fORE SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT

BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS

Submitted to:

Prof. Alok Kumar

Submitted By:

Group 4Sahil Gupta (221122)

Sakshi Kabra (221125)

Sayani Mukherjee (221131)

Shruti Pal(221140)

Srishti Narang(221149)

Vipul Sachdeva (221170)

ContentsCHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................2

t-test..................................................................................................................................................2

A t-test is a statistical examination of two population means. A two-sample t-test examines whether two samples are different and is commonly used when the variances of two normal distributions are unknown and when an experiment uses a small sample size. For example, a t-test could be used to compare the average floor routine score of the U.S. women's Olympic gymnastic team to the average floor routine score of China's women's team.........................................................................................2

A second application of the t distribution tests the hypothesis that two independent random samples have the same mean. The t distribution can also be used to construct confidence intervals for the true mean of a population (the first application) or for the difference between two sample means (the second application)................................................................................................................................4

Paired Sample t-test..........................................................................................................................4

Application.........................................................................................................................................5

Purpose of study................................................................................................................................5

CHAPTER 2 : METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................6

2.1-Universe of Study........................................................................................................................6

2.2- Locale of Study...........................................................................................................................6

2.3-Sampling Techniques...................................................................................................................6

2.4-Sample Size..................................................................................................................................6

2.5- Data Collection...........................................................................................................................7

2.6-Data Analysis...............................................................................................................................7

2.7-Field Experience..........................................................................................................................7

CHAPTER 3 : ANALYSIS...........................................................................................................................8

BIBLIOGRAPHY.....................................................................................................................................12

APPENDIX............................................................................................................................................13

Questionnaire..................................................................................................................................13

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

t-test

A t-test is a statistical examination of two population means. A two-sample t-test examines

whether two samples are different and is commonly used when the variances of two normal

distributions are unknown and when an experiment uses a small sample size. For example, a

t-test could be used to compare the average floor routine score of the U.S. women's Olympic

gymnastic team to the average floor routine score of China's women's team.

Student’s t-test, in statistics, a method of testing hypotheses about the mean of a small

sample drawn from a normally distributed population when the population standard deviation

is unknown.

In 1908 William Sealy Gosset, an Englishman publishing under the pseudonym Student,

developed the t-test and t distribution. The t distribution is a family of curves in which the

number of degrees of freedom (the number of independent observations in the sample minus

one) specifies a particular curve. As the sample size (and thus the degrees of freedom)

increases, the t distribution approaches the bell shape of the standard normal distribution. In

practice, for tests involving the mean of a sample of size greater than 30, the normal

distribution is usually applied.

It is usual first to formulate a null hypothesis, which states that there is no effective difference

between the observed sample mean and the hypothesized or stated population mean—i.e.,

that any measured difference is due only to chance. In an agricultural study, for example, the

null hypothesis could be that an application of fertilizer has had no effect on crop yield, and

an experiment would be performed to test whether it has increased the harvest. In general, a t-

test may be either two-sided (also termed two-tailed), stating simply that the means are not

equivalent, or one-sided, specifying whether the observed mean is larger or smaller than the

hypothesized mean. The test statistic t is then calculated. If the observed t-statistic is more

extreme than the critical value determined by the appropriate reference distribution, the null

hypothesis is rejected. The appropriate reference distribution for the t-statistic is the t

distribution. The critical value depends on the significance level of the test (the probability of

erroneously rejecting the null hypothesis).

For example, suppose a researcher wishes to test the hypothesis that a sample of size n = 25

with mean x = 79 and standard deviation s = 10 was drawn at random from a population with

mean μ = 75 and unknown standard deviation. Using the formula for the t-statistic,

the calculated t equals 2. For a two-sided test at a common level of significance

α = 0.05, the critical values from the t distribution on 24 degrees of freedom are −2.064 and

2.064. The calculated t does not exceed these values, hence the null hypothesis cannot be

rejected with 95 percent confidence. (The confidence level is 1 − α.)

A second application of the t distribution tests the hypothesis that two independent random

samples have the same mean. The t distribution can also be used to construct confidence

intervals for the true mean of a population (the first application) or for the difference between

two sample means (the second application).

Paired Sample t-test

Paired-Sample T-Test is also known as dependent T-Test, repeated-measures T-test or

within-subjects T-test. A Paired-sample t-test is used to analyse paired scores, specifically,

we want to see if there is difference between paired scores.

The Paired-Samples T Test procedure compares the means of two variables for a single

group. The procedure computes the differences between values of the two variables for each

case and tests whether the average differs from 0.

