BUILDING SKILLS

FOR PROFICIENCY

A Comprehensive Workbook for

Proficiency, KPDS, ÜDS and TOEFL

Cesur Öztürk

PELİKAN YAYINCILIK

© Cesur Öztürk

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.

First published 1994

Fortieth printing 2012

Baskı

Sözkesen Matbaacılık Tic. Ltd. Şti. - ANKARA

Tel: (312) 395 21 10 – 395 59 07

Faks: (312) 395 61 07

Kapak Tasarımı

Ali ÇELİK

ISBN

978605-5270-35-3

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CONTENTS Introduction xi Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations xiv PART 1 GRAMMAR 1 CHAPTER 1: Basic Sentence Structure 1 I. The Parts of a Sentence 1 A. The Subject 1 B. The Verb 4 C. The Object 5 D. The Complement 5 E. Subject, Object and Complement - Summary 6 Test on Subject and Object Noun Phrases 7 II. Verb Patterns 8 Test on Verb Patterns 15 CHAPTER 2: Determiners, Nouns and Pronouns 17 I. Determiners 17 A. General Determiners 17 B. Illustrative Examples on the Uses of Determiners 19 C. Pre-determiners 20 D. Each and Every 21 E. Ordinal Numbers Used as Post-determiners 21 Test on Determiners 22 F. Articles with Common Nouns 24 Test on Articles 27 II. Nouns 28 III. Agreement 28 CHAPTER 3: Tenses in English 31 The Present Continuous Tense 31 The Simple Present Tense 31 The Simple Past Tense 32 The Past Continuous Tense 33 The Present Perfect Tense 33 The Present Perfect Continuous Tense 34 The Past Perfect Tense 34 The Past Perfect Continuous Tense 35 The Simple Future Tense 35 Going-to Future 36 Will versus Be Going To 36 Future in the Past 36

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The Future Continuous Tense 36 The Future Perfect Tense 36 The Future Perfect Continuous 37 Comparison of Tenses 37 TENSES - Summary 39 Sequence of Tenses 40 Test on Tenses - Set 1 43 Test on Tenses - Set 2 47 CHAPTER 4: Functions of Modal Auxiliaries and Related Words 51 Test on Modals 54 Perfect Infinitives/Modals Referring to Past Time 57 Test on Perfect Infinitives 58 Modals-Time Reference 59 Test on Modal Auxiliaries and Perfect Infinitives 61 CHAPTER 5: Passive and Causative Constructions 64 I. The Passive Voice 64 Test on The Passive Voice 68 II. The Causative Form 70 Test on the Causative Form 73 III. The Active Voice versus the Passive Voice and the Causative Form 74 Test on Active, Passive and Causative Forms 75 CHAPTER 6: Gerunds and Infinitives 76 I. Gerunds 76 A. Functions of Gerunds 76 B. Time Reference in Gerunds 76 C. Verbs Followed by the Gerund 77 II. Infinitives 78 A. Uses of Infinitives 78 B. Structures That Are Followed by ‘To’- Infinitive 79 C. Time Reference in Infinitives 80 D. Verbs That Take the Infinitive 82 E. Verbs That Need Special Attention 83 F. Additional Notes on Be+ ‘To’ Infinitive 84 Test on Gerunds and Infinitives - Set 1 85 Test on Gerunds and Infinitives - Set 2 87 CHAPTER 7: Adjectives 89 I. Major Adjective Patterns 89 II. Linking Verb + Adjective 91 III. Types of Adjectives 92 IV. Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adjectives 94

