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7/31/2019 Brochure Weld Inspection
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GEMeasurement & Control
Integrity, saety & productivity through non-destructive testing solutionsrom GEs Inspection Technologies business
DATA INFORMATION KNOWLEDGE DECISION
Weld Inspection
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2 Weld Inspection
Overview
A leading innovator or inspection solutions, GE delivers accuracy, productivity and saety to customers in a wide range o industries, includingoil & gas, power generation, transportation and inrastructure.
Inspection Technologies advanced non-destructive testing (NDT) and imaging technologies utilize the electromagnetic, radiographic, ultrasonic orvisible energy spectrum to examine a wide range o components. With extensive depth and breadth o knowlegde, GE can help with a wide varietyo specic application needs.
Weld InspectionWelding is an essential manuacturing process perormed in almost every major industry. Thereore, weld quality and integrity are critical to saetyin an extremely wide range o products and structures.
Inspecting welds can also reduce costs by detecting discontinuities in the early stages o manuacturing, reducing the cost o rework and extendingthe lie o components by detecting and correcting faws. NDT methods can identiy cracking, porosity, incomplete penetration, misalignment,inclusions, lack o usion and similar conditions, which can compromise weld strength.
Multi-disciplinary Oering Ultrasonicawdetectorsandangle-beamtransducersarecommonlyusedorweldinspectionandaremandatedbymanyweldingcodesand
procedures. Phased Array technology adds additional perspective to the image thereby simpliying interpretation o the test results by creating
cross-sectional pictures o a weld, as well as oering beam-steering and dynamic-ocusing capability. RadiographicsolutionsrangeromtraditionalX-raygeneratorsandflmtonewertechnologiessuchasComputedRadiography(CR),Direct
Radiography(DR)and3DComputedTomography(CT). ElectromagneticTestingincludesrecentdevelopmentsin2DEddyCurrentarraysandimagingoweldsuraces. RemoteVisualInspection,andthenewermeasurementtechniquesitbrings,cansignifcantlyenhance weld inspection or many applications.
GEs Inspection Technologies business oers a comprehensive selection o testing and inspection capabilities and other products or industrialweld inspection applications. Our strength lies in the use o eld experience and customer eedback to build productive inspection products. With abroad complement o non-destructive testing methods, our customers can be condent they are getting an optimized solution to meet their weldinspection needs.
DATA INFORMATION KNOWLEDGE DECISION
GEs NDT technologies help to collect important data and convert it into useul inormation. Coupled with historical plant data, intelligent sotware,image enhancement, databasing, applicable codes and additional knowledge, better inormed decisions regarding weld integrity can be made.
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On the cover
IN THIS GUIDE
Overview 2
Application Solutions
Oil & Gas 4 5
Power Generation
6 7Aerospace 8
Automotive 9
Rail 10
Ship Building 11
Product Solutions
Multi-Inspection Solutions 12 13
Ultrasonic Testing 14 17
Electromagnetic Testing 18
Remote Visual Inspection 19Radiographic Testing 20 25
Sotware Solutions 26 27
Weld Types 28 33
Codes, Standards, Regulations 34 39
Contact Inormation Back Cover
RVIoultra-purepipe I.D. weld
ConventionalUltrasonicWeld Inspection A-Scan
Phased Array ultrasonicweld imaging
3DComputedTomography (CT) oweld standard
Electromagnetic Testingo weld surace
2DDigitalRadiographo ailed butt weld joint
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Oil & GasApplication Solutions
The reliability and sae operation o
Oil & Gas inrastructure is heavily
dependant on the structural integrity
o its welded joints. The quality o these
joints must be assessed rom the pipe
mill and abrication yard to the end o the
operating lie o the pressure vessel or
piping system.
GEs Inspection Technologies business
continually strives to provide multi-
disciplinary weld inspection solutions,
whatever the application, whether onshore
or oshore, in the eld or in the actory.
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Upstream Midstream Downstream
Directional and crawler- compatiblepanoramicX-raysystemsorpipelinegirth-weld projects.
Inspection systems using the latestPhased Array ultrasonic technology ata pipe mill.
Weldstar is an automated ultrasonicinspection system or onshore oroshore pipeline girth-weld inspectionusing Phased Array and TOFD.
Ca-Zoom PTZ cameras are usedor downstream checks o renerytowers and storage tanks, avoidingmanned entry.
USMGoTM is a small, light and easy tousemanualUTawdetectoreectiveor everyday use and dicult-to-access applications.
In-service welds can be examined withElectromagnetic Testing technologyusing the WeldScan ECT probe andinstrument.
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Power GenerationApplication Solutions
In the power generation sector, reliable
and accurate non-destructive testing o
welds and integrity assessment o boiler
tubes are both essential in order to
maximize eciency, minimize downtime
and improve productivity.
GEs Inspection Technologies business
oers a wide portolio o support servicesand solutions or inspecting pipes, tubes
and vessels, in manuacture, pre-service
and in-service. These solutions use a
variety o technologies to ensure that the
inspection technique best matches the
application, and nds application in
ossil-uel and nuclear stations as well
as gas turbines, wind and hydro-electricassets.
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Fossil Fuel Nuclear Renewables
DigitalRadiographyorboilerpipeinspection at manuacturing stage aswell as or in-service inspection.
RVIvideoborecopeimageoweldinspection and sizing in a gas turbine.
ManualPhasedArrayUTinspectionoa weld using PhasorTMXSanddualPAtransducers.
PTZ camera and crawler or visualweld inspection on reactor headcontrol rod guide tubes.
Semi-automatedUTinspectionusingUSMVisionTM or wind tower weldinspection.
Nacelle weld inspection with PhasedArrayUTawdetector:PhasorTMXS.
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Airrame Manuacturing Engine Manuacturing Maintenance, Repair & Overhaul
Small welded tube inspection withdigitalX-rayatpanel.
Laser beam or riction stir weldinspection with PhasorTMXS.
Aircrat engine inspection using theXLG3TMvideoborescope,anRVIsolution.
RVIoweldI.D.inuel-supplylines. GEDXR500digitaldetectorarrayorweld inspection.
EC and EC Array blisk inspection (i.e. ECArray lm or EC probe).
Aerospace Application Solutions
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Body Shell Engines Saety Parts & Drivetrain
Ultrasonicinspectionospotweldsusing SpotChecker faw detector.
Microocus CT slice across a 1 mm(0.039)diameterweld.
Visualinspectionodifcult-to-accessareas using video endoscopes.
Fully automatic ultrasonic inspectiono bonds in pistons and valves.
Automatic2DX-rayinspectionolaserwelds in saety parts.
Microocus CT slice across a laser weldinterconnecting two inconell tubeswith a steel cylinder.
Automotive Application Solutions
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Rails Locomotives Rail Cars
Ultrasonicinspectionobuttweldsusing a roller probe.
STH 1 is an ultrasonic rail testingsystem used to inspect rail welds (fashbutt welds, alumino thermic welds) ordiscontinuity perpendicular to the railsurace.
