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BRKAGG-1010 2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1

Introduction to Enterprise WLANFundamentals

BRKAGG-1010

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2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKAGG-1010 2

Session Objectives

Review Basic 802.11 Concepts

Understand the Lightweight Access Point Protocol(LWAPP) and the Unified Architecture

Understand the features of Cisco Unified WirelessNetworks (CUWN)

Introduction to 802.11n

WCS new feature and Location features

Review CUWN Product Portfolio understanding andselecting the right products for deployment

Configuration examples

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Overall Session Agenda

Introduction/802.11 Refresher

What is LWAPP/CAPWAPP

Understanding Features

Introduction 802.11n

Product Selection in Various Deployment Scenarios

Configuring a Simple Network Examples

Summary and Takeaways

References

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802.11 Refresher

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802.11s Access Rules

Distributed Coordinated Function (DCF)Transmission rules followed by all clients

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance(CSMA/CA)

Responsible for mediating access to the air

DCF is 802.11s rules of the road

CSMA/CA is 802.11s traffic lights

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7/80 2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKAGG-1010 7

802.11s Access Mediation

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision AvoidanceCSMA/CA responsible for mediating access to the air

Reduces the likelihood of a transmission collision

Provides probabilistically fair access to every device

CSMA/CA provides a framework clients follow before beingallowed to transmit: Listen before talk

Wait the appropriate interframe space (SIFS or DIFS)

If medium is free, wait to make sure no one else is beginning to transmit(this is called the backoff)

If medium is still free after backoff, then transmitContention

Window

Time (t)

IFS Transmission

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Dissecting CSMA/CA

Two sensing methods:Physical Carrier Sense

Directed management and data frames include a Duration ID

Used to indicate to non-sending/receiving devices how long the

medium will be occupiedVirtual Carrier Sense

Clients then set a timer: Network Allocation Vector (NAV)

This timer is decremented, and once at 0, physical carrier sense is

invoked and the process starts over Only when both sensing mechanisms indicate the air is freedo clients then begin to prepare to wait before transmission

Carrier Sense allows more than one device to talk on the

network, granting Multiple Access

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It Doesnt

802.11 networks are completely egalitarianEvery device, AP included, has equal access to transmit

No device has precedence over any other

All transmissions for each individual device have the sameaccess, transmitting in FIFO fashion

No application has more transmit weight than any other Example: on a single laptop, a voice frame has the sameright to transmit as any other frame, such as a web frame

Example: voice handsets abide by the same access rules as laptops

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Retrofitting 802.11 with QoS

Intelligent queuing at the AP allows the WLAN torealize downstream, over-the-air QoS

Upstream, from AP to controller QoS applied, as well

Prioritization done per-WLAN Additionally/alternatively, QoS can be assigned per user viaIdentity-based Networking Services (IBNS)

DiffServ and 802.1p priority preserved upstream anddownstream between AP and controller

--- To complete WLAN QoS, add WMM/802.11e ---

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Ingress/Egress pointfrom/to upstream

switched/routed wirednetwork (802.1Q trunk)

Switched/Routed Wired Network

Lightweight

Access PointWireless LAN

Controller

Cisco Centralized WLAN Model

Remote RF interfaceReal-time 802.11 MAC

RF spectral analysis

WLAN IDS Signature analysisSecurity management

QoS policies enforcementCentralized configuration, firmware management

Northbound management interfaces

LWAPP carries all communication between access pointand controller

L2 or L3 transportMutual authentication X.509 certificate based

LWAPP control AES-CCM encryptedData encapsulation

Radio resource management

Mobility management

LWAPP Tunnel

Control MessagesData Encapsulation

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Layer-3 LWAPP Architecture

Access Points require IP addressing APs can communicate w/ WLC across routed boundaries

Note: CAPWAP (IEEE) uses different ports

CAPWAP Data Encapsulation UDP 5247 Control Messages

UDP 5246



Layer 2/3 Wired Network Single or Multiple Broadcast Domains

LightweightAccess Point

Wireless LANController

L3 LWAPP Tunnel

Control Messages UDP 12223Data Encapsulation UDP 12222

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LWAPP State Machine (Simplified)

LWAPP defines a statemachine that governs the APand controller behavior

Major states:Discovery AP looks for a

controller Join AP attempts to establish asecured relationship with acontroller

Image Data AP downloads codefrom controller

Config AP receives configurationfrom controller

Run AP and controller operatenormally and service data

Reset AP clears state andstarts over

Note: LWAPP/CAPWAP RFCdefines other states

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LWAPP Operations Client Connections

