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Transforming education transforming India

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY,

PHAGWARA (Punjab)

Term Paper (BTY-349)Food Biotechnology

TOPIC: Probiotics and their effects on society

SUBMITTED BY: - SUBMITTED TO:-

Nitish Pathania Mr. Harshit Mandal

SEC-K7802

ROLL NO: - RK7802 A 06

REG. NO.: - 10803694

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I am extremely grateful and remain indebted to my friends and my guide Mr. Harshit

Mandal for being a source of inspiration and for their constant support in the Design,

Implementation and Evaluation of this Term Paper. I am thankful to him for their constant

constructive criticism and invaluable suggestions, which benefited me a lot while developing this

paper on topic Probiotics and its effects on society. Also they provide me a constant source

of inspiration and motivation for doing hard work while preparing this term paper. Through this

column, it would be my utmost pleasure to express my warm thanks to them for their

encouragement, co-operation and consent without which I mightnt be able to accomplish this

work of Term Paper.

I also want to express my gratitude to my God and my parents those are a great source for me of

inspiration. I am again very thankful to Mr.Harshit Mandal who gave me this chance to

express my thoughts with the help of this Term paper regarding the effective use of probiotics in

food biotechnology and its effects on the society.

Nitish Pathania

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Abstract:

Probioticslive microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer a health

benefit on the hosthave been studied for both human and animal applications, and worldwide

research on this topic has accelerated in recent years. This paper reviews the literature on

probiotics, describes how probiotics work in human ecosystems, and outlines the impact ofprobiotics on human health and disease. The paper also addresses safety issues of probiotic use,

suggests future developments in the field of probiotics, and provides research and policy

recommendations. Product considerations and potential future developments regarding probiotics

also are discussed. The authors conclude that controlled human studies have revealed a diverse

range of health benefits from consumption of probiotics, due largely to their impact on immune

function or on microbes colonizing the body. Additional, well-designed and properly controlled

human and mechanistic studies with probiotics will advance the essential understanding of active

principles, mechanisms of action, and degree of effects that can be realized by specific consumer

groups. Recommendations include establishment of a standard of identity for the term

probiotic, adoption of third-party verification of label claims, use of probiotics selectively inclinical conditions, and use of science-based assessment of the benefits and risks of genetically

engineered probiotic microbes.

Introduction:

Probiotics are live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer a health

benefit on the host. Probiotics commonly are isolated from human and animal intestinal tracts.Dead bacteria, products derived from bacteria, or end products of bacterial growth also may

impart certain benefits, but these derivatives are not considered to be probiotics because they are

not alive when administered. Native bacteria are not probiotics until the bacteria are isolated,purified, and proved to have a health benefit when administered. Probiotics have been studied for

both human and animal applications.

Worldwide, a diverse array of probiotic products is on the market. Yogurt is perhaps the most

common probiotic-carrying food, but the market has expanded beyond yogurt. Cheese, fer-mented and unfermented milks, juices, smoothies, cereal, nutrition bars, and infant/toddler

formula all are food vehicles for probiotic delivery. In addition to being sold as foods, probiotics

are sold as dietary supplements, medical foods, and drugs (although there are no probioticscurrently sold as drugs in the United States). Often these products are composed of concentrated,

dried microbes packaged into capsules, tablets, or sachets. This format is convenient for the

delivery of large numbers of microbes that, if manufactured and stored properly, can be quite

stable even at room temperature.

What motivates people to choose one format over another has much to do with personal

preference, product availability in different geographic regions, or individual needs, althoughfewer types of probiotic foods are available in the United States than in parts of Europe or Asia.

Product formulation may impact greatly how a probiotic survives during product storage and if it

reaches the target site in the body physiologically capable of exerting its benefits. Furthermore,additive or even synergistic activities of components in addition to probiotics in the product may

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enhance the products health-promoting properties. In the end, each specific product must be

judged based on its ability to deliver health benefits through a well-formulated probiotic content.

Researchers have studied many possible benefits of probiotics and the pace of research in recent

years has accelerated. They are also called "friendly bacteria" or "good bacteria." Probiotics are

available to consumers mainly in the form of dietary supplements and foods. They can be usedas complementary and alternative medicine (CAM).

Key Points

People use probiotic products as CAM to prevent and treat certain illnesses and supportgeneral wellness.

There is limited evidence supporting some uses of probiotics. Much more scientificknowledge is needed about probiotics, including about their safety and appropriate use.

