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British Exploration and Colonization
Separatists, Speculators, and Sundry Other Settlers
English Exploration
• 1497 – John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto)
• Northwest Passage
“Don’t Touch my Golden Hind.”
• Sir Francis Drake
• Golden Hind
• 1577-1580
• San Francisco
Reasons for Colonization
• Economic– Overcrowding
• Enclosure movement
– Unemployment– Mercantilism
• Religious– Spread Protestantism– Puritans and
Separatists
Gilbert and Raleigh
• Humphrey Gilbert– 1578– Newfoundland
• Charter
• Walter Raleigh– 1584 - Roanoke
– “Virginia”
Roanoke
• 1587• 114 Settlers• John White • Virginia Dare• Returned 1590• “Croatoan”
Jamestown
• London Company= Virginia Company
• Joint stock company
• Entrepreneurs
• 1607– Godspeed– Discovery– Sarah Constant
Jamestown - Problems
• Drought
• Disease
• Bad climate
• Laziness
John Smith
John Smith
• Chesapeake Bay
• Powhatan
• Pocohantas
• Martial law
Development of Jamestown
• John Rolfe
• Tobacco
• Headright system
• Changes– Women– Blacks (Indentured servants)– Representative Government
• “Rights of Englishmen”• Governor• Council• House of Burgesses
Development of Jamestown
Royal Colony
1624
New England:The Mayflower, Massachusetts Bay,
and Much, Much More!
The Pilgrims
• Calvinists– Puritans
– Separatists
• Holland• Plymouth Company• 1620• Mayflower
– William Bradford
– William Brewster
The Mayflower Compact
• Full text here
• Social Contract Theory
The Plymouth Colony
• Squanto
• Thanksgiving
• Founders Day
Massachusetts Bay
• Massachusetts Bay Company
• Great Migration (1630’s)
• John Winthrop– “
The Model of Christian Charity”
– City on a Hill
“We must consider that we shall be as a City upon a
Hill, the eyes of all people are upon us.”
Puritanism
• Calvinism
• Predestination
• The “Elect”
• “Congregationalists”• High literacy rate
“There is a twofold liberty, natural (I mean as our nature is now corrupt) and civil or federal. The first is common to
man with beasts and other creatures. By this, man as he stands in relation to man simply, hath liberty to do what he lists: it is a liberty to evil as well as to good . . . The other kind of liberty I call civil or
federal; it may also be termed moral, in reference to the covenant between God
and man, in the moral law, and the politic covenants and constitutions,
amongst men themselves. This liberty is the proper end and object of authority,
and cannot subsist without it; and it is a liberty to that only which is good, just,
and honest.”
Government Under Winthrop• Governor of the colony
• Theocracy
• “Freemen”• General Court
• Heretics
• “On Liberty”– Natural– Civil
Rhode Island
• Roger Williams
• Arrived 1631
• Separation of Church and State
• Banished 1635
• Narragansett Bay
• Providence“I desired it might be a
shelter for persons distressed for conscience”
Rhode Island• Anne Hutchinson
– Banished 1637– Pocasset—Portsmouth
• Other dissenters– Newport– Warwick
• Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (1644)
• Instrument of Government
• “Rogue’s Island”
Connecticut• Rev. John Davenport
– Quinnipiac– Renamed it New Haven.
• Thomas Hooker– Hartford
• Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)– Constitution
Pequot War
• 1637
• Pequot
• Mohegan
• Genocide
New Hampshire and Maine• New Hampshire
– John Mason– Followers of Anne
Hutchinson founded Exeter
• Maine– Ferdinando Gorges– Under control of
Massachusetts– Never a colony by itself
North vs. South
North• Religious• Equal distribution of land• Small towns• Family-centered
South• Secular• Unequal land distribution• Plantations• Individualism
The Middle Colonies
England’s Dispute with the Dutch
• John Cabot’s claim
• Separated New England from the Southern Colonies.
• Dutch traded with the English colonies
• New Amsterdam
Invasion of the Dutch Colonies
• Dutch West India Co.
• Charles II
• Duke of York
• Peter Stuyvesant
New York
• Duke of York– Proprietary colony
• New Amsterdam New York City
• Duke’s Laws• Charter of Liberties
and Privileges
New Jersey• 1664• John Lord Berkeley• George Carteret
– Isle of Jersey– “New Jersey”– “Elizabethtown”
• East Jersey (Carteret)– Puritans– Newark
• West Jersey (Berkeley)– Quakers
Pennsylvania• William Penn • Quakers
– “Society of Friends”– Founded by George Fox– “Inner light”– Pacifistic
• Pennsylvania– Literally “Penn’s woods”– “Holy Experiment”
• Religious toleration• Philadelphia
Maryland• George Calvert
– Lord Baltimore– 1625 - Became Catholic
• Cecil Calvert– 2nd Lord Baltimore– 1633 - Founds colony
• Henrietta Maria (wife of Charles I) + Blessed Virgin Mary = Maryland
• St. Mary’s Township
Maryland and Catholicism
• Minority in colonies
• English Civil War– 1642-1646– Catholicism banned
• Maryland Toleration Act– 1649– Freedom of worship to
Christians
The Carolinas
• Barbados– Limestone– Sugarcane– Slavery
• 1663 - Carolina chartered by 8 proprietors
• 1670 - Charles Town (Charleston) founded by Barbadians
• Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina– John Locke– 1670
• 1729 – Split into North and South Carolina
Georgia• James Oglethorpe
– Philanthropist (prison reform)– 1732 – George II granted charter
• Purposes– Refuge for debtors– Utopian experiment
• Secular• Enlightenment ideals
– Defense against Spanish Florida
• Utopia failed (human nature can be a real bugger)• 1752 – Oglethorpe abandoned charter
Foundation of the ColoniesColony Name
Year Founde
dFounded By
Became Royal Colony
Virginia 1607 London Company 1624
Massachusetts
1620 Puritans 1691
Maryland 1634 Lord Baltimore N/A
Connecticut c.1635 Thomas Hooker N/A
Rhode Island 1636 Roger Williams N/A
Delaware 1638 Peter Minuit and New Sweden Co. N/A
New Hampshire
1638 John Wheelwright 1679
North Carolina
1653 Virginians 1729
South Carolina
16638 nobles with royal charter from Charles II
1729
New Jersey 1664Lord Berkeley and Sir George Cartaret
1702
New York 1664 Duke of York 1685
Pennsylvania 1682 William Penn N/A
Georgia 1732 James Oglethorpe 1752