Inspection o draw gear butt weldsusingUTawdetectors.
Digital radiography weld inspectionduring construction o boogies.
Internal remote visual inspection oliquid-carrying rail car.
PTZ camera image showing tank carinterior details.
RailApplicationSolutions
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Fabshop Welds Field Welds Propulsion Systems
Phased Array weld inspection providesimproved probability o detection andproductivity.
USMVisionTM weld inspection solutionor new process pipework abricationinspection which eliminates downtimeresultingromX-raymethods.
Completely light-tight, air-tight andmoistureprooPbVACUPACTM lm canbe used or eld weld inspection.
In-service radiographic inspection withtheErescoMF4X-raygenerator.
trueDGSTM probes oer increasedaccuracy in discontinuity sizing.
USMGoTM is a light weight andportable ultrasonic faw detectorsoering ease o use to detect, positionand size discontinuities in welds.
Ship Building Application Solutions
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Asset Lie-Cycle Weld Inspection with Multi-Inspection Solutions
Project
Planning
RhythmSotware
Manuacturing
EPCAsset Owner
FabricatorEPS/OEM
Inspection
Acquire
Service Provider
Acceptance
Review Archive
Service ProviderCertication Bodies
Asset Owner
Long-Term
Storage
Asset Owner
New Project Construction
ArchiveInterpretation & Decision
RemoteVisualRadiography
Ultrasonic Electromagnetic Testing
Weld inspection can be carried out using dierent NDT methods GE oers multi inspection solutions or new project construction as well as or most project maintenance
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Archive
Inspection/Repair
Acquire
Interpretation & Decision
Acceptance
Review Archive
Long-Term
Storage
Post Project Maintenance
RemoteVisualRadiography
Ultrasonic Electromagnetic Testing
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UltrasonicTesting(UT)
Ultrasonic techniques have been used in non-destructive testing or over 65 years, and apply to industrial applications requiring internal deect detection and sizing,
including the inspection o welds
Conventional Flaw DetectorsPortable faw detectors and angle-beam transducers arecommonly used or weld inspection and are mandated bymany welding codes and procedures.
Automated Girth-Weld Inspection SystemCombining the benets o both conventional and PhasedArray ultrasonic techniques, the complete systemapproach oers automated ultrasonic inspection, romjob setup to data archiving.
USMGoTM is a light weight and portable ultrasonic faw detector used to detect,position and size faws in welds.
PhasorTM displays a cross section o the weld and allows the operator to displaythe A-scan associated with the optimum inspection angle.
The girth-weld pipe tester Weldstar has the ability to adjust or pipe diameters assmallas150mm(6inches).
Phased Array Flaw DetectorsPhased Array technology simplies result interpretationby creating cross-sectional and top view pictures o theweld. Beam-steering and ocusing capability o PhasedArray are key in enhancing resolution or challengingapplications, resulting in aster weld inspections andbetter probability o detection.
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TheUSMVisionTM portable ultrasonic weld inspection system can be used in situations conventionally requiring radiography.TheintuitiveuserinteraceandintegrationotheRhythmTM Sotware platorm optimizes available skills to achieve accurate and meaningul inspection results. It now hasparallel-scanning capabilities, eectively doubling productivity.
Prepare
All that is required is to describe the inspection task, andenter the basic inormation such as site location, numbero welds, pipe diameter, thickness and material, weldpreparation, procedure and method to be used. ThesotwarewillthencalculateandgeneratealltheUTset-ups required to perorm TOFD and/or Phased Arrayinspection o the welds.
Collect
The inspection data or each weld is simply acquired byollowing the inspection plan and the dierent TOFD andPA passes calculated by the IPC (Phosphor ImagingPlates). Ater each pass the sotware will propose the nextweld or pass to be inspected helping the operator to usethe best, most productive inspection plan.
Analyze
All inspection data is communicated to an analysisstationusingtheDICONDE-compliantRhythmsotwareplatorm. Here, the suitably qualied ultrasonic inspectorcan review and analyze the inspection data, utilizingadvanced analysis tools such as real time, volume-corrected imaging, as well as conventional digitaltools eatures or image analysis, enhancement andmeasurement.
USMVisionTM
A total weld inspection solution to increaseproductivity in new process pipework abrication
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UltrasonicTestingMachines
Testing machines are integrated into production lines and are used to test a wide range o tubes and pipes From small diameter, cold nished, seamless tubes (power plants
or automotive industry) to large-diameter, heavy wall thickness, hot-rolled seamless tubes (casing and drill pipe and welded tubes or oil and gas pipelines)
UT Phased ArrayPhased Array technology can be applied or all kinds oseamlessandweldedpipes(HSAW,LSAW,ERW).Single-crystal probes are replaced by multi-elementprobes with corresponding electronics. Phased Arraytechnology supports a better probability o detection(POD) and an easier probe adjustment as a preconditionor repeatability o testing results. By applying theultrasonic Phased Array technology, dierent testingzones and angles can be created by electronic parametersetting. It is also possible that one Phased Array probe is
used instead o multiple probe arrangements withcomplex mechanics.
UT LSAW (Longitudinal submerged-arc welded)The plates or longitudinally welded pipes are typicallytested in the plate mill. The weld is tested rst time rightater the last welding step and beore mechanicalexpansion. The nal inspection, dened by the end-userspecication, is carried out ater the hydrostatic test.Dierent probe arrangements in single probe mode or intandem conguration are positioned adjacent to the weldor on the weld bead to detect longitudinal, transverse andlamination-type faws in the heat-aected zone. Flawevaluation and data processing is the same as or
HSAW pipes.
UT HSAW (Helical submerged-arc welded)The base material or spiral-welded pipes is tested as stripbeore the orming rolls or at the tube ater welding. Thein-line weld testing takes place right ater the welding andbeore pipe expansion. The nal inspection, dened by theend-user specication, is carried out ater the pressuretest. Dierent probe arrangements adjacent to the weldand on the weld bead, are used to detect longitudinal andtransverse faws as well as lamination type faws in theheat-aected zone (HAZ). All imperections where theecho exceeds the adjusted threshold are processed
automatically or faw marking. Testing results arerecorded in digital ormat and can be transerred to anysecond-level computer network.
Automated inspection o tubes and pipes
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UT/EC ERW (Electrical Resistance Welded)ThebasematerialorERWpipesistestedasstripbeorethe orming stands. In a later phase the complete pipebody is tested similarly to a seamless pipe testing. Theweld is tested in-line and ater the welder or ater thesizing stands because the pipe geometry can have aninfuence on the inspection. Typically probes arepositioned adjacent to the weld or testing o longitudinalfaw orientations. The number o probes used depends onthe thickness. In a later phase the complete pipebody is tested similarly to a seamless pipe.