Effects found from one species or strain of probiotics do not necessarily hold true forothers, or even for different preparations of the same species or strain.

What Probiotics Are?

Experts have debated how to define probiotics. One widely used definition, developed by the

World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, is

that probiotics are "live microorganisms, which, when administered in adequate amounts,confer a health benefit on the host." (Microorganisms are tiny living organismssuch asbacteria, viruses, and yeaststhat can be seen only under a microscope.)

Probiotics are not the same thing as prebioticsnon digestible food ingredients that selectively

stimulate the growth and/or activity of beneficial microorganisms already in people's colons.

When probiotics and prebiotics are mixed together, they form a symbiotic.

Probiotics are available in foods and dietary supplements and in some other forms as well.Examples of foods containing probiotics are yogurt, fermented and unfermented milk, miso,

tempeh, and some juices and soy beverages. In probiotic foods and supplements, the bacteria

may have been present originally or added during preparation.

Most probiotics are bacteria similar to those naturally found in people's guts, especially in those

of breastfed infants (who have natural protection against many diseases). Most often, the bacteria

come from two groups,Lactobacillus orBifidobacterium. Within each group, there are differentspecies (for example, Lactobacillus acidophilusand Bifidobacterium bifidus), and within each

species, different strains (or varieties). A few common probiotics, such as Saccharomyces

boulardii, are yeasts, which are different from bacteria.

Some probiotic foods date back to ancient times, such as fermented foods and cultured milk

products.

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Uses for Health Purposes:

There are several reasons that people are interested in probiotics for health purposes.

First, the world is full of microorganisms (including bacteria), and so are people's bodiesin andon the skin, in the gut, and in other orifices. Friendly bacteria are vital to proper development of

the immune system, to protection against microorganisms that could cause disease, and to thedigestion and absorption of food and nutrients.

This bacterial "balancing act" can be thrown off in two major ways:

1. By antibiotics, when they kill friendly bacteria in the gut along with unfriendly bacteria.Some people use probiotics to try to offset side effects from antibiotics like gas, cramping, ordiarrhea. Similarly, some use them to erase symptoms of lactose intolerancea condition in

which the gut lacks the enzyme needed to digest significant amounts of the major sugar in

milk, and which also causes gastrointestinal symptoms.

2. "Unfriendly" microorganisms such as disease-causing bacteria, yeasts, fungi, andparasites can also upset the balance. Researchers are exploring whether probiotics could haltthese unfriendly agents in the first place and/or suppress their growth and activity in

conditions like:

Infectious diarrhea Irritable bowel syndrome Inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease) Infection withHelicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a bacterium that causes most ulcers

and many types of chronic stomach inflammation

Tooth decay and periodontal disease Vaginal infections Stomach and respiratory infections that children acquire in daycare Skin infections

Another part of the interest in probiotics stems from the fact there are cells in the digestive tract

connected with the immune system. One theory is that if you alter the microorganisms in a

person's intestinal tract (as by introducing probiotic bacteria), you can affect the immunesystem's defenses.

Color enhanced scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of the bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus.

Spirochete bacteria can also be seen at center.

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What the Science Says?

Scientific understanding of probiotics and their potential for preventing and treating healthconditions is at an early stage, but moving ahead. In November 2005, a conference that was

conducted by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) and

convened by the American Society for Microbiology explored this topic.

According to the conference report, some uses of probiotics for which there is some encouraging

evidence from the study of specific probiotic formulations are as follows:

To treat diarrhea (this is the strongest area of evidence, especially for diarrhea fromrotavirus)

To prevent and treat infections of the urinary tract or female genital tract To treat irritable bowel syndrome To reduce recurrence of bladder cancer To shorten how long an intestinal infection lasts that is caused by a bacterium

called Clostridium difficile

To prevent and treat pouchitis (a condition that can follow surgery to remove the colon) To prevent and manage atopic dermatitis (eczema) in childrenThe conference panel also noted that in studies of probiotics as cures, any beneficial effect was

usually low; a strong placebo effect often occurs; and more research (especially in the form oflarge, carefully designed clinical trials) is needed in order to draw firmer conclusions.

Some other areas of interest to researchers on probiotics are:

What is going on at the molecular level with the bacteria themselves and how they mayinteract with the body (such as the gut and its bacteria) to prevent and treat diseases. Advancesin technology and medicine are making it possible to study these areas much better than in the

past.

Issues of quality. For example, what happens when probiotic bacteria are treated or areadded to foodsis their ability to survive, grow, and have a therapeutic effect altered?

