BS(CS) 3rd Semester

8/14/2019 BS(CS) 3rd Semester

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MEMORYMEMORY

BS(CS) 3rdSemester


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Scope of this WeekScope of this Week

o Introduction to Memory

o Memory Processing

o Memory Model

o Forgetting

o Improving Memory


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MemoryMemory

Memory... is the diary that we all carrywith us.

~Oscar Wilde

o Storing of learned informationoThe ability to recall what has been

stored

o Allows us to retrieve events from thedistant past or from moments ago

o Enables us to learn new skills and toform habits


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MemorycontMemorycont

o Without memory life would be a series ofdisconnected experiences, each one newand unfamiliar

o Human memory is like computersmemory, we store and later we retrieve

o It helps us understand the present andremember our past

o Memory indicates that learning haspersisted over time


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The MEMORYThe MEMORY

PROCESSPROCESSo Memory processing involves 3

stages:

o Encoding

o Storage

o Retrieval


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1.Encoding1.Encodingo Getting Information Through to Our Mind

o Transforming The Information Into a MeaningfulForm

o Automatic Processing:

o Unconscious Encoding Of Incidental Information

o Effortful Processing:o Requires Attention And Conscious Effort

o Acoustic Encoding (Sound Of Words)

o Visual Encoding (Picture Images)

o Semantic Encoding (Meaning Of Words)


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2.Storage2.Storage

o Retaining Or Holding Onto TheInformation

o Physiological Change In The Neural Path

Must Occur For The Memory To Be Stored

oJust Like The Computer Stores Data On ADisk Or a Hard Drive

o Without Storage There Will Be NoMemory

o Happening at a Conscious & SubconsciousLevel


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3. Retrieval3. RetrievaloThe Process Of Getting Information Out Of

Storage

o We Retrieve Through:

o

Recall:o Pulling The Stored Information IntoConsciousness As On A Fill In The Blank Test

o Recognition:o Identifying Previously Learned As On A MCQ Test

o Relearningo Amount Of Time Saved When Learning

Something For The Second Time


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MEMORY MODELMEMORY MODELRichard Atkinson & Richard ShiffrinRichard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin

o Model Of MemoryDistinguishes Three Main

Systems Or Compartments:

o Sensory Memory

o Short-term (Working) Memory

o Long-term Memory


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1.Sensory Memory1.Sensory Memory

o Initial Mechanism Of Memoryo Refers To The Information We

Receive Through The Senses

o Lasts For Few Seconds Not MoreThen 3 To 4 Seconds

o Iconic Memory:o Momentary Sensory Memory Of Visual

Stimuli

o Echoic Memory:o Momentary Sensory Memory Of Auditory

Stimuli


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2. Short-Term Memory2. Short-Term Memory

o Also Known As Working Memoryo Its The Information We Are Currently

Aware Of or Thinking About

o In Freudian Psychology Its ReferredAs Conscious Mind

o STM Stores Information ForApproximately 20 To 30 Seconds

o Attending To This Information AllowsIt To Continue On The Next Stage,

The Long-Term Memory


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3. Long-Term Memory3. Long-Term Memory

o Relatively Permanent

o Practically Unlimited In Terms OfIts Storage Capacity

o Similar To The Permanent StorageOf a Computer

o It Stores Facts, Vocabulary, Skills,

Life Events Etc.

o It Usually Stores Information ThatIs Significant Or Beneficial


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Subcategories of LTMSubcategories of LTMo Semantic Memory

oFactual Or General Knowledge Of The WorldoMeaning Of Words, Concepts, And Our Ability

To Do Math Etc.

o Procedural MemoryoSkills That Humans Possess, become a reflex

oTying Shoelaces, Riding A Bicycle, Swimming&Hitting a Baseball, Playing Cricket etc

o Episodic MemoryoMemories of Events & Life Situations

Connected With A Specific Time And PlaceoChildhood Experiences, First Prize, Graduation

Day etc


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Pictorial Demonstration ofPictorial Demonstration of

Memory ModelMemory Model


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FORGET AboutFORGET About

Forgetting??Forgetting??o Counterpart of Memoryo As much as we Remember, we Forget more!

o Not all that bad

o A Natural Phenomenon

o Essential for our Survivalo Failing to remember doesnt mean its not there

o Forgetting done Unconsciously to avoidunpleasant and difficult situations (Abuse)

o Could be Physiological or Psychological


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Why Do We Forget??Why Do We Forget??

o First Scenario:oYou store information in your memoryo Are unable to remember it when you need too But can at a later date

o Second Scenario:o Information is inaccessibleoThe human memory simply forgets

informationo Permanently & the physical traces of thememory disappear

oThe information is unavailableo Mostly Physiological


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Forgetting In The STMForgetting In The STMo Decay:

o Occurs when Information is not Rehearsed

o When one does not contemplate it

oThe physical trace of such memory is thought tofade over time

o Displacement:o New Memories Replace Old Ones

o Easy to remember the new learning

o Interference:o Similar Information is difficult to Remember

o Proactive when Old Memories Interfere with theNew

o Retroactive when New Information Distorts Old one


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Forgetting In The LTMForgetting In The LTM

o Limitless in its Capacity in terms of Time

o Unknown if Information actually Disappears

oThrough Hypnosis can recall information not

consciously known to a persono Retrieval Cues can be Harder to find the Further

we are from them

o Doesnt Include Biological Disorders like

Alzheimers and Amnesia


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Ways to Improve MemoryWays to Improve Memoryo Pay Attention: Learn Promptly & Correctly

o Concentrate on One Task & Focus

o Involve as Many Senses as Possible

o Organize, Organize & Organize

o Establish a Regular Scheduleo Rehearse & Over-Learn

o Puzzles & Trivia Games

o Challenge Your Mind; Delve into the Difficult

o Make a Mind Mapo Be Motivated with a Positive Attitude


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Example of a Mind MapExample of a Mind Map

Documents

BS(CS) 3rd Semester