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Electromagnetic Testing (EM)
Electromagnetic Testing is a cost-eective, versatile and fexible non-destructive testing method It has many advantages over other orms o inspection, including
exceptional sensitivity to faws at or near the surace, real-time results, documentation, elimination o the need to use chemicals, and additional environmental, health
and saety (EHS) benets
Array ProbesElectromagnetic Testing array technology can be anextremely useul tool or increasing productivity anddetection capabilities or large surace areas includingcomplex geometries. Typical surace inspection methodssuch as Dye Penetrant, require chemicals and processingtime, whereas an Electromagnetic Testing technique canbe done cleanly and nearly instantly.
New probe technology makes fexible arrays easier and more cost-eective to use,and Eddy Current systems and s otware easier to apply to new testingrequirements.
ProbesWeld inspection probes oer a cost-eective alternative tomagnetic particle inspection or in-service inspection owelded steel structures. They can detect surace-breakingatiguecracksthrough2mm(0.078)osuracecoatingmaterial and are less expensive and quicker to use thanany other method.
WeldScan probes can detect surace breaking deects through non-conductivecoatingsupto2mm(0.078).
Portable Flaw DetectorsPortable Electromagnetic Testing instruments are ideallysuited or in-situ weld inspection. These compact, durableinstruments can be used to inspect a variety o weldedproducts with GEs WeldScan probes. This inspectionmethod is used to inspect oil platorms, cranes, ships andamusement park rides or weld cracking caused by cyclicatigue, and can be accomplished through multiple layersopaintorcoatings.RopeAccessInspectorsfndtheequipment is extremely portable, cutting the costs oerecting access platorms. The inspection o welds is
coveredbyStandardBSEN1711-2000.
The portability o the Phasec amily combined with the sensitivity and durability oWeldScan probes enables perorming weld inspection in dicult applications.
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RemoteVisualInspection(RVI)
RVI is a cost-eective inspection technique used to capture real-time views and images rom inside tubes, pipes, rotating machinery, engines, heat exhangers, tray towers,
reractory-lined vessels and enclosed structures RVI can be a complementary technique to other NDT disciplines in the inspection o welds
Video BorescopesThe use o video borescopes speeds up inspection timeand provides sharp, clear illumination o surace-breakingweld attributes and deects.These instruments allow or the inspection o incompletepenetration o new welds inside a pipe and existing weldsinside assembled components.
Pan-Tilt-Zoom (PTZ) CamerasIndustrial PTZ cameras can ideally be used or remoteviewing in large areas. These system eature a color zoomcamera module, high-intensity lighting, pan-and-tiltmechanism and industrial waterproo packaging orprotection rom extreme environments.
Advanced Measurement & Imaging3DPhaseMeasurementprovidesaccurate3dimensionalsurace scans allowing measurement o all aspects osurace indications. Inspectors can view and measure adeect using a single probe tip, eliminating the extra stepsrequired to back out, change the tip and then relocate thedeect.3DPhaseMeasurementprovidesaccuratemeasurementon-demandwhilesimpliyingtheinspection process.
Menu Directed Inspection (MDI) is so tware that runs on the video probe to guidean inspector through the inspection process. It standardizes the inspectionworkfow, saves time, reduces error, and creates consistent quality.
Cro ss-section o a weld showing the bead height . Ca-Zo om PTZ cameras are used or downs tream checks o in-s ervice welds inrenery towers and storage tanks, avoiding manned entry.
InspectionPre
InspectionPost
Inspection
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RadiographicTesting(RT)
Radiography is a proven and reliable non-destructive testing method One o the main areas or the application o radiography is weld examination GE has invested in all
orms o imaging processes to ensure customers are ree to choose the right technology or their application: lm radiography, digital imaging including Computed
Radiography (CR) and Direct Radiography (DR), industrial X-ray tubes and generators and 3D Computed Tomography (CT)
Film RadiographyFilm systems are widely used or checking the integrity owelds and the circumstances in which these inspectionstakeplaceareotenverydemanding.VACUPACTM packedlm is protected by a synthetic oil ensuring trouble reeusageunderdirtyanddampconditions.ROLLPACTM lm inprecut ormat, is ideal or pipeline projects with manypipes o the same diameter.
Computed RadiographyAlthough conventional lm is still superior compared totheComputedRadiographytechnique,standardspermitCRinseveralcasesbecauseitcanprovidesufcientimage quality or weld inspection.ComputedRadiographysystemsprovideanoverallimaging solution including imaging plates in specicweld sizes, scanners and weld inspection sotware.
ROLLPACTM lm packaging is completely light-tight and resistant to moistureand grease.
CRXFLEXTM computed radiography scanner can be used in oce, lab or eldenvironments allowing imaging plates in various weld sizes to be s canned.
DXR500Lstaticdigitaldetectorarrayperormingautomatedweldinspectionachieves signicant throughput achievements.
Direct RadiographyAt stationary locations the high perormance DigitalDetector Array (DDA) panels can image large numbers ocomponents in a very short time due to the low doserequirements, coupled with automation or robotics.For eld applications large ormat portable detectorsbring signicant image quality advantages coupled withtheir low dose requirements, especially important orcontrol o radiation saety.
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Industrial X-ray Tubes & Generators160-300kVportableand160-450kVstationaryequipment with directional or panoramic tubes anddierent combinations o ocal-spot sizes nd applicationthroughout the industrial spectrum o weld inspection.
RhythmTM SotwareRhythmTMcanacquireimagedataromCRandDRsources or rom lm digitizers. This data can be displayedonthemonitoroastandardPC.RhythmTM oersstandardized reporting capability in easy-to-understandormats, with DICONDE-tagged images. This allows asthistorical and meaningul comparison o reports romdierent inspections.
3D Computed Tomography (CT)Process control and optimization o laser and rictionwelding technologies require deect detection in the micronrange. Additionally, or turbine or weld-seam inspection in
tubes,alargevarietyorodanodesoritsmicroocusX-raytubesexist.Anotherimportantadvantageo3DComputedTomography is that it shows the exact location, shape,orientation and size o the deect inside the sample.
Field-portableERESCOX-raygeneratorsareusedorawidevarietyoflm,CRandDRweldinspectionapplications.
Phoenixv|tome|xL300allowssamplesoupto50kg(110lbs)andupto600mm(23.6in)length/500mm(19.6in)diametertobescanned.
Flash! FiltersTM provide the sharpest view o weld inspection images.
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RadiographersWeldInterpretationReerence
Reerence RadiographsThe ollowing selection o radiographs illustrates the widevariety o possibilities or detection o discontinuities.
Oset or mismatch (Hi-Lo)
An abrupt change in lm densityacross the width o the weld image.
Oset or mismatch with Lack oPenetration (LOP)An abrupt density change across thewidth o the weld image with astraight longitudinal darker densityline at the centre o the width o theweld image along the edge o thedensity change.
External concavity or insucient llThe weld density is darker than thedensity o the pieces welded andextending across the ull width o theweld.
Excessive penetrationA lighter density in the centre o thewidth o the weld image, eitherextended along the weld or in isolatedcircular drops.