AP handles real-time802.11 control andmanagement

Non-real time 802.11handled at controller

Controller is the802.1x authenticator and centrally storesclient QoS, securitycontext

802.11 data framesare encrypted/decrypted at the RFinterface

Action frames aremanagement framesas defined by 802.11

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Switched/Routed Wired Network

LightweightAccess Point

Wireless LANController

Division of Labor Split MAC

Real-time 802.11/MAC functionality: Beacon Generation Probe Response Power management/Packet buffering 802.11e/WMM scheduling, queueing MAC layer data encryption/decryption 802.11 control messagesData encapsulation/de-encapsulationFragmentation/De-fragmentation

Non real-time 802.11/MAC functionality: Assoc/Disassoc/Reassoc 802.11e/WMM resource reservation 802.1X/EAP Key management802.11 Distribution servicesWired/Wireless Integration services

LWAPP Tunnel

Control MessagesData Encapsulation

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LWAPP Key Points Review

LWAPP is used for low overhead communicationbetween Cisco Wireless LAN Controller and AP

Will require 1-4kbps overhead with associated clients

Data traffic encapsulated in UDP (Controller uses port 12222, APwill use an ephemeral port based on hash of its Ethernet MAC)Control traffic encapsulated in UDP (Controller uses port12223, AP will use an ephemeral port based on hash of itsEthernet MAC)

Control traffic between Cisco AP and Controller isencapsulated and encryptedUses Advanced Encryption Standard (AES-CCMP) encryption

Data traffic between Cisco AP and Controller isencapsulated

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Layer 2 Mobility

All controllers in same Mobility GroupClient connects to AP A onController 1

Client database entry created

Client roams to AP B on Controller 1

PKC and CCKM provide fast roam times for supported clients. Keys are cached, so no needto re-authenticate to Radius server.

Client roams from AP B (Controller 1)to AP C (Controller 2)

Controller 2 makes a Mobility Announcement topeers in Mobility Group looking for Controller with client MAC

Controller 1 responds, handshakes, ACKs

Client database entry moved to Controller 2

PMK data included (master key data fromRadius server)

PKC and CCKM provide fast roam times for supported clients. Keys are cached, so no needto re-authenticate to Radius server.

Controller 1 Controller 2

AP A AP B AP C

Client Database

MAC, WLAN, AP, QoS, IP, Sec,

Client Database

MAC, WLAN, AP, QoS, IP, Sec,

MobilityAnnouncement

Roam is transparent to clientSame DHCP address maintainedProactive Key Caching with WPA2/802.11i(Funk or MS client)

move

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Layer 3 Mobility

All controllers in same Mobility GroupEthernet in IP Tunnels automaticallycreated between controllers

Client connects to AP B onController 1

Client database entry created as ANCHOR

Client roams to AP C on Controller 2Controller 2 makes a Mobility Announcementto peers in Mobility Group looking for Controller with client MAC

Controller 1 responds, handshakes, ACKs

Client database entry copied to Controller 2

Marked as FOREIGN

PMK data included (master key data fromRadius server)

Proactive Key Caching provides fast roam timesfor WPA2/802.11i clients. No need to re-authenticate to Radius server.

Client roams to AP on 3rd Controller Same as above except FOREIGN client

DB entry moved from previousForeign Controller

Controller 1 Controller 2

AP B AP C

Client Database

MAC, WLAN, IP, Sec, ANCHOR

Client Database

MAC, WLAN, IP, Sec, FOREIGN

Roam is transparent to clientTraffic from client to network exits at Foreign Controller Traffic to client tunneled from Anchor to Foreign Controller Same DHCP address maintainedProactive Key Caching with WPA/802.11i (Funk or MS client)

Subnet A Subnet B

MobilityAnnouncement

Ethernet in IP Tunnel

copy

NOTE: The slide displays asymmetric trafficflows. When Symmetric mobility option is used,the traffic continues to flow through the anchor controller, in both directions.

