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BRUNER’S AND GARDNER’S
THEORIES OF CHILDHOOD
By: Dedy Apriyadi and
Evi Marfianti
WHO IS JAROME BRUNER?
Jerome Bruner was born on October 1,
1915 in New York, to Heman and Rose
Bruner, who immigrated from Poland. He
received a bachelor's degree in psychology,
in 1937 from Duke University. Bruner went
on to earn a master's degree in psychology
in 1939 and then a doctorate in psychology
in 1941 from Harvard University.
Bruner is one of the pioneers of the
cognitive psychology movement in the
United States.
BRUNER THEORIESAccording to Bruner, the child’s cognitive structures mature with age as a result of which the child can think and organize material in increasingly complex ways.
Children are also seen as naturally inquisitive, thirsty for knowledge and understanding. The child naturally adapts to its environment and abstract thinking develops through action.
1. ENACTIVE (FIRST YEAR) The child has little in the way
of mental faculties so ‘thinking
is a physical action.’
Knowledge is what the child
can manipulate or do with
movements, for example tying
knots, pointing etc. In later life
the enactive mode will allow
riding a bike, swimming,
driving a car and so on.
2. ICONIC (SECOND YEAR)For the first time the child has
mental images that allow it to
retain pictures after the stimulus
has gone. Drawing is now
possible.
These icons or images are built
up from past experience and
based on a number of exposures
to similar objects and events.
3. SYMBOLIC (SIX OR SEVEN YEARS ONWARDS)
For Bruner, symbols include words
(language), music, numbers and so on.
Anything we use to symbolize something
else.
The precise timing of this one depends
on the child, particularly its language
ability. For the first time the child can
categorise, think logically and solve
problems.
WHO IS HOWARD GARDNER?
Howard Earl Gardner (born July 11, 1943) is an
American developmental psychologist who is the John
H. and Elisabeth A. Hobbs Professor of Cognition and
Education at the Harvard Graduate School of
Education at Harvard University, Senior Director of
Harvard Project Zero and author of over twenty books
translated into thirty languages. Since 1995, he has
been the co-director of the Good Work Project. He is
best known for his theory of multiple intelligences, as
outlined in his book Frames of Mind: The Theory of
Multiple Intelligences (1983). He received the Prince of
Asturias Award 2011 in Social Sciences for the
development of this theory.
WHO IS HOWARD GARDNER?
Gardner's theory of multiple
intelligences states not only do
human beings have several different
ways of learning and processing
information, but these methods are
relatively independent of one another:
leading to multiple "intelligences" as
opposed to a general intelligence
factor among correlated abilities.
GARDNER’S THEORIES
GARDNER’S THEORIES
1. Linguistic intelligence involves sensitivity to
spoken and written language, the ability to learn
languages, and the capacity to use language to
accomplish certain goals. This intelligence
includes the ability to effectively use language to
express oneself rhetorically or poetically; and
language as a means to remember information.
Writers, poets, lawyers and speakers are among
those that Howard Gardner sees as having high
linguistic intelligence.
GARDNER’S THEORIES
2. Logical-mathematical
intelligence consists of the capacity to
analyze problems logically, carry out
mathematical operations, and investigate
issues scientifically. In Howard Gardner's
words, it entails the ability to detect patterns,
reason deductively and think logically. This
intelligence is most often associated with
scientific and mathematical thinking.
GARDNER’S THEORIES
3. Musical intelligence involves skill in the
performance, composition, and
appreciation of musical patterns. It
encompasses the capacity to recognize
and compose musical pitches, tones, and
rhythms. According to Howard Gardner
musical intelligence runs in an almost
structural parallel to linguistic intelligence.
GARDNER’S THEORIES
4. Bodily-kinesthetic
intelligence entails the potential of
using one's whole body or parts of the
body to solve problems. It is the ability
to use mental abilities to coordinate
bodily movements. Howard Gardner
sees mental and physical activity as
related.
GARDNER’S THEORIES
5. Spatial intelligence involves the potential to
recognize and use the patterns of wide space and
more confined areas.
6. Interpersonal intelligence is concerned with
the capacity to understand the intentions,
motivations and desires of other people. It allows
people to work effectively with others. Educators,
salespeople, religious and political leaders and
counsellors all need a well-developed
interpersonal intelligence.
GARDNER’S THEORIES
7. Intrapersonal intelligence entails
the capacity to understand oneself, to
appreciate one's feelings, fears and
motivations. In Howard Gardner's view it
involves having an effective working
model of ourselves, and to be able to
use such information to regulate our
lives.
GARDNERS’S THEORIES
ARE THERE
ADDITIO
NAL
INTELL
IGENCES?
ADDITIONAL INTELLIGENCES
1. Naturalist intelligence enables
human beings to recognize, categorize
and draw upon certain features of the
environment. It 'combines a description
of the core ability with a
characterization of the role that many
cultures value.
ADDITIONAL INTELLIGENCES
2. The case for inclusion of naturalist intelligence
appears pretty straight forward, the position with
regard to SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE is far more
complex. According to Howard Gardner there are
problems, for example, around the 'content' of
spiritual intelligence, its privileged but
unsubstantiated claims with regard to truth
value, 'and the need for it to be partially
identified through its effect on other people'.
ADDITIONAL INTELLIGENCES
3. Existential intelligence, a concern with
'ultimate issues', is, thus, the next
possibility that Howard Gardner considers -
and he argues that it 'scores reasonably
well on the criteria. However, empirical
evidence is sparse - and although a ninth
intelligence might be attractive, Howard
Gardner is not disposed to add it to the list.
ADDITIONAL INTELLIGENCES
4. The final, and obvious, candidate for
inclusion in Howard Gardner's list
is moral intelligence. In his
exploration, he begins by asking
whether it is possible to delineate the
'moral domain
CONCLUSION
Writer didn’t try to find which one the right
theories of them. But writer just compared
two of both famous theories and enrich
knowledge about human psychology to help
our designing course in English learning
especially for the young learners. In short,
this paper might help us to make the
strategies and resolve problems of learning
and teaching English for the young learners.
THANK FOR YOUR ATTANTION…You can get our PAPER @
https://www.box.com/s/h7shdcd7fcr1pjavhwgp