PSZl9:,l6 (Pind. l/07)NOTES: * lf the thesisis CONFIDENTIALor
RESTRICTED,pleose ottochwith the letterfromthe
orgonisotionwithperiod ond reosonsforconfidentiolityor
restriction.UNIVERSITITEKNOLOGIMATAYSIADECTARATIONOF THESIS /
UNDERGRADUATEPROJECTPAPER ANDCOPYRIGHTAuthor'sfull nomeDote of
birthTitleAcodemicSession: 20to/2atlthot thisthesisis clossified
os:CONFIDENTIAL(ContoinsconfidentiotAct 1972)*MOHD KHAIRIL AZROL
BIN IBRAHIM07
NOVEMBERI9BBBUBBLESPEEDMEASUREMENTUSINGINFRAREDSENSORIN HYDRAULIC
PIPEdecloretl[]ainformotion under ihe OfficiolSecrelRESTRICTED
(Contoinsrestrictedinformotionos specifiedby iheorgonisotionwhere
reseorchwos done)*OPENACCESS I ogreethot my thesisto be published
os onlineopenoccess(fulltext)I ocknowledgiedthot
UniversitiTeknologiMoloysioreserves the rightos
follows:l.Thethesisis the property of
UniversitiTeknologiMoloysio.2. The Libroryof
UniversitiTeknologiMoloysiohos the rightto mokecopies for the
purposeof reseorchonly.3. The Libroryhos the rightto moke copiesof
the thesisfor ocodemic exchonge.Certifiedby :rf881 107-03
-6517SIGNATUREOF SUPERVISORp(NEWtC NO. /PASSPORTNO.)Dote: 31st MAY
207INAMEOF SUPERVISORDr MohdFua'adbin HjRr:iunatAsociab
PmfersorUnircrsitiTcknologi MrlaysirShdsi El3l0Jdor"I hereby
declarethatI haveread this workand"inmy opinion this thesisis
sufficientin terms of scopeand qualityforthe award of the degree of
Bachelorof Engineering(Electrical-Control&
Instrumentation)."Name of Supervisor: PM.DR.
MOHDFUA'ADBINRAHMATDate: 31stMAY2011. DrMobdFuadqHjlffir,
,,,.Arebtl*rrr .'r 'rDcomofcooldffieu1brtl-
FrothtofEhottortEdwirlthiucnitiTdoolqi Mdlyli.ShtddtlSl0Johor
BUBBLE SPEED MEASUREMENT USING INFRARED SENSOR IN HYDRAULIC PIPE
MOHD KHAIRIL AZROL BIN IBRAHIM A thesis submitted in fulfillment of
the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering (Electrical-Control & Instrumentation) Faculty of
Electrical EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi Malaysia MAY 2011 "I
declarethatthisthesisentitledBirbbleSpeedMeasurementUsing
tnftaredSensorin HydraulicPipe is the resultof my own effortwith
the exceptionof excerpts citedin thereferences.This
thesishasnotbeen acceptedforany degreeandis notconcurrently
submittedin candidatureof any other degree."SignatureNameDate:
MOFIDKT{AIRILAZROLBIN IBRAHIM: 31st MAY 2011iii Special dedication
to my beloved mother and father, my family and all my friendsThanks
for everything iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like
to express my feeling of gratefulness to Allah
theAlmighty,becausewithoutHisblessingandkindness,Iwouldneverhavea
chance to complete this thesis successfully.
Mygratitudegoestomysupervisor,Assoc.Prof.Dr.MohdFuaadbin
Rahmatforhispreciousassistanceandguidancegiventhroughouttheprogressof
thisproject.Nowordscanreplacemyappreciationtohimforadviceand
cooperation.
Myappreciationalsogoestomybelovedfather,motherandsiblingsfor
motivatingandsupportingmethroughoutthisexperience.Thanksfortheir
encouragement, love and emotional supports that they had given to
me. IwouldalsoliketothankourProcessLabAssistantandalsothemasters
student for their co-operations, advice, guidance, knowledge and
helps in this project.
