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Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks (BSCI) 642-901

Study Guide

Contents: Routing Protocols -EIGRP Page 2 -OSPF Page 7 -IS-IS Page 12 -BGP Page 16 Advanced Routing Topics -Multicast Page 20 -Route Manipulation Page 22 -IPv6 Page 23 -DHCP Services Page 26 Disclaimer: This guide was created with the intention to help with the Cisco exam BSCI 642-901. This is just a quick reference, cram style study guide. It is not designed to teach the foundation topics required to pass the exam, rather a guide to help remember specific topics. I suggest reading the Cisco Press books associated with the exam before going through this guide, as well as getting as much hands on practice with the Cisco IOS if you want to be successful. This guide also assumes the reader has CCNA level knowledge to understand many of the terms used.

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Routing Protocols

EIGRP Overview -Developed by Cisco, and will only work with Cisco devices -Considered a “Hybrid” between Link-state, and Distance vector routing protocols -Uses backup routes called a feasible successor -Uses the DUAL algorithm to calculate routes -Has 3 tables: Neighbor, Routing, and Topology. -Classless Routing, supports VLSM -Supports multiple routed protocols ex. IPX, Appletalk, IP Terminology Successor: The best route, or primary route, to a network. It has the lowest FD Feasible Successor: The backup route to a successor. Feasible Distance (FD): The total distance to the destination network, including the AD Advertised Distance (AD): The distance from the next-hop router, and the destination network Active Route: Route is undergoing computation, due to a change ex. Its down. Passive Route: Operational route Neighbor table: List of directly connected routers Routing table: The best routes to networks. List of successors and feasible successors Topology table: A list of neighbors' routing tables. DUAL: The algorithm that decides what routes to use Reliable transport protocol (RTP): Ensures EIGRP packets reliability EIGRP Metric The metric is the bases for how the Successor is chosen. The lower the metric, the better the path to that network is. It is a complex calculation that can be based on: Bandwidth – The speed of the line Delay – The time it takes for a packet to cross the line Reliability – Uptime of a line Loading – The load on the line MTU – Maximum Transmission Unit Although all of these can be configured, by default, only Bandwidth and Delay are used to calculate the metric. These options are referred to as K values in the IOS. *Note* If a metric option is configured on one router, but not another, they will NOT become neighbors

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EIGRP packets Hello: Creates relationship with neighbors Update: Update/send routing tables to neighbors Query: Queries for available routes/paths to networks Reply: Reply to a query ACK: The RTP response to ensure the packet was received. Used for everything BUT Hello packets. EIGRP Show Commands show ip eigrp neighbors: Displays the neighbor table -H (handle): Lists each neighbor in order of discovery -Address: The layer 3 address of the neighbor ex. IP address. -Interface: The int that the neighbor is connected through -Hold Time: The maximum time without hearing a Hello packet before this link is considered “dead”. The default is 15 seconds, or 3 hello packets. -Smooth Round Trip Timer (SRTT): The average time for the router to send a hello packet, and receive an ACK back. show ip eigrp topology: Displays routes with their associated successors and fiesable successors (if applicable), along with the FD to each. Also displayed here, are if any routes are in an active or passive state. show ip route: Displays the routing table, along with how each route has been learned. show ip eirgp interfaces: Displays specific information for each interface that is configured for EIGRP Peers: Number of directly connected neighbors Pacing Time: Used to determine when eigrp packets should be sent on this interface. Pending routes: Number of routers in the packets that are waiting to be sent show ip eigrp traffic: Displays the number of EIGRP packets that have been sent/receive. eg. The numbers of hello packets send/receive.