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V. Constructions with Comparisons 95 VI. Modification of Comparatives 97 VII. Modification of Superlatives 97 VIII. Compound adjectives of measurement: ‘a five- year old child’ 97 IX. Adjectives ending in ‘-ed’ and ‘-ing’ 98 CHAPTER 8: Adverbs 99 I. Sentential Adverbs 99 II. Adverbs of Manner 99 III. Restricting Adverbs 99 IV. Viewpoint Adverbs 99 V. Focusing Adverbs 100 VI. Adverbs of Degree/Intensifiers 100 VII. The Uses of Rather, Quite and Fairly 101 VIII. The Position of Adverbs 102 IX. Frequency Adverbs 103 X. Additional Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases 103 XI. Constructions with Comparisons 104 Test on Adjectives and Adverbs 104 CHAPTER 9: Relative (Adjective) Clauses 107 I. Formation of Relative Clauses 108 II. Variations in Defining Clauses 110 III. Non- Defining Clauses 110 IV. Variations in the Use of Non-Defining Clauses 111 V. Reduction of Relative Clauses 112 VI. Additional Notes on Relative Clauses 115 Test on Relative Clauses 117 CHAPTER 10: Noun Clauses 122 I. Formation of Noun Clauses 122 A. Noun Clauses Which Begin with That 122 B. Noun Clauses Which Begin with Whether and If 122 C. Noun Clauses Which Begin with Question Words 123 II. Functions of Noun Clauses 124 A. Noun Clause as the Subject of a Sentence 124 B. Noun Clause as the Object of a Sentence 124 C. Noun Clause as Adjective Complement 124 D. Noun Clause as Subject Complement 125 E. Noun Clause as an Appositive 125 F. Noun Clause as the Object of a Preposition 125 G. Noun Clause as Indirect Object 125 III. Subordinator as The Subject of a Noun Clause 125 IV. The Position and Function of Noun Clauses 126 A. Noun Clauses with That 126 B. Noun Clauses with Whether 127 C. Noun Clauses with What 128

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V. -Ever Words in Noun Clauses 128 VI. The Subjunctive Form in Noun Clauses 128 VII. Reduction of Noun Clauses 129 VIII. Summary of Noun Clauses 130 Test On Noun Clauses 131 CHAPTER 11: -EVER Words and Correlative Conjunctions 134 I. - Ever Words 134 II. Correlative Conjunctions 136 Mini Test on Correlative Conjunctions 136 CHAPTER 12: Conditions and Wishes 137 I. Conditions 137 Test on Conditions 139 II. Wish Clauses 140 Test on Wishes 142 CHAPTER 13: Adverbial Clauses 143 Adverbial Clauses of Time 143 Adverbial Clauses of Place 144 Adverbial Clauses of Reason 144 Adverbial Clauses of Direct Contrast 144 Adverbial Clauses of Concessive Contrast 144 Adverbial Clauses of Result 145 Adverbial Clauses of Purpose 145 Adverbial Clauses of Manner 145 Adverbial Clauses of Degree (Proportion) 146 Adverbial Clauses of Condition 146 Adverbial Clauses of Comparison 147 Additional Notes on Adverbial Clauses 147 Adverbial Clauses - Summary 149 Test on Adverbial Clauses 150 CHAPTER 14: Participles 154 I. Actions That Take Place at the Same Time 154 A. -ING Participle For Active Constructions 154 B. Past participle / - ED Participle (For Passive Constructions) 155 II. Actions That take Place at Different Times 156 Perfect Participle :Having+V3 /Having been+V3 157 III. Participial Phrase with Its Own Subject 157 IV. Participles- Summary 158 V. Participles Used Idiomatically 159 Test on Participles 160

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CHAPTER 15: Special Difficulties 164 I. Inversion 164 Test on Inversion 166 II. Structural Parallelism 167 Mini Test on Structural Parallelism 168 III. Auxiliary 169 A. and ..., too and so... 169 B. and ..., either and neither... 169 Mini Test on Auxiliary 169 C. Tag Questions 170 Mini Test on Tag Questions 170 IV. The Subjunctive Form 171 Mini Test on the Subjunctive Form 171 CHAPTER 16: Reduction of Clauses 172 I. Finite Clauses versus Verbless (Reduced) Clauses II. Finite versus Non-Finite (Reduced) Clauses 173 III. Passive Constructions in Finite and Non-Finite Clauses 173 IV. Active Constructions in Finite and Non-Finite Clauses 174 V. Reducing Finite Clauses with Infinitives 175 VI. Additional Notes on Finite and Non-Finite Verbs 177 Test on Finite and Non-Finite Clauses 178 CHAPTER 17: Sentence Connectors 179 Tests on Sentence Connectors 182 CHAPTER 18: Prepositions, Prepositional Phrases and Idiomatic Expressions 186 Test on Prepositions 191 Test on Idiomatic Expressions (Intermediate - Advanced) 194 CHAPTER 19: Sentence Variety 196 I. Structures That Indicate Addition 196 II. Structures of Cause-Effect Relationship 197 III. Structures of Concessive Contrast (Denial of Expectation) 199 IV. Structures of Contrast (Direct Opposition) 200 V. Structures of Similarity 201 VI. Structures That Indicate Purpose 202 VII. Structures That Indicate Result 203 VIII. Structures That Indicate Time 203 IX. Structures That Indicate Condition 203 X. Adverbial Clauses versus Adverbial Phrases 204 XI. Sentence Variety - Summary 205 Test on Sentence Variety and Logical Relations 208