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External undercut
An irregular darker density along theedge o the weld image. The densitywill always be darker than the densityo the pieces being welded.
Incomplete - or Lack o Penetration(LoP)A darker density band, with verystraight parallel edges, in the center othe width o the weld image.
Internal (root) undercut
An irregular darker density near thecentre o the width o the weld imageand along the edge o the root passimage.
Interpass slag inclusions
Irregularly-shaped darker density spot,usually slightly elongated andrandomly spaced.
Internal concavity (suck back)An elongated irregular darker densitywith uzzy edges, in the vcentre o thewidth o the weld image.
Burn throughLocalized darker density with uzzyedges in the centre o the width o theweld image. It may be wider than thewidth o the root pass image.
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RadiographersWeldInterpretationReerence
Interpass cold lap
Small spots o darker densities, somewith slightly elongated tails in thewelding direction.
Elongated slag lines (wagon tracks)
Elongated parallel or single darkerdensity lines, irregular in width andslightly winding lengthwise.
Scattered porosity
Roundedspotsodarkerdensitiesrandom in size and location.
Lack o side wall usion (LOF)
Elongated parallel, or single, darkerdensity lines sometimes with darkerdensity spots dispersed along theLOF-lines which are very straight in thelengthwise direction and not windinglike elongated slag lines.
Cluster porosityRoundedorslightlyelongateddarkerdensity spots in clusters with theclusters randomly spaced.
Root pass aligned porosityRoundedandelongateddarkerdensityspots that may be connected, in astraight line in the centre o the widtho the weld image.
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Transverse crack
Feathery, twisting lines o darkerdensity running across the width othe weld image.
Longitudinal crack
Feathery, twisting line o darkerdensity running lengthwise along theweld at any location in the width o theweld image.
Longitudinal root crackFeathery, twisting lines o darkerdensity along the edge o the image otherootpassThetwistingeaturehelps to distinguish the root crackrom incomplete root penetration.
Tungsten inclusionsIrregularly shaped lower density spotsrandomly located in the weld image.
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Sotware Solutions
GE oers image review tools which enables smarter and quicker decisions in the eld, actory foor or in the oce We oer sotware or all non-destructive testing (NDT)
applications and methods, including sotware or data input, analysis, measurement, enhancement, review, documentation, data management, remote collaboration,
and storage
RhythmTM Enterprise ArchiveRhythmTM Enterprise Archive delivers a complete, scalableand fexible central archiving DICONDE* (the industry-accepted protocol) solution or non-destructive testingimages and inormation. One platorm to use to centrallystorealldata(Visual,Electromagnetic,Radiographic,andUltrasonic).Advanceddatasharingandastretrievingcapabilities allow signicant improvements in productivityand enable aster identication o quality problems.
Flash! FiltersTM Image EnhancementFlash! FiltersTM provide sharp views o weld images. As a plug-in
moduleortheRhythm TMReviewsotware,theclarityothe
images signicantly increases faw detection while minimizing
image analysis time. Flash! FiltersTM is able to quickly edge-
enhance and improve digital images into lm-like images.
NoWindowsleveling
StreamlinedworkfowSharperimages
Improved probability o detection with advanced image enhancementFlash! FiltersTM sotware tool.
Improving data sharing and providing a central, sae, long term inormationrepositorywithRhythmTM Enterprise Archive.
DATA INFORMATION KNOWLEDGE DECISION
GEs Rhythm Sotware plays a key role in enabling asset owners to integrate NDT data and other inormation with additionally available
knowledge in order to make well-inormed decisions regarding plant components and their remaining lie
Conventional
Flash!FilterTM
Reporting and Advanced ReportingThe automated report generator tools allow creation ocustomizedreportofndings.Usersareabletocreatetheir own unlimited number o report ormats and canautomatically populate them with DICONDE data.
* DICONDE:DigitalImagingandCommunicationinnon-destructiveevaluation(frstASTMreleasein2004)
The reporting tool allows customized report templates and generates reports tomeet specic needs.
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RhythmTM ReviewRhythmTMReviewacceptsdataromRhythmAcquire,otherRhythmTMReviewworkstations,andremovablemedia,suchasCDsandDVDs.Itprovidesapplicationtools or analysis, enhancement, measurement, reportingand storage o received data.
RhythmTM Enterprise WebRhythmTM Enterprise Web provides on-demand access toNDTinspectiondatamaintainedinacentralRhythmTMEnterprise Archive server with just a web browser andlogin inormation.RhythmTM Enterprise Web brings DICONDE viewingcapabilities to the internet and provides a convenientdistribution engine with web-based unctionality.
RhythmTM Web allows or optimal delivery o multi-discip linary NDT images andreports to all users.
Remoteexpertreviewandanalysis,asinormationcanbesharedbetweennetworkedReviewworkstationswithnolimittoflesize.
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Weld Types
Manual Metal Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Tungsten Inert Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Submerged Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Gas Metal Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Metal Inert Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
ResistanceSpot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Flux-Cored Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Laser Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Electron Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Brazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Soldering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
ElectricResistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Friction Stir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Fusion Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Ultrasonic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
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Base metal
Penetration
Shielded or heavy coating
Electrode core wireGaseous shield
Molten weld metal
Weld deposited
Slag
Projecting
sheath
Crater
Tungsten Inert GasTIG
Manual Metal Arc - MMAShielded Metal Arc - SMA
Submerged ArcSAW
Materials Iron and steel, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel,copper alloys
Stainless steel, non-errous materials,aluminum, magnesium
Carbon steel, stainless steel, nickel-basedalloys, low alloy steel, suracing applications(i.e. weld buildup)
Applications Steel structures, industrial abrication Aerospace and space vehicles, nuclearapplications, thin wall materials manuacturing
applications
Structural and vessel construction, pipes
Typical Location Fabrication shop, actoryField operationsSuitable or indoor or outdoor use
Fabrication shop, actory Fabrication shop, actorySuitable or indoor or outdoor use
Advantages Low equipment costs and wide applicabilityDominant process in repair and maintenanceBasically no thickness limitationsCan be used in almost any position
Stronger, higher quality weldsUsedwiththinmaterialsGreater operator control over the weldHighly resistant to corrosion and cracking
High deposition rates deep weld penetrationLittle edge preparation is neededSingle pass welds can be made with thickplatesArc is always covered under a blanket o fuxProduces sound, uniorm, and ductile welds
Limitations Applications are limited by welder skill
Potential saety issues i not monitoredApplications may require preheat
Cannot be used on lead or zinc
Economically not easible or steelSlower production and dicult to master
Limited to errous and some nickel based alloys
Limited positions and requires fux handlingLimited to long straight seams or rotated pipesRequiresinter-passandpostweldslagremoval
Typical DiscontinuitiesTypes
Porosity, lack o usion, incomplete penetration,and cracks
Lack o usion, porosity, tungsten inclusions Porosity, inclusions, incomplete penetration,and lack o usion.