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Load Balancing By default, EIGRP will load balance across up to 4 equal paths to the same network. Paths are considered equal, when they have the exact same metric. You can however, load balance over multiple paths even if they do not have equal metrics. The command to do this is called variance, and is run from the EIGRP configuration prompt. ex. hostname<config-router>#variance 3 The number after the variance command is a value between 1-128, with 1 being default. This number defines how much of a variance there can be from the metric of the successor, by a multiple of whatever the number is. ex. a variance of 3 means that there can be up to 3 times the metric to still be used for load balancing. If the successor's metric is 500, then it will use any routes with up to 1500 as a metric as well. EIGRP Default Route A default route is a route that a router sends packets to, that it does not have a route for in its routing table for. ex. Addresses on the Internet. In the IOS is is referred to the gateway of last resort. Configure by setting a static route to 0.0.0.0 via 0.0.0.0 on the interface you want it to go out of. ex. ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 eth0/0 If you then want to advertise this route to other routers to use via EIGRP, configure the network for it on the AS number you are using. ex. router eigrp 1 network 0.0.0.0 This would allow other routers use int eth0/0 on this router, as a default gateway. You can also configure a default route on an existing route by the ip default-network command. ex. ip default-network 192.168.0.1 This will set the current route to 192.168.0.1 as the gateway of last resort/default route. Route Summarization By default, EIGRP has the command auto-summary enabled. This causes the protocol to become classfull, and does not transmit the subnet masks along with routing updates (it assumes default masks). To turn off auto-summary so that you can use more specific and efficient summarization, simply enter the no auto-summary command from the EIGRP configuration prompt. You will then be able to configure specific summary routes. ex. ip summary-address eigrp 1 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.240

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EIGRP Authentication As a way to protect the network there is the option to have EIGRP communication authenticated. It uses MD5 hashing to encrypt a key-chain of keys which are used in the domain. Each key will have a “lifetime” on it, which is how long the route will use that key. This way you can set 1 key to expire, and have it automatically start using another afterwards. You can have the keys overlap, to ensure no problems between routers when changing keys. To configure: key chain Key_Chain1 where Key_Chain1 is whatever name you want to call the key chain. This takes you into the configuration of that key chain. key 1 where 1 is the number of whatever key you want to configure. key-string defines what the 'password' will be for this key There are now 2 commands to run, to set how often the keys will be used. accept-lifetime is the timeframe that this router will accept this key as valid send-lifetime is the timeframe that this router will use this key and send to others routers. These values are set by setting the time-to-start (hh:mm:ss, day, MONTH) and the duration, or a specific time to stop. Now to actually turn on authentication, you go into the interface configuration of whatever link you want to run it. You do not need to run authentication on every link. Under the interface type: ip authentication mode eigrp 1 md5 where 1 is the AS number Once it is on, you need to apply the key-chain to be used ip authentication key-chain eigrp 1 Key_Chain1 where 1 is the AS and Key_Chain1 is the name of the key chain. *note: If a router receives communication on a link from another EIGRP router and does not have the correct authentication, it is immediately taken out of the routing table. STUB Zones A stub is a router that does not go anywhere, meaning it is not asked about routes because it has already told its neighbors that it has nothing else. Although not unique to EIGRP, stubs help cut down on queries within a network. ex. A link goes down on a router that is also connected to 5 other routers. It will then query those 5 routers for a backup path, and if those routers do not have a route, will then pass the query on and on until it finds one, or it timesout. If those 5 routers were configured as stubs, the router that lost the link would not even ask them, as it already knows they are stubs and have no other routes. From the EIGRP configuration prompt, use the eigrp stub command, followed by what you want to advertise. ex. eigrp stub static. This would advertise all/only static routes.

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EIGRP Notes -224.0.0.10 is the multicast address that EIGRP uses. -Hello packets are NOT sent reliably, meaning there is no ACK message when they are received. -The metric calculation is ... -The administrative distance for Internal EIGRP is 90 and for External EIGRP 170 -A K-Value mismatch means the options being used to calculated the metric differs between connected routers, and they will not become neighbors because of it. -A graceful shutdown is when an interface shutdown (either administratively or due to a reload), EIGRP will send out a final hello message with k-values of 255 to tell other routers that is it being taken down. Also called a goodbye message.