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CHAPTER 20: General Grammar Tests 210 Grammar Test 1 210 Grammar Test 2 219 Grammar Test 3 228 Grammar Test 4 235 Advanced Grammar Test 1 242 Advanced Grammar Test 2 249 PART 2 BASIC ACADEMIC VOCABULARY 256 Diagnostic Test 256 CHAPTER 1: Recognizing Synonyms 258 I. Prepositional Phrases 258 II. Verbs 259 Test on Verbs - Set 1 263 Test on Verbs - Set 2 265 III. Nouns 267 Test on Nouns 270 IV. Adjectives 271 Test on Adjectives 274 V. Adverbs 276 Test on Adverbs 277 General Tests on Synonyms 279 CHAPTER 2 : Usage 286 I. Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases 286 A. Prepositions That Follow Verbs 286 Test on Prepositions That Follow Verbs 289 B. Prepositions That Follow Adjectives 291 Test on Prepositions That Follow Adjectives 293 C. Important Prepositional Phrases 294 Test on Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases 294 II. Verbs and Verbals 296 A. Verbs That Take Gerunds and Infinitives 296 Test on Gerunds or Infinitives 297 B. Verb Patterns 298 C. The Passive Voice 301 D. The Causative Form 303 E. Adjectival and Adverbial Participles 303 F. Infinitives 304 Test on Verbs 304 III. Nouns 308 Test on Nouns 312 IV. Adjectives 314 Test on Adjectives 317 V. Adverbs 320 Test on Adverbs 320 General Vocabulary Tests 322

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PART 3 ADVANCED ACADEMIC VOCABULARY 336 CHAPTER 1: Recognizing Synonyms 336 I. Advanced Verbs and Verbals 336 II. Advanced Nouns 349 Test on Advanced Nouns 351 III. Advanced Adjectives 354 Test on Advanced Adjectives 359 IV. Advanced Adverbs 362 Test on Advanced Adverbs 363 General Tests on Synonyms 364 CHAPTER 2: Usage 373 I. Prepositions 373 A. Advanced Verbs Followed by Prepositions 373 Test on Advanced Verbs Followed by Prepositions 375 B. Prepositions in Passive Constructions 377 C. Advanced Adjectives Followed by Prepositions 378 Mini Test on Advanced Adjectives Followed by Prepositions 389 D. Nouns Followed by Prepositions 380 II. Advanced Verbs and Verbals 381 Test on Advanced Verbs - Set 1 389 Test on Advanced Verbs - Set 2 393 III. Advanced Nouns 395 Test on Advanced Nouns - Set 1 403 Test on Advanced Nouns - Set 2 406 IV. Advanced Adjectives 409 Test on Advanced Adjectives 413 V. Advanced Adverbs 416 Test on Advanced Adverbs 418 Advanced Usage Tests 419 CHAPTER 3: Special Difficulties 427 A. Important Phrasal Verbs 427 Test on Phrasal Verbs - Set 1 434 Test on Phrasal Verbs - Set 2 435 B. Words That Are Often Confused 437 Test on Words Which Are Often Confused - Set 1 442 Test on Words Which Are Often Confused - Set 2 445 C. Prepositions, Prepositional Phrases Idiomatic Expressions and Conjunctions 448 Test on Idiomatic Expressions 458 D. Guessing Vocabulary 461 Exercises on Guessing Vocabulary 462 Test on Guessing Vocabulary 466 E. Words Used in Different Senses 467

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PART 4 READING COMPREHENSION 471

CHAPTER 1: Text Organization 471 I. Developmental Paragraphs 471 II. Recognizing the Topic Sentence and Generalizations 473 III. Stated Main Ideas and the Position of the Topic Sentence 474 IV. The Structure of the Topic Sentence and the Main Idea 474 V. Choosing the Best Topic Sentence 476 VI. Recognizing Specific Details 477 VII. Level of Support 478 VIII. Kind of Support 479