A paired sample t-test is used to determine whether there is a significant difference between

the average values of the same measurement made under two different conditions. Both

measurements are made on each unit in a sample, and the test is based on the paired

differences between these two values. The usual null hypothesis is that the difference in the

mean values is zero. For example, the yield of two strains of barley is measured in successive

years in twenty different plots of agricultural land (the units) to investigate whether one crop

gives a significantly greater yield than the other, on average.

Example. In a study on high blood pressure, all patients are measured at the beginning of the

study, given a treatment, and measured again. Thus, each subject has two measures, often

called before and after measures. An alternative design for which this test is used is a

matched-pairs or case-control study, in which each record in the data file contains the

response for the patient and also for his or her matched control subject. In a blood pressure

study, patients and controls might be matched by age (a 75-year-old patient with a 75-year-

old control group member).

The null hypothesis for the paired sample t-test is H0: d = µ1 - µ2 = 0

where d is the mean value of the difference.

This null hypothesis is tested against one of the following alternative hypotheses, depending

on the question posed: H1: d = 0

H1: d > 0

H1: d < 0

The paired sample t-test is a more powerful alternative to a two sample procedure, such as the

two sample t-test, but can only be used when we have matched samples.

Application

A one-sample location test of whether the mean of a population has a value specified in a null hypothesis.

A two-sample location test of the null hypothesis that the means of two populations are equal. All such tests are usually called Student's t-tests, though strictly speaking that name should only be used if the variances of the two populations are also assumed to be equal; the form of the test used when this assumption is dropped is sometimes called Welch's t-test. These tests are often referred to as "unpaired" or "independent samples" t-tests, as they are typically applied when the statistical units underlying the two samples being compared are non-overlapping.

A test of the null hypothesis that the difference between two responses measured on the same statistical unit has a mean value of zero. For example, suppose we measure the size of a cancer patient's tumor before and after a treatment. If the treatment is effective, we expect the tumor size for many of the patients to be smaller following the treatment. This is often referred to as the "paired" or "repeated measures" t-test.

A test of whether the slope of a regression line differs significantly from 0.

Purpose of study

1. To identify the parameters on which the food available at dhaba has an edge over the mess food using a paired sample t-test.

2.  Recommend changes based on the results obtained.

CHAPTER 2 : METHODOLOGY

This chapter outlines the various tools utilised to carry out the required research.

2.1-Universe of StudyAll the dhabhas in India.

2.2- Locale of StudyThis study has been limited to understanding the food quality at Secular House Dhaba and the FORE Mess.

The locale of the study has been mainly the Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi.

2.3-Sampling Techniques The research has been carried out with the help of a questionnaire and responses of the employees have been analysed for deriving conclusions regarding the effectiveness of communication.

2.4-Sample SizeDue to time constraints, the questionnaire has been floated .to the frequent visitors of dhabhas and the FORE Mess.

2.5- Data CollectionThe study was conducted by utilising information from both, primary and secondary sources.

PRIMARY SOURCE

For the purpose of collecting information from the company an in depth questionnaire

was designed .It covered all the aspects of food quality and the satisfaction derived

thereof, as required for the analysis. It comprised of both open end and closed end

questions.

*(A copy of the questionnaire has been enclosed)

The questionnaire was floated to various frequent visitors of the dhabhas and FORE

Mess.

SECONDARY SOURCE

A wide array of journals, research papers, articles, and news reports contributed as the

secondary sources.. which aided in carrying out the test.

2.6-Data AnalysisData collected from the respondents have been codified and analysed both qualitatively &

quantitatively.

2.7-Field ExperienceThe research work for this project was initiated in February 2014.

The initial step was drafting a questionnaire covering all the aspects required for the study. Framing open end questions and ensuring that the responses are direct and precise was a daunting task in itself.

However, visiting the dhabas was exhaustive yet an enriching experience.

CHAPTER 3 : ANALYSIS

This chapter focuses majorly on in-depth analysis of the study carried out. The previous

chapters have been mainly introductory in nature: Introduction to research plan, Methodology

adopted. Now the analysis is being done on the basis of the data collected from primary and

secondary sources.

FOR PAIR 1:

NULL HYPOTHESIS:

There is no significant difference between the taste of the food of dhabhas and FORE Mess.

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS:

The dhaba food tastes better than FORE Mess food.

FOR PAIR 2:

NULL HYPOTHESIS:

There is no significant difference between the kind of variety in the food items provided by

both dhabhas and FORE Mess.

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS:

The dhaba food has more variety than FORE Mess food.

FOR PAIR 3:

NULL HYPOTHESIS:

There is no significant difference between of cost dhabhas and FORE Mess.

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS:

The dhaba food is less costlier than FORE Mess food.

FOR PAIR 4:

NULL HYPOTHESIS:

There is no significant difference between the quality of ingredients used by dhabhas and

FORE Mess.

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS:

The dhaba uses better quality ingredients than FORE Mess food.