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OSPF

Overview -Link state protocol -Uses Dijkstra's SPF algorithm -Only sends routing updates when there are changes* -Very resource intensive compared to other protocols Terminology -Neighbor Table: List of directly connected routers -Routing Table: The current best routes to networks -Topology Table: A complete database of all possible routes in an area -Area Border Router (ABR): A router that connects 2 areas together, and knows about both topologies -Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR): Connects an area to a network, outside of your AS ex A network like the Internet. Also connects to a network running a different routing protcol. -Router ID (RID): an identifying name used by OSPF. -Internal Router: I router that has all interfaces in one area -Backbone Router: A router in the backbone area A. -NBMA: Non-Broadcast-Multi-Access. ex. Frame Relay Areas All areas must connect back to area 0, which is considered the backbone area. Because of this, on ABRs, one of the interfaces must ALWAYS be in area 0. The topology table is shared and is the same between all routers in an area. ABRs, will have routes from both areas. Router ID Based on the highest IP address that is active when OSPF starts on a router. However, a loopback interface will take priority over a physical, regardless of whether it is higher or not. ex. int e0/0 is 192.168.1.1 int e0/1 is 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.2 becomes the RID If you configured a loopback with the address of 1.1.1.1, then the RID would be 1.1.1.1 next time OSPF started. The command router-id, overrides all ip address and becomes the RID. ex. <config>#router-id 2.2.2.2

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Show Commands show ip ospf – Displays OSPF related information, including area types show ip ospf database – Displays details of LSAs show ip ospf neighbor – Displays Neighbor table show ip route – Displays routing table When looking at the routing table, OSPF routes have 4 different tags O – an intra-area route learned by OSPF O IA – an inter-area router learned by OSPF E1 – An external route. E2 – An external route. The difference between E1 and E2, is that E1 is the combined costs of all hops to get to that external router, whereas E2 is just the cost the ASBR gave that route, regardless of the cost to get to that ASBR. This is the default and should be left as unless there are multiple ASBRs to get to an external network. Summarization Route summarization can only be done on an ABR between areas, thus careful planning needs to be done to ensure IP address contiguousness. Route Summarization blocks specific route LSAs from entering the backbone and propagating to all areas. Two types of summarization can be done: Interarea route summarization – When an ABR summarizes routes in an area External router summarization – Summarizations of routers injected in OSPF via redistribution. Usually done on ASBRs. To configure interarea summarization from the OSPF configuration: area 1 range 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 100, where 1 is the area ID, and 100 is the cost (optional) To configure external summarization on an ASBR from the OSPF configuration: summary-address 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 word, where word is a tag (optional) for us with route-maps.

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Neighbor Communication and Packet types Hello packets – Sent to all routers on the area, contains neighbor table. Database description (DBD) – Brief description of the topology, used

to communicate what routes have been learned. Link-state request (LSR) – A request for an LSA of a route Link-state update (LSU) – Packet that contains the LSA(s). Link-state advertisement (LSA) - -Type 1/Router LSA -A route that is flooded to all routers in an area -Type 2/Network LSA -Advertises a network in an area -Type 3/Summary LSA -Routers to another area. Type 1 LSAs and turned in Type 3 by ABRs -Type 4/Summery LSA -Like type 3, but involve ASBRs -Type 5/External LSA -An advertisement of another AS by an ASBR -Type 7 -Use in NSSA to pass LSAs from external networks Link-state acknowledgment (LSACK) – Acknowledgment message that ensures reliability of updates

Neighbor process OSPF Metric/Costs OSPF makes its routing decisions based on the cost of routes. The lower the cost the better, or faster, the route. Cost = 100 / Bandwidth in Mbps eg. FE 100Mbs = 1 Ethernet 10Mbps = 10 T1 1.544 = 65 56k = 1785 However, by default, because there cannot be a fraction of a cost, anything over 100mbps, would also get a cost of 1, no matter the speed. There are two ways to change the default costs. First, you can just manually specify what you want the cost to be. To do this, use the command ip ospf cost on an interface Or, you can change how the cost is calculated so that it adjusts to the bandwidth more accurately. Under the OSPF configuration, use auto-cost reference-bandwidth 100 , where 100 is the metric you want to use in Mbs (100 being default)