Finally,Iwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetomyfriends,
classmateandtoallmyprofessorsand
allalsothosewhoeverhashelpedmeeither directly or indirectly in the
completion of my final semester project and thesis. Thank you
again. v ABSTRACT
Nowadays,manyindustrialandscientificproblemsneedameasurementof the
speed bubble in gas or fluid especially in fluid dynamic processes
such as boiling,
gasdissolutioninfluids,electrolysisandfermentation.However,previousmethods
and components forced them to put high prices in market that lead
for a new solution
whichbetterinpriceandquality.Thus,developmentofbubblespeedmeasurement
usinginfraredsensorisworthyinapplicationsandperformances.Thissensorisa
versatileinvariesenvironmenttoobtainmicroscopicimagesfromfastfluidorgas
flow and special software is need to assist and control the sensor.
Themethodologyofprojectisnon-contactdistancemeasurementtechnique
fordetectingbubbleandassistedbydesignhardwarewhichishardware
implementation and software implementation. SHARP 2YOA21 Infrared
Sensor, air
generatoranddataacquisition(DAQ)arethecomponentslistedashardware
implementation. In this project, SHARP 2YOA21 Infrared Sensor is
used in order to
detectthebubblemeasurementduetoitsfunctionalityasaccurateproximitysensor
andinexpensivecomponent.Meanwhile,airgeneratorisusedforprovidingbubble
to the cylinder transparent pipe that controlled by valve to ensure
the size of bubble
isapproximated.Then,dataacquisition(DAQ)isimportantdevicetoconvertsthe
signalfromsensortothecomputerandherewechooseDEWE-41-T-DSAData
Acquisition.Lastbutnotleastissoftwareimplementation act as
converterwhichis convert signal accurately from sensor to obtain
accurate and precise measurement. From this project, results can be
shown in five difference distances which are
10cm,20cm,30cm,40cmand50cmbetweenthesensors.Thespeedofbubblefor
10cm=9.-3s, 20cm=9.9 -3s, 30cm= . -3s, 40cm=. -3s on 50cm=8.9 vi
-3s.Alltheresultsobtainedbyusingcross-correlationfunction(CCF)that
function in measured of the similarity between two difference
signals. In conclusion, the relationship between sensors is when
the distance between downstream and upstream sensor is high, the
speed of bubble is also high. All these happened due to action of
gravity force on the bubble..vii ABSTRAK
Dewasakini,kebanyakkanbidangindustridanpermasalahansainstifikamat
memerlukankepakarandalammengukurkelajuangelembungdidalamgasdan
bendalirterutamanyabendalirdinamikprosessepertipendidihan,elektrolisisdan
penapaian.Namundemikian,kaedahdankomponenyangtelahdigunapakai
sebeluminiamatmahaldanhalinimencetuspenyelesaiankaedahbaruyanglebih
murahdanberkualiti.Olehsebabitu,kaedahmengukurkelajuangelembung
menggunakaninframerahsemakinmeningkatmajukeranaaplikasidan
perlaksanaannyasangatmemberansangkan.Pengesaninisangatpraktikaldidalam
semuakeadaanuntukmendapatkanimejmikroskopikdaribendaliryanglajuatau
pengalirangasdanperisiantertentudigunakanbagimembantudanmengawal
pengesan. Kaedah bagi projek ini adalah dengan menggunakan teknik
pengukuran jarak
taksentuhdandibantuolehrekabentukperantisepertiperlaksanaanperantikeras
danperisian.SHARP2YOA21PengesanInframerah,generatorudaradanPeranti
Pengambilalihan Data (DAQ) adalah antara komponen-komponen yang
disenaraikan
sebagaiperlaksanaanperantikeras.Dalamprojekini,SHARP2YOA21Pengesan
Inframerahdigunakanuntukmengesanpengukurangelembungkeranafungsinya
yangdapatmengesanjarakdengantepatdankomponennyayangtidakmahal.
Manakala, generator udara pula digunakan untuk menghasilkan
gelembung di dalam paipsilinder
telusyangdikawalolehinjapbagimenghasilkansaizgelembungyang sekata.