Non-destructive TestingMethods
VT,PT,MT,RT,UT VT,PT,MT,RT,UT VT,PT,MT,RT,UT
Flux shel
Continuously ed
welding wire
Solid slag
Granular fux
Baking plate
Flux eed tube
Base metal
Weld metal
Nozzle
Gas shielding
Arc
Filler rod
Weld pool
VisualTesting............................... VT*Penetrant Testing ......................PT*Magnetic Particle Testing ......MT*
RadiographicTesting............... RT**UltrasonicTesting...................... UT**Eddy Current Testing................ET**** For surace discontinuities** For subsurace discontinuities*** For surace-breaking
discontinuities and usuallyused to supplement PT, MT
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Flux-Cored ArcFCAW
Resistance SpotRSW
Materials Sheet metal, aluminum alloys Structural steel - aluminum sections stainlesssteel and nickel alloys - some oshoreapplications
Mild- and low-alloy steels, stainless steels,some high nickel alloys
Applications Automotive, weld studs and nuts to metal,weld screw machine parts to metal,
join cross wires and bars
Automotive , structural, ornamental Automotive , structural stee ls
Typical Location Fabrication shop, actory Fabrication shop, actory - eld applications Factory or eld
Advantages Limits the areas o excessive heatingEnergy controlled - more reliable weldsAllows closer spacing o weldsA production process can be completelyautomated
VersatilityandspeedAdaptive to robotic automation
No shielding gas is required making it suitableor outdoor welding and/or windy conditionsHigh-deposition rate processLess precleaning o metal requiredThe weld metal is protected initially romexternal actors until the fux is removed
Limitations Tends to harden the materialReduceatiguestrengthStretch or anneal the material
Cause the material to warp
Limited to indoor useUnusableunderwaterWeld quality can fuctuate
When the electrode contacts the base metal,the contact tip can melt using it to the basemetal
Irregular wire eed usually the result o amechanical problemMore costly ller material/wire than GMAW
Typical DiscontinuitiesTypes
Cracks, porosity and expulsion Dross and porosity, lack o usion, excessivepenetration, silica inclusions, cracking, undercut
Porosity, lack o usion, inclusions, incompletepenetration, hollow bead and cracks. Also,overlap, weld spatter, underll, and undercut.
Non-destructive TestingMethods
VT,UT RT,UT VT,PT,MT,RT,UT
Shielding gas Contact tube
Solid wire
Molten weld metal
Base metal
Weld metal
Gas Metal Arc GMAWMetal Inert Gas MIG
Electrode
Electrode
C
T
PWSW
Workpiece
Switch
Main supplyContact tip
Flux core wire
Solidied slag
Nozzle
Base metal
Solidied weld metal
Shielding gas
Arc column
VisualTesting............................... VT*Penetrant Testing ......................PT*Magnetic Particle Testing ......MT*
RadiographicTesting...............RT**UltrasonicTesting...................... UT**Eddy Current Testing ................ET**** For surace discontinuities** For subsurace discontinuities*** For surace-breaking
discontinuities and usuallyused to supplement PT, MT
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Filament
Cathodeelectrode
Anode
HighvoltageDC
Electron beam
Work piece
Vacuumchamber
LowvoltageDC
Focuscoil
Electron BeamEBW
Laser BeamLBW
Brazing
Materials Carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminum,titanium
Stainless steel, superalloys, reractory metals Copper, brass, bronze, aluminum and others
Applications Automotive, aerospace Aerospace and automotive, semiconductor Electrical, electronics, transportation,appliances, and construction
Typical Location Factory Manuacturing acility Manuacturing / eld - indoors or outdoors
Advantages Versatileprocess-highqualityyieldUsedinhighvolumeapplicationsEasily automated with robotics
Has a very small heat aected zoneIs used or dissimilar metal welds
Easy to learn, virtually any dissimilar metal canbe joined, the bond line can be very neat in ap-pearance, and the joint strength is strong enoughor most non-heavy-duty use applications.
Limitations Cracking with hi-carbon steelsSpeed depends on type and thickness omaterials
Lack o penetration, lack o usion, cracking A badly brazed joint can look similar to a good joint, and canhave a very low strength. The metal used to bond the two
parts may be dierent in color than the parts being bonded.
Long-term eects o dissimilar metals in constant contact
may need to be examined or special applications. Since the
fller material (typically bronze) melts at a relatively low tem-
perature, brazed parts should not be put in an environmentwhich exceeds the melting point o the fller metal.
Typical DiscontinuitiesTypes
Porosity, cracks, lack o usionAlso,humpingandundercut
Incomplete penetration, lack o usion, cracksand porosity
Lack o ll (unbond), porosity, cracks, and coldbond
Non-destructive TestingMethods
VT,PT,MT,RT,UT VT,PT,MT,RT,UT VT,PT,UT
Source o light
Reectiveend
Partiallyrefective end
Rubyrod
Lens system Workpiece
VisualTesting............................... VT*Penetrant Testing ......................PT*Magnetic Particle Testing ......MT*
RadiographicTesting............... RT**UltrasonicTesting...................... UT**Eddy Current Testing................ET**** For surace discontinuities** For subsurace discontinuities*** For surace-breaking
discontinuities and usuallyused to supplement PT, MT
Brazing rod
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Materials Copper, silver, gold, iron, nickel Steel Aluminum - copper
Applications Electronic components, pipe soldering,aluminum, stained glass
Round/squaretubing Ship building and oshore - aerospace andautomotive - railway rolling stock - specializedabrication
Typical Location Manuacturing / eld - indoors or outdoors Manuacturing Fabrication shop, actory
Advantages Soldering can be manual or automatedFormulated or maximum electrical conductivity
High production - easy automationEnergy ecientTypically stronger than the material itselVerydurableweld
Can be used on large pieces not post weld heattreatedUsedwheremetalcharacteristicsmustremainunchangedLow concentration o discontinuitiesCan operate in all positionsMinimum saety issues / low environmentimpact
Limitations Soldering diculty can increase when othermaterials are involved
Power source and material thickness mustmatch
Exit hole let when tool is withdrawnHeavy duty clamping necessaryLess fexible and oten slower
Typical DiscontinuitiesTypes
Cold solder joint, oxidation, cracks and voids Pin holes, cracks Cracks and lack o penetration, kissing bonds
Non-destructive TestingMethods
VT VT,PT,RT UT,PT
Electric ResistanceERW
Soldering
Soldering iron tip
Liquid solder
Solder solidiying
Boiling fuxremovingoxide lm
Oxide layer
Clean base metal
Friction StirFSW
Electrode
Workpiece
Load Load
Load Load Switch
Main supply
Advancingside othe weld
Retreatingside othe weld
Probe
Tool
Joint
Shoulder
Downward orce
Trailing edge o the rotating tool
VisualTesting............................... VT*Penetrant Testing ......................PT*Magnetic Particle Testing ......MT*
RadiographicTesting...............RT**UltrasonicTesting...................... UT**Eddy Current Testing ................ET**** For surace discontinuities** For subsurace discontinuities*** For surace-breaking
