horizon of bourgeois right be fully left behind and society inscribe on its banners: from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.”

• —Karl Marx