FOR PAIR 5:

NULL HYPOTHESIS:

There is no significant difference between the hygiene maintained by dhabhas and FORE

Mess.

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS:

The dhaba maintains better hygiene than FORE Mess.

FOR PAIR 6:

NULL HYPOTHESIS:

There is no significant difference between the service provided by dhabhas and FORE Mess.

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS:

The dhaba service quality is better than FORE Mess food.

FOR PAIR 7:

NULL HYPOTHESIS:

There is no significant difference between the ambience of dhabhas and FORE Mess

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS:

The dhaba ambience is better than FORE Mess food.

FOR PAIR 8:

NULL HYPOTHESIS:

There is no significant difference between the nutritional value of the food of dhabhas and

FORE Mess.

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS:

The dhaba food is more nutritious than FORE Mess food.

FOR PAIR 9:

NULL HYPOTHESIS:

There is no significant difference between the delivery time of dhabhas and FORE Mess.

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS:

The dhaba delievery time is faster than FORE Mess food.

FOR PAIR 10:

NULL HYPOTHESIS:

There is no significant difference between the opening time of dhabhas and FORE Mess.

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS:

The dhaba opens at a more convenient time than FORE mess .

RESPONSE TO QUESTIONNAIRE

DATA ENTERED IN SPSS

OUTPUT

Paired Samples Statistics

Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Pair 1 Food taste for mess 3.50 30 .682 .125

Food taste for dhaba 2.60 30 .894 .163

Pair 2 Food vareity for mess 3.07 30 .828 .151

Food vareity for dhaba 1.87 30 .681 .124

Pair 3 Food cost for mess 3.20 30 .610 .111

Food cost for dhaba 2.70 30 .794 .145

Pair 4 Quality of ingredients for

mess

1.90 30 .759 .139

Quality of ingredients for

dhaba

2.80 30 .714 .130

Pair 5 Hygine for mess 1.93 30 .691 .126

Hygine for dhaba 3.37 30 .490 .089

Pair 6 Service quality for mess 1.67 30 .606 .111

Service quality for dhaba 3.10 30 .607 .111

Pair 7 Ambience for mess 2.53 30 .776 .142

Ambience for dhaba 2.80 30 .551 .101

Pair 8 Food nuitrition for mess 1.53 30 .507 .093

Food nuitrition for dhaba 2.80 30 .551 .101

Pair 9 Food delivery time for mess 1.67 30 .479 .088

Food delivery time for dhaba 3.03 30 .414 .076

Pair 10 Opening Time for mess 3.43 30 .568 .104

Opening Time for dhaba 2.33 30 .606 .111

Paired Samples Correlations

N Correlation Sig.

Pair 1 Food taste for mess & Food taste for

dhaba

30 -.170 .371

Pair 2 Food vareity for mess & Food vareity for

dhaba

30 -.106 .577

Pair 3 Food cost for mess & Food cost for

dhaba

30 .057 .765

Pair 4 Quality of ingredients for mess & Quality

of ingredients for dhaba

30 .089 .640

Pair 5 Hygine for mess & Hygine for dhaba 30 -.027 .887

Pair 6 Service quality for mess & Service

quality for dhaba

30 .094 .623

Pair 7 Ambience for mess & Ambience for

dhaba

30 .016 .933

Pair 8 Food nuitrition for mess & Food nuitrition

for dhaba

30 -.345 .062

Pair 9 Food delivery time for mess & Food

delivery time for dhaba

30 .058 .761

Pair 10 Opening Time for mess & Opening Time

for dhaba

30 .367 .046

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences t df Sig. (2-

tailed)Mea

n

Std.

Deviatio

n

Std.