Seterusnya penggunaan Peranti Pengambilalihan Data (DAQ),
DEWE-41-T-DSAuntukmenukarkanisyaratdaripadapengesankepadakomputer.Akhirnya,
perisian Dewetron digunakan untuk menukarkan dengan tepat isyarat
yang diperolehi daripada pengesan kepada komputer. viii Keputusan
daripada projek ini dapat ditunjukkan dalam lima perbezaan jarak
iaituc, c, c, c dan c.Kelajuangelembungudara,Vdalam
jarak10cm=9.-3s, 20cm=9.9 -3s, 30cm= . -3s, 40cm=. -3s dan 50cm=8.9
-3s Semua keputusan projek ini didapati dengan menggunakan teknik
korelasi
silang(CFF)yangberfungsisebagaipengukurkesamaanantaraduaperbezaan
isyarat.
Kesimpulannya,hubunganantarapengesanialahapabilajarakantarahulu dan
hilir pengesan meningkat, maka kelajuan gelembung yang terhasil
adalah tinggi. Ini berlaku disebabkan tindakan daya graviti ke atas
gelembung. ix TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTERTITLE PAGE
DECLARATION OF THESISii DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTiv
ABSTRACT v ABSTRAKvii TABLE OF CONTENT ixLIST OF FIGURES xiLIST OF
SYMBOLS & ABBRERIATION xiii LIST OF APPENDICES xiv
1INTRODUCTION1.1 Background11.2Problem Statement21.3Objective
31.4Research Question3 1.5Significant of Project3 1.6Scope of
Project41.7Organization of Thesis4 2LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1Introduction5 2.2Department of Nuclear Engineering 5
2.3Department of Mechanical Engineering6 2.4National University of
Ireland7 x 2.5Bubble Velocity Field in Bubble Plumes8 2.6Velocities
of the Bubbles10 3METHODOLOGY 3.1Introduction13 3.2Hardware
Implementation14 3.2.1SHARP 2Y0A21 Infrared sensor14 3.2.2Air
Generator16 3.2.3Data Acquisition (DAQ)17 3.3Software
Implementation18 3.4Research Method19 3.5Project Outcome20 4RESULT
AND DISCUSSION 4.1Overview21 4.2Cross-correlation Function (CCF)21
4.3Distances between Downstream andUpstream Sensors22 4.4List of
Formulae23 4.5Result23 4.5.1Distance, I23 4.5.2Distance, I26
4.5.3Distance, I28 4.5.4Distance, I31 4.5.5Distance, I33
5CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATION 5.1 Conclusions37 5.2 Recommendation
and Future Works38 REFERENCES39 APPENDICES41 xi LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURETITLE PAGE 2.1Schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus
of,Vapour bubble measurement using image analysis7 2.2Large-BMS
setup8 2.3Bubble velocity field in bubble plumes10 2.4Velocities of
the bubbles in (unheated, non-flashing)air/water flow with a mass
flow quality of 12 3.1Project flow14 3.2Sharp 2Y0A21 infrared
sensor15 3.3Air generator16 3.4The cylinder transparent pipe 17
3.5Data acquisition18 3.6Connection of DEWESoft19 3.7Upstream and
downstream sensor20 4.1Graph of analog voltage against time for I
24 xii 4.2Command of CCF for I24 4.3CCF for I25 4.4Graph of analog
voltage against time for I 26 4.5Command of CCF for I27 4.6CCF for
I27 4.7Graph of analog voltage against time for I 29 4.8Command of
CCF for I29 4.9CCF for I30 4.10Graph of analog voltage against time
for I 31 4.11Command of CCF for I32 4.12CCF for I32 4.13Graph of
analog voltage against time for I 34 4.14Command of CCF for I34
4.15CCF for I35 5.1Relationship between speed of bubble anddistance
of sensor37 xiii LIST OF SYMBOLS & ABBRERIATION J-second
I-centimeter -mili J-nano -Volt CCF-Cross-correlation Function
PSD-Position Sensitive DetectorIRED-Infrared Emitting Diode
LED-Light Emitting Diode DAQ-Data Acquisition AC/DC-Alternating
Current/Direct Current Large-BMS-Large Bubble Measurement System
xiv LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX TITLEPAGE ADEWE-41-T-DSA Datasheet
38 BGP2Y0A21YK0F Datasheet39 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background
Themeasurementofthespeedbubbleingasorfluidaswellasofgasina
flowhasimportanceinmanyindustrialandscientificproblems.Gasbubble
distributions, for instance, give important information on the
course of fluid dynamic
processessuchasboiling,gasdissolutioninfluids,electrolysis,andfermentation.
