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Building Blocks of Organic Compounds. Madison Southern High School Biology Unit - Biochemistry. What is an organic compound?. Biochemistry What are living things made of?. C, H, N, O, P, S 98% of living matter Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn electron carriers - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Building Blocks of
Organic Compounds
Madison Southern High SchoolBiology
Unit - Biochemistry
What is an organic
compound?
– C, H, N, O, P, S 98% of living matter
– Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn electron carriers
– Na, Mg, Cl, K, Ca only as ions
– trace elements
Biochemistry
What are living things made of?
Why These 16?
– Unique chemical properties• C, N, O: form multiple strong bonds• P: part of ATP/DNA; bonds store
energy
• Most macromolecules are polymers– monomer– polymer– macromolecule
What is a polymer?
1) Carbohydrates2) Lipids3) Proteins4) Nucleic Acids
4 types of organic compounds
Essential for all living things
Monosaccharides
Bonds – Black Carbon – Red Hydrogen – Blue Oxygen – Green
Draw the structures of the three Monosaccharides.
The three structures are isomers. What does that mean?
MonosaccharidesGLUCOSE
GALACTOSEBonds – Black Carbon – Red Hydrogen – Blue Oxygen – Green
Carbohydrates
• contain C, H, O
• Important because they contain a great deal of energy which is stored in the bonds
• called sugar or saccharide
With energy from light, plants can
build sugars from carbon dioxide
and water.
1) Monosaccharide2) Disaccharide
3) Polysaccharide
3 Types of Carbohydrates
3 Types of Carbohydrates
1) Monosaccharide – monomer
- Single sugar made of 5 or 6 carbon atoms
Examples of Monosaccharides
Glucose
- main source of energy for plants and animals - metabolized during cellular respiration- plants make it during photosynthesis
2 More Monosaccharide's
Fructose Galactose
- Fruit sugar- Sweetest sugar
- milk sugar
Sucrose-common table sugar-this sugar is transported throughout the plant- formed when glucose & fructose react
Examples of Disaccharides
2. DisaccharidesTwo sugar molecule
…MORE Examples of Disaccharides
Lactose Maltose
- main sugar in milk- formed when glucose & galactose react
- used to make beer - formed when two glucose react
How to make a Disaccharide
Condensation or Dehydration synthesis reactions
Condensation or Dehydration Synthesis
of a Disaccharide
Formation of Disaccharides
How to digest or break down a disaccharide?
• Hydrolysis Reaction– Must use or split a water molecule
Hydrolysis of a Disaccharide
3. Polysaccharides
3) Polysaccharide – Polymer
- Made by condensation reactions- Bonding Many simple sugar molecules together to form the macromolecules
- Can be made of 1000s of monosaccharides
Examples of Polysaccharides
Humans cannot digest these polysaccharides
Cellulose Chitin
-made of long chains of glucose- major building blocks of plants-Gives strength and rigidity to plant cells
-made of long chains of glucose- Composes exoskeletons of insects-Similar to cellulose.
Structural
Polymers
3 Types of Carbohydrates
…MORE Examples of Polysaccharides
StarchAnimals can digest
GlycogenAnimals can digest
- made of long chains of glucose- plants store extra glucose sugar as starch in roots and stems
-Animals store excess glucose (sugar) in the liver as glycogen-Made of long chains of glucose molecules-Glycogen is broken down to release glucose (quick energy)
Storage Polyme
rs
How do digest or break down Polysaccharides?
By Hydrolysis Reactions
• Polysaccharides are digested by hydrolysis reactions just like disaccharides.
• Must use a water molecule for each bond broken between simple sugar molecules.
Examples of Carbohydrates
The small black granules (dots) are glycogen.
Lipids-Fats, Oils,Sterols
Glycerol – C3H5(OH)3
Saturated Fatty Acid – C5H11COOH
Unsaturated Fatty Acid – C5H9COOH
Monomers of Lipids
Bonds – Black Carbon – Red Hydrogen – Blue Oxygen – Green
LOOK in your book on page 58
Lipids
-Fatty Acid – monomer
- COOH carboxyl group at one end (polar)
- Attracted to water (hydrophilic)
- Hydrocarbon end (nonpolar)
- tends not to interact with water (hydrophobic)
What is the difference betweensaturated and unsaturated fats?
