Building Drawing Lecture1

8/7/2019 Building Drawing Lecture1

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Engineering Drawing or Engineering Graphics is the

graphical representation of shape of any physical

object, part of a machine, building, dam, road or airport

facility etc.

It is the common language for all concerned engineers

Other Methods (Model, Camera pics)


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Any structure constructed of whatsoevermaterial and used for residential, business,commercial, educational, industrial or other

purpose

Purposes of a buildingPurposes of a building

Sufficient accommodation for which constructed.

Protection from heat/ glare of sun/ storm/ rainetc.

Protection against thieves and housebreakers.


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Substructure Anything below ground level (GL)

Most important component of a building

Whole building structure rests on it

Has to be properly designed

Super Structure Anything above the ground level (GL)

Main Components of a building fall in super structure It is in direct use of occupants

Has to be properly designed

Helps achieve basic objective of the building


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Thick outer walls or cavity walls

Sun shades/ double glass

False ceiling

Copper lightening conductor/ roof slope/window grills/ strong pans etc

Minimum required openings/ doors

Etc.


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Good building site.

Properly planned and designed.

Adequate provision for sleeping, bathing, rest

and recreation. Rooms properly placed according to utility.

Properly oriented.

Privacy from outside and inside.

Free movement within the building.

Flexibility for usage for functions.

Quality fittings and fixtures.


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Site Selection and Orientation

Architectural Design

Engineering Design

Execution at site


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Selection of site is only valid once there are

multiple choices. For example if one decides to

purchase a plot he should consider orientation

of plot and its location. On the other hand if aperson wants to reconstruct ancestors house

he has no choice but to achieve objectives at

the same location


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Level of site.

Climatic conditions.

Subsoil conditions.

Modern amenities. Other facilities.

Surroundings.

Type of building i.e. residential, educational,

hospital etc. Other considerations like noise/ air pollution,well-drained, safe horizontal and verticaldistance from ht/ lt line etc.


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The art of placing a building in such a position sothat its front faces a particular direction is calledorientation.

It also includes the arrangements of rooms of a

building so as to provide natural comfort to inmates. Orientation needs first consideration after selectionof site for proper planning and design of a building.

In Punjab if the building side is towards south orsoutheast, it will be very hot in summers.

Verandahs, baths or stores may be provided towardssouth to save bedrooms, drawing and dining fromheat of summers. On this side, windows are madenarrow and must be provided with sunshades.

Cavity walls may also be considered. Longer side of building is exposed towards the wind

direction for better ventilation.


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Suits the surroundings.

Natural comfort to inmates.

Privacy.

Free from dust and noise nuisance.

Minimum portion in direct shower of rain.

To have a good design.


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Surroundings of the site.

Proximity of road or street.

Suns path and relative position. Sun is a source of natural

light and heat.Agood ventilating and germs killing agent.

Sunrays may fall sufficiently on the building and enters

through doors or windows.

Direction of wind. Orientation should be such that cool

breeze enters in evenings in summers but not in winters.

Should also prevent dust nuisance caused by heavy

intensity winds.

Character of rain should be considered in orientation so

that direct shower of rain and dampness inside the building

is also avoided.


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Every effort is made to utilize the full natural resources

such as wind, sun etc. Maximum facilities should be

provided within the funds and space available.

Plot sizes are measured in ft

2

, yd2

, Marla or kanal. 1 kanal =20 Marla, 1 Marla = 272 ft2 (actual) or 225 ft2where kanal is

f 500 yd2.

Standard size of 1 kanal plot is 50 x 90 and 10 Marla plot is

35 x 65.

Asuitable rectangular plot has length 1.85 times the frontof the plot.


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Bed Room with attached Bath

Drawing Room

Living Room

Dining Room Pantry

Kitchen

Store or Box Room

Stair CaseVerandah

Servant Room

Car porch


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Min size of bed room for small house 8-6x 12-0 (100 ft2)

Reasonable size for small house 12- 0 x

15-0 (180 ft2)Min size of bath room 5-0 x 6-0 (30 ft2)One side must be towards open side for

better ventilation.Sometimes dress room is added, min 25 ft2.Cupboards are provided with min of 21

depth and suitable height for hanging ofclothes.