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Guest AccessLightweight Architecture

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Guest Tunneling N+1 Redundancy

Using EoIP Pings (data path)functionality Anchor WLCreachability will be determined

Foreign WLC will send pings atconfigurable intervals to see if

Anchor WLC is alive

Once a Anchor WLC failure isdetected a DEAUTH is sendto the client

Remote WLC will keep onmonitoring the Anchor WLC

Under normal conditions round-robin fashion is used to balanceclients between Anchor WLCs

Primary linkRedundant link

Guest WLAN

Controllers (Anchors)

WirelessVLANs

CampusCore

LWAPP LWAPP

Internet

Guest Emp Guest Emp

WCS

EtherIPGuestTunnel

EtherIPGuest

Tunnel

EmpEmp

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Radio Resource Management

Key RF challenges with 802.11:Limited non-overlapping channels

Physical characteristics of RF propagation

Contention for the medium

Transient nature of RF environments

RRM addresses these challenges:Continuous analysis of RF environment

Dynamic channel, power management

Coverage hole detection and correction

Coverage resiliency

Can override for non-standard deployments

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RF Grouping

NEIGHBOR MESSAGESSent at full power

- Contain information about the AP- Authenticated via a MIC based on RF Group

Name

< -70dbm

If APs on different controllers hear neighbor messagesfrom APs in the same RF Group at -80 dBm or stronger, they group their RF domains

Neighbor messages protected via digital signature

Channel and power then computes as a group

Wireless Controller ARF Group =

Wireless Controller BRF Group =

RF GROUP

Controllers elect an RF Group Leader that analyzes RF data andneighbor relationships to make more optimized decisionsabout the RF environment for the system

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RF Grouping

Multiple RF Domains can exist within asingle RF Group

RRM is calculated on a per RFDomain basis

RF Domains can be inter-controller or intra-controller

Multiple RF Groups may be formed evenwhen controllers share an RF Group name

RF Groups/Domains apply per PHY type

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Location Services New Features

Cisco Compatible Extensions Wi-Fi Tag Specification

Telemetry Information

Battery Information

Emergency Group NotificationsChokepoint Support

New Location Protocol (LOCP)

Location Appliance Algorithm Enhancements for Antenna Elevation and Azimuth

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Features HREAP LWAPP Architecture

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Connected Mode vs. Standalone Mode

Connected mode When H-REAP can reach Controller (connected state), it gets help from controller tocomplete client authentication

Standalone mode When controller is not reachable byH-REAP, it goes into standalonestate and does client authentication by itself

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Features 802.11n LWAPP Architecture

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802.11n Overview

BenefitsIncreased throughput

Greater reliability

Greater coverage predictabilityBackwards compatibility

Technical Advances

Multiple Input Multiple outputPHY Efficiencies

MAC Enhancements

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MIMO

Diversity Spatial

Multiplexing

Beamforming

Maximum RatioCombining

Channel Aggregation

Subcarriers

Duplicate Format

Shorter GuardIntervals

ModulationRates

PHYEnhancements

MAC Efficiency

Frame Aggregation

MTBA

RIFS

SM power save

PSMP

802.11n OperationImproved Performance Via

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54 48 36 24 Mbps

54 MbpsMRC

TxBF

Spatial Multiplexing

802.11a/g AP(non-MIMO)

802.11n AP(MIMO)

802.11a/g client(non-MIMO)

802.11a/g client(non-MIMO)

300 Mbps802.11n AP

(MIMO)

802.11n client(MIMO)

MRC

TxBF


MRC

TxBF


802.11n OperationMIMO Impact

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DIFS/AIFS

PIFS

SIFSContention Window

Back-Off Window

Time (t)

Busy Medium Next Frame

SIFS

PIFS

DIFS

AIFS EIFS

RIFS

Short Interframe Space

PCF Interframe Space

DCF Interframe Space

Arbitration Interframe SpaceExtended Interframe Space

Reduced Interframe Space

RIFS

802.11n OperationMAC Enhancements Reduced Interframe Space

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Features WCS LWAPP Architecture

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WLAN Planning Tool

Optimize WLAN design for coverage or performance

Assign RF characteristics tobuilding material

Integrated floor plan editor

WCS suggests optimal AP placement andgraphically displaysexpected coverage area

Printable reports

Minimize the need for manual site survey

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WLAN Configuration New Looks

Monitoring and

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Monitoring andTroubleshooting

Hierarchical-Google earthviews (campus, building,floors) all provide quick status

Intuitive heat maps showcoverage area and

performanceChannel, power, coverage holes,utilization, etc.

Alarm filtering, correlation, ande-mail forwarding

Dashboards provide summaryinformation for network,clients, and security

Detect and report issuespertaining to noise,

interference, and capacity

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RF Monitoring Floor Activity

Access Point Details

Individual Client Usage Details

AP status indicated by icon color.