The best ways to administer probiotics for therapeutic purposes, as well as the best dosesand schedules.

Probiotics' potential to help with the problem of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the gut. Whether they can prevent unfriendly bacteria from getting through the skin or mucous

membranes and traveling through the body (e.g., which can happen with burns, shock, trauma,or suppressed immunity).

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Side Effects and Risks:

Some live microorganisms have a long history of use as probiotics without causing illness inpeople. Probiotics' safety has not been thoroughly studied scientifically, however. More

information is especially needed on how safe they are for young children, elderly people, and

people with compromised immune systems.

Probiotics' side effects, if they occur, tend to be mild and digestive (such as gas or bloating).

More serious effects have been seen in some people. Probiotics might theoretically causeinfections that need to be treated with antibiotics, especially in people with underlying health

conditions. They could also cause unhealthy metabolic activities, too much stimulation of the

immune system, or gene transfer (insertion of genetic material into a cell).

Probiotic products taken by mouth as a dietary supplement are manufactured and regulated as

foods, not drugs.

Saccharomyces boulardi (large cells) found along with bacteria in fermented fruit juice.

NCCAM-Sponsored Research on Probiotics:

Among recent NCCAM-sponsored research are the following projects:

Investigators at Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine arestudying the effectiveness of selected probiotic agents to treat diarrhea in undernourished

children in a developing country.

At the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, researchers have been examining probiotics forpossibly decreasing the levels of certain substances in the urine that can cause problems such

as kidney stones.

A team at Tufts-New England Medical Center is studying probiotics for treating anantibiotic-resistant type of bacteria that causes severe infections in people who arehospitalized, live in nursing homes, or have weakened immune systems

Top 10 Probiotic Side Effects Everyone Should Be Aware of

Additional NCCAM sponsored research:

The controversy involving probiotics is the same as with any other natural or alternative therapy:

the medical community will not acknowledge or put any priority on any research if there isnt a

monetary gain achieved by someone. Whenever the balance is upset, we experience a plethora of

problems: everything from lactose intolerance to infections. Probiotic therapy is the use of the

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good bacteria from natural and supplement sources to balance the bodys internal system. Our

bodies have both good and bad bacteria. Scientific understanding of probiotics and their potential

for preventing and treating health conditions is at an early stage, but moving ahead. In November

2005, a conference that was co funded by the National Center for Complementary and

Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) and convened by the American Society for Microbiology

explored this topic. Manufacturing companies have more recently used probiotics as a new

marketing tool to sell their products.

Here are the top 10 probiotic side effects:

1. Gas or bloating

Probiotics have been proclaimed to be a therapy to assist in eliminating gas or bloating. In some

people, probiotics can have the opposite effect and actually cause gas or bloating.

2. May cause other infections

Probiotics might theoretically cause infections that need to be treated with antibiotics, especially

in people with underlying health conditions.

3. Diarrhea and abdominal pain

In some people, probiotics can cause diarrhea and abdominal pain.

4. Unhealthy metabolic activities

They could also cause unhealthy metabolic activities, too much stimulation of the immune

system, or gene transfer (insertion of genetic material into a cell).

5. Fungal infections

There have been a few reports of probiotics causing severe fungal infections. People who had

this happen found that their immune system was impaired. Thus, its important for a person to

consult his or her doctor before consuming a probiotic-heavy diet. You dont want to cause more

harm than good.

6. Intestinal Infection

In case of people having an underlying disease or a compromised, probiotics can cause potentialhealth problems. In fact, these individuals are at a higher risk of developing infection after the

use of probiotics. Symptoms such as bloody stools, skin rash and fever are indications of

intestinal infection. In addition, probiotics may disturb the normal metabolic processes and

autoimmune responses of the body. According to medical studies conducted, there is a

possibility that probiotics may interact with immunosuppressive drugs, leading to life-

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threatening conditions. Hence, those who are on immunosuppressive medications should strictly

avoid probiotics.

7. Headaches

Some people have reported headaches after they have begun a probiotic regiment. If thepractitioner lowers the dosage and this symptom usually goes away.

8. CAM instead of medical treatment

Some people are using probiotics instead of standard medical treatment. If you are thinking

about using a probiotic product as CAM (complementary and alternative medicine), consult your

health care provider first. No CAM therapy should be used in place of conventional medical care

or to delay seeking that care.

9. Governed as food, not drugs

Probiotic products taken by mouth as a dietary supplement are manufactured and regulated as

foods, not drugs.