discontinuities and usuallyused to supplement PT, MT
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Materials Composites, stainless steels, alloys, ceramics Composites, plastics, dissimilar materials
Applications Aerospace Aerospace, automotive, medical, computer,packaging
Typical Location Manuacturing Manuacturing
Advantages Creates a bond by atomic attractionUsedwithMEMSabrication/silicon
No other materials required in the processAlternative to glue, screws or snap tEasily automatedClean, precise jointsUsedorelectricalwireharnessconnections
Limitations Must be highly polished, clean suracesLow strength improved by thermal treatment
Only used or small weldsMajor limitation is material thicknessLimited by the amount o power available
Typical DiscontinuitiesTypes
Laminations, lack o bonding Determine the presence o unbonds
Non-destructive Testing
Methods
UT VT
Ultrasonic
Sonotrode tip
Hard tip
Work piece
Clamping orceapplied
TransducerCoupler
AnvilBase metal
Penetration depth
Electrode coating
Core wire
Welding atmosphere
Arc steam
Arc pool
Solidied slag
Weld metal
Fusion Bonding
VisualTesting............................... VT*Penetrant Testing ......................PT*Magnetic Particle Testing ......MT*
RadiographicTesting............... RT**UltrasonicTesting...................... UT**Eddy Current Testing................ET**** For surace discontinuities** For subsurace discontinuities*** For surace-breaking
discontinuities and usuallyused to supplement PT, MT
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Codes,Standards,Regulations&RecommendedPractices
United States
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME Codes)
ASME Section I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Power BoilersASME Section II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M aterials
ASME Section III . . . . . . . . RulesorConstructionoNuclearPower Plant Components
ASMESectionIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H eating Boilers
ASMESectionV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-destructive Testing
ASMESectionVI . . . . . . . RecommendedRulesorCareandOperation o Heating Boilers
ASMESectionVII . . . . . . . . . . . RecommendedGuidelinesorCare o Power Boilers
ASMESectionVIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . PressureVessels-DivisionIASMESectionIX . . . . . . .Welding and Brazing Qualications
SectionIXsetstherequirementsorwritingaWeldingProcedureSpecication (WPS), testing the WPS through a Procedure QualicationRecordandtestingtheweldthroughaWelderPerormanceQualication.All o the ASME Codes reer to this document.
ASMESectionX. . . FiberReinorcedPlasticPressureVessels
ASMESectionXI . . . . . . . . . RulesorIn-serviceInspectionoNuclear Power Plant Components
ASMESectionXII . . . . . . . . . . RulesortheConstructionandContinued Service o Transport Tanks
ASMEB31.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P o w e r P i p i n gCoversboilerexternalpipingorsteamorvaporabove15psigandhightemperaturewaterexceeding160psigand/ortemperaturesexceeding250F.Fullpenetrationisrequiredorallgroovewelds.VisualInspectionisrequiredorallwelds.RadiographicTestingorUltrasonicTestingis
requiredithetemperatureexceeds750Forithetemperaturesarebetween350Fand750Fwithpressuresover1025psig.
ASMEB31.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fuel Gas Piping
Applies to piping systems or uel gases. These gases includemanuactured gas, liqueed petroleum gas, natural gas, and mixturesabove the upper combustible limits. The piping systems that are coveredby this code maybe be in or between buildings rom the meter set to therst pressure containment valve.
ASMEB31.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P r o c e s s P i p i n g
This code covers piping in chemical plants. The quality o the weld is setby the owner determination o the saety aspects o the fuid beingcontained.
ASMEB31.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pipeline Transportation Systemsor Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids
This code covers piping or liquid petroleum products such as crude oiland gasoline.
ASMEB31.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RerigerationPipingandHeatExchanger Components
This code applies to rerigerant and brine piping systems. It does notinclude sel-contained or unit rerigeration systems that are subject toULspecifcations.
ASMEB31.8 . . . . . . . . . . . Gas Transmission and DistributionPiping Systems
Applies to regulating stations, gas compressor stations, gas mains andservice lines up to the end users meter set .
ASMEB31.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Building Services
Covers building services or heating and cooling water, condensingwater, steam, vacuum, compressed air, combustible liquids andnon-ammablegases.Boilerexternalpipinghasamaxo15psigorsteamboilersandorwaterheatingunitsthemaxis160psigand250F.There is a maximum size or materials. For example carbon steel can notexceed30NPSor0.50wall.AllweldsmustbeVTalthough100%penetrant is not required.
American Society for Non-Destructive Testing (ASNT Codes)
SNT-TC-1A-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . .RecommendedPracticeNo.SNT-TC-1A:PersonnelQualifcationand
CertifcationinNon-DestructiveTesting(2011)
This program is a guideline to assist employers to establish their ownin-house certication program. It is a set o recommendations or thequalication and certication o NDT personnel. It also providesrecommended educational, experience and training or the NDTmethods.
ANSI/ASNT-CP189-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ASNT Standard orQualication and Certication o
Non-DestructiveTestingPersonnel(2011).
This document is a Standard which establishes minimum requirementsor the qualication and certication o non-destructive testing and
predictive maintenance personnel. It also details the minimum training,education, and experience requirements or NDT personnel and providescriteria or documenting qualications and certication.
American Welding Society (AWS Codes)
AWS D1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Structural Welding Code - Steel
Covers the design, welding and examination o welded structural steel1/8andthicker.Itallowsorbothpre-qualifedandnon-prequalifedwelding procedure.
AWSD1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . Structural Welding Code - Aluminum
Covers the welding o structural aluminum. All procedures must bequalied beore use. This Code does not contain any pre-qualiedwelding procedures.
AWSD1.3 . . . . . . . . . . Structural Welding Code - Sheet Steel
Coverstheweldingostructuralsheetsteellessthan3/16.
AWS D1.4 . . . . .StructuralWeldingCode-ReinorcingSteel
CoverstheweldingoReinorcingSteel.
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AWSD1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bridge Welding C odeThis code covers the welding abrication requirements applicable towelded highway bridges. The Code does not apply to steels that are lessthan3mminthickness.
AWSD1.6 . . . . . . . Structural Welding Code - Stainless Steel
This Code applies to the welding o structural stainless steel.
