Bullet Theory

• Bullet Theory

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Single-bullet theory

1 The 'single-bullet theory' (or 'magic-bullet theory', as it is commonly

called by its critics) was introduced by the Warren Commission in its

investigation of the John F



1 The theory, generally credited to Warren Commission staffer Arlen SpecterWarren Commission staff

lawyer Norman Redlich was asked by author Vincent Bugliosi in 2005

whether Specter was the sole author of the Single Bullet Theory and he

said No, we all came to this conclusion simultaneously



1 According to the single-bullet theory, a three-centimeter (1.2″)-long

copper-jacketed lead-core 6.5x52mm Mannlicher-Carcano|6.5-millimeter

rifle bullet fired from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository

passed through President Kennedy’s neck and Governor Connally’s chest and wrist and embedded itself in the

Governor’s thighhttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-bullet-theory-toolkit.html


1 that the single-bullet theory is essential to the Warren Commission's conclusion that Oswald acted alone



1 In 1979, the United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives United States House Select Committee on

Assassinations|Select Committee on Assassinations stated that it agreed with the single-bullet theory but differed on the time

frame. The single-bullet theory has been staunchly defended by those who believe

the Warren Commission's finding was correct; it has been roundly criticized by

those who disagree.


Single-bullet theory - Origin

1 By the end of April 1964, the Commission had its working theory, the single-bullet theory, to account

for the apparent timing discrepancies found in the Zapruder film and the

lack of any damage to the limousine from a high-velocity bullet exiting the president's throat.Bugliosi, endnotes,

pp.306


Single-bullet theory - Origin

1 The Commission, however, did not conclude the single-bullet theory had

been proven, as three members of the body, Representative Hale Boggs, Senators Richard Russell, Jr.|Richard Russell and John Sherman Cooper|

John Cooper thought the theory improbable


Single-bullet theory - Number and sequence of the shots

1 According to the single-bullet theory, one shot passed through President Kennedy's neck and caused all of

Governor Connally's wounds (he was wounded in the chest, right wrist,

and left thigh), and one of the shots must have missed the limousine

entirely


Single-bullet theory - Location of back wound

1 Some believed that Ford had elevated the location of the wound from its true location in the back to the neck to support the single-bullet

theory


Single-bullet theory - ABC's The Kennedy Assassination: Beyond Conspiracy

1 In the same ABC documentary, Myers uses a close-up examination of the Zapruder film to justify the single-bullet theory and calls attention to

frames 223 and 224 on the Zapruder film where the right side lapel of

Governor Connally's jacket appears to pop out, as if being pushed from

within by an unseen force


Single-bullet theory - Original bullet lead analysis by Vincent Guinn

1 Guinn compared antimony concentrations of Exhibits CE 840,

843 and 567 with that of Exhibits CE 399 and 842 and concluded that the

data supported the single-bullet theory in that all the bullet lead in

the car and wounds originated from no more than two bullets.


Single-bullet theory - Conclusions about the single-bullet theory from the NAA analysis

1 Thus, elevated concentrations of antimony and copper at crystallographic grain

boundaries, the widely varying sizes of grains in MC bullet lead, and the 5–60 mg bullet

samples analyzed for assassination intelligence effectively resulted in operational

sampling error for the analyses. This deficiency was not considered in the original data interpretation and resulted in an invalid conclusion in favor of the single-bullet theory

of the assassination.


Single-bullet theory - Analyses based on Zapruder film and physical evidence

1 According to one popular version of the single-bullet theory (promoted by

Gerald Posner in his book, Case Closed), the interval between frame 223 and 224 is the time the same projectile passes through both JFK

and Connally's body



1 (If the first shot missed the president, then Connally's memory of being hit

later corresponds with the single-bullet theory.) Proponents of the single-bullet thesis argue that Connally is simply exhibiting a

delayed pain reaction to having been hit by the same bullet that hit

Kennedy, a third of a second earlier.



1 In the Oliver Stone movie JFK (film)|JFK, Stone goes to great lengths to debunk the

single-bullet theory, although some discrepancies exist between the narrative and the historical record. One example is

when he shows both Kennedy and Connally seated directly in front of each other at the same height. In fact, Connally was seated in a jump seat the edge of which was 3inches

inboard and possibly 4inches lower than Kennedy.


Single-bullet theory - SBT requires missed shot

1 Another criticism that has been made of the single-bullet theory is that it requires a missed shot. The

Warren Commission Report contained a subchapter entitled The Shot that

Missed.


Single-bullet theory - Right to left trajectory from 6th floor window

1 Perhaps the most outspoken critic of the single-bullet theory has been pathologist Dr


Single-bullet theory - Right to left trajectory from 6th floor window

1 The HSCA concluded that the thigh wound was made by a bullet

travelling at a much slower speed than one would expect the bullet to

have after exiting the President's neck (though the single-bullet theory

holds that the bullet which struck Connally's thigh had also passed

through his wrist, slowing it down in the process)


Single-bullet theory - Shot pattern

1 The single-bullet theory as proposed by the House Select Committee on Assassinations and later by author Gerald Posner in his book Case Closed (which is that the first shot missed and

the second shot passed through both the President and the Governor) has also been

criticised on the grounds that it does not fit the shot pattern recalled by most of the witnesses

(which was: first shot, a longish pause and then two shots in rapid succession, the second shot being after the midpoint between the first and

last shots)


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Bullet Theory