10. Supplements dont seem to cut it

Studies done on supplements containing probiotics have shown that many do not live up to their

claims. There is a difficulty in the studies, as there are many types of probiotics and testing was

not done on a one-to-one comparison. Effects from one species or strain of probiotics do not

necessarily hold true for others, or even for different preparations of the same species or strain. If

you are using a pill supplement you may be wasting your money. Anything below 1 billion

bacteria per gram isnt really enough to be therapeutic

Some other areas of interest to researchers on probiotics are:

What is going on at the molecular level with the bacteria themselves and how they may interact

with the body (such as the gut and its bacteria) to prevent and treat diseases. Advances in

technology and medicine are making it possible to study these areas much better than in the past.

Issues of quality. For example, what happens when probiotic bacteria are treated or are added to

foodsis their ability to survive, grow, and have a therapeutic effect altered?

The best ways to administer probiotics for therapeutic purposes, as well as the best doses and

schedules.

Probiotics potential to help with the problem of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the gut. Whether

they can prevent unfriendly bacteria from getting through the skin or mucous membranes and

traveling through the body (e.g., which can happen with burns, shock, trauma, or suppressed

immunity).

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Each persons mix of bacteria varies:

First, the world is full of microorganisms (including bacteria), and so are peoples bodiesin

and on the skin, in the gut, and in other orifices. Friendly bacteria are vital to proper development

of the immune system, to protection against microorganisms that could cause disease, and to the

digestion and absorption of food and nutrients. Each persons mix of bacteria varies. Interactionsbetween a person and the microorganisms in his body, and among the microorganisms

themselves, can be crucial to the persons health and well-being.

This bacterial "balancing act" can be thrown off in two major ways:

o By antibiotics, when they kill friendly bacteria in the gut along with unfriendly bacteria.Some people use probiotics to try to offset side effects from antibiotics like gas, cramping, or

diarrhea. Similarly, some use them to ease symptoms of lactose intolerancea condition in

which the gut lacks the enzyme needed to digest significant amounts of the major sugar in

milk, and which also causes gastrointestinal symptoms.

o "Unfriendly" microorganisms such as disease-causing bacteria, yeasts, fungi, andparasites can also upset the balance. Researchers are exploring whether probiotics could halt

these unfriendly agents in the first place and/or suppress their growth and activity in conditions

like:

o Irritable bowel syndromeo Inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease)o Infection withHelicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a bacterium that causes most ulcers

and many types of chronic stomach inflammation

o Tooth decay and periodontal diseaseo Vaginal infectionso Skin infections

Another part of the interest in probiotics stems from the fact there are cells in the digestive tract

connected with the immune system. One theory is that if you alter the microorganisms in a

persons intestinal tract (as by introducing probiotic bacteria), you can affect the immune

systems defenses.

Probiotics for Kids:

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Probiotics are products that contain microorganisms -- usually bacteria such asLactobacillus

acidophilus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces -- that are supposed to have a beneficial effectfor people who eat or drink them. They are thought to work by modifying the number of bacteria

living in our gastrointestinal tract, thereby increasing the number of beneficial gut bacteria and

preventing the growth and overgrowth of harmful bacteria.

Babies are born without any bacteria in their intestines, but they quickly become colonized with

many beneficial bacteria. Babies born via vaginal delivery tend to have more beneficial bacteria,

as do babies that are breastfed. Probiotics are found in breast milk, which is likely why they wererecently added to an infant formula -- although it hasn't been proven if they will have the same

effect.

Are Probiotics Useful?

Unfortunately, many studies have shown that the use of probiotics doesn't necessarily live up to

all of the hype. Specifically, studies so far (although more studies are being done) have shownthat:

the probioticL. acidophilus does help children with acute diarrhea get better faster they do not have a protective effect against antibiotic-induced diarrhea, although some

studies show that they do

early supplementation with the probioticL. acidophilus did not reduce a high risk infant'srisk of developing atopic dermatitis or eczema, although an earlier study did find a protective

effect from eczema for probiotics

they did not improve pain in children with irritable bowel syndrome probiotics were more helpful than simethicone, a popular ingredient in gas and colic

drops, in babies with colic

Probiotics are also being studied for use in children with chronic constipation, Crohn's disease,

ulcerative colitis andHelicobacter pylori infections.

On a positive note, no studies have found any significant side effects for healthy children without

immune system problems taking probiotics.