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DRs and BDRs Anytime there is a shared segment, there will be a DR and a BDR. P2P connections however, do not elect or need this. All other routers on the segment, will be tagged as DR-Other All updates that are needed to be sent out on that segment, will be sent out by the DR. The DR and BDR are elected based on the router priority that is sent in the hello packet. Since by default all the router priorities are set to 1, the tie break is the higher RID. You can change the router priority, to ensure a router becomes a DR or BDR, use the command router-priority ex. <config>#router-priority 2. If all other routers were left as 1, this would become the DR. You can set the priority to 0 if you would like to disable the router from ever becoming DR/BDR Authentication Two types of authentication are supported in OSPF. Simple password (plain text), and MD5 authentication. Passwords are inserted into the header of OSPF packets, and neighbors must share the same passwords on the interface in which they are connected. To configure authentication from the interface config: ip ospf authentication-key word, where word is the password you want to use, or for an MD5 key, use ip ospf message-digest-key 100 md5 word, where 100 is the key-id, and word is the password. ip ospf authentication for simple password, or ip ospf authentication message-digest for MD5 encryption of the password. Default Route OSPF routers do not, by default, generate a default route. To configure: default-information originate always. If there is already a default-route in the routing table, this will tell this router to advertise it to others. If there is not already a default-route, the always (optional) option at the end forces it to advertise the 0.0.0.0 anyway. NBMA Types and Configurations Broadcast, multi-access networks: Ex. Ethernet. Single operation mode. Uses DR/BDR and 10 second hello intervals Point-to-Point networks: Ex. ISDN Single operation mode. No DR/BDR and 10 second hello intervals. Non-Broadcast, Multi-Access (NBMA) networks: Ex. Frame Relay Five operation modes.

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Virtual Links and Configurations Virtual links are used to connect areas to the backbone, through other areas, without actually sharing an ABR with area 0. You can also use it to connect discontinuous area 0s in an AS. However, this should only be considered a temporary solution, and not part of the design. To configure: area 1 virtual-link 2.2.2.2, where 2.2.2.2 is the router ID of the remote router you want to neighbor with. Stub, Totally Stubby Areas and Not-So-Stubby-Areas Stub area – The ABR does not forward external routes into this area. In routers need to reach external networks, they use default routes. Totally Stubby area – This area does not accept external routes, or summary routers from other areas. NSSA – A stub area that allows routes to still come in under LSA type 7. This areas can also have ASBRs. Stub and Totally stub areas should have only 1 exit, or only 1 default route to exit. All routers within an area must be configured as stub routers before they will become neighbors. To configure stub areas, ####### Notes *updates are still sent every 30mins to neighbors, to ensure convergence. LSAs on virtual links do not age, and will not be refreshed every 30mins

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IS-IS

Overview -A router is referred to as an intermediate system, or an IS. -Is a Link-State Routing protocol -Uses SPF algorithm -Originally created to be used with the OSI protocol -Integrated IS-IS was created to support TCP/IP -Integrated IS-IS still requires and OSI address, which is now called a CLNS, which acts as the layer 3 protocol for IS-IS. Terminology Connectionless Network Services (CLNS): The OSI address used by IS-IS L1 Router: Only knows of networks in their own area L2 Router: Only knows of routes on the backbone. Network Service Access Points (NSAP): The CLNS address that is applied to a router. NSAP Selector (NSEL): When this is set to 0, the SNAP is called a NET Network Entity Title (NET): Used to identify an OSI host in a domain PDU LSP IS-IS Routing There are 3 types of routers. L1, L1/L2, and L2. Areas connect to each other via links instead of ABRs. However, L2 routers must be contiguous throughout the network, and have a physical path through each area. Because IS-IS runs through CLNS, it is less resource intensive than OSPF. Fewer updates are sent, and there are much fewer update types to be sent. Metrics The default on all connections, is a metric of 10, regardless of the connection type or speed. To make IS-IS more efficient, you can configure the metric on a link: isis metric 30 level-2, where 30 is the new metric value, and level-2 is the interface types to apply to. The metric can be set to anything from 1 to 63

