THE

BUILDER'S MATERIALS

by

NEWMAN TATE M.l.Mech.E., M.I.Struct.E., M.J.I.E., M.I.Loco.E.

Technical Director, Clarke Barton and Co., Ltd. Lecturer in Building Construction, Building Mechanics, Builder's Quantities, at Croydon School of Building. Sometime Lecturer in Strength of Materials, Theory of Machines, Mechanics, at Willesden Technical College. Sometime Lecturer in Strength of Materials, Technical Drawing, Engineering Science, at ·

Leyton Technical College.

LONDON

CHAPMAN AND HALL LTD. 37 ESSEX STREET w.c.2

1947

· ' CONTENTS

l FROM IRON . ÜRE TO FINIS'HED PRODUCT 1

Iron and Steel-Classes of Iron Ores-Weathering of Calcined Ore-Eff ect of Sulphur-From Ground to Blast Furnace.

II BLAST FuRNACE 7, Blast Furnace-Size-Material Charged in-Temperature­Gas-Hot St01.Jes-Layers-Blastpipe-Description of Opera-tion of Blast Furnace-lmpurities in Iron Ores-Analysis of Pig-iron-Coke-Limestone-Slag.

III CAST-IRON 16 From Pig-iron to Castings-Cupola-Kinds of Pig-iron-· Graphite-Carbon-Malleable Cast-iron-Chilled Iron.

IV WROUGHT IRON PRODUCTION 24 Wrought Iron-Puddling Furnace-Balls and Blooms-Use of fVrought Iron-Effect oj Heat-Strength.

V BESSEMER STEEL MAKING 30 Pig-iron to Bessemer Steel-Early Days-Converter~Effect of Impurities-Linings for Converters-Spiegeleisen-Ingots -Soaking Pits.

VI ÜPEN HEARTH STEEL 37 Open Hearth Steel-Siemens-Martin--Gases-Hearth­Lining-Silica-Dolomite-Stainless Steel-Chromium­Nickel-Classification of Carbon Steels.

VII ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 47 Technical Terms-Stress-Strain-Modulus of E-Yield Point-Elasticity.

VIII LINTOLS AND BRESSUMMERS 55 Lintols- Bressummers - Load to be Carried- Bending Moments-Types of Lintols-Rolled Steel Joists-Flitched Beam-Reinforced Concrete. .

IX LINTOLS AND BRESSUMMERS (continued) 62 Design of Lintols, using Rolled Steel Beams-Design with Concrete Strengthened with Tee-Irons-Design using Concrete Reinforced with Bars.

X CoPPER 71 Copper-Furnace-Matte- Converter-Methods of producing Refined Copper-Electrolytic refined Copper-Paling­Pitch-Effect of Alloying withZinc-Brass-Bronze.

XI LEAD, ZINC, NICKEL, CHROMIUM 79 lron Perrons-Metals-Galena-DiscO'lJery of Lead-Fur­nace-Matte-Solder-Red Lead-Litharge-Zinc-Nickel -Chromium. '

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XII TIN, ALUMINIUM, TUNGSTEN ' 86 ' Tin, Properties of-Tin-foil-Malleability-Cry of Tin­

Reverberatory Furnace-Pickling Sheet before Tinning­Aluminium-Symbols for Various Metals.

XIII CEMENT MAKING AND CoNCRETE 93 Cement Making-Wet Process-Kiln-Gypsum-Kinds . oj Cement-Ordinary Portland Cement-Rapüi Hardening Portland Cement-High Alumina Cement.

XIV PLASTIC, WooowooL, FrnRE-GLAss loo Light W eight Concrete-Woodwool-Glasswool-Plastics-Terra Cotta-Slag Wool-- Stoneware.

XV REINFORCED CoNCRETE 107 Reinforced Concrete-Tensile Strength-Why is Concrete Reinforced ?-Stresses used in Reinjorced Concrete Design-Grip Strength-Arrangement of Bars-Types of Columns-Efject of Mix on Water-tightness of Concrete.

XVI LIMES AND PLASTERS l 16 Limes and Plasters-Rich Limes-Mortars-Lime Mortar, Cement Mortar-Impurities in Limestone-Quicklime­Hydraulic Limes-Piaster of Paris-Keenes c_ement.

XVII BRICKS 124 Bricks-Wirecuts-Famous Brick Buildings-Difjerent Clays -Pug Mill-Sand Lime Bricks-Colour of Bricks-Rejrac­tories-Analysis of Fireclay Bricks-Chrome-Segar Cones.

XVIII COAL 133 Origt'n of Coal-Peat-Lignite-Bituminous Coal-Ash­Content-lleat Value-Coal Tar--Benzol-Town Gas­Ammonia-Dyes ..

XIX TIMBER 141 Protection of Timber-Dry _ Rot-Moistun Content-Creo­sote-Star Shakes-Timber-Hardwoods-Soft Woods­Faults in Timber-Strength of Timber-Decay.

XX STONE 153 Stone-Oldest Stones-Igneous Rocks-Metamorphic, Sedi­mentary or Aqueous Rocks-Quartz-Felspar-Tracing His-tory in Stone-Roman Stone in London-Blarney Stone­Dakota Memorial in Granite-Protecting·Stone.

XXI GLASS 162 Glassand its Uses-Early Coloured Glass-Sound lnsulation -Crown Glass-Resisting Fire.

INDEX 168

LIST OF

I Iron Ore to Finished Products.

2 Iron Ore to Pig-lron.

PLATES page

5 9

3 From Pig-Iron and .Scrap-Iron to Castings. I9

4 Pig-lron to W rought Iron. · 2 5 5 From Molten Pig-Iron to Bessemer Steel. 33 .

6 Open Hearth Steel. 39

7 Elastic Properties. ~ 49

8 Lintol Beanis. Safe Loads on Flitched Beams. 57

9 Lintols. 63

IO Copper Furnaces. 73

II Non-Ferrous Metals: Lead, Zinc, Nickel, and Chromium. 8I

I2 Non-Ferrous Metals: Tin, Aluminium, Tungsten, etc. 89

I3 Limes and Piasters. 95

I4 Reinforced Concrete. I09

I5 Cement. n9 I6 Brick-Making. I27

I7 Coal and Its Bye-Products. I39

I8 Timber. I43

I9 Stone. I55

20 Glass. I65

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