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Min size 12-0 x 18-0 (215 ft2).

Direct approach from main entrance.

Powder room (min size 12 ft

2

) is to beattached with drawing room or through

living room.Powder room is to be fitted

withWC,WHB and hangers etc.


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Also known as TV lounge or commonroom.

Should be more comfortable andgraceful with direct access to othercomponents of the house.

Generally the biggest component of the

house (215 ft2

to 325 ft2

)Should give an impression of being open;

large glazed windows on suitable sidemay be recommended.


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Min area 150 ft2. Should be adjacent to

drawing or living room. Kitchen should

be connected.Suitable cupboards are provided.


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50 ft2 area should be provided between

kitchen and living for storage of kitchen

articles.In modern houses, drawing, dining and

living rooms may be combined in

convenient pattern thus reducing the

requirement of the area slightly.


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Reasonable size is 80 ft2; foremost requirement is

good ventilation

Store or Box RoomStore or Box Room

Reasonable size is 50 ft2; foremost requirement is

safety.Provided in interior part of the house


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May be provided in separate stair hall or directly in

the living.

Preferably on opening to outside and one to the

living room. Natural light should always be available.

VerandahVerandah

Should be 6 to 10 wide on front or back. In hot areas

direction of sun be considered; providing towards

south be appropriate


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Area is generally 100 ft2. Provided in one kanal or

bigger house.

On ground floor; it should be independent and on

the backside.

On top floor; it should have separate approach with

steel stairs.

Independent bathroom should also be provided.

Car porchCar porch Constructed in front: open from two or three sides. 8x 16 for one car and 16 x 16 for two cars is the min

requirement.


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Doors and windows should be minimum as these

utilize space and increase cost. In a normal

house windows should cover 15 to 20% of floor

area. On the other hand windows and doorsprovide ventilation and light.These if provided

on opposite side, provide ventilation.

Suitable dimensions of the doors are: -

Main gate min 8-0

Main doors 4-0 x 7-0

Bed room doors 3-0 x 7-0

Bath room doors 3-6 x 7-0


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Look at the funds; plot size and requirements. Fix the sizes ofdifferent rooms, add 9 in each direction for half walls onboth sides and draw components separately according to asuitable scale. Cut rectangles to a suitable scale.

Draw boundary of the plot on the same scale on anothergraph paper and mark necessary open space according tothe prevalent bylaws.Try to adjust the different componentsin a suitable way by placing the rectangles over the plotarea to be covered.

Make different trials to achieve the best solution keepingthe position of doors to be provided.According to theselected plan roughly draw the plan on a graph papermaking small and necessary adjustments. Decide thepositions of doors, windows, ventilators, cupboards, exhaust

fans, air conditioners etc.


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If the features cannot be adjusted accurately, reconsiderthe arrangements. Now a days computer software havemade the job easy.

If the features cannot be adjusted accurately, reconsiderthe arrangements. Now a days computer software havemade the job easy.


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Perspective ViewPerspective View

If the rays of sight emerging from the object tend

to meet at any station point and a picture plane is

introduced in between, the view obtained on the

picture plane will be perspective view.There are

also two and three point perspectives.


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Isometric View

Pictorial view, which often looks unnatural, is

drawn to dimensions as far as possible. Isometric

axis are 120 degrees to each other


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Orthographic Views

It is a method of representing the exact shape of

an object by carrying perpendicular rays from

two or more sides of the object to picture planes

generally at right angle to each other;

collectively the views on these planes describe

the object completely


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Architect makes a number of proposals keeping

in mind the requirement for the building.Then

he discusses with the client and makes changes

according to his wishes.

These drawings are made attractive even by

using colours and different angles of perspective

view


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Submission drawings are actually the legal documents used toget the plans approved from the controlling authority likeCDAetc

Building plan.

Site

Plan.

Location plan.

Schedule of Openings.

Schedule ofAreas.x Total area of plot,

x covered area,

x allowable covered area,

x GF covered area and

x 1st floor covered area etc


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ArchitecturalWorking Drawings

StructuralWorking Drawings

x Foundation plan

x Reinforcement details

x Plumbing works

x Details of doors and windows

x Bath and kitchen detailsx Electrification plan

Completion Drawing

Documents

Building Drawing Lecture1