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CLNS addresses Unlike IP, CLNS can apply to an entire router, as opposed to a specific interface. IS-IS requires CLNS addressing on all nodes for them to discover each other. CLNS addresses that are used by routers are call NSAPs. NSAP addresses contain the OSI address, and a link to the higher-layer process. It is the equivalent of the IP address and TCP. The NSAP address is broken down into 3 parts; the area address, the system ID (6 bytes), and the NSEL (1 byte), with a maximum of 20 bytes total. The first part of an NSAP address is AFI. If this is set to 49, it means that the address is for internal use (private). An example of an address: 49.0004.0000.0c4b.7b3c.00, where 49 is to specify its private, 0004 is the area ID, system ID is the MAC address, and the NSEL set to 0, making it a NET address.. The area address is associated with the IS-IS routing process. All routers in an area must be set the same, and is what defines an area, and is what is used in L2 routing. L1 routers only see routers with the same area address. The system ID must be unique within an area. Usually use the MAC address, but anything 6-bytes long is possible. L1 routing is based on this ID, and must be unique. Route leaking Because L2 and L1 computations are separate, it is possible to have asymmetric routing. Meaning the path a packet takes to reach a destination, may take a different path on the way back, due to L2 and L1 routers seeing different paths to take. Route leaking is like redistribution, where the L2 routers share some interarea routes with L1 routers. IS-IS packets OSI recognizes a frame as a data-link PDU, and a packet as a network PDU. The 4 other types of PDUs are: Hello PDU (ESH, ISH, IIH) – use to establish and maintain adjacencies. LSP – Used to distribute link-state information PSNP – Used to ACK or request missing link-state information CSNP – Used to describe an entire LSDB L1 and L2 information is distributed in separate LSPs. LSPs in a broadcast network are sent out as multicast, and as unicast on P-t-P networks. The default interval on Hello packets (IIH) is 10 seconds. The dead timer is still 3 times the hello timers

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Network types IS-IS only works in with broadcast networks, or Point to Point. It does not know about NBMA networks, and it is recommended to use point-to-point over NBMA clouds. IS-IS assumes that LANs and WANs are in a full mesh state, and broadcasting can be achieved. LSDB synchronization When an LSP is received, it is then flooded to all neighbors except the one it came from. L1 LSPs in their local areas, and L2 LSPs through the backbone. A sequence number is used to ensure only current updates are listened to. Adjacent routers exchange CSNPs to compare their LSDB, and are used to determine whether their LSDBs are synchronized. PSNPs are used to acknowledge receipt of LSPs and to request anything missing. Configuring IS-IS To enable IS-IS on a router: router isis 10, where 10 is the area-tag. The area-tag is not like an area ID from OSPF, rather it is more like the process-id. If it is omitted, the IOS assumes 0 in its place. To set a NET for a router once IS-IS has been enabled: net 49.0004.0000.0a2c.93bc.00 To set the router type: is-type level-1 or level-1-2 or level-2-only. It not set, the default is a L1/L2 router. Once you have set these two things, you then need to go into the interface you want IP routing: ip router isis 10, where 10 is the area-tag. To change the router type on a per-interface basis: isis circuit-type level-1 or level-1-2 or level-2-only. Show commands show clns – displays general info about CLNS network show clns 10 protocol – specific info on an area, where 10 is the area tag. show isis 10 route - displays L1 routing table, where 10 is the area tag. show clns route – displays L2 routing table show isis 10 database – displays the LSDB show isis 10 topology – displays L1 and L2 topology tables

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Summarization To configure route summarization from the router config: summary-address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 level-1-2