AWSD1.7 . . . . . . . Structural Welding Code - StrengtheningandRepair
AWSD1.8 . . .Structural Welding Code - Seismic Supplement
AWSD1.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . .Structural Welding Code - Titanium
AWSD8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Automotive Spot Welding Code
AWSD8.6 . . . . . . . . . . . Automotive Spot Welding ElectrodesSupplement
AWSD8.7 . . . . AutomotiveSpotWeldingRecommendationsSupplement
AWSD8.8 . . . . . . . . . . . Automotive Arc Welding (Steel) Code
AWSD8.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Automotive Spot Weld Testing
AWSD8.14 . . . . . Automotive Arc Welding (Aluminum) Code
AWSD9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sheet Metal Welding Code
AWSD10.10 . . . . . . . . . .Heating Practices or Pipe and Tube
AWSD10.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .RootPassWeldingorPipe
AWSD10.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P ipe Welding (Mild Steel)
AWSD10.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tube Brazing (Copper)
AWSD10.18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pipe Welding (Stainless Steel)
AWSD11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W elding (Cast Iron) Code
AWSD14.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial Mill Crane Welding
AWSD14.3 . . Earthmoving & Agricultural Equipment Welding
AWSD14.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Machinery Joint Welding
AWSD14.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Press Welding CodeAWS-D14.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IndustrialMillRollSuracing
AWSD15.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .RailroadWeldingCode
AWSD15.2 . . . . . . . . RailroadWeldingPracticeSupplement
AWSD16.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RoboticArcWeldingSaety
AWSD16.2 . . . . . . . RoboticArcWeldingSystemInstallation
AWSD16.3 . . . . . . . . . RoboticArcWeldingRiskAssessment
AWSD16.4 . . . . . RoboticArcWelderOperatorQualifcation
AWSD17.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A erospace Fus ion Welding
AWSD17.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .AerospaceResistanceWeldingAWSD18.1 . . . . . . . . Hygienic Tube Welding (Stainless Steel)
AWSD18.2 . . . . . . .Stainless Steel Tube Discoloration Guide
AWSD18.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hygienic Equipment Welding
American Petroleum Institute (API Codes)
APIStandard1104 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Welding Pipelines andRelatedFacilities
APIStandard620. . . . . . .Design and Construction o Large,Welded, Low Pressure Storage Tanks
APIStandard653. . . . . . .TankInspection,Repair,AlterationandReconstruction
APIStandard650. . . . . . Welded Steel Tanks or Oil Storage
APISpec5L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specication or L ine P ipe
APISpec6D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . SpecifcationorPipelineValves
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM codes)
E94-04(2010). . . . . . . . . . . .StandardGuideorRadiographicExamination
E114-10 . . . . . StandardPracticeorUltrasonicPulse-EchoStraight-Beam Contact Testing
E164-08 . . . . . . . . StandardPracticeorContactUltrasonicTesting o Weldments
E165-09 . . . . . . . . . . Standard Practice or Liquid PenetrantExamination or General Industry
E213-09 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .StandardPracticeorUltrasonicTesting o Metal Pipe and Tubing
E273-10 . . . . . . . . . StandardPracticeorUltrasonicTestingo the Weld Zone o Welded Pipe and Tubing
E309-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Standard Practice or Eddy-CurrentExamination o Steel Tubular Products
UsingMagneticSaturation
E426-98(2007) . . . . Standard Practice or Electromagnetic(Eddy-Current) Examination o Seamless
and Welded Tubular Products, AusteniticStainless Steel and Similar Alloys
E566-09 . . . . . . . . . . Standard Practice or Electromagnetic(Eddy-Current) Sorting o Ferrous Metals
E587-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .StandardPracticeorUltrasonicAngle-Beam Contact Testing
E703-09 . . . . . . . . . . Standard Practice or Electromagnetic(Eddy-Current) Sorting o Nonerrous Metals
E709-08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Standard Guide or MagneticParticle Testing
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E2662-09 . . .StandardPracticeorRadiologicExaminationo Flat Panel Composites and Sandwich Core
MaterialsUsedinAerospaceApplications
E2663-08 . . . . . . Standard Practice or Digital Imaging andCommunication in Non-Destructive Evaluation
(DICONDE)orUltrasonicTestMethods
E2698-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .StandardPracticeorRadiologicalExaminationUsingDigitalDetectorArrays
E2700-09 . . . . . . . StandardPracticeorContactUltrasonicTestingoWeldsUsingPhasedArrays
E2736-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Standard Guide or Digi tal
DetectorArrayRadiology
Canada
Canadian Standards Association (CSA Codes)
CSAW47.1 . . . . . . . . . .Certication o Companies or FusionWelding o Steel
CSAW59. . . . .Welded Steel Construction (Metal Arc Welding)
CSAW59.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Welded Aluminum Construction
E797/E797M-10 . . . . . . . . . Standard Practice or MeasuringThicknessbyManualUltrasonic
Pulse-Echo Contact Method
E999-10 . . . . Standard Guide or Controlling the Quality oIndustrialRadiographicFilmProcessing
E1000-98(2009) . . . . . . . . . . StandardGuideorRadioscopy
E1030-05(2011. . . StandardTestMethodorRadiographicExamination o Metallic Castings
E1032-06 . . . . . . . . StandardTestMethodorRadiographicExamination o Weldments
E1065-08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard Guide or Evaluat ingCharacteristicsoUltrasonicSearchUnits
E1212-09 . . . . . Standard Practice or Quality ManagementSystems or Non-Destructive Testing Agencies
E1255-09 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . StandardPracticeorRadioscopy
E1316-11a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S tandard Terminology orNon-Destructive Examinations
E1411-09 . . . . . . . . . . .Standard Practice or Qualication oRadioscopicSystems
E1416-09 . . . . . . . . . .StandardTestMethodorRadioscopicExamination o Weldments
E1417-05e1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S tandard Practice orLiquid Penetrant Testing
E1441-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard Guide or ComputedTomography (CT) Imaging
E1444-05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S tandard Practice orMagnetic Particle Testing
E1570-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard Pract ice or ComputedTomographic (CT) Examination
E1742/E1742M-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard PracticeorRadiographicExamination
E1815-08 . . . . . . . . .Standard Test Method or ClassicationoFilmSystemsorIndustrialRadiography
E1901-08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Standard Guide or Detection andEvaluation o Discontinuities by Contact
Pulse-EchoStraight-BeamUltrasonicMethods
E2007-10 . . . . StandardGuideorComputedRadiography
E2033-99(2006) . . . . . . . . . Standard Practice or ComputedRadiology(Photostimulable
Luminescence Method)
E2192-08 . . . . . . . . . Standard Guide or Planar Flaw HeightSizingbyUltrasonics
E2373-09 . . . . . StandardPracticeorUseotheUltrasonicTime o Flight Diraction (TOFD) Technique
E2375-08 . . . . . . . . StandardPracticeorUltrasonicTestingo Wrought Products
E2445-05(2010) . . . . . . . Standard Practice or Qualicationand Long-Term Stability o
ComputedRadiologySystems
E2446-05(2010) . . . . Standard Practice or Classication oComputedRadiologySystems
E2491-08 . . . . Standard Guide or Evaluating PerormanceCharacteristicsoPhasedArrayUltrasonic
Testing Instruments and Systems
Codes,Standards,Regulations&RecommendedPractices
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Europe
European Welding Standards
ENISO5817. . . . . . . . . . . . Welding Fusion-welded joints insteel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (beam
welding excluded) Quality levels or imperections
ENISO6520-1/2 . . . . . . . . . . . Welding and allied processes Classication o geometric imperections in
metallicmaterialsParts1and2
ENISO6520-2
ENISO10863 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-destruct ive testing o weldsUseotime-o-ightdiraction technique (TOFD)
ENISO10893-112. . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-destruct ive test ing o
steeltubesParts1-12ENISO10893-12
ENISO11666 . . . . . . . . . Non-destructive testing o welds Ultrasonictestingoweldedjoints
Acceptance levels
prENISO12932 . . . . Welding Laser-arc hybrid welding osteels, nickel and nickel alloys Quality levels or imperections
prENISO13588 . . . . . . . Non-destructive testing o welds UltrasonictestingUseo
automated Phased Array technology
ENISO/NP17405. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-destruct ive testing -Ultrasonictesting-Techniqueotesting
claddings produced by welding,rolling and explosion
ENISO17635 . . . . . . . . . Non-destructive testing o welds General rules or metallic materials
prENISO17636-1 . . . . . Non-destructive testing o welds Radiographicexaminationo
weldedjointsPart1:Industrialflms
prENISO17636-2 . . . . . Non-destructive testing o welds Radiographicexaminationo
weldedjointsPart2:Imagingplates
ENISO17637 . . . . . . . . . Non-destructive testing o welds Visualtestingousion-weldedjoints
ENISO17638 . . . . . . . . . Non-destructive testing o welds Magnetic particle testing
ENISO17640 . . . . . . . . . .Non-destructive testing o welds -
Ultrasonictesting-Techniques,testing levels, and assessment
prENISO19232-15. . . . . . Non-destructive testing ImagequalityoradiographsParts1-5:Image
quality indicators (wire type) Determinationo image quality value
FprENISO22825 . . . . . . Non-destructive testing o welds UltrasonictestingTestingoweldsin
austenitic steels and nickel-based alloys
ENISO23277 . . . . . . . . . Non-destructive testing o welds Penetrant testing o welds Acceptance levels
ENISO23278 . . . . . . . . . Non-destructive testing o welds Magnetic particle testing o welds
Acceptance levels
ENISO23279 . . . . . . . . . Non-destructive testing o welds UltrasonictestingCharacterization
o indications in welds
ENISO25239-5 . . . . . . . Friction stir welding Aluminium Part5:Qualityandinspectionrequirements
ISO and European standards or non-destructivetesting o welds
EN1435 . . . . . . . . .Non-destructive examination o welds Radiographicexaminationoweldedjoints
EN4678 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Aerospace series - Weldments andbrazements or aerospace structures -
Joints o metallic materials by laser beam welding -Quality o weldments Bilingual version
EN12517-1 . . . . . . . . . . . Non-destructive testing o welds Part1:Evaluationoweldedjointsinsteel,
nickel, titanium and its alloys byradiography Acceptance levels
EN12517-2 . . . . . . . . . . . Non-destructive testing o welds
Part2:Evaluationoweldedjointsinaluminiumand its alloys by radiography Acceptance levels
EN12952-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water-tube boilers and auxiliaryinstallationsPart6:Inspectionduring
construction, documentation and markingo pressure parts o the boiler
prEN13445-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UnfredpressurevesselsPart5:Inspectionandtesting
EN13480-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metal lic industr ial p iping Part5:Inspectionandtesting
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Japan
Japanese Welding Standards (WES)
WES7101 . . . . . . . . . . . WeldingPositionandRangeoPlateThickness or Qualied Welder
WES7102 . . . . . RecommendedPracticesorInertShieldedArc Welding (Titanium and Titanium alloy)
WES7103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RecommendedPracticeorOxyacetylene Welding o Cast Iron
WES7014 . . . . . . . . RecommendedPracticeorArcWeldingo Cast Iron
WES7105 . . . . . . RecommendedHardFacingPracticewithShielded Metal Arc Welding
WES7301 . . . . . . .RecommendedPracticeorSpotWelding
(Low Carbon Steel and Low Alloy Steel)
WES7302 . . . . . . .RecommendedPracticeorSpotWelding(Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy)
WES7303 . . . . . . .RecommendedPracticeorSpotWelding(Stainless Steel)
WES7601 . . . . . . RecommendedPracticeorFieldWeldingo Foundation Piles
WES7602 . . . . . . . . . .RecommendedPracticesorInertGasShielded Arc Welding o Titanium
Clad Steel and or Titanium Lining
WES8101 . . . . . . Standard or Certication o Fillet WeldingOperator
WES8102 . . . . . . . . . Welder Perormance Qualication (ForPetroleum Industry)
WES8103 . . . . . . . . . . . Standard or Certication o WeldingCoordination Personnel
WES8105 . . . . . . . . . .Standard or Certication o WeldingOperatoroPCSteelRods
WES8106 . . . . . . . . . .Standard or Certication o WeldingOperator o Foundation Piles
WES8107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard or Certicat ion o Welding Practitioner
WES8109 . . . . . . . . . . . .Standard or Certication o Micro-Soldering Personnel
WES8110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard Qualication ProcedureorRobotWeldingOperatorso
Building Structures
WES8111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . CertifcationProcedureorRobotWelding Operators o Building Structures
WES8201 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard or Certicat ion o Manual Arc Welding Operator
WES8205 . . . . . . . . . Standard or Certication o TitaniumWelding Operator
WES8207 . . . . . . . . . .Standard or Certication o Weldersand Welding Operators or Power
Plant Equipment
WES8217 . . . . . . . . . .Standard or Certication o WeldingProcedure or Power Plant Equipment
WES8221 . . . . . . . . . Certication Procedure o Welders oStainless Steels
WES8231 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Certication Procedure o Welders o Plastics
WES8241 . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard or Certication o Semi-automatic Welding Operator
WES8291 . . . . . . . . . Certication Procedure or Operatorso Silver Alloy Brazing
WES8302 . . . . . . . . . . Certication Test Manual o Weldersor the Processing Facility and
ReprocessingFacilityBasedontheReaderRegulationLaw
WES8312 . . . . . . . . . . Certication Test Manual o WeldingProcedure or the Processing Facility and
Re-ProcessingFacilitybasedon
theReactorRegulationLawWES8701 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard or Certicat ion o
Non-destructive Inspection Enterpriseor Welded Structures
WES8703 . . . . . . . . . .Standard Qualication Procedure orWeldingRobotsorBuildingStructure
WES8704 . . . . . . . . . . . Certication Procedure or WeldingRobotsoBuildingStructures
WES8705 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guidel ine or Accreditation o Non-destructive Testing Enterprise
WES8706 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . StandardoRegistrationo
Personnel in Non-destructiveTesting Enterprise or Welded Construction
Codes,Standards,Regulations&RecommendedPractices
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China
Chinese Welding Standards(GB Standards or Recommendations)
GB/T12467 . . . . . . . . . .Fusion Welding o Metallic MaterialsGB/T15169 . . . . . . . . Qualication Test o Welders Fusion
or Welding Steels
GB50235-97. . . . . . . . . . .Chemical Metal Pipe Constructionand Acceptance
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