Building Blocks of BIOCHEMISTRY

CHEMICAL BONDS

• Chemical bonds hold the atoms in a molecule together.

• There are 2 types of chemical bonds IONIC and COVALENT

IONIC BONDS• Occur when 1 or more e- are TRANSFERRED from

one atom to another. • Losing an e- = POSITIVE charge. Na+

• Gaining an e- = NEGATIVE charge Cl-

• These newly charged atoms are now called IONS

COVALENT BONDS• Occur when electrons are SHARED

by atoms. • These new structures that result from

covalent bonds are called MOLECULES

SHARING IS CARING!

http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp02/02020.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j1e-f1W-0UA&feature=related

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FORMULA

• Structural Formula – Line drawings of the compound that shows the elements in proportion and how they are bonded

• Molecular Formula – the ACTUAL formula for a compound

C2H6O

• The cell is a COMPLEX CHEMICAL FACTORY containing some of the same elements found in the nonliving environment.

• carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N) are present in the greatest percentages

CHON

TWO TYPES OF COMPOUNDS

• Organic Compounds- Contain C & H– usually referred to as chemicals of life– Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

• Inorganic Compounds – usually "support" life– Water (H2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

1. CARBOHYDRATES

Function:• Living things use carbohydrates as their key

source of ENERGY!

• Plants use carbohydrates for support –CELLULOSE – Cell Wall

CARBOHYDRATES

Structure:• Carbohydrates (CHO) contain the elements

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • H:O is 2:1 ratio… C6H12O6

CARBOHYDRATES

The building blocks of Carbohydrates are simple sugars!

3 Types:–Monosaccharides–Disaccharides–Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides (simple sugars)

• all have the formula C6 H12 O6 • all have a single ring structure

– EX: Glucose

Disaccharides (double sugars) all have the formula C12 H22 O11

Examples:• sucrose (table sugar) • maltose

monomer monomer

Polysaccharides

Formed of 3 or more simple sugar units Examples:

– Glycogen - animal starch stored in liver & muscles – Cellulose - indigestible in humans - forms cell walls – Starches - used as energy storage

monomer monomer monomer

Types of REACTIONS

• Synthesis

• Digestion

+

+

Synthesis: Carbohydrate

+

Dehydration Synthesis

Digestion: Carbohydrates

+Hydrolysis

CARBOHYDRATES

MONOSACCHARIDES DISACCHARIDES POLYSACCHARIDES

GLUCOSE MALTOSE

STARCHGLYCOGEN

CELLULOSE

2. Lipids (Fats)Types:• Fats and Waxes – solids at room temperature• Oils – liquids at room temperature

Other types: Phospholipids, Steroids, Cholesterol, some Vitamins

Fats -- found chiefly in animals

Oils and waxes -- found chiefly in plants

Main Function: energy storage, protection, and insulation

Other Functions:• key components of cell membranes

• Steroids are special lipids used to build many reproductive hormones and cholesterol

Lipids (Fats)

Structure: • Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • But… the H:O is not in a 2:1 ratio • Tend to be large molecules

Lipids (Fats)The building blocks of lipids are:1. Fatty Acids2. Glycerol

Dehydration Synthesis: Lipid

+

Digestion / Hydrolysis: Lipid

+

3. Proteins

There are MANY functions of proteins…

1. Required for building and repair of body tissues2. Structural Support: elastin, collagen, and keratin3. Energy Source4. Nutrient Transport: hemoglobin and cell membrane proteins5. Hormones (coordinates bodily activities): insulin6. Muscle Contractions (movement): actin and myosin7. Antibodies (defense): Ig.E, IgA, and Ig.G8. Enzymes (aid in chemical reactions): amylase and proteases

PROTEINS

Structure:• contain the elements C, H, O, and N

The building blocks of Proteins are Amino Acids

• There are 20 different varieties!!!

R GROUPS ARE GROUPS OF ATOMS

THEY ARE DIFFERENT FOR EACH AMINO ACID

THIS CHANGES THE PROPERTIES OF THE PROTEIN!

carboxyl group

amino group

R group

methyl group

Amino Acids:

Dipeptide • formed from 2 amino acids in a

dehydration synthesis reaction

amino acid + amino acid → dipeptide

Dipeptide Example:Anserine = in skeletal muscle and brain of mammals, and birds.

It is an antioxidant and helps reduce fatigue

Polypeptide - Proteins • formed from 3 or more amino acids in a

dehydration synthesis reaction

Examples: insulin, hemoglobin, and enzymes.

Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid

Digestion / Hydrolysis: Protein

+

AA AA AA AA

AA AA AA AA AA

AA

Polypeptides - Proteins There are an extremely large number of different

proteins in life!

Protein variety comes from:• Differences in the number of amino acids in the chain• Types of amino acids in the chain• Arrangement of amino acids in the chain

4. NUCLEOTIDES

Function:• Many Nucleotides make up DNA!

DNA = genetic instructions that direct a cell's structure and function. The ribosomes are instructed (by DNA) on which types

of protein a cell will makeDNA is found in the chromosomes of the nucleus (and a few other organelles)

NUCLEOTIDESStructure:THE BUIDLING BLOCKS OF DNA ARE NUCLEOTIDES!

NUCLEOTIDES

1 Nucleotide consist of 3 parts:SugarPhosphate GroupNitrogenous Base

Nitrogenous Bases in DNA come in 4 varieties!

A G

C T