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BGP

Overview A routing protocol designed for the internet to connected AS. An InterDomain Routing Protocol (IDRP). The routing table on a core internet BGP router can be more than 200,000 routes. Considered a 'path vector' type of protocol Because BGP is so scalable, it has very slow convergence time. Uses TCP for reliability Terminology Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP): External Gateway Protocol (EGP): Autonomous System (AS): External BGP: When BGP is running between routers in different AS Internal BGP: When BGP is running between routers in the same AS Peer Group: A group of neighbors configured to have the same update policies. Multihoming Multihoming is when an AS has more than one connection to the Internet. This could be for reliability, or for performance reasons. BGP helps in preventing routing loops, as well as being able to configure which links to use, and when. There are 3 ways to accomplish this -Each ISP passes only a default route to the internal routers. Path manipulation cannot be done by the AS, as the ISP controls what default route is used. -Eash ISP passes only a default route and ISP specific routes This allows more optimal routing decisions to be made, and allow routers to router through better paths (if they exist) to specific networks. -Each ISP passes all routes to the AS Although resource intensive, this all allows the best routes to be chosen to any network. BGP synchronization BGP synchronization is disabled by default. With synchronization on, BGP routers in a transit path do not use or advertise routers to external AS, thus it is unnecessary to turn it on. Redistribution from BGP into an IGP is not scalable due to the size of some BGP tables, thus most networks will run full-mesh IBGP networks.

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Packet types Once TCP is established between 2 peers, each side sends an open message. A keepalive is sent in reply if the open is acceptable. Once this has happened, updates and notifications can be exchanged. Open message - Includes the version of BGP running, AS number, hold time, BGP router ID (which is chosen the same way as OSPF), and any optional options. Keepalives – A simple message header to keep the hold timer from expiring. Updates – Updates only one path at a time. May also include withdrawn routes, path attributes, and a list of IP address prefixes that can be reached by this route. Notifications – Sent when BGP routers detect an error on a route. Neighbors Also known as peers. BGP routers do not form relationships with all routers, rather a select few in which it exchanges updates with. Peers can be either internal, or external of the AS. Peers are configured manual, and do no discover each other automatically. There are 6 states for a neighbor to be in: Idle Connect Active Open Sent Open Confirm Established Only when routers are in an established state, will updates, keepalives and notification messages exchanged. Attributes Attributes are what the routing decisions are based on, like a metric. An attribute can be: well-known mandatory -AS-path, type code 2. A list of AS numbers that a route has traversed through. -Next hop, type code 3 The next hop IP address to get to a destination. -Origin, type code 1 Describes where the route came from. Can be one of 3 options: IGP, EGP, or incomplete(unknown)

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well-known discretionary -Local preference, type code 5 Indicates which path is preferred to exit an AS. -Atomic aggregate type code 6 optional transitive (partial) -Aggregator type code 7 -Community, type code 8 A way of tagging routes for filtering/maps optional non-transitive -Multiexit-discriminator (MED), type code 4 Also called the metric, indicated to external neighbors the preferred path into the AS Well-known – all BGP implementations must recognizes and propagate. Mandatory must appear in updates, and discretionary does not. Optional – BGP routers might propagate the attributes. Transitive routers will pass the attributes on as partial, and non-transitive will delete the attribute. Weight – A cisco specific attribute that applies only to the local router. Routes with a higher weight are preferred. Route Selection Multiple paths may exist to a network, and they are all kept in the BGP table. However, BGP select only one path to get to a network, which goes into the routing table. The decision is based on the attributes set. BGP does not consider routers with AS loops, or unreachable next-hops. Configuration of BGP To enable BGP on a router, use router bgp 65100, where 65100 is the AS. You can only have 1 AS on a router. To activate a session with a BGP neighbor use: neighbor 192.168.0.2 remote-as 65101, where the IP is the address of the neighbor To create a peer group, use the command neighbor group1 peer-group, where group1 is the name of the group. neighbor 192.168.0.2 peer-group group1, with the IP address of the neighbor to add to a group To use a loopback address when configuring a neighbor, use update-source option: neighbor 1.1.1.1 update-source loopback 1, where 1 is the interface-number