However,commercialparticledetectorsandphase-Dopplerparticleanemometer
devicesarebulkyandexpensiveandrequiremultipleopticalaccessestothe
examinedfluidvolume.Suchdeviceshavebeendevelopedforabroaderrangeof
particlemeasurementproblems,comprisingparticlesofdifferentshapes,materials,
and in various flows.
Forsomeproblems,suchasthemeasurementofmicro-bubblesinwater,a
conceptionallysimplermeasurementapproachbasedon anoptical
transillumination scheme is applicable. For this purpose we
developed a special endoscopic sensor that is a versatile optical
instrument to obtain microscopic images from a fast fluid or gas
flow.Thesensoracquiresdigitalimagesfromtheflowbymeansofanelectronic
camerasystemincombinationwithashort-timeopticalpulsetransillumination
circuit. 2
Specialsoftwarehasbeendevelopedinordertocontrolthesensor,obtain
images at required rates and time intervals and toautomatically
analyze the images.
Theimageanalysiscomprisesseveralimageprocessingsteps,suchasbackground
subtraction, binarisation, and segmentation, together with two
different algorithms to identify single bubbles, measure their
volumes and diameters, and to compute bubble size distribution
histograms from the image sequences. 1.2 Problem statement For
sometime, engineersalso having a problem in measuring the
impurities in pure oil that they cannot see because it is locate in
deep of sea water. Device that can measure the qualities of pure
oil is so expensive and hardto get. So, to remedy
thisconditionaprojectthatusesaninfraredhasbeendeveloped.Itwillmeetthe
standard specifications and also has proximity specification for
the measurement.
Inthisnewmillenniumera,adevicethatusesasensorismoresuitablefor
measuring the blockade or more specific is distance. The main aim
of this project is
todevelopthemeasurementinstrumentbyusinginfraredsensor.Themethod
implementedbythissystemisbasedonitscapabilityofperformingfast
measurementsofinfraredcharacteristics.Theproposedsomeotherdevicesuchas
DEWE-41-T-DSAconfigurationiscapabletomeasurethespeedofbubbleandthe
amplitude of each bubble of the incoming signal, along with the
time of receiver and transmitter of each period. These measured
values are then being used to provide the desired qualities of the
pure oil. 3 1.3 Objective
Themainobjectiveofthisprojectistomeasuringanddetectingbubblein
water by using optical sensor. The specific objectives that are
needed to accomplish the main goal are as follows: 1)To detect
bubble in the water by using optical sensor. 2)To measure the
velocity of bubble in different distance of sensor.
3)Toinvestigatetherelationshipbetweenvelocityofbubbleandthe
distance of sensor. 1.4 Research Question
Therehaveseveralquestionsthatmightbeconfusingandneedtofindthe
answer. 1)How to investigate bubble in industry?2)Why so important
to measure bubble? 1.5 Significant of Project
1)Themainadvantageisthecompanycansavetheircostsinan economic
section by using an inexpensive sensor.
2)Givenewapproachtouserbyusingasimpletechniquebutgivethe same
measurement. 4 1.6 Scope of Project
Inordertoachievetheobjectiveoftheproject,thereareseveralscopehad
been outlined. The scopes of this project are as follows: 1)Two of
infrared sensors are used to measure velocity which is downstream
sensor and upstream sensor.2)Data is collected using data
acquisition system (DEWE-41-T-DSA)3)MATLAB software was used to
obtain speed.4)Use cross-correlation method to measure speed by
finding the transit time and distance between upstream and
downstream sensors. 1.7 Organization of the Thesis
Thisthesisconsistsoffivechapters.Thefirstchaptergivesanoverviewof
the project on the introduction of control system, SHARP 2Y0A21,
bubble detecting
anditspossibleapplication.Chaptertwowilldiscussmoreontheoryandliterature
reviews that related to this project. It will cover the literature
reviews that have been
done.Chapterthreecovertheflowofmethodologyanddescriptionofeach
procedure including experiment setup and the data taken. It will
explain details such as the process of construction hardware.