Lipids
Liquids at room temperature - olive oil, corn oil.
Solid at room temperature - animal fats (bacon, lard, butter)
• At room temperature, saturated fats are usually solid.
• Source: primarily in animal products including beef, lamb, pork and chicken, egg yolk, dairy fats of cream, milk, cheese, butter; coconut and palm oil; non-dairy creams because they contain coconut oil
• Consumption of saturated fats has been linked with risk of coronary heart disease:– sources of saturated fat are full of
cholesterol (except coconut and palm oil) – diet high in saturated fat facilitates
cholesterol synthesis by the liver (including coconut and palm oil)
Saturated Fats
Unsaturated Fats•At room temperature, unsaturated fats are usually liquid.
•Monounsaturated•Sources: olive, peanut, canola, rape oil, almonds, avocado
•Polyunsaturated•Sources: sunflower, soybean, corn, and safflower oil, fish oil, walnuts, sesame seeds, pumpkin seeds, tofu, lard
Trans-unsaturated fatty acids (TFA)
• TFA are product of hydrogenation which increases the saturation of fatty acids within oils and converts natural cis to trans configuration
• Hydrogenation= industrial process that chemically transforms a low melting point oil into a solid fat with a higher melting point to enhance product taste, stability and shelf life.
• Found in commercially fried foods (French fries, popcorn), commercial baked goods and snacks (cakes, cookies, biscuits), margarine, and cheap vegetable shortenings (not in e.g. Flora, Rama).
• Trans-fatty acids have many adverse metabolic effects including elevation of LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, reduction in HDL cholesterol, and adverse effects on endothelial function, inflammatory markers, and probably insulin resistance.
Types of Lipids
Phospholipids
• Lipids that are found in a membrane or barrier of a cell or cell structures - Used mainly
for structure
Lipids
Types of Lipids
Triglycerides
- Energy storage - High energy molecules (twice the energy found in glucose)
- Found in cells – cushions and insulates body and nerves
Made from 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid tails = triglyceride
Types of Lipids
Waxes
- Forms a barrier for protection
Ear waxWaxy leaves
Types of Lipids
Steroids
- Ring structures (no fatty acids)
- Animal hormones – testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
Proteins
• Polymers (polypeptides) are formed from 20 different monomers (amino acids)
• Structure of an amino acid
R groups (shaded white)determine the chemical properties of anamino acid
Amino Acids
Making a polypeptide chain•peptide bonds form between COOH and NH2
Amino acids build two types of proteins
1) Structural: This type is used in building structures in an organism
2) Chemical: This type gets involved in chemical reactions. Antibodies and enzymes perform chemical chores.
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
- Store important information in the cell
- Consist of nucleotides (monomer)
Nucleotide
-5 carbon sugar
-Phosphate group
-Nitrogen base
-Adenine
-Cytosine
-Thymine
-Guanine
DNA and RNA are polymers, composed of thousands of monomers
(nucleotides)
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
DNA contains information essential for cell activities.
Nucleic Acids
RNA stores and
transfers information necessary for making proteins.
ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
A nucleotide
ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
A nucleotide
- Primary energy source for the cell
- Key to ATP’s usefulness 3 phosphate groups
Let’s Read ATP, Your Rechargeable Battery
Review
Carbohydrates
What is the polymer?
What is the monomer?
Polysaccharide Cellulose
Starch Glycogen
Monosaccharide
Review
Lipids
What is the polymer?
What is the monomer?
Lipids
Fatty Acids
Review
Nucleic Acids
What is the polymer?
What is the monomer?
Nucleotide
Nucleic Acids DNA
RNA
What are the parts of a nucleotide?
SUGAR
P
BASE
What is the polymer?
Review
Proteins
What is the monomer?
Amino Acids
Polypeptides