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IP Multicast

Overview Networks can be more efficient by sending the same information once, to multiple nodes Use Class D addresses Most applications will use UDP Terminology IGMP CGMP PIM RP RPF Multicast IP and MAC addresses Multicast addresses are in the class D range, 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. Some common local scope IP addresses reserved by IANA 224.0.0.1 – All hosts 224.0.0.2 – Al multicast routers 224.0.0.5 – All OSPF routers 224.0.0.6 – OSPF DRs. 224.0.0.9 – RIPv2 routers 224.0.0.10 – All EIGRP routers In layer 2 environments, the IANA has reserved a block of MAC addresses starting with 01:00:5E to be marked as multicasts. IGMP Used between hosts and their local router to join multicast groups, so that the router knows to forward multicasts to the them. IGMP snooping is a way to prevent multicast flooding on layer 2 switches, since they cannot see the IP address of hosts that have joined the multicast.

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The current version is IGMPv3. It allows for hosts to request access to multicast sessions, as well as send out leave-group messages to stop the router from sending the session. V3 also adds the ability to filter multicasts based on the source so that hosts can have control over what is received. By default, layer 2 switches flood IGMP groups. One solution is to manually add multicast mac addresses, but this is not scalable. IGMP snooping is a way for switches to listen to all IGMP packets, and update their tables respectively, essentially becoming Layer 3 aware. This can be resource intensive. CGMP Cisco proprietary protocol that runs between a router and a switch. When a host joins IGMP group, the router creates a CGMP packet with the mac address of the client that requested for the switch, so that the switch can forward the traffic appropriately. The multicast mac address that the switches listens on is 0x0100.0cdd.dddd. PIM routing PIM is independent of the routing protocol and uses its own routing table, but gets its information for it via the unicast routing protocol running. Multi-cast routers use PIM to dynamically creates distribution trees to determine the path of multicast traffic. There are 2 types of these trees. Source Tree – Direct paths to each multcicast group from the source. Shared Tree – A single tree shared by all routers. I has a single common root called an RP which all sources forward to. Multicast routing also uses Reverse Path Forwarding, which does not send a packet to a receiver, but instead sends the packet away from the source. There are 2 modes that PIM can be in: Sparse mode (PIM-SM) – Uses a 'pull' model to send traffic. Uses the shared tree. Sources register with the RP Dense mode (PIM-DM) – Uses a 'push' model to flood traffic. Uses the source tree. Routers that do not want the multicasts, send requests to the source to prune them from the tree. There can also be the option of PIM sparse-dense mode that is a hybrid of the two, that allows for both groups concurrently. Cisco recommends this option to always be used.

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Configuration To enable multicast routing on a router, use ip multicast-routing command To enable a mode, from an interface: ip pim sparse-mode or ip pim-sparse-dense mode. To set the router to be the RP: ip pim send-rp-announce ethernet 0/1 scope 3 group-list 101, where ethernet 0/1 is the interface to run on, 3 is the TTL maximum hops to announce to, and 101 is the access-list of hosts to send to. The announcements are sent on the 224.0.1.39 address. To manually listen on interface to a multicast group: ip igmp join-group 224.0.0.55, with the IP of the group to listen on. To join an interface to a group so that it automatically forwards those packets: ip igmp static-group 224.0.0.55 Show commands show ip mroute – displays the IP multicast routing table show ip pim interface – displays information about routers configured for PIM show ip pim neighbor – displays discovered PIM neighbors show ip pim rp – displays RP information show ip rpf – displays RPF information for the RP show ip igmp interface – displays multicast information for that interface show ip igmp groups – displays the multicast groups this router is part of