Error

Mean

95% Confidence

Interval of the

Difference

Lower Upper

Pa

ir

1

Food taste for

mess - Food

taste for dhaba

.900 1.213 .222 .447 1.353 4.06

2

29 .000

Pa

ir

2

Food vareity for

mess - Food

vareity for dhaba

1.20

0

1.126 .206 .779 1.621 5.83

5

29 .000

Pa

ir

3

Food cost for

mess - Food cost

for dhaba

.500 .974 .178 .136 .864 2.81

2

29 .009

Pa

ir

4

Quality of

ingredients for

mess - Quality of

ingredients for

dhaba

-.90

0

.995 .182 -1.271 -.529 -

4.95

5

29 .000

Pa

ir

5

Hygine for mess

- Hygine for

dhaba

-

1.43

3

.858 .157 -1.754 -1.113 -

9.14

6

29 .000

Pa

ir

6

Service quality

for mess -

Service quality

for dhaba

-

1.43

3

.817 .149 -1.738 -1.128 -

9.60

7

29 .000

Pa

ir

7

Ambience for

mess - Ambience

for dhaba

-.26

7

.944 .172 -.619 .086 -

1.54

7

29 .133

Pa

ir

8

Food nuitrition for

mess - Food

nuitrition for

dhaba

-

1.26

7

.868 .159 -1.591 -.942 -

7.99

0

29 .000

Pa

ir

9

Food delivery

time for mess -

Food delivery

time for dhaba

-

1.36

7

.615 .112 -1.596 -1.137 -

12.1

73

29 .000

Pa

ir

10

Opening Time for

mess - Opening

Time for dhaba

1.10

0

.662 .121 .853 1.347 9.10

4

29 .000

FINDINGS & CONCLUSION

PAIR 1Since the output table states that t test is significant, thus we reject the null hypothesis.The taste of food of dhabhas is better than FORE Mess.

PAIR 2Since the output table states that t test is significant, thus we reject the null hypothesis.Variety of food provided by dhabhas is more than FORE Mess.

PAIR 3Since the output table states that t test is not significant, thus we do not reject the null hypothesis.There is no significant difference between cost of dhabhas and FORE Mess.

PAIR 4Since the output table states that t test is significant, thus we reject the null hypothesis.The quality of ingredients used by dhabhas is better than FORE Mess.There is no significant difference between ambience of dhabhas and FORE Mess

PAIR 5Since the output table states that t test is significant, thus we reject the null hypothesisHygiene maintained by dhabhas is better.

PAIR 6Since the output table states that t test is significant, thus we reject the null hypothesis.The service quality maintained by dhabhas is superior.

PAIR 7Since the output table states that t test is not significant, thus we do not reject the null hypothesis.

PAIR 8Since the output table states that t test is significant, thus we do reject the null hypothesis Dhabha food is more nutritious.

PAIR 9Since the output table states that t test is significant, thus we reject the null hypothesis d.Delivery time of dhabhas is quicker.

PAIR 10FOR PAIR 10:Since the output table states that t test is significant, thus we reject the null hypothesisOpening time of dhabhas is more convenient.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the test conducted on the responses of the respondents on the questionnaire ,following recommendations can be made:

DHABAS

1. If the Dhabas could improve the ambience that they offer to their customers, it could greatly benefit.

2. If the Dhabas can improve the quality of ingredients that they put into their food, customers would prefer Dhaba food

FORE MESS

1. Taste being a very important factor among customers who want to eat, should be worked upon by the FORE mess to attract customers.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/t-test.asp http://archive.bio.ed.ac.uk/jdeacon/statistics/tress4a.html http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/569907/Students-t-test http://pic.dhe.ibm.com/infocenter/spssstat/v20r0m0/index.jsp?topic=

%2Fcom.ibm.spss.statistics.help%2Fidh_ttpr.htm http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/glossary/?q=node/355 http://www.maths-statistics-tutor.com/paired_sample_t_test_pasw_spss.php

APPENDIX

Questionnaire

"This is purely an academic exercise and all information provided including personal details and views would be treated in strict confidence. The Survey is a part of our assignment / FMG22 Section A/C. Purpose of the study is to identify the parameters on which the dhaba food has an edge over the mess food."

1. Please rate the food taste?

1) Extremely Unsatisfied

2) Unsatisfied

3) Neutral

4) Satisfied

5) Extremely Satisfied

2. Please rate the food menu variety?

1) Extremely Unsatisfied

2) Unsatisfied

3) Neutral

4) Satisfied

5) Extremely Satisfied

3. Please rate the cost of food?

1) Extremely Unsatisfied

2) Unsatisfied

3) Neutral

4) Satisfied

5) Extremely Satisfied

4. Please rate the Quantity of ingredients in food?

1) Extremely Unsatisfied

2) Unsatisfied

3) Neutral

4) Satisfied

5) Extremely Satisfied

5. Please rate the Hygiene of the place?

1) Extremely Unsatisfied

2) Unsatisfied

3) Neutral

4) Satisfied

5) Extremely Satisfied

6. Please rate the Service Quality of the place?

1) Extremely Unsatisfied

2) Unsatisfied

3) Neutral

4) Satisfied

5) Extremely Satisfied

7. Please rate the Ambience of the place?

1) Extremely Unsatisfied

2) Unsatisfied

3) Neutral

4) Satisfied

5) Extremely Satisfied

8. Please rate the Nutrition of food?

1) Extremely Unsatisfied

2) Unsatisfied

3) Neutral

4) Satisfied

5) Extremely Satisfied

9. Please rate the delivery time of food?

1) Extremely Unsatisfied

2) Unsatisfied

3) Neutral

4) Satisfied

5) Extremely Satisfied

10. Please rate if the opening and closing timings

convenient?

1) Extremely Unsatisfied

2) Unsatisfied

3) Neutral

4) Satisfied

5) Extremely Satisfied