Resultsanddiscussionwillbepresentedinchapterfour.Lastbutnotleast,
chapter five will discuss the conclusion and recommendation that
can be done for the future work. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1Introduction
Nowadays,thedevelopmentofspeedbubblemeasurementisimportantin
engineeringindustries.Thereforealotofresearchersaretryingtomakethedevice
moreeconomicandpracticalindailylife.Thischapterwillfocusontheworkthat
being done by other researchers and the basic concept of speed
bubble measurement will be discussed. 2.2 Department of Nuclear
Engineering
DepartmentofNuclearEngineering,OregonStateUniversity,Corvallis,OR
97331,USA.Theoreticalstudiesonthedesigncriteriaofdouble-sensorprobefor
themeasurementofbubblevelocity.ByQ.Wu*,K.Welter,D.McCreary,J.N.
Reyes.Thedouble-sensorprobetechniqueiscommonlyappliedin2-phaseflow
experimentsforthemeasureofbubblevelocity.Typicallyin2thinelectrodes.The
tipsofeachelectrodeareexposedtoa2-phasemixturetomeasuretheimpedance
6 betweentheprobetipandacommonground.Ifabubblemovesinthedirection
aligned with the probe orientation, the measurement speed is
identical to the bubble speed.Since that, the measurement speed is
no longerequals the true bubble speed. And that is because of
strongly influenced by both the orientation of bubble velocity
andtheprobespacingrelativetothebubblesize.Afterthat,calibrationfactoris
needed to the measurable value and bubble velocity. 2.3 Department
of Mechanical Engineering
FromDepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofWollongong,
WollongongNSW2522,Australia.Vapourbubblemeasurementusingimage
analysis.BySBHarvey,JPBest,andWKSoh.Thegrowthandcollapseof vapour
bubbles in a fluid in a physical phenomenon known as hydraulic
cavitations.
Thisisbelievedtobedirectlyresponsibleforpermanentdamagetomechanical
hydrodynamicsuchasmarinepropellers,damspillwaysandvalves.Thismightbe
caused by pitting and erosion isthought to be caused by thehigh
pressures induced upon the surface a nearby rigid boundary by a
collapsing vapour bubble. Since that,
theextremelyshortpulsationperiodofabubblenecessitiesmeasurementsbeing
takenathigh-speed,inanextremelyimpulsiveenvironment.Thisisdifficultto
achieve in practice. An important requirement of any measurement
technique is that
itssensorsdonotinanywaysperturbthequantitybeingmeasured.Andthen,one
techniquethatfulfillsboththesecriteriausesthehigh-speedcinematographyand
subsequentdigitalimageanalysis.Inaddition,hastheadvantageofenablingthe
recorded data to be readily visualized. Figure 2.1 shows the
schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus of, Vapour bubble
measurement using image analysis. 7 Figure 2.1Schematic diagram of
the experimental apparatus of, Vapour bubble measurement using
image analysis. 2.4 National University of Ireland
Alarge-bubblemeasurementsystem(large-BMS)wasdevelopedatthe
NationalUniversityofIreland,Galway(NUIG),andamini-bubblemeasurement
system(mini-BMS)wasdevelopedatTNOPhysicsandElectronicsLaboratoryin
TheHague,Netherlands,fordeploymentduringLUMINYtoquantifythe
breakingwavebubbledistribution.Thesetwoopticalsystemswerequitedifferent
andprovidedcomplementaryinformationregardingthebubblesizesandprocesses
thatcouldbestudied,allowingcharacterizationofboththebackgroundandplume
bubblepopulations.Themini-BMSobservedbubblesrangingfrom