CHAPTER 2: Reading Skills 480 I. Skimming 480 II. Scanning 482 III. Recognizing Paraphrases or Restatements 483 Ways of Paraphrasing / Restating Ideas 483 Tests on Restatements 490 IV. Making Inferences 496 Tests on Inferences 504 V. Identifying the Main Idea 508 A. Exercises on Explicitly Stated Main Idea 508 Tests on Explicitly Stated Main Idea 509 B. Implied Main Idea 509 Tests on Implied Main Idea 510 Additional Tests on Finding the Main Idea 511 Tests on Choosing the Best Title 517 VI. Prediction : What can logically follow? 520

CHAPTER 3: Organizational Skills 524 I. Unity 524 II. Coherence: Arrangement and Connection of Sentences 526 A. Types of Transitionals 526 B. Clause Formation 527 C. Reference Signals : this, that, these, those, one, ones etc. 528 D. Lexical Devices (=Words)Used to Connect Sentences 531 E. Order - The Arrangement of Sentences 532 Test on Reference Signals 533 Tests on Sentence Connection 534 Tests on Reading Comprehension 536

PART 5 SAMPLE TESTS 556 Sample Proficiency Test 1 556 Sample Proficiency Test 2 571 KPDS Practice Test 587

Appendix 1 - Prepositions 603 Appendix 2 - Markers of Basic Relations 608 Appendix 3 - Stems, Prefixes and Suffixes 610 Appendix 4 - Word Forms 615 Appendix 5 - Developing Academic Vocabulary for Exams 626 Appendix 6 - Important Conjunctions 634

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Introduction This book is intended for intermediate and advanced learners of English who

are preparing for examinations in English, such as English proficiency examinations given by Turkish universities, KPDS (Language Proficiency Test for Government Employees) and the TOEFL. It also covers a lot of material which is relevant to Cambridge Proficiency Examinations. While it may be used in a classroom situation to teach grammar, vocabulary and reading comprehension, it is basically a self study book.

The material in it is so designed that it ensures steady progress towards mastery of English. Its major components are grammar, vocabulary and reading.

Major grammatical patterns are dealt with thoroughly, and learners’ ability to recognize these patterns is improved through unit by unit tests aimed at reinforcing the structures taught. While answering test questions, learners may refer to the original examples related to the testing point by means of the page references given in the key to tests.

Vocabulary is presented in two parts. Part 2 covers basic academic vocabulary needed for proficiency examinations given at Turkish universities. The vocabulary items included in this part have been selected on the basis of their frequency, range and usefulness. These words have been arranged according to the frequency of occurrence as far as possible. Important words are recycled, i.e., used in different contexts cyclically in subsequent sections to make sure that learners remember what they mean.

Part Three contains advanced academic vocabulary. Though the words in this part are, on the whole, less frequent than those presented in Part Two, it is essential to know the meanings of these words in order to understand more advanced texts. Advanced academic words are selected from Time Magazine, CNN, the BBC, and various kinds of academic texts. The vocabulary items presented in Part Three are especially useful for those who are preparing for KPDS, TOEFL and Cambridge Proficiency Examinations. The third chapter of Part Three deals with special difficulties. The most commonly used phrasal verbs, words which are often confused, prepositions, prepositional phrases and important idiomatic expressions as well as words used in different senses are covered in the third chapter. Vocabulary guessing is also covered in this chapter as a separate skill.

Reading comprehension is taught systematically by focusing on all the important skills involved in the reading process. Great care is taken to make this complicated process easier for learners. It is hoped that the exercises provided and the suggestions made in the book will facilitate reading comprehension and enable learners to understand and answer reading comprehension questions better. In some texts, important academic words are printed in bold type to draw learners’ attention to them.

It is worth noting at this stage that to derive maximum benefit from this book, learners are strongly advised to do wide reading. Reading will reinforce not only

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grammar but also vocabulary items presented in this book, making the book more effective than it would otherwise be.

Sample tests will give learners a chance to test their linguistic competence. If they discover that they are weak in a certain section, they can study the relevant sections more intensively.

