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Brussels 1900 Art Nouveau
Presentation by Chris Bourne FAWCO Conference Brussels
13 March 2014
Outline
• Why a “new art”? • Why around 1900? • Why Brussels? • Art Nouveau Architecture
A “new art”
• “Art Nouveau” in French & English-speaking countries, “Jugendstil” in German-speaking countries, Sezessionstil” in Austria, “Modernismo” in Spain, “Stilo Liberty” in Italy
• Created by groups of young artists who rejected the historicist “Neo” styles of the nineteenth century
Classical
Parthenon, Athens, Greece completed 432 BC
Neo-Classical
Brussels Stock Exchange completed 1873
Gothic
Cathedral of SS Michael & Gudula, Brussels completed c1450
Neo-Gothic
Notre-Dame de Laeken Church, Brussels completed 1872
Renaissance
Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence completed 1581
Neo-Renaissance
Royal Galleries, Brussels completed 1847
Why around 1900?
• Combination of artistic influences – Arts & Crafts – Pre-Raphaelites – Japanese art – Aesthetic movement
• Changed role of women
Arts & Crafts William Morris (1834-1896)
– preaches return to true ar-san methods and values
– “Have nothing in your houses that you do not know to be useful or believe to be beau-ful”
– Morris & Co founded 1861, selling tapestries, fabrics, wallpaper, furniture, stained glass etc. for homes & churches
– KelmscoE Press reprints Chaucer, Icelandic sagas, Middle Eastern poetry, etc.
Acanthus wallpaper 1875 Woodpecker tapestry 1885
Pre-Raphaelites
• highly-romanticised view of nature • minute observation of natural detail
• mediaeval fantasies • bright colours
“Ophelia” by JE Millais 1852
“Isabella and the Pot of Basil” by W Holman Hunt 1868
“Lady Lilith” by Dante Gabriel Rossetti 1883
“The Viking Ship” by Edward Burne-Jones (stained-glass window by Morris & Co.) 1884
Japanese art
Japanese Native Village Exhibition, London 1885-87
“The Mikado” 1885
“Red Fuji” by Hokusai 1833
Hiroshige’s “Reeds in the Snow” on the cover of Siegfried Bing’s “Le Japon Artistique” magazine 1888
• Lack of perspective & shadow
• areas of flat, bright colour • ukiyo-e woodblock prints • kakiemon porcelain
“The Great Wave off Kanagawa” by Hokusai 1832
Stained-glass window in Paul Saintenoy’s house, Brussels, 1896, designed by Saintenoy and made by Raphael Evaldre.
“The Peacock Skirt” by Aubrey Beardsley 1894
Cartoon satirising Oscar Wilde’s poetry in “Punch” 1881
Aesthetic Movement
“Patience” by Gilbert & Sullivan 1881
“Aesthetic” teapots by James Hadley for Royal Worcester 1881
Changed role of women
• Women targetted by advertisers • Votes for women campaigns • Artists portray decadent, sexualised
women • Prominent women in theatre (e.g. Sarah
Bernhardt)
Adver-sements by Alfons Mucha
Why Brussels?
• Capital of first country in Continental Europe to undergo industrial revolution
• Huge profits from steel & coal industries & Congo colony fund large middle class which wants to appear innovative and progressive
• Talent pool of young artists, designers, architects and artisans
Art Nouveau architecture in Brussels
1893 : Suburb of Ixelles sees first two Art Nouveau buildings
1) House for Professor Tassel by Victor Horta (1861-1947)
As Horta’s designs are still protected by copyright, we regret
that the photos used in the presentation are not available in
this version published online
2) own house & studio by Paul Hankar (1859-1901)
Horta’s career blossomed,,,
As Horta’s designs are still protected by copyright, we regret that the photos used in the presentation are not available in this version published online
Alberto Ciamberlani house, Rue Defacqz, 1897, with sgraffi- by Adolphe Crespin
Another house from Paul Hankar’s tragically short career
Sgraffi- on facade of Ciamberlani house executed by Adolphe Crespin
Brussels was also home to a disciple of Charles Rennie Mackintosh and his
wife Margaret MacDonald…
Charles Rennie Mackintosh 1868-‐1928 Margaret MacDonald 1865-‐1933
… Paul Cauchie and his wife Lina
Paul Cauchie 1875-‐1952
Lina Cauchie 1875-‐1969
Cauchie House, Rue des Francs, 1905
Brussels was also home to Henri Jacobs (1864-1935) one of the most
prolific Art Nouveau school architects, who built over 400 schools and
colleges in Belgium. Most of them are still in use today
Schaerbeek School No 13, Avenue de Roodebeek, 1913, mural by Privat Livemont
Wall pain-ngs from gymnasium at Schaerbeek School No 13
Schaerbeek School No,1, Rue Josephat, 1907
sgraffi- panels by Privat Livemont in indoor playground at Schaerbeek School No 1
Former Girl’s Secondary School, Rue Herkoliers, 1907, street eleva-on and detail of sgraffi- by Adolphe Crespin
indoor playground with sgraffi- by Adolphe Crespin at Rue Herkoliers school
Former Cohn-‐Donnay house, Rue Royale Sainte-‐Marie by Paul Hamesse 1904, details of bar (former recep-on room and garden passage) Now “De Ul-eme Hallucina-e” bar-‐ restaurant
Aegidium dance hall (later cinema), Saint-‐Gilles 1905, G Seghers
Otlet house, Rue de Florence, by Octave Van Rysselberghe 1897
Otlet house, entrance hall, stained glass by Henry Van de Velde 1863-‐1957
Otlet house, stained-‐glass window from salon to stairwell by Henry Van de Velde
former Edouard Hannon house, now Contretype Gallery, Avenue de la Jonc-on, by Jules Brunfaut 1904, stained-‐glass by Emile Gallé, executed by Raphael Evaldre
Hannon house, upstairs landing window executed by Raphael Evaldre
Hannon house, stairwell mural “Les Joies de la Vie” by Pierre-‐Albert Baudouin
Thank you for your attention Any Questions?