BUILDING URBAN FLOOD RESILIENCE

BUILDING URBAN FLOOD RESILIENCE Integrating Community Perspectives In Kibera Work under the Kibera Public Space Project (2006 ongoing) and consultation under the BUILDING URBAN FLOOD RESILIENCE pro-gram (2014 - ongoing) funded by the Swiss Re Foundation

INTRODUCTION AND PROGRESS TO DATE - OCTOBER 2015

Building Urban Flood Resilience KOUNKUEY DESIGN INITIATIVE


CONTENTS:

1. KIBERA CONTEXT2. KDI IN KIBERA3. URBAN FLOODING ISSUES 4. LEARNING TO DATE5. KPSP LOCAL SOLUTIONS


1. KIBERA CONTEXT


kenya nairobi

kibera

KIBERA LOCATION


KIBERA = VULNERABILITY TO FIRE AND FLooDING

FIRE damage IN JAN 2014


KIBERA = TOPOGRAPHY


KIBERA = POOR DRAINAGE

KIBERA = NO SOLID WASTE COLLECTION



KIBERA = SOLID WASTE DEPOSITION FROM FLOODING

nairobi

dandora

kibera

central

province

eastern province

rift valley province

mukuru

matharekariobangi

kawangware

nairobi

major slum


SLUMS AND MAJOR RIVER SYSTEMS OF THE NAIROBI RIVER BASIN

kibera

nairobi

dandora

pollution hot spotsBOD [mg/l]tds [mg/l]cod [mg/l]

nairobi river basin

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Source: phase 2 and Phase 3 Pollution Monitoring Report Annex of Nairobi River Basin Programme, Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi - 30 sample

station points taken along the ngong river

mg/l

ngong river

nairobi river


ORGANIC POLLUTION IN THE NGONG RIVER FROM KIBERA


2. KDI IN KIBERA

The Kounkuey Timeline

Sp|06 Su|06 F|06 Sp|07 Su|07S|05 F|07 Sp|08W|08 S|08 F|08

Spring 2007

From One

to Many

If affordable and managed

well, community groups can

replicate the process of creat-ing productive public spaces

in existing waste spaces.

As it grows, this network

strengthens the river infra-structure and provides ameni-ties to thousands of residents.

$ $

KIBERA PUBLIC SPACE PROJECT (KPSP) NETWORK: THE VISION IN 2006


productive public space

environmental remediation

pollution reduction

watershed stabilization

access infrastructure

public recreation

public assembly

small enterprise

food security

savings and loans

phys

ical

socia

lec

onom

-

1. transforms an environmental liability into usable public space;

2. is authored and operated by its end-users collaborating with outside groups;

3. integrates income-generating and socially empowering uses;

4. adds value to a space with-out alienating the original community;

5. meets expressed community priorities and links to larger improvement efforts; and

6. uses strong design concepts to create beautiful places.

PRODUCTIVE PUBLIC SPACE CONCEPT


started 2007KPSP01 BEFORE


completed 2010KPSPO1 AFTER

VOCATIONAL SCHOOL

CHURCHCOMPOSTING

BUSINESS SITE OFFICE + WEAVING COOP

PUBLIC PARK


KPSP02 BEFORE started 2009


pps 2 a!er


PLAYGROUND WATER KIOSK

SANITATION BLOCK

CHURCH

KIOSKS

FLOOD PROTECTION





SPRING BOX AND LAUNDRY

PAD

KIOSKSTAILOR

PUBLIC PARK

FLOOD PROTECTION

AND DRAINAGE

PRE-SCHOOLCRAFTS

BUSINESS




KPSPO4 AFTER completed 2013

FLOOD PROTECTION

SANITATION BLOCK

DAYCARECYBER CAFE

PATCH


started JANUARY 2013KPSP05 BEFORE


KPSPO5 AFTER FEBRUARY 2014

SANITATION BLOCK

MULTIPURPOSE STRUCTURE

LAUNDRY PAD

DRAINAGE

SEPTIC SYSTEM


KPSP06 IN DESIGN started APRIL 2013


KPSPO6 AFTER FEBRUARY 2014

COMPOSTING TOILET BLOCK


��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��


A GROWING SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL NETWORK

KPSP05 2014

KPSP02 2011

KPSP03 2012

KPSP04 2013

KPSP01 2010

KPsp06 2014KPSP07 2015

1km

N

NAIROBI DAM

NGONG RIVER

NAIROBI - KAMPALA RAILWAY LINE


KIBERA PUBLIC SPACE PROJECT (KPSP) NETWORK 2015

KPSP05 2014

KPSP02 2011

KPSP03 2012

KPSP04 2013

KPSP01 2010

KPsp06 2014KPSP07 2015

1km

N

flooding from the Ngong river

flooding from small streams within Kibera

NB: localised flooding due to inadequate drainage EXISTS THROUGHOUT KIBERA


NAIROBI DAM

NGONG RIVER

NAIROBI - KAMPALA RAILWAY LINE

RIVERINE FLOOD AREAS

site

settlement

WATERSHED

WATERWASTEWATER STORMWATER



RISKBUILDINGSUTILITIES

RISKINFRASTRUCTURESTANDARDS

RISKBOUNDARIESJURISDICTION

50m

5,000m

50,000m


SCALE JUMPING


3. URBAN FLOODING


FLOODING on ngong river april 2013

“The river is associated around here with death and destruction of property”, Rose Odinga, Kibera Resident, April 2013.

KPSP04 2013

1km

N


FLOOD DAMAGE TO PROPERTY AND ASSETS OCCURS TWICE ANNUALLY

FLOOD DAMAGE IN AT THE BOUNDARIES OF LINDI AND LAINI SABA VILLAGES ADJACENT TO KPSP04 IN APRIL 2014. THE INTERNAL ROOMS OF THIS BUILDING WERE FLOODED AND ALL PROPERTY INSIDE RUINED.

FLOOD REPAIRS ARE COSTLY AND TIME CONSUMING

FLOOD REPAIRS WITH IRREGULAR STONEWORK AND WEAK MORTAR. THIS REPAIR WAS WASHED AWAY AGAIN AFTER THE NEXT RAINS.


KIBERA WATER, SANITATION AND RIVERS

SC 1Area= 645 hectares

SC 2Area=135 hectares


SC 4Area= 121 hectares



KIBERA CATCHMENTS


NGONG CATCHMENTS


THE CHALLENGES KIBERA CONTEXT

ǵ� 30,000 people living within 30m of the rivers (SDI, 2012; KDI, 2014)ǵ� cheapest rents are found along the rivers and streams where risk of flooding is highest. ǵ� flooding destroys the limited assets of poor and vulnerable households, displaces residents,

halts economic activity, contaminates water supply and can lead to disease outbreaks

NATIONAL POLICY CONTEXT ǵ� The only concrete policy for flood protection that currently exists in Nairobi designates a

blanket, 30m riparian zone within which all structures are deemed illegal. ǵ� In 2009 the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) estimated that imple-

menting the policy would require the eviction of 127,000 people along the Mathare, Nairobi, and Ngong rivers at a cost of 1.8 Billion KES (Nation, 2009).

ǵ� This policy has created tensions between residents and implementing agencies, resulted in significant protest, and proved unenforceable.


POLICY/PLANNING GAPS ǵ� There is a clear gap between the scale of the issue and the current knowledge and capac-

ity-to-respond within governmental and nongovernmental organisations. ǵ� This is not exclusive to Kibera abut consistent in many rapidly urbanising cities in the so-

called developing world. ǵ� A consistent challenge is that community perspectives on these issues have rarely

been integrated into planning processes (Baker, 2012). ǵ� This lack of context has led to an over-reliance on poorly planned relocation, causing con-

flict and insecurity in many cases. ǵ� At the same time heavy infrastructural solutions can incur significant cost and have limited

flexibility and robustness in the face of environmental (climate) or social changes.

THE CHALLENGES

There is great potential to consider how lower-cost, non-structural approaches that support local resilience can create an integrated approach to flood risk manage-ment alongside traditional spatial planning and policy responses (Jha et al, 2012).


NEEDS

1) The need to develop an approach to flood modeling and risk-mapping that is applicable in the informal context and integrates community-level information on multiple hazards and risks;

2) The need to demonstrate the validity of a broader menu of flood management options that focus on building social cohesion and resilience, alongside appropriate infrastructural and policy measures;

3) The need to identify and implement social resilience projects (e.g. early warning systems, flood management committees, emergency response centres) that demonstrate the low-cost, high-benefit value of these approaches;

4) The need to build the capacity of institutional stakeholders to undertake integrated flood risk management and implement flood management options in a consultative andcollaborative fashion that incorporates conflict-sensitivity and the social dimensions of resilience.


A RESPONSE? INTEGRATED URBAN FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT

1. ASSESS VULNERABILITY AND RISK- local perspectives- local vulnerability- MODELING AND MAPPING

2. IDENTIFY SOLUTIONS (STRATEGIC FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT)- spatial (HARD) and SOCIAL (SOFT) SOLUTIONS

3. COST

4. IMPLEMENT- POLICY REQUIREMENTS


A RESPONSE? SOCIAL RESILIENCE STRATEGIES

INSURANCE

EROSION CONTROLREBUILDING NATURAL

ECOSYSTEMS

URBAN DEVELOPMENT CONTROLS

BUILDING CODES

FLOOD DEFENCES

RESETTLEMENT TO LOWER RISK ZONES

REDUCED SOCIAL VULNERABILITY

EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS

URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

LOWHIGH

BE

NE

FITS

RE

LATI

VE

TO

COST

S

HIGH

LOW

ROBUSTNESS TO UNCERTAINTIES

Relative costs and benefits of flood mangement options (adapted from Ranger and Garbett-Shields, 2011)

e.g. early warning sys-tems, flood awareness campaigns, flood man-

agement committees and local emergency

response centres


4. LEARNING TO DATE

CONSULTATION STRUCTURE

B u i l d i n g U r b a n F l o o d R e s i l i e n c e i n K i b e r a �

March 2015 KDI 8

2.3 Consultation Framework Consultation framework integrating the principle components and methodologies:

Axes Methodology Information

Level Dem

ogra

phic

s/Li

velih

oods

Haz

ard

Ass

essm

ent

Bro

ad V

ulne

rabi

lity

Vuln

erab

ility

to F

lood

ing

Qua

ntify

ing

Dam

age/

Impa

ct

Dev

elop

ing

resp

onse

s - l

ocal

Dev

elop

ing

resp

onse

s -

inst

itutio

nal

Timescale of Consultation

�

�

1. Hazard Mapping

Remote Data Collection Desk study x x Feb. to March 2015

Field Data Collection Field Measurements

x Long and short rains 2015/2016

2. Vulnerability, Exposure and

Risk Assessment

HH Survey - Pre-rains HH survey x x x x x March 2015 HH Survey - Post-rains HH Survey x x x x x x May 2015

Participatory Vulnerability Analysis/ Community Level

x x x x

March - April 2015 Community Risk Assessment/

x x x x

April - May 2015

DRM Planning

x x x

May ongoing 2015

3. Institutional Mapping

Institutional mapping Desk/Community x x x x Feb. to April 2015

Key Informant Interviews Institutional Level (Local/National)

x x x x March-August 2015


1km

N

flooding from the Ngong river flooding from small streams within Kibera

CONSULTATION AREA

1. HH SURVEY2. COMMUNITY WORKSHOPS3. River measurements

CONSULTATION TYPES:

LINDI - andOlo

SOWETO EAST

LINDI (CONTROL) SILANGA - PCA

GATWEKERA - KPSP03

LINDI - KPSP07

NGONG RIVER

NAIROBI DAM

NAIROBI-KAMPALA RAILWAY

KIBERA


CONSULTATION AND DATA COLLECTION AREAS


COMMUNITY WORKSHOP 01 - SILANGA PCA - VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS26 March 2015





WORKSHOP 02,LINDI SITE 07,NEAR MSF,IDENTIFYINGRISK AREAS,28th MARCH


WORKSHOPIDENTIFYINGRISK AREAS


ENUMERATOR TRAINING FOR “PRE-RAINS” HOUSEHOLD SURVEYFEBRUARY 2015

COMPLETE “Pre-rains” HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS - 963 HH


LINDI - SITE 07

LINDI - ANDALO

SOWETO EAST

SILANGA PCALIN DI - CONTROL

PRE-RAINS HH SURVEYS RESULTS - 40% HH FLOODED IN LAST 12 MONTHS


POST-RAINS HH SURVEYS RESULTS (SO FAR) - 60% HH FLOODED IN LAST 3 MONTHS


FLOODING no. 1 REASON FOR HAVING TO LEAVE STRUCTURE


OVER 60% USING UNIMPROVED PIT LATRINES


FLOOD ADAPTATION GEO-TAGGING AND PHOTOS



FIELD OPERATORS TRAINING - LEVEL MEASUREMENTS PROCEDURES - MARCH 2015

FIELD OPERATORS TRAINING - HEALTH AND SAFETY - MARCH 2015


FIELD OPERATORS - RIVER LEVEL MEASUREMENTS - LINDI VILLAGE (SITE 07)APRIL 2015

DATE ORGANISATION KEY RESPONDENT(S)21-May-15 National Disaster Operations Centre (NDOC) COL (KAF-Rtd) Nathan M Kigotho, MBS. “ndc” “psc” (K),

Director, NDOCMinistry of Interior and Coordination of National Gov-

ernment

Dr Edward K. Kiema

22-May-15 National Environment Management Authority

(NEMA)

Sophie N. Mutemi, Environmental Inspector

Marian, Acting NEMA Director22-May-15 Urban Rivers Restoration Programme (URRP) - Min-

istry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources

Erick F. N. Akotsi, Director, URRP

Jeckly Bitok, Programme Officer, URRP29-May-15 Land Reclamation - Ministry of Environment, Water

and Natural Resources

Mr James K. Yatich, Deputy Director, Land Reclamation

02-Jun-15 Ministry of Devolution and Planning, State Depart-

ment of Devolution, Directorate of Special Pro-

grammes

Mr Vincent Matioli, Under secretary

04-Jun-15 Cabinet Secretary - Ministry of Environment, Water

and Natural Resources

Professor Judi Wakhungu Cabinet Secretary

Engineer SAO Alima04-Jun-15 Laini Saba Division Security Committee, Community

Based Organisation

John Maina Waithanji, Chairman

22-Jun-15 Laini Saba Local Authority Patrick Adira, Senior Chief23-Jun-15 Kenya Meteorological Department James Kongoti, CEO

Patrick Masika, Principal Meteorologist

Johnson Maina, Hydrologist24-Jun-15 Water Resources Management Authority, Flooding

Department

Simon Mwangi, Technical Coordination Manager


INSTITUTIONAL MAPPING AND ADVOCACY


5. KPSP - LOCAL SOLUTIONSXT

LOCAL SCALE SOLUTIONS - CONSULT WITH COMMUNITY MEMBERS


LOCAL SCALE SOLUTIONS - BAMBOO PLANTING AT KPSP01: EROSION CONTROL


LOCAL SCALE SOLUTIONS - GABIONS AT KPSP04: FLOOD CONTROL


LOCAL SCALE SOLUTIONS - GABIONS AT KPSP04: FLOOD CONTROL



MODEL

BUILD - LANDSCAPE DRIVEN SOLUTIONSLIVE STAKING

0 . 9 m

S O U T H B A N K

N O R T HB A N K

2 . 3 m

0 . 5 5 m 0 . 7 5 m0 . 5 m

2 . 7 m

0 .1 5 m

1 .1 m

0 . 5 m

8 m

4 m 4 m

5 . 3 m

Tr a s h s o i l

C o m p o s t

C o m p o s t

M u r r a m

C o m p a c t e d M u d

C o m p a c t e d M u d

B l a c k s o i l

3 m

0 . 2 m

0 . 2 m

Design Flow

1 . 7 m

C R O S S _ S E C T I O N DES I G N PR O P O S A L A _ R i p ra p w i t h l i v e s t a ke p l a n t in gKPSP01 _ Kibera Streambank Stabilization

R i p ra p( d = 0 .3- 0 .5m )

C o ns o l i d a t i o n p l a n t in g

L i v e s t a ke( F i g / p e p p e r t re e )

G e o t ex t i l e f a b r i c

S t a ke t o h o l d d o w n g e o t ex t i l e


ADVOCATE


MANAGE CHANGE!


nairobi river basin program - NAIROBI 2030 VISION


“Good development practice facilitates emergence; it builds on what we’ve got and with it goes to scale… in order to do something big—to think globally and act globally— one starts with something small and one starts where it counts.”

NABEEL HAMDI, SMALL CHANGE


THANKS from the KDI team!


Documents

BUILDING URBAN FLOOD RESILIENCE