The material in the book has been selected with utmost care and is based on a wide range of sources including test books, grammar books, vocabulary books, dictionaries, various academic course books, newspapers, magazines and two major sources of news media, the BBC radio broadcasts and CNN International. The BBC and CNN have been extremely useful in choosing the words to be included in the material. The words which often occur in these two sources as well as in Time and Newsweek magazines have been given prominence in the book.

Appendixes contain useful information about words that take prepositions, transitional words, prefixes and suffixes and word forms.

A significant part of the material has been tried on students to ensure its validity and reliability.

The book has been written in English to help learners to familiarize themselves with the kind of language they are likely to encounter in authentic texts. It is the author’s hope that the book will contribute to English Language Teaching in Turkey.

Thanks to the great interest shown by teachers and students alike, the second revised edition of the book proved to be more successful than the first edition, thus giving the author further encouragement and hope for the third and subsequent editions, which have one important advantage over the previous editions. Starting with the third edition, the book contains a detailed grammar index, which greatly facilitates access to a given grammatical point. The author would like to suggest to his readers that they should examine the index carefully to familiarize themselves with the kind of structures presented in the book. Once readers have completed their survey of the material contained in the index, they will be convinced that the book contains examples of more grammatical structures than any other comparable book on the market. One major addition to the fifth and the subsequent editions of the book is the glossary and index, which has been added to the key. With the Turkish equivalents of the words used in the book, the glossary and the index will help learners to overcome the difficulties that they encounter in developing academic vocabulary. If learners examine the glossary carefully, they will see that many important words are recycled throughout the book, making vocabulary development easier.

The new edition includes the correction of minor typesetting errors related to coloring certain items. No other changes have been made to the 38th edition.

An appendix on lexical items introducing additional academic vocabulary and another appendix on important conjunctions make the book far more useful particularly for advanced learners.

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Acknowledgements The idea of writing a book was first suggested to me by my dear friend Lütfi

Yalçınkaya, to whom I owe my heartfelt thanks for encouraging me to attempt such an enormous task.

I would like to thank Professor Sabri Koç for teaching me how to use a computer, which made it possible for me to design this book and make any necessary changes in it. I’m also grateful to several of my colleagues(namely, Joan Özelçi, Margaret Aktaş, Aysun Velioğlu, Dr. Hamit Togay and Professor Hüsnü Enginarlar), who have read and commented on the linguistic and/or pedagogic aspects of certain parts of the material.

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Associate Professor Joshua Bear at the Department of Foreign Language Education at METU, who has made a significant contribution to this book by doing a great deal of proofreading and clarifying troublespots. He has also provided me with extremely useful books, from which I got many good ideas

I am most grateful to my colleagues at the Departments of Basic English and Modern Languages at METU for recommending the book to the students of METU and making valuable suggestions for this revised edition.

I’m greatly indebted to Füsun Hepdinç, my dear friend from Hacettepe University, and the members of the teaching staff at the School of Foreign Languages of Hacettepe University for recommending this book to their students and using it in their courses.

My greatest debt is to Mehmet Ali Erkiner, who has not only made extremely useful suggestions but also given the book a thorough proofreading. It is thanks to his meticulous care and painstaking exactness that the book has taken its present form. Furthermore, he has checked the grammar index with remarkable patience, pointing out errors which might have otherwise gone unnoticed.

I wish to extend my thanks to the staff members of Gülhane Military Medical Academy who volunteered to act as a pilot group in testing the effectiveness of the material before the publication of the book.

I must say a special thank you to Professor Türker Mirata from the Department of Civil Engineering at METU for his meticulous proofreading and excellent suggestions, which enabled me to correct a great many printing errors which had gone unnoticed in the previous editions.

My thanks also go to Neşe Aydoğan for helping me with the typesetting of the material in her spare time. Moreover, I am thankful to İbrahim Yıkılmaz for helping me prepare the book for the new edition.

Finally, I would like to express my appreciation to my wife Nuray. Without her support and encouragement, this book would never have been completed.

Cesur Öztürk

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Abbreviations adj adjective adv adverb cf. compare conj conjunction N noun NP noun phrase p. page pp. pages prep preposition pron pronoun sb somebody sth something v verb V1 present form of the verb, as in go, sit, write, play etc. V3 past participle form of the verb, as in written, seen, stolen, gone,

etc. vi intransitive verb, as in go, come sleep, walk, swim etc. vt transitive verb, as in see, find, clean, paint, eat, drink, etc.