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IPv6

Overview -A new form of Internet Protocol, designed to replace IPv4 (current) -No broadcasting/boardcast address -IPsec standard on all communication -around 300,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 available addresses Formatting IPv6 addresses are 128bits long. The are broken up into 8 groups, of 4 hex characters each. ex. 2001:0002:0349:0000:0000:0000:0A56B:98AA To make them shorter, and more manageable, two things are allowed. First, any groups of consecutive zeros, can be dropped once, and replaced with :: ex: 2001:0002:0349::0A56B:98AA Second, any leading zeros on any groups, can be omitted ex: 2001:2:349::A56B:98AA Types of Communications Unicast: Same as IPv4, sent to one host. Multicast: Sent to many hosts listening to a multicast address, and replaces broadcasts. Anycast: Sent to the closest host All devices will usually have more than one IP address. The types of addresses are : Link-Local: Layer 2 domain. ex. Like a local segment This address is assigned automatically without DHCP, a lot like the 169.254.x.x address in IPv4. It is used to locally communicate with other devices on the segment, without needing a DHCP or assigned addresses. Every device will always at least have this.

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All link-local address will start with FE80. The first 10 bits, will always be 1111 1110 10, followed by 54 bits of zeros. This way you can look at an address, and know right away that it is link local The last 64 bits of the address, will be the MAC address of the device, with FFFE in the middle. ex. If the mac address was 0012:21D5:012E, the link-local address will be FE80:0000:0000:0000:0012:21FF:FED5:012E or FE80::12:21FF:FED5:12E short-formed. Unique: Organization wide addressing Used within an organization to define network boundaries, or domains. They can be compared to the private IP addressing of IPv4 (10.x.x.x, 172.16.x.x etc) The first 8 bits in a Unique address, are 1111 1101, which equals FD. The next 40 bits represent your global ID, which is your organization's ID. This is unique per organization, and is assigned to all devices within. The next 16 bits will be the subnet ID The last 64 bits will be the interface ID. This can be manually assigned, or automatically by a DHCP Global: Internet address This will be the address that lets you route on the Internet. You can still use a NAT with a unique address internally, but Internet routers will route by the Global address. The first 3 bits must be set to 001, making all addresses start with 2. The next 45 bits or less, will comprise the Global Routing Prefix. The internet is expected to use addresses starting with 2001:: The next 64 bits (less what ever the global used), will be the subnet ID, to narrow down the location of the route. The last 64 bits, will be the interface address. Multicast Addresses First 8 bits are set to 1111 1111, which means they start with FF The next 4 bits, are called the FLAG. This is used to set some basic options, like whether the address is permanent (RFC defined) or temporary (something you create). The next 4 bits define the scope. This specifies how far this multicast goes. The options are

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1 – Interface (loopback) 2 – Link 3 - Subnet 4 - Admin 5 - Site 8 - Organization E – Global (internet) The last 112 bits are the address. This can be set to whatever you want, as long as they are not already assigned to something else. Some of the already assigned addresses are as follows: FF02::1 - All nodes on the link (pretty much a broadcast) FF02::2 - All routers on the link FF02::9 - All RIP routers on the link FF05::101 - All NTP servers in the site FF02::1:FFxx:xxxx - “arp” msg to all nodes on the link, where the last 6 digits match the x's. ex. FF02::1:FF00:28FD would be a way to find the layer 2 address of a system that ends in 00:28FD.

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DHCP Services Overview Used to provide clients with IP addresses dynamically Terminology bootp DHCP binding Configuration DHCP service and relay agent are enabled by default. To turn them on use service dhcp command To specify a database to store DHCP bindings: ip dhcp database \\server1 To disable conflict logging no ip dhcp conflict logging To specify an exclude list ip dhcp exclude-address 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.10 To create the DHCP pool to be used and enter specific DHCP config: ip dhcp pool mypool To specify the range to be used network 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 dns-server 192.168.0.2 /24 to specify DNS default-router 192.168.0.1 /24 to specify a gateway Relay agent A relay agent relays DHCP requests across domains. Because DHCP requests are broadcasts, this needs to be on in order to reach a DHCP server through a router. In order for a relay agent to work, the ip helper-address needs to be assigned to an interface. This changes the broadcasts into a unicasts and forwards them to the correct server.

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Show commands show ip dhcp database – displays recent activity in the database show ip dhcp binding – displays a list of bindings show ip dhcp conflict – displays any address conflicts clear ip dhcp binding – clears bindings