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BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
Center on Urban and Metropolitan PolicyAudrey Singer, Visiting Fellow
The Brookings Institution
El Incremento de Nuevas Vías de Entrada de Inmigrantes: Flujos Históricos y Tendencias Recientes de Asentamiento
Seminario Permanente sobre Migración El Colegio de la Frontera Norte
June 11, 2004
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
Immigration Trends from Census 2000
More immigrants entered the United States in the 1990s than in any previous decade
Immigrants are settling in many new places with little history of immigration
The challenges of incorporating immigrants will be a growing issue in many places in the United States
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
The share of the U.S. population that is foreign-born is lower at the end of the 20th century than at the start
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%Population Percentage of Population
Number of foreign-born and share of population, United States,1900-2000
Source: Lindsay and Singer, “Changing Faces: Immigrants and Diversity in the Twenty-First Century,” June 2003
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
Foreign Born
Population
Share Foreign
Born1 New York 2,871,032 35.9 2 Los Angeles 1,512,720 40.9 3 Chicago 628,903 21.7 4 Houston 516,105 26.4 5 San Jose 329,757 36.8 6 San Diego 314,227 25.7 7 Dallas 290,436 24.4 8 San Francisco 285,541 36.8 9 Phoenix 257,325 19.5
10 Miami 215,739 59.5
1900 2000
Few cities maintained their status as gateways throughout the 20th century
Foreign Born Population
Share Foreign
Born1 New York 1,270,080 37.0 2 Chicago 587,112 34.6 3 Philadelphia 295,340 22.8 4 Boston 197,129 35.1 5 Cleveland 124,631 32.6 6 San Francisco 116,885 34.1 7 St. Louis 111,356 19.4 8 Buffalo 104,252 29.6 9 Detroit 96,503 33.8
10 Milwaukee 88,991 31.2
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
13%
34%
3%50%
EuropeAsiaLatin AmericaAfrica
1900-1920 1980-2000
86%
4%
10%
Source countries have reversed—from primarily European to primarily non-European
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
The nation’s primary Gateway States are shifting
From Northeastand Southwest
To Southeastand Mountain West
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
1 Los Angeles 3,449,444 36.22 New York 3,139,647 33.73 Chicago 1,425,978 17.24 Miami 1,147,765 50.95 Houston 854,669 20.56 Orange County 849,899 29.97 Washington DC 832,016 16.98 Riverside-San Bernardino 612,359 18.89 San Diego 606,254 21.510 Dallas 591,169 16.8
PERCENTNUMBER
Metropolitan Washington ranks 7th in number of foreign-born residents
Source: US Census Bureau
Top Ten Immigrant Populations by Metropolitan Area, 2000
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
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1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
Perc
ent
Buffalo
Cleveland
Detroit
Milwaukee
Pittsburgh
St. Louis
Former Gateways attracted large numbers of immigrants in the early 1900s but no longer do
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
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1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
Perc
ent
Boston
Chicago
New York
San Francisco
Continuous Gateways are long-established and continuing destinations for immigrants
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Years
Perc
ent
Houston
Los Angeles
Miami
Post-World War II Gateways began attracting immigrants during the second half of the 20th century
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
Perc
ent
Dallas
Washington DC
Atlanta
Ft. Worth
Emerging Gateways experienced rapid immigrant growth over the past 20 years
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
0
5
10
15
20
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30
35
40
45
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
Per
cent
San Jose Portland
Seattle Phoenix
Denver Tampa
Re-emerging Gateways waned as destinations in the middle part of the century, but have rebounded recently
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
Three factors help classify metropolitan gateways for immigration:
SIZE of the metropolitan area and of the foreign-born population
RATE of GROWTH and PERCENT foreign-born population
DOMINANCE, PERSISTANCE, and HISTORY of the settlement of the foreign born
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
Former (8)BaltimoreBuffaloClevelandDetroitMilwaukeePhiladelphiaPittsburghSt. Louis
Continuous (9)BostonChicago Jersey CityNewarkNew York Bergen-Passaic NJ Middlesex-Somerset NJ Nassau-Suffolk, NY San Francisco
Post-WWII (7)Fort Lauderdale HoustonLos Angeles Orange County Riverside-San BernardinoSan DiegoMiami
Emerging (7)Atlanta DallasFort WorthLas VegasOrlandoWashington, DCWest Palm Beach
Re-Emerging (9)DenverMinneapolis-St. PaulOaklandPhiladelphiaPhoenixPortlandSacramentoSan JoseSeattleTampa
Five types of metropolitan immigrant gateways in 2000
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
Former (8)BaltimoreBuffaloClevelandDetroitMilwaukeePhiladelphiaPittsburghSt. Louis
Continuous (9)BostonChicago Jersey CityNewarkNew York Bergen Passaic NJ Middlesex-Somerset NJ Nassau-Suffolk, NY San Francisco
Post-WWII (7)Fort Lauderdale HoustonLos Angeles Orange County Riverside-San BernardinoSan DiegoMiami
Emerging (7)Atlanta DallasFort WorthLas VegasOrlandoWashington, DCWest Palm Beach
Re-Emerging (9)DenverMinneapolis-St. PaulOaklandPhiladelphiaPhoenixPortlandSacramentoSan JoseSeattleTampa
Pre-emerging (5)AustinCharlotteGreensboro-Winston SalemRaleigh-DurhamSalt Lake City