APs and many fields are links toprovide drill down details

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Client Troubleshooting Tool

Assist networkadministrators to diagnoseand suggest fixes tocommon client problems

Debug layer 1 to layer 3client problems using astep by step method

Highlight differentnetworking layers

Ability to dig into detailsand logs as needed

Recommendscorrective actions

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Monitoring Enhancements

FeaturesEnhanced to support simplifiedWLAN monitoring

DashboardFloor maps (next slide)

Alarm and network summary

Search toolStreamlined mapping functionality

BenefitsEasy and flexible customizationQuick visualization of WLAN statusEver-ready access toWLAN summaryExecute searches more quicklyHierarchical visualization of allWLAN locations

Dashboard

Mapping Hierarchy Alarm Summary

Search

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Dynamic Troubleshooting: APs

FeaturesIncreased visibility intowireless infrastructure

Access point wired and wirelessconnection information stored

Client association anddisassociation occurrences listed

Benefits

Additional information assistswith troubleshooting

Connectivity issues and failures

Potential client issues

Client Association Details

Access Point Connection Information

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Dynamic Troubleshooting: Clients

FeaturesQuick access to critical clientinformation

Access client troubleshooting toolfrom anywhere within Cisco WCS

New client mobility information -how and why a client roamed

Client details screen includes newinformation and aggregation of existing information

Benefits

Easy-to-read display of clientinformation

More data to assist with clientmonitoring, management, and

troubleshooting

Client Troubleshooting Tool

Client Mobility Information

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Streamlined Configuration Templates

FeaturesController Template Launch Padwith enhanced user interface

Mouse-over feature gives quickdescription of each template

Quick creation and scheduling of

templates60+ configuration templates

Access point configurationtemplates quickly customizable

Benefits

Easy-to-use, simplifiedinterface to create, select,and manage WLAN controller and access point templates

Mouse-Over

Controllers

Access Points

CustomizedTemplates

60+Customizable

Templates

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Expanded Flexible Reporting

FeaturesReport Launch Pad deliversrobust fully customizable reporting

Flexible user-defined customization

Mouse-over feature provides quickdescription of each report

Over 40+ customizable reportsBenefits

Quickly generate on-demand or scheduled reports

Reduce or eliminate the need

to manually gather criticalWLAN information

Improve operationalproductivity with preconfiguredand customized reports

Mouse-Over

40+ Reports

Customized Reporting

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Wireless ProductsControllers and Access Points

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WLAN Controllers

FeaturesEnterprise scalability andreliabilityReal-time RF ManagementMulti-layered security

Mobility managementStandalone and integratedoptions

BenefitsUp to 1500 APs per Cat6K chassisCost-effective solution for main, branch, and remotecampuses as well as SMBIdeal for data, voice, and videoWired and wireless integration

Wireless LAN Controllers

Catalyst 6500 Series Wireless

Services Module (WiSM)

Switch and Router Platforms

Network Unification

4400 550021xx

WiSM

Catalyst 3750GIntegrated WLC

SwitchIntegrated Services

Routers WLCM

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WLAN Access Points

FeaturesIndustrys best range andthroughputEnterprise-class securityOnly 802.11n Draft 2 support

with PoESimultaneous air monitoringand traffic deliveryWide area networking for outdoor areas

BenefitsZero-touch managementNo dedicated air monitorsSupports all deploymentscenarios (indoor and outdoor)From secure coverage toadvanced services

Indoor Access Points

Indoor Rugged Access Points

1130AG 1140ABGN

1240AG

1230AG1250ABGN

Outdoor Access Points/Bridges

1510 1400 13001520

Access Points

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Configuration Examples

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Interface Dynamic

Dynamic Interfaces are generally designed for WLANclient data and provide support for multiple VLANinstances

Dynamic interfaces are manually configured by the

administrator

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Controller ConfigurationWelcome to the Cisco Wizard Configuration Tool

Use the '-' character to backupSystem Name [Cisco_36:d7:83]: Networkers08Enter Administrative User Name (24 characters max): adminEnter Administrative Password (24 characters max): *******Re-enter Administrative Password : *******Service Interface IP Address Configuration [none][DHCP]:Enable Link Aggregation (LAG) [yes][NO]:Management Interface IP Address: 192.168.100.10Management Interface Netmask: 255.255.255.0Management Interface Default Router: 192.168.100.1Management Interface VLAN Identifier (0 = untagged):Management Interface Port Num [1 to 4]: 1Management Interface DHCP Server IP Address: 192.168.100.1AP Transport Mode [layer2][LAYER3]:AP Manager Interface IP Address: 192.168.100.11AP-Manager is on Management subnet, using same valuesAP Manager Interface DHCP Server (192.168.100.1):Virtual Gateway IP Address: 1.1.1.1Mobility/RF Group Name: mobile-1Enable Symmetric Mobility Tunneling [yes][NO]:Network Name (SSID): nw08_wlanAllow Static IP Addresses [YES][no]: noConfigure a RADIUS Server now? [YES][no]:Enter the RADIUS Server's Address: 192.168.100.5Enter the RADIUS Server's Port [1812]:Enter the RADIUS Server's Secret: test1234Enter Country Code list (enter 'help' for a list of countries) [US]:

Management Interface

AP Manager Interface

Service Interface

Virtual Interface

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Controller ConfigurationEnable 802.11b Network [YES][no]:

Enable 802.11a Network [YES][no]:Enable 802.11g Network [YES][no]:Enable Auto-RF [YES][no]:Configure a NTP server now? [YES][no]: noConfigure the system time now? [YES][no]:Enter the date in MM/DD/YY format: 04/27/08Enter the time in HH:MM:SS format: 18:27:50Configuration correct? If yes, system will save it and reset. [yes][NO]: yesConfiguration saved!Resetting system with new configuration...

(Cisco Controller)Enter User Name (or 'Recover-Config' this one-time only to reset configuration to factorydefaults)User: admin Password:*******(Cisco Controller) >show interface summaryInterface Name Port Vlan Id IP Address Type Ap Mgr Guest-------------------------------- ---- -------- --------------- ------- ------ -----ap-manager 1 untagged 192.168.100.11 Static Yes Nomanagement 1 untagged 192.168.100.10 Static No Noservice-port N/A N/A 0.0.0.0 Static No Novirtual N/A N/A 1.1.1.1 Static No No(Cisco Controller) >

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References

Understanding the Lightweight Access Point Protocol (LWAPP)http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps5678/ps6306/prod_white_paper0900aecd802c18ee_ns337_Networking_Solutions_White_Paper.html

Deploying Cisco 440X Series Wireless LAN Controllers

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/wireless/technology/controller/deployment/guide/dep.html

Wireless LAN Controller and Lightweight Access Point Basic Configuration

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/wireless/ps430/products_configuration_example09186a0080665cdf.shtml

Cisco Wireless Control System (WCS)

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps5755/ps6301/ps6305/product_data_sheet0900aecd802570d0.html

Cisco Client Link Technology

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps5678/ps10092/white_paper_ c11-516389.html

Cisco Wireless Product Overview

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/wireless/index.html

Complete Your Online
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps5678/ps6306/prod_white_paper0900aecd802c18ee_ns337_Networking_Solutions_White_Paper.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps5678/ps6306/prod_white_paper0900aecd802c18ee_ns337_Networking_Solutions_White_Paper.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/wireless/technology/controller/deployment/guide/dep.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/wireless/technology/controller/deployment/guide/dep.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/wireless/ps430/products_configuration_example09186a0080665cdf.shtmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/wireless/ps430/products_configuration_example09186a0080665cdf.shtmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps5755/ps6301/ps6305/product_data_sheet0900aecd802570d0.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps5755/ps6301/ps6305/product_data_sheet0900aecd802570d0.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps5678/ps10092/white_paper_c11-516389.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps5678/ps10092/white_paper_c11-516389.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/wireless/index.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/wireless/index.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps5678/ps10092/white_paper_c11-516389.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps5678/ps10092/white_paper_c11-516389.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps5678/ps10092/white_paper_c11-516389.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps5678/ps10092/white_paper_c11-516389.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps5755/ps6301/ps6305/product_data_sheet0900aecd802570d0.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps5755/ps6301/ps6305/product_data_sheet0900aecd802570d0.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/wireless/ps430/products_configuration_example09186a0080665cdf.shtmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/wireless/ps430/products_configuration_example09186a0080665cdf.shtmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/wireless/technology/controller/deployment/guide/dep.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/wireless/technology/controller/deployment/guide/dep.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps5678/ps6306/prod_white_paper0900aecd802c18ee_ns337_Networking_Solutions_White_Paper.htmlhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps5678/ps6306/prod_white_paper0900aecd802c18ee_ns337_Networking_Solutions_White_Paper.html

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Dont forget to activate your Cisco Live Virtual account for access toall session material, communities, andon-demand and live activities throughoutthe year. Activate your account at theCisco booth in the World of Solutions or visitwww.ciscolive.com .
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Brkagg-1010 c1 Web