Areas of Research:

Scientific understanding of probiotics and their potential for preventing and treating healthconditions is at an early stage.

Areas of interest to researchers on probiotics include:

o What is going on at the molecular level with the bacteria themselves and how they mayinteract with the body (such as the gut and its bacteria) to help prevent and treat diseases.

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Advances in technology and medicine are making it possible to study these areas much better

than in the past.

o What happens when probiotic bacteria are treated or are added to foodsis their abilityto survive, grow, and have a therapeutic effect altered?

o The best ways to administer probiotics for therapeutic purposes, as well as the best dosesand schedules.

o Probiotics potential to help with the problem of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the gut.o Whether they can prevent unfriendly bacteria from getting through the skin or mucous

membranes and traveling through the body (e.g., which can happen with burns, shock, trauma,

or suppressed immunity).

Future Developments

The field of probiotics is growing rapidly with concomitant developments in the research,commercial, and medical sectors. The complete genomic sequences are known for several impor-

tant probiotic bacteria, and functional genomics findings will be instrumental in identifying

many features responsible for probiotic functionality. According to Klaenhammer and colleagues

(2005), This information is providing an important platform for understanding core mechanisms

that control and regulate bacterial growth, survival, signaling, andunderlying probioticactivities within complex microbial and host ecosystems. Genetic approaches also will enable

design of genetically modified probiotic strains with specific therapeutic capabilities such asdelivery of anti-inflammatory cytokines, vaccine epitopes, or antipathogenic molecules. Well-

designed and properly controlled human and mechanistic studies will advance the essential

understanding of active principles, mechanisms of action, and degree of effects that can be real-ized by specific consumer groups.

In the commercial realm, the success of probiotics in Europe and Asia likely will be realized in

the United States. The number and types of products will increase in the food, supplement, and

pharmaceutical categories. As competition intensifies in the marketplace, companies providing

responsibly formulated and promoted products will prevail. Lastly, as this field advances, look

for new types of probiotic strains with benefits not yet explored that may surpass the value of

those currently in commercial use.

References:

1. http://www.kibowbiotech.com/Intro_Probiotics.php 2. http://www.cast-

science.org/websiteUploads/publicationPDFs/CAST%20Probiotics%20Issue%20Paper%

20FINAL144.pdf

3. http://www.nutralegacy.com/blog/general-healthcare/top-10-probiotic-side-effects-everyone-should-be-aware-of-full/

4. http://nccam.nih.gov/health/probiotics/

http://www.kibowbiotech.com/Intro_Probiotics.phphttp://www.kibowbiotech.com/Intro_Probiotics.phphttp://www.cast-science.org/websiteUploads/publicationPDFs/CAST%20Probiotics%20Issue%20Paper%20FINAL144.pdfhttp://www.cast-science.org/websiteUploads/publicationPDFs/CAST%20Probiotics%20Issue%20Paper%20FINAL144.pdfhttp://www.cast-science.org/websiteUploads/publicationPDFs/CAST%20Probiotics%20Issue%20Paper%20FINAL144.pdfhttp://www.cast-science.org/websiteUploads/publicationPDFs/CAST%20Probiotics%20Issue%20Paper%20FINAL144.pdfhttp://www.nutralegacy.com/blog/general-healthcare/top-10-probiotic-side-effects-everyone-should-be-aware-of-full/http://www.nutralegacy.com/blog/general-healthcare/top-10-probiotic-side-effects-everyone-should-be-aware-of-full/http://www.nutralegacy.com/blog/general-healthcare/top-10-probiotic-side-effects-everyone-should-be-aware-of-full/http://nccam.nih.gov/health/probiotics/http://nccam.nih.gov/health/probiotics/http://nccam.nih.gov/health/probiotics/http://www.nutralegacy.com/blog/general-healthcare/top-10-probiotic-side-effects-everyone-should-be-aware-of-full/http://www.nutralegacy.com/blog/general-healthcare/top-10-probiotic-side-effects-everyone-should-be-aware-of-full/http://www.cast-science.org/websiteUploads/publicationPDFs/CAST%20Probiotics%20Issue%20Paper%20FINAL144.pdfhttp://www.cast-science.org/websiteUploads/publicationPDFs/CAST%20Probiotics%20Issue%20Paper%20FINAL144.pdfhttp://www.cast-science.org/websiteUploads/publicationPDFs/CAST%20Probiotics%20Issue%20Paper%20FINAL144.pdfhttp://www.kibowbiotech.com/Intro_Probiotics.php