Five types of metropolitan immigrant gateways in 2000 (plus one more)
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
-
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
Former Continuous Post WWII Emerging Re-emerging
1970
1980
1990
2000
Continuous and Post-WWII Gateways still dominate, but Emerging and Re-Emerging are growing faster
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
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10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Former Continuous Post WWII Emerging Re-Emerging Pre-Emerging
Per
cent
% Change in Total Population % Change in Population without Foreign-Born
Population growth in Continuous and Post-WWII Gateways depends more on immigration than in Emerging Gateways
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
Characteristics vary by gateway type…
Suburban settlement patterns
National origins
English language proficiency
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
The share of overall population that is foreign-born tends to be higher in central cities than in suburbs…
34%21%36%New York
36%34%40%Los Angeles
51%41%60%Miami
17%15%22%Chicago
METROSUBURBSCITY
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
9.8
6.9
4.9
12.9
7.7
5.0
2000
1990
1980
Suburbs
Cities
…but growth during the 1980s and 1990s was greater in suburban areas, yielding more immigrants in absolute terms
Foreign Born in Cities and Suburbs, 45 metro areas (in millions)
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
Share of Foreign-Born Population That Live in the Suburbs by Gateway Type, 1970-2000
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
55.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
85.0
1970 1980 1990 2000
Pe
rce
nt
Emerging
Former
Post-WWII
Re-emerging
Pre-emerging
Continuous
Immigrants in Emerging Gateways are more likely to live in the suburbs
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
Commercial enclave in a Continuous Gateway, Washington Heights, NYC
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
Commercial enclave in a Pre-Emerging Gateway, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
Commercial enclave in an Emerging Gateway, Seven Corners, Virginia
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
National origins also vary by gateway type…
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
UNITED STATESTotal Foreign Born = 31,107,889
Mexico30%
Remaining Foreign Born
57%
India3%
China3%Vietnam
3%
Philippines4%
The five largest country of origin groups in the U.S. include Mexico and four Asian countries
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
CHICAGOTotal Foreign Born = 1,425,978
Remaining Foreign Born
37%
Korea2%
Philippines4% India
5%
Mexico42%
Poland10%
LOS ANGELESTotal Foreign Born = 3,449,444
El Salvador
7%
Mexico45%
Philippines
6%
Guatemala4%
Korea4%
Remaining Foreign
Born37%
PITTSBURGHTotal Foreign Born = 62,286
Italy13%
India10%
Germany7%
China5%
United Kingdom
6%
Remaining Foreign
Born59%
WASHINGTONTotal Foreign Born = 832,016
Korea6%
El Salvador13%
India5%
Vietnam4%
Mexico4%
Remaining Foreign
Born67%
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
Emerging, Pre-Emerging and Former gateways have the largest shares of most recent Mexican immigrants
14.01%
20.04%
25.87%
18.70%
17.57%
13.22%
17.89%
14.43%
19.79%
21.23%
16.51%
19.10%
13.79%
13.87%
22.13%
22.01%
16.95%
23.45%
22.98%
24.92%
19.85%
37.96%
24.85%
16.74%
32.79%
29.39%
41.61%
30.51%
Former
Continuous
Post WWI
Emerging
Re Emerging
Pre Emerging
Non Gateway
1965 or earlier 1966-1975 1976-1985 1986-1990 1991-1995 1996-2000
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
Los Angeles has 1.5 million Mexican-born residents, triple the number in Chicago, and ten times New York
Los Angeles 1,525,200 44.0Chicago 582,636 40.7Houston 424,967 50.2Orange County 386,871 45.6Riverside/San Bernadino 384,815 63.1Dallas 342,376 61.4Phoenix 296,594 64.3San Diego 291,792 48.3El Paso 168,931 91.2McAllen/Edinburg 158,408 95.1New York 143,486 4.6Oakland 142,301 24.7San Jose 139,550 24.3Fresno 136,116 68.8Las Vegas 133,506 49.2Atlanta 121,512 28.7Denver 117,157 49.0San Antonio 114,571 69.6
Metropolitan areas with the largest Mexican immigrant populations, 2000Percent of
all immigrantsNumber
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
Immigrants in the traditional Southwestern settlement states are majority MexicanMetropolitan areas with the highest percentage Mexican immigrant populations, 2000
McAllen/Edinburg 158,408 95.1El Paso 168,931 91.2Bakersfield 80,477 75.5San Antonio 114,571 69.6Fresno 136,116 68.8Phoenix 296,594 64.3Riverside/San Bernadino384,815 63.1Ventura 96,076 61.6Tucson 62,101 61.5Dallas 342,376 61.4Albuquerque 33,077 58.1Fort Worth 110,298 57.0Austin 88,922 56.1Stockton 56,786 50.6Houston 424,967 50.2Las Vegas 133,506 49.2Denver 117,157 49.0San Diego 291,792 48.3
NumberPercent of
all immigrants
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
82.6
73.6
65.3
70.7
72.5
65.8
34.2
27.5
29.3
34.7
26.4
17.4
0 25 50 75 100
Former
Continuous
Post W.W.II
Emerging
Re-Emerging
Pre-Emerging
Does not speak Englishwell
Speaks English "well"
English language skills are most limited in Post-WWII and Pre-Emerging Gateways
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY
Six Implications for Local Leaders
Understand local immigration dynamics
Bring cultural and language sensitivity to service delivery
Build English language capacity
Provide workforce support
Create linkages to mainstream institutions
Encourage civic engagement
BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER ON URBAN AND METROPOLITAN POLICY