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The City of RomeBuilt on 7 hills
with the Tiber River running nearThe city was
easily defendable, but also easily accessible for trade
How did the geography of Italy differ from that of Greece?The mountains of Italy were not as rugged as
those in Greece. This allowed for less isolation than in Greece. Italy also had better farmland than Greece.
Historians estimate that the community of people who would build Rome banded together sometime between 800 and 700 B.C.
The EtruscansThe Etruscans came
from Etruria, an area north of Rome
They moved south in 650 B.C. and took control of Rome and most of Latium
What influences did the Etruscans have on Rome?Changed Rome from a village of straw-roofed
huts to a city of brick and wood buildingsThey laid out streets, temples , and public
buildings around a central square Taught new styles of dress (togas)Influenced Roman military
The Legends and Myths of the Start of Rome Romulus and Remus753 B.C.
The Aeneid by Virgil1000 B.C.
What is a republic?
A form of government in which the leader is not a king or queen, but someone put in office by citizens with the right to vote.
PatriciansNobles or wealthy landowners Rome’s ruling class
PlebeiansArtisans, shopkeepers, and small farm ownersThe majority of Rome’s population were
comprised of people from this class
Two Main Classes of Rome
How was Roman government divided?Rome had a tripartite, or three part
governmentOne part ran the government, one made laws,
and a third acted as judges
What action did the Plebeians take against the Patricians in 494 B.C.?The Plebeians went on strike by refusing to
serve in the military and many left the city to begin a republic of their own.
What was the role of a Roman dictator?Had complete control
of the state, but ruled on a temporary basis during emergencies
What became the basis for all future Roman laws?The Twelve Tables
Who founded the state of Carthage and why was it so important?The Phoenicians Largest and richest trading city in the western
Mediterranean
In what years were the Punic Wars fought?264 B.C. to 146 B.C.
The Punic Wars were fought between Rome and Carthage
During the second Punic War, Carthage sent one of their greatest generals to attack Rome in 218 B.C.
Hannibal’s troop landed in southern Spain and attacked Rome from the north
Hannibal and the Punic Wars
Hannibal’s Elephants
How did the army change after 107 B.C.?It changed from citizen volunteers to paid
professional soldiers.
Roman farmers were becoming poor in the 100s B.C.Small farms were damaged during Punic WarsSmall farmers could not compete with large
farming estates (latifundia), and the slave laborHigh debt
Reforms were proposed to counteract the problem of poverty in RomeThey proposed that the Senate take public land
from the rich and divide it among landless Romans
How do you feel about the idea of the government taking things that you have, and giving them to other people that don’t?
Would this ever be a good system to have?
What are the pros and cons?
Discuss in your table groups
Roman military general
Elected as a consul 7 times beginning in 107 B.C.
His military success and legacy had a profound impact on the life of his nephew……………
Julius Caesar
Gaius Marius
Gaius Marius was continuously challenged by another Roman General, Sulla. This weakened the Council of Plebs and strengthened the Senate. Sulla’s use of military strength to seize governmental power inspired others to do the same, which led to years of civil wars in Rome.
Julius Caesar During the Marius/Sulla
struggle, Julius Caesar was proscribed by Sulla (put on a list to be executed) but he and his family were able to bribe them into a pardon. Around 81 B.C. (Age 19)
Remember, he is Marius’ nephew…
Julius Caesar was kidnapped by Sicilian pirates for ransom in 75 B.C (Age 25) He maintained a friendly relationship, playing games and joking, but all the while telling them he intended to track them down and kill them once he was released…
More Danger!!!
Julius Caesar played the game of Roman Politics for years• He charmed the
crowds in the Forum with speeches.
• Threw lavish parties for influential politicians
• Borrowed money from “Crassus the Rich”
Some of his achievements
• Obtained a seat in the Senate around 68 B.C. (Age 32)
• Elected Pontifex Maximus (Chief Priest) in 63 B.C. (Age 37)
• Soon became appointed governor of a province in Spain in 61 B.C. (Age 39) This could make him rich!!!
In 60 B.C. Julius Caesar joined with two other powerful men – Crassus (a rich man) and Pompey (military hero) and ruled Rome for 10 years. (Age 40-50)
They dominated politics and often bullied or bribed the Senate to attain their goals.
The First Triumvirate
After declaring himself dictator for life, what sort of reforms did Julius Caesar make?He granted citizenship to those living in Roman
territories outside the Italian peninsula
Started colonies to provide land to the landless
Ordered people using slave labor to hire more free workers
Created the Julian calendar
With his soldiers…because he endured the same hardships as his
men and won many battles in Gaul
Caesar Becomes Very Popular
With the poor citizens….because he was trying to make changes and he
was a war hero – he would write back to Rome about all his successes
With the Senators?.......No Way!!!
The Senators were watching him and concerned about his growing power…was he trying to be a KING
Killed by Senators, chiefly Brutus, who was his friend, and Cassius
They were trying to “save the Republic” (it was already nearly dead)
March 15, 44 B.C. Age 56
The Death of Caesar
What happens next….?
The Second Triumvirate formed to avenge Caesar’s death in 43 B.C. The
following ruled for 10 years
Octavian – grand nephew of CaesarMarc Antony –a general of the Roman militaryLepidus – a powerful politician
Later they also disband and become rivals creating the third Civil War.
What was the Pax Romana?The Roman Peace Period - 200 years of peace
and prosperity in Rome beginning with Augustus
Changes Under Augustu
s
Built permanent
professional army of about
150,000
Rebuilt Rome with
palaces, fountains, and public buildings
Imported grain from Africa to feed the
poor
Reformed the Roman tax system
•Created Praetorian Guard
•Improved government by appointing proconsuls to each territory
•Reformed the legal system
Nerva A.D. 96-98Reformed land in favor of the poorRevised Taxes
Trajan A.D. 98- 117Expanded the empire to its largest sizeBuilt many new public works
Hadrian A.D. 117- 138Built Hadrian’s Wall in Britain Made Roman laws easier to understand
Antoninus Pius
A.D. 138- 161Promoted art and science Built new public worksPassed laws to aid orphans
Marcus Aurelius
A.D. 161- 180Helped unite the empire economically Reformed Roman law
The Good Emperors
What are some things these rulers have in common? Why are they considered “good”?
How long was Rome’s road system during the Pax Romana? 50,000 miles
CurrencyA system of money
All Roads Lead to Rome
What was daily life like in Ancient Rome?
Daily LifeLaw and OrderReligionFamily LifeFood and DrinkHousingEducationRecreationCountry Life
Daily Life in Ancient RomeA city of contrastsPalaces and
crammed apartments.
City Markets where men and women shopped.
Daily Life in Ancient RomeRich only a small
part of Rome’s population.
Poor lived in filthy neighborhoods.
Children of the poor were lucky to live past 10.
Law and OrderRomans believed
in the rule of law.Roman law was
strict, but crime was common.
Rich men tried to hide their wealth.
Not all law was applied equally.
ReligionReligion was
important to Romans.Romans wanted to
please their gods.Believed gods
controlled their daily life.
If someone was sick, Romans would leave an offering.
Festivals and holidays held throughout the year.
Family LifeThe family was
ruled by the father.Roman men
provided for the family.
In rich families men worked.
In poor families both men and women worked.
Family LifeBabies were born at
home.They were named in a
ceremony after 9 days.
Roman boys had a ceremony between ages 14-18.
Roman girls had no ceremony and were married between 12-18.
Food and DrinkWhat Romans ate
depended on whether they were rich or poor.
Main foods were bread, beans, spices, vegetables, cheese and meats.
Rome HousingMany poor lived in
small crowded tall apartments.
Poor cooked meals on portable grills which filled the room with smoke.
The apartments were cramped, noisy, and dirty.
EducationPoor children were
sent to work instead of school.
Wealthy children were tutored until seven and then went to school.
RecreationWealthy Romans
had lots of leisure time.
Both rich and poor males enjoyed the public baths.
RecreationRoman emperors
gave the poor bread and circuses.
This included gladiator games and chariot races.
Country LIfe90% of the people
lived in the country.Wealthy Romans
owned Villas.Many country folks
were not slaves but their lives were hard.
They lived in huts and worked trying to earn enough to survive.
Daily Life of a Roman Teen
Directions- You need a piece of paper
Step 1: Create a Venn Diagram to compare/contrast the lives of Rich vs. Poor Roman citizens.4 similarities and 4 differences
Step 2: Using this information, create a diary entry of what your life is like as either a wealthy Roman or a poor Roman